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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Low skid resistance condition</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg/220px-Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg/330px-Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg/440px-Surface_Friction_Tester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>A surface friction tester, used to measure road slipperiness</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Road slipperiness</b> is a condition of low <a href="/wiki/Skid_(automobile)" title="Skid (automobile)">skid</a> resistance due to insufficient road friction. It is a result of <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">loose material</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (roads)">texture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">road surface</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> produced by the wheels of a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-measuring_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuring-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Road slipperiness can be measured either in terms of the friction between a freely-spinning wheel and the ground, or the <a href="/wiki/Braking_distance" title="Braking distance">braking distance</a> of a braking vehicle, and is related to the <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a> between the tyre and the road surface. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a> agencies spend a sizeable portion of their budget measuring and reducing road slipperiness. Even a small increase in slipperiness of a section of road can increase the accident rate of the section of road tenfold.<sup id="cite_ref-sweden_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintenance activities affecting slipperiness include <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> repair, <a href="/wiki/Snow_removal" title="Snow removal">snow removal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">street sweeping</a>. More intensive measures may include <a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">grinding or milling</a> a surface that has worn smooth, a surface treatment such as a <a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">chipseal</a>, or overlaying a new layer of asphalt. </p><p>A specific road safety problem is <a href="/wiki/Split_friction" title="Split friction">split friction</a> or μ (mu) - split; when the friction significantly differs between the left and the right wheelpath. The road may then not be perceived as hazardous when accelerating, cruising or even braking softly, but in a case of hard braking, the difference in friction will cause the vehicle to start to rotate towards the side offering higher grip. Split friction may cause jack-knifing of articulated trucks, while trucks with towed trailers may experience trailer swing phenomena. Split friction may be caused by an improper road spot repair that results in high variance of <a href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (roads)">texture (roads)</a> and colour (thin ice on newly paved black spots thaws faster than ice on old greyish asphalt) across the road section. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg/220px-Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg/330px-Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg/440px-Anchorage_Police_recruits_participating_in_Emergency_Vehicle_Operations_Course_at_Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Police_Department" title="Anchorage Police Department">Anchorage Police Department</a> recruits carrying out an emergency vehicle operations training course (including training on how to handle skidding) at <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Elmendorf-Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson">Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a> using modified <a href="/wiki/Ford_Crown_Victoria_Police_Interceptor" title="Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor">Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The two ways to measure road slipperiness are surface friction testing and stopping distance testing. Friction testing can use <a href="/wiki/Winter_service_vehicle#Surface_friction_tester" title="Winter service vehicle">surface friction testers</a> or portable friction testers, and involves allowing a freely moving object, usually a wheel, to move against the surface. By measuring the resistance experienced by the wheel, the friction between the ground and the wheel can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-measuring_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuring-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stopping distance testing involves performing an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency stop">emergency stop</a> in a test vehicle and measuring the distance required to come to a stop. This can be measured either from the length of the skid marks left by the vehicle, or by the "chalk-to-gun" method, where the brakes are connected to a small gun filled with chalk powder, which marks the point when the brakes were applied. This has the advantage of measuring the full stopping distance, while simply measuring the skid marks only measures the distance from the point where the wheels began to lock or slip.<sup id="cite_ref-measuring_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuring-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measurement of skidding resistance is not yet universally harmononised despite a number of attempts such as <a href="/wiki/FEHRL" title="FEHRL">FEHRL</a>'s HERMES project.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Standards Organisation (<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>)has been working on the topic for many years through its committee CEN/TC 227 - Road materials.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contributions to this were made through the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Framework_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Framework Programme">FP7</a> Tyrosafe project<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aims to raise awareness, to coordinate and prepare for European harmonisation and to optimise the assessment and management of essential tyre/road interaction parameters in order to increase safety and support greening of road transport. This project will provide a synopsis of the current state of scientific understanding and its current application in different standards. It will identify the needs for future research and propose a way forward in the context of the future objectives of road administrations in order to optimise three key properties of roads: skid resistance, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a> and tyre/road noise emission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reduction">Reduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv/220px--Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv/Anti_slip_geheimen_van_R._Slotemaker-523070.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dutch newsreel about the anti-skid training school of <a href="/wiki/Rob_Slotemaker" title="Rob Slotemaker">Rob Slotemaker</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Road slipperiness can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Car_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Car accident">car accidents</a>. In 1997, over 53,000 accidents were caused by slippery roads in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> out of an estimated 4,000,000 accidents (or approximately 1.3 per cent) .<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small change in road slipperiness can have a drastic effect on surface friction: decreasing the coefficient of friction from 0.45 to 0.35, equivalent to adding a dusting of wet snow, increased the accident rate by almost 1000%.<sup id="cite_ref-sweden_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, road agencies have a number of approaches to decreasing road slipperiness. Most roads are designed with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:convex">convex</a> <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">camber</a> to provide sufficient <a href="/wiki/Drainage_gradient" title="Drainage gradient">drainage</a>, thereby allowing surface water to drain out of the road. Trouble sections include entrances and exits of banked outercurves, where the <a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross slope">cross slope</a> is close to zero. Unless these sections have a longitudinal grade of at least 0.4–0.5%, the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_gradient" title="Drainage gradient">drainage gradient</a> (resultant to crossfall and longitudinal grade) will be lower than 0.5% so water will not run off the road surface. <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drains</a> may be installed at regular intervals and modern paving materials are designed to provide high friction in most conditions. <a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable paving</a> allows water to soak through the paving material, reducing slipperiness in very adverse conditions. </p><p>Road slipperiness can be prevented or delayed by proper pavement design. The <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a> used in the pavement should be selected with care, as certain aggregates such as <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> may <i>polish</i>, or wear smooth under the action of tires. With asphalt pavements and surface treatments, using too much asphalt or asphalt emulsion can cause <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">bleeding</a> or <i>flushing</i>, a condition where excess asphalt rises to the top and fills in the road texture. Both problems increase slipperiness, especially when the pavement is wet. </p><p>Once lