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<ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_assistants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_assistants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Family and assistants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_assistants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incineration_by_Shiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incineration_by_Shiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Incineration by Shiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incineration_by_Shiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incarnations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incarnations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Incarnations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incarnations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beliefs and worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs_and_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs and worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rituals_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rituals and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In Gaudiya Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Gaudiya_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In English literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamadeva</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="كامديفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كامديفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1" title="কামদেৱ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কামদেৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC" title="কামদেব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামদেব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="कामदेव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कामदेव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="འདོད་པའི་དབང་ཕྱུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདོད་པའི་དབང་ཕྱུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_(hinduisme)" title="Kama (hinduisme) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kama (hinduisme)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadevo" title="Kamadevo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamadevo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2ma_(divinit%C3%A9)" title="Kâma (divinité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kâma (divinité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5" title="કામદેવ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કામદેવ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A7%88%EB%8D%B0%EB%B0%94" title="카마데바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카마데바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="कामदेव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कामदेव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamajaya" title="Kamajaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamajaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ma" title="Kāma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kāma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathara_Kamajaya" title="Bathara Kamajaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bathara Kamajaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5" title="ಕಾಮದೇವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಮದೇವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_(dievas)" title="Kama (dievas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kama (dievas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1mad%C3%A9va" title="Kámadéva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kámadéva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="कामदेव – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कामदेव" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="കാമദേവൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാമദേവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="कामदेव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कामदेव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="कामदेव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कामदेव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A9%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="मऩ्मतऩ् (सन् २००४या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मऩ्मतऩ् (सन् २००४या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="カーマデーヴァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーマデーヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guden_Kama" title="Guden Kama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guden Kama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC" title="କାମଦେବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାମଦେବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਕਾਮਦੇਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਮਦੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C" title="កាមទេវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាមទេវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_(b%C3%B3g)" title="Kama (bóg) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kama (bóg)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Кама (бог) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кама (бог)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kamadeva" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Кама (митологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кама (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamajaya" title="Kamajaya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kamajaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_(gud)" title="Kama (gud) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kama (gud)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="காம தேவன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காம தேவன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Кама Ходае – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кама Ходае" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మన్మథుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మన్మథుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E" title="กามเทพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กามเทพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hindu deity of love. For the concept of emotions and love, see <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a>. For others, see <a href="/wiki/Kama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kama (disambiguation)">Kama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Manmadhan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manmadhan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manmadhan (disambiguation)">Manmadhan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Madana" redirects here. For the place, see <a href="/wiki/Madana,_Nepal" title="Madana, Nepal">Madana, Nepal</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Madana_(film)" title="Madana (film)">Madana (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Kamadeva</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Love, Desire, Pleasure and Beauty</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kama,_god_of_desire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kama%2C_god_of_desire.jpg/220px-Kama%2C_god_of_desire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kama%2C_god_of_desire.jpg/330px-Kama%2C_god_of_desire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kama%2C_god_of_desire.jpg/440px-Kama%2C_god_of_desire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2015" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A gouache painting of Kamadeva, circa 1820</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Manmatha, Madana, Ananga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कामदेव</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Kāmadeva</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kamaloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaloka">Kamaloka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[काम (kāma)] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data">Sugarcane bow and floral arrows</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">Makara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Parrot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (father)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Harsha and Yasha (sons)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a><sup id="cite_ref-JL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kama</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कामदेव</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāmadeva</i></span></i>), also known as <b>Kamadeva</b> and <b>Manmatha</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god of <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotic</a> love, desire, pleasure and beauty. He is depicted as a handsome young man decked with ornaments and flowers, armed with a bow of sugarcane and shooting arrows of flowers. He often portrayed alongside his consort and female counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva Veda</a> regards Kamadeva as the wielder of the creative power of the universe, also describing him to have been "born at first, him neither the gods nor the fathers ever equaled".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentioned as a <i><a href="/wiki/Manasputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasputra">manasaputra</a></i> (mind-born son) of the creator god <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>, Kamadeva's most popular myth is his incineration by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s third eye while the latter was meditating, and later embodied on earth as the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and his chief consort <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_other_names">Etymology and other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Kama-deva</i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kāma-deva</i></span></i>) can be translated as 'god of love'. <i>Deva</i> means heavenly or divine and refers to a deity in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. <i>Kama</i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kāma</i></span></i>) means "desire" or "longing", especially as in sensual or sexual love. The name is used in the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandala_9" title="Mandala 9">RV 9</a>, 113. 11).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamadeva is a name of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> (SB 5.18.15). It is also a name of the deities <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. <i>Kama</i> is also a name used for <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva Veda</a> 6.36.3).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other names prominently used about Kamadeva are: </p> <div><ul><li>Kama (काम) - <i>desire</i>; <i>longing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Manmatha (मन्मथ) - <i>one who agitates mind.</i><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Madana (मदन) - <i>one who intoxicates with love.</i><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edgerton1912_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgerton1912-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Mara (मार) - <i>he who wounds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Ananga (अनंग) - <i>he who is without a body.</i><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Kushumeshara (कुसुमशर) <i>he whose arrows are flowers.</i><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Pradyumna (प्रद्युम्न) - <i>he who conquers all.</i> It is also the named of <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Kama's reincarnation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Kandarpa (कन्दर्प) or Darpaka (दर्पक) - <i>the inflamer</i>. Brahma gave him this name.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Manasija (मनसिज) , Manoja (मनोज) and Bhavaja (भवज) - <i>he who is born of mind</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Ratikanta (रतिकांत) or Ratipati (रतिपति)- <i>husband of <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Abhirupa (अभिरूप) - <i>the beautiful one</i>. Also a name for both Vishnu and Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kāmadeva is represented as a young, handsome man who wields a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> and arrows. His bow is made of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, and his arrows are decorated with five kinds of fragrant flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-kamadeva_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamadeva-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five flowers are white lotus, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_tree" title="Ashoka tree">Ashoka tree</a> flowers, <a href="/wiki/Mango_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango tree">Mango tree</a> flowers, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">Jasmine</a> flowers, and blue lotus flowers. The names of these flowers in Sanskrit in order are Aravinda, Ashoka, Choota, Navamallika, and Neelotpala. A terracotta <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> of Kamadeva of great antiquity is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> Museum, UP, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the attributes of Kamadeva are: his companions are a <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>, humming <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, the season of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>, and the gentle breeze.<sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these are symbols of the spring season when his festival is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, Holika, or Vasanta.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_sources">Textual sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textual sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Images and stories about the Hindu god Kamadeva are traced to the verses of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>, although he is better known from the stories of the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamadeva_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamadeva-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kamadeva is also mentioned in the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Smaradahana" title="Smaradahana">Smaradahana</a></i>, a rendering of the myth of Kamadeva's burning by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and fall from heaven to earth. Kama and his consort Rati are referenced as <i>Kamajaya</i> and <i>Kamarati</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kakawin" title="Kakawin">Kakawin</a> poetry and later <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> narratives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thewakamnoet_(1959,_p._137).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thewakamnoet_%281959%2C_p._137%29.jpg/220px-Thewakamnoet_%281959%2C_p._137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thewakamnoet_%281959%2C_p._137%29.jpg/330px-Thewakamnoet_%281959%2C_p._137%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thewakamnoet_%281959%2C_p._137%29.jpg/440px-Thewakamnoet_%281959%2C_p._137%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A Thai depiction of Kamadeva riding a parrot, 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the birth of Kamadeva has several variants in different Hindu scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya Brahmana</a></i> and the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, he is mentioned as a son of <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)#Identification_with_Dharmadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Dharma</a>, the god of righteousness, and a <i>prajapati</i> (agent of creation).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother is mentioned to be Dharma's wife Shraddha in <i>Taittiriya Brahmana</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the appendix of the <i>Mahabharata</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></i>, states his mother to be Lakshmi, another wife of Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dal_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hop_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana"><i>Puranic</i> scriptures</a> including the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>,</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i>, Kama is one of the <a href="/wiki/Manasputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasputra">mind-born sons</a> of the creator god <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SS2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most common narrative, after Brahma creates all the <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">prajapatis</a> (agents of creation) and a maiden named Sandhya, an extremely handsome and youthful man emerges from his mind and enquires Brahma about the purpose of his birth. Brahma names him Kama and orders him to spread love in the world by shooting his flower arrows. Kama decides to first use his arrows against Brahma and shoots him with his floral arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He becomes attracted to Sandhya and desires for her. The <i>prajapati</i> Dharma becomes worried by this and calls the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, who watches them and laughs at both Brahma and Kama.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahma regains consciousness and curses Kama to be burnt to ashes by Shiva in the future. However, on Kama's pleading, Brahma assures him that he will be reborn.<sup id="cite_ref-SS2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later version of the myth is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>,</i> according to which, Brahma creates Kama from his mind to ignite passion in the <i>prajapatis</i> (agents of creation) after they refused to procreate.<sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some traditions, Kama is considered a son of the goddess of wealth <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, and the preserver god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> due to his birth as <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, the incarnations of Lakshmi and Vishnu respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Matsya Purana</i>, Visnu-Krishna and Kamadeva have a historical relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2002_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_assistants">Family and assistants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family and assistants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the epics and the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i> attest to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> as the consort and chief assistant of Kamadeva. She is his female counterpart representing sensual pleasure. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>, she emerged from a sweat drop of <i>prajapati</i> <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a> who was assigned by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> to present Kamadeva as a wife. The <i>Shiva Purana</i> also mentions that Kama himself was pierced by his love arrows when he saw Rati. The <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavaivarta_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta Purana</a></i> gives Rati another origin, according to which Sandhya died after <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> desired her but was revived as Rati by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> who presented her to Kama.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Priti_(goddess)" title="Priti (goddess)">Priti</a> ("affection") is mentioned as Kamadeva's second spouse in the <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i>, while in other texts, 'Priti' is just an epithet of Rati.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most scriptures, Kama and Rati have two children, Harsha ("Joy") and Yashas ("Grace"). However, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i> mentions that they only have one son – Harsha.<sup id="cite_ref-Hop_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Rati, Kama's main assistant is Vasanta, the god of spring season, who was created by Brahma. Kama is served by a group of violent <i><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">ganas</a></i> known as the Maras.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kama also leads the celestial nymphs, the <a href="/wiki/Apsaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaras">apsaras</a>, and they are often sent by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>—the king of heaven—to disturb the penance of sages to prevent them from achieving divine powers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incineration_by_Shiva">Incineration by Shiva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Incineration by Shiva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan-Bhasma_(Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg/220px-Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg/330px-Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg/440px-Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the Madana-bhasma (Shiva turns Kamadeva to ashes)</figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous episode of Kama's mythology—his incineration by the ascetic god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>’s third eye—is often called the <i>Madana-bhasma,</i> also rendered the <i>Kama dahana</i>. This tale is recorded in various Indian texts, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200639_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200639-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all versions, Kamadeva is tasked with breaking Shiva's asceticism. Shiva’s potential to father a son who could defeat the demon <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81rak%C4%81sura" title="Tārakāsura">Taraka</a> is the gods’ only hope. Taraka’s boon of invincibility ensures that only a son of Shiva can kill him, a seemingly impossible task given Shiva's intense ascetic lifestyle after the death of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a>. The gods, led by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, summon Kamadeva, the god of desire, to make Shiva fall in love with <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, the reincarnation of Sati and the daughter of the mountain god <a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200640_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200640-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It occurs in its most developed and earliest form in the <i>Matsya Purana</i> (verses 227–255).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200639_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200639-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this variant, the gods, desperate for a warrior to vanquish Taraka, send Kamadeva to disrupt Shiva's meditation. Kamadeva, aware of the danger, initially hesitates, fearing that Shiva’s wrath will result in his own destruction. Indra, however, reassures him, insisting that this mission is crucial to the survival of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200640_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200640-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamadeva prepares carefully for the task. He takes his sugarcane bow and floral arrows, each one symbolizing a particular emotion or aspect of desire. Accompanied by his wife <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> (goddess of pleasure) and the spirit of Spring (Madhu or Vasanta), Kamadeva approaches Shiva, who is deep in meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200641_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200641-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamadeva's approach to breaking Shiva’s concentration is a calculated multi-stage process. He first begins by targeting Shiva’s mind, slowly destabilizing his thoughts. As the god of desire, Kamadeva introduces feelings of envy, hatred, and anger into Shiva’s mind—emotions that are traditionally considered the antithesis of spiritual equilibrium. According to the text, Kamadeva strategically stirs Shiva’s senses: bees buzz around him, fragrant flowers bloom, and a gentle breeze flows—all aimed at disrupting Shiva's focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200645–46_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200645–46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After successfully infiltrating Shiva’s mind and senses, Kamadeva escalates his attack by drawing his famous floral arrows. The most potent of these is the <i>Mohana</i> arrow, symbolizing delusion and infatuation. He shoots this arrow directly at Shiva's heart, which momentarily stirs feelings of desire in the god for Parvati. However, Shiva quickly regains his composure and realizes that his ascetic control is being threatened. Enraged by the disturbance, Shiva opens his third eye, from which fire emerges and instantly reduces Kamadeva to ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200646–47_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200646–47-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Kamadeva’s death, his wife Rati is devastated by grief and smears his ashes all over her body. Her mourning becomes a significant element of the narrative, as she petitions Shiva to restore her husband. Shiva, moved by her devotion, promises that Kamadeva will return, but not in his previous form. Instead, Kamadeva will be reborn as Ananga—the bodiless one—making him invisible yet still present. This transformation marks a new phase in the existence of desire—it becomes an unseen force, influencing the world in ways that are not immediately visible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200649–50_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200649–50-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <i>Matsya Purana</i> provides a foundational version of the story, other texts like the <i>Shiva Purana</i> and the <i>Vamana Purana</i> offer different emphases and additional layers to the myth. In the <i>Shiva Purana</i>, Kamadeva is depicted as more arrogant and powerful, yet his encounter with Shiva further underscores the latter’s dominance over desire. Kamadeva’s arrows fail to fully penetrate Shiva’s concentration, demonstrating the supreme yogi’s ability to resist even the most potent forces of passion. However, as in the <i>Matsya Purana</i>, Kamadeva’s destruction leads not to the end of desire but to its transformation. Shiva absorbs Kamadeva into himself, making him one of his <i><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">ganas</a></i> (attendants). This act symbolizes Shiva's control over desire, yet acknowledges its persistence in a subtler, controlled form;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200650-51_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200650-51-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Shiva Purana thus reinforces the idea that desire is an inherent part of the universe, but under the control of disciplined spiritual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200654_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200654-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Vamana Purana</i> presents a version in which Shiva is more vulnerable to Kamadeva’s arrows. Here, Shiva is grieving for his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a>, and is emotionally vulnerable when Kamadeva strikes. Overwhelmed by desire and grief, Shiva flees into the forest, seeking to escape Kamadeva’s influence. However, the very act of fleeing causes the wives of the forest sages to become infatuated with him, illustrating the uncontrollable nature of desire, even for the gods..<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200654-55_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200654-55-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incarnations">Incarnations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incarnations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a> - the sons of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Sanat Kumara</a> - the son of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a> - the son of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudarshana">Sudarshana</a> (the presiding deity of Sudarshana Chakra), and <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a> are all incarnations of Kama.<sup id="cite_ref-Motilal_Banarsidass_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motilal_Banarsidass-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The myth of Kamadeva's incineration is referenced in the <i>Matsya Purana</i> and <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> to reveal a relationship between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and Kamadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2002_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the narrative, Kama is reincarnated in the womb of Krishna's wife <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, after being burned to ashes by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_worship">Beliefs and worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beliefs and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deity of Kamadeva along with his consort Rati is included in the pantheon of Vedic-Brahmanical deities such as <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooja2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooja2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> traditions for the marriage ceremony itself, the bride's feet are often painted with pictures of Suka, the parrot vahana of Kamadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold1996_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold1996-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious rituals addressed to him offer a means of purification and re-entry into the community. Devotion to Kamadeva keeps desire within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">religious tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamadeva appears in many stories and becomes the object of devotional rituals for those seeking health, and physical beauty, husbands, wives, and sons. In one story<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2016)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> Kamadeva himself succumbs to desire, and must then worship his lover to be released from this passion and its curse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals_and_festivals">Rituals and festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rituals and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur,_Hassan,_Karnataka,_India_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg/220px-Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg/330px-Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg/440px-Kama_Rati_sculpture_at_the_group_of_monuments_at_Belur%2C_Hassan%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakesava Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> is a Hindu festival, celebrated in the Indian subcontinent. It is sometimes called Madana-Mahotsava<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Kama-Mahotsava.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This festival is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a>, in his early writings such as <i>Purvamimamsa-sutra</i>, dated c. 400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saraca_indica" title="Saraca indica">Ashoka</a> tree is often planted near temples. The tree is said to be a symbol of love and is dedicated to Kamadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray1981_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray1981-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Gaudiya_Vaishnavism">In Gaudiya Vaishnavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Gaudiya Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is identified as the original Kamadeva in <a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a>. Kamadeva also incarnates as Krishna's son <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Shamba</a> after being burned down by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. Since he was begotten by Krishna himself, his qualities were similar to those of Krishna, such as his colour, appearance, and attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-Prabhupada1972_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhupada1972-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Shamba is not considered identical to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyuha">vyuha</a>-manifestation called Shamba, but is an individual soul (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>-tattva</i>) who, owing to his celestial powers, becomes an emanation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s prowess. </p><p>The Kamadeva that was incinerated is believed to be a celestial <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigod</a> capable of inducing love and lusty desires. He is distinguished from the spiritual Kamadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is the source of Kamadeva's inciting power, the ever-fresh <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> god of love of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a>, the origin of all forms of Kamadeva, yet above mundane love, who is worshiped with the Kama-Gayatri and Kama-Bija <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller1980_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1980-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Kamadeva is referenced as <i>smara</i> in <i>Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i> (book 10) in the context of the supramundane love between Krishna and the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a> (cowherd maidens), he is not the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a> who incites lusty feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>smara</i> rather refers to Krishna himself, who through the medium of his <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">flute</a> increases his influence on the devoted <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>. The symptoms of this <i>smarodayam</i> (lit. "arousal of desire") experienced by the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a> have been described in a commentary (by <a href="/wiki/Vishvanatha_Cakravarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvanatha Cakravarti">Vishvanatha Cakravarti</a>) as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "First comes attraction expressed through the eyes, then intense attachment in the mind, then determination, loss of sleep, becoming emaciated, uninterested in external things, shamelessness, madness, becoming stunned, and death. These are the ten stages of Cupid’s effects."<sup id="cite_ref-SS_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beauty of Krishna's consort, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, is without equality in the universe, and her power constantly defeats the god of love, Kamadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is believed that there are no temples to Kamadeva, and no <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murtis</a> (statues) of Kamadeva are sold for worship on the market,<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet there is an ancient temple of <a href="/wiki/Madan_Kamdev" title="Madan Kamdev">Madan Kamdev</a> in Baihata Chariali, Kamrup district in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. Madan is the brother of Kamadeva. The ruins of Madan Kamdev are scattered widely in a secluded place, covering 500 meters. </p><p>Some other temples dedicated or related to this <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a>: </p> <ul><li>Kameshwara Temple, in <a href="/wiki/Aragalur" title="Aragalur">Aragalur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Purana#Sthala_Puranas" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Sthala purana</a> indicates that Kamadeva woke up <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> at this place.</li> <li>Kameshvara Temple, in <a href="/wiki/Vraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vraja">Kamyavan</a>, is one of the twelve forests of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soundaraja Perumal Temple at <a href="/wiki/Thadikombu" title="Thadikombu">Thadikombu</a>, near Dindigul, Tamil Nadu<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harsat-Mata Temple at <a href="/wiki/Abhaneri" title="Abhaneri">Abhaneri</a> has a representation of Kamadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-Atherton1995_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atherton1995-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English_literature">In English literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In English literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Landon_in_The_Literary_Gazette_1822/Manmadin" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Landon in The Literary Gazette 1822/Manmadin">Manmadin, the Indian Cupid, floating down the Ganges,<br />a poem by L. E. L.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>'s descriptive poem <i>Manmadin, the Indian Cupid, floating down the Ganges</i> appeared in <i>The Literary Gazette</i>, 1822 (<i>Fragment in Rhyme VII.</i>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kama is mentioned as one of Brahma's mind born sons in the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a></i>, he is the son of the <i>prajapati</i> Dharma and his wife Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditions consider Kama (as <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>) as the son of the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some scriptures, Kama has a second consort named <a href="/wiki/Priti_(goddess)" title="Priti (goddess)">Priti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">consort of Vishnu</a> who has the same name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Kalika Purana</i>, Kama also shoots at the <i>prajapatis</i>, and later from the sweat of <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> emerges.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some versions, the role of Dharma is absent. Instead, Shiva sees them while traveling there.<sup id="cite_ref-SS2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some texts like the <i>Matsya Purana</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i>, a different name is used for Sandhya.<sup id="cite_ref-SS2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VM2_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this version, Kama is cursed by Brahma as he initially ignores his orders.<sup id="cite_ref-SS2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKāṇe,_Pāṇḍuraṅga_VāmanaInstitute,_Bhandarkar_Oriental_Research1958" class="citation book cs1">Kāṇe, Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana; Institute, Bhandarkar Oriental Research (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uAMAAAAIAAJ&q=Kamadevaya"><i>History of Dharmaśāstra</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.date=1958&rft.au=K%C4%81%E1%B9%87e%2C+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dura%E1%B9%85ga+V%C4%81mana&rft.au=Institute%2C+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uAMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DKamadevaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVettam_Mani1975" class="citation book cs1">Vettam Mani (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic Encyclopaedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/378/mode/2up?view=theater">378-379</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120805972" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120805972"><bdi>978-8120805972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia&rft.pages=378-379&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-8120805972&rft.au=Vettam+Mani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hop_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hop_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hop_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1915" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Edward Washburn (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/epicmythology00hopkuoft"><i>Epic mythology</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Strassburg K.J. 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The Incarnations or Avatāras of Vishnu: Kamadeva"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Hindu+Mythology%2C+Vedic+and+Puranic%3A+Chapter+V.+The+Incarnations+or+Avat%C4%81ras+of+Vishnu%3A+Kamadeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fhmvp%2Fhmvp32.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JL-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JL_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanford2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford,_A.W.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sanford, A.W. (2005). "Shifting the Center: Yakṣas on the Margins of Contemporary Practice". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 89–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfi005">10.1093/jaarel/lfi005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Shifting+the+Center%3A+Yak%E1%B9%A3as+on+the+Margins+of+Contemporary+Practice&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-110&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfi005&rft.au=Sanford%2C+A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2004" class="citation book cs1">Webster, David (2004-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S89fgAUG2AEC&dq=Kamadeva+atharva+veda&pg=PA56"><i>The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon</i></a>. Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27941-8"><bdi>978-1-134-27941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Desire+in+the+Buddhist+Pali+Canon&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-134-27941-8&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS89fgAUG2AEC%26dq%3DKamadeva%2Batharva%2Bveda%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, D. Dennis (2008-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shiva+burns+Kamadeva&pg=PA417"><i>The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536922-9"><bdi>978-0-19-536922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+God%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536922-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=D.+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IE8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DShiva%2Bburns%2BKamadeva%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/av06036.htm">"Atharva Veda: Book 6: Hymn 36: In praise of Agni Vaisvānara"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita". <i>American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 249–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F288995">10.2307/288995</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/288995">288995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=A+Hindu+Book+of+Tales%3A+The+Vikramacarita&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-284&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F288995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F288995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Edgerton%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SK-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SK_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SK_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1981" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, S. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01930-7"><bdi>978-0-691-01930-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+Siva&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01930-7&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5BanndcIgUC%26dq%3Dk%25C4%2581ma%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. 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Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/61">61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamadeva-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamadeva_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamadeva_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114043227/http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/AAI9127814/">"A study of Kamadeva in Indian story literature"</a>. <i>Columbia Educational Journal</i>. 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"Painting words, tasting sound: visions of Krishna in Paramanand's sixteenth-century devotional poetry". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 55–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaar%2F70.1.55">10.1093/jaar/70.1.55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Painting+words%2C+tasting+sound%3A+visions+of+Krishna+in+Paramanand%27s+sixteenth-century+devotional+poetry&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-81&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaar%2F70.1.55&rft.au=Sanford%2C+A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Indian Theatre</i> By M. L. Varadpande. p.188. Published 1991, Abhinav Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-278-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-278-0">81-7017-278-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01067.htm">Adi Parva, Chapter 66, Verses 31-33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dal-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dal_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dal_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Roshen Dalal</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184752779" title="Special:BookSources/9788184752779"><bdi>9788184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184752779&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span> Entry: "Kama"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2004" class="citation book cs1">Kapoor, Subodh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&q=Kama&pg=PA28"><i>A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-874-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-874-6"><bdi>978-81-7755-874-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism%3A+Including+Its+Mythology%2C+Religion%2C+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Pantheon&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7755-874-6&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=Subodh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJ6O8nwsFWgC%26q%3DKama%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS2_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantideva2000" class="citation book cs1">Santideva, Sadhu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUFZ9XzzHAcC&dq=k%C4%81ma+brahm%C4%81&pg=PA112"><i>Ascetic Mysticism</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. pp. 111–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7020-998-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7020-998-0"><bdi>978-81-7020-998-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascetic+Mysticism&rft.pages=111-117&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7020-998-0&rft.aulast=Santideva&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUFZ9XzzHAcC%26dq%3Dk%25C4%2581ma%2Bbrahm%25C4%2581%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning By Eva Rudy Jansen p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200639-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200639_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200639_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a>, (2000) Hinduism: A Short History. Oxford: One World Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200640-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200640_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200640_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ingalls1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_H._H._Ingalls,_Sr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr (page does not exist)">Daniel Ingalls</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjEdCVZ5uoQC"><i>Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's "Treasury"</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78865-7"><bdi>978-0-674-78865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+poetry%2C+from+Vidy%C4%81kara%27s+%22Treasury%22&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-674-78865-7&rft.au=Daniel+Ingalls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjEdCVZ5uoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span>, p.58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200641-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200641_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200645–46-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200645–46_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200646–47-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200646–47_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200649–50-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200649–50_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger_O%27Flaherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty">Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty</a>, (1975) Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit. London: Penguin Books, p.157-159 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwA8sHtGbgC">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200650-51-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200650-51_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200654-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200654_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton200654-55-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton200654-55_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motilal_Banarsidass-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Motilal_Banarsidass_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.L._ShastriG.P._Bhatt2004" class="citation book cs1">J.L. Shastri; G.P. Bhatt (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pDsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1115"><i>Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 14: The Garuda Purana Part 3</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 1115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120838819" title="Special:BookSources/9788120838819"><bdi>9788120838819</bdi></a>. <q>Kama, the presiding deity of the disc was born as Sudarsana. Sâmba the son of lord Krsna was also the incarnation of Kāma. Skanda, the son of Rudra (Shiva) was also Kåma. Since he overcame the enemies he is called Skanda. Since he overcame enemies he is called Skanda. Sudarsana, Pradyumna, Bharata, Samba, Sanatkumara, and Skanda these six are the incarnations of Kama.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Tradition+and+Mythology+Volume+14%3A+The+Garuda+Purana+Part+3&rft.pages=1115&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9788120838819&rft.au=J.L.+Shastri&rft.au=G.P.+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pDsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooja2004-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooja2004_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja,_R.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hooja, R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/index/N8EYMRYQAG4W2X5U.pdf">"Icons, artefacts and interpretations of the past: early Hinduism in Rajasthan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 360–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0043824042000282795">10.1080/0043824042000282795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162304052">162304052</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Icons%2C+artefacts+and+interpretations+of+the+past%3A+early+Hinduism+in+Rajasthan&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-377&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0043824042000282795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162304052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hooja%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Findex%2FN8EYMRYQAG4W2X5U.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold1996-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold1996_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_A.J.1996" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, A.J. (1996). <i>Monsters, Tricksters, and Sacred Cows: Animal Tales and American Identities</i>. University of Virginia Press. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsters%2C+Tricksters%2C+and+Sacred+Cows%3A+Animal+Tales+and+American+Identities&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Arnold%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton2006">Benton 2006</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGANGRADE2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">GANGRADE, DR PRAKASH CHANDRA (2015-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59IoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161"><i>HINDUO KE VRAT-PARV EVAM TEEJ TYOHAR</i></a> (in Hindi). V&S Publishers. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350573587" title="Special:BookSources/9789350573587"><bdi>9789350573587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HINDUO+KE+VRAT-PARV+EVAM+TEEJ+TYOHAR&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=V%26S+Publishers&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.isbn=9789350573587&rft.aulast=GANGRADE&rft.aufirst=DR+PRAKASH+CHANDRA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59IoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA193"><i>Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070895" title="Special:BookSources/9781576070895"><bdi>9781576070895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781576070895&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKqOUfqt4cIC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC"><i>History of Indian Theatre</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170172215" title="Special:BookSources/9788170172215"><bdi>9788170172215</bdi></a>. <q>Madana Mahotsava or Kama Mahotsava, Vasant Mahotsava are sophisticated forms of some ancient festivals. The 8th century poet ... The colourful festival of Holi has its origin in these festivals, known for their gay abandon. It is an ancient ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788170172215&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray1981-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray1981_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay,_N.Datta,_P.C.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, N.; Datta, P.C. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/index/786177738.pdf">"Pharmacognostic Study of the Bark of Saraca indica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pharmaceutical Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880208109070585">10.3109/13880208109070585</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical+Biology&rft.atitle=Pharmacognostic+Study+of+the+Bark+of+Saraca+indica&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13880208109070585&rft.au=Ray%2C+N.&rft.au=Datta%2C+P.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Findex%2F786177738.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prabhupada1972-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prabhupada1972_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhupada,_A.C.B.S.1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a>, A.C.B.S. (1972). <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a,_the_Supreme_Personality_of_Godhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead"><i>Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead</i></a>. p. Ch. 55: Shaba was Born to Kṛṣṇa and Jambabati.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%2C+the+Supreme+Personality+of+Godhead&rft.pages=Ch.+55%3A+Shaba+was+Born+to+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+and+Jambabati&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Prabhupada%2C+A.C.B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Sivarama1998" class="citation book cs1">Swami Sivarama (1998). <i>Venu-gita</i>. Budapest, Bhaktivedanta Kulturális és Tudo. p. Ch. 2: "The gopis assemble together". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-03-7649-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-03-7649-5"><bdi>978-963-03-7649-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venu-gita&rft.pages=Ch.+2%3A+%22The+gopis+assemble+together%22&rft.pub=Budapest%2C+Bhaktivedanta+Kultur%C3%A1lis+%C3%A9s+Tudo&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-963-03-7649-5&rft.au=Swami+Sivarama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>vṛndāvane aprākṛta navīna madana, kāma-gāyatrī kāma-bīje yāṅra upāsana</i> (Caitanya Caritamrita, 2.8.138)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1980-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1980_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_B.S.Siegel1980" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, B.S.; Siegel, Lee (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054724">"Sacred and Profane Dimensions of Love in Indian Traditions as Exemplified in the Gitagovinda of Jayadeva"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 622–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054724">10.2307/2054724</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054724">2054724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161486286">161486286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sacred+and+Profane+Dimensions+of+Love+in+Indian+Traditions+as+Exemplified+in+the+Gitagovinda+of+Jayadeva.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=622-623&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161486286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2054724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2054724&rft.au=Miller%2C+B.S.&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2054724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> 10.21.3 Tika, “<i>caksu-ragah prathamam cittasangas tata ‘tha sankalpah nidra-cchedas tanuta visaya-nivrittis trapanasah / unmado muriccha mrtir ity etah smara-dasa dasaiva syuh.”</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Beck (page does not exist)">Beck, Guy L. (Ed.)</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is without equal in the universe for beauty, and her power constantly defeats the god of love, Kamadeva.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.+%28Ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benton2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton,_C.2005" class="citation book cs1">Benton, C. (2005).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Benton%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agraindia.org.uk/excursions/mathura/braja-mandala-parikrama.html">"Braj Mandala Parikrama in Mathura"</a>. www.agraindia.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braj+Mandala+Parikrama+in+Mathura&rft.pub=www.agraindia.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agraindia.org.uk%2Fexcursions%2Fmathura%2Fbraja-mandala-parikrama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183447/http://www.columbuslost.com/2015/03/temple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html">"Temple for Cupid, Thadikombu, Dindigul"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbuslost.com/2015/03/temple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temple+for+Cupid%2C+Thadikombu%2C+Dindigul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbuslost.com%2F2015%2F03%2Ftemple-for-cupid-thadikombu-dindigul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atherton1995-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atherton1995_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtherton,_C.P.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Atherton, C.P. (1995). "The Harsat-Mata Temple at Abaneri: Levels of Meaning". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>55</b> (3/4): 201–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249750">10.2307/3249750</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249750">3249750</a>. <q>K. Deva suggests it is Kamadeva in the EITA</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Harsat-Mata+Temple+at+Abaneri%3A+Levels+of+Meaning&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=201-236&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Atherton%2C+C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2006" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Catherine (2006). <i>God of desire: tales of Kamadeva in Sanskrit story literature</i>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6565-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6565-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-6565-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+desire%3A+tales+of+Kamadeva+in+Sanskrit+story+literature&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6565-3&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamadeva" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamadeva&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kamadeva" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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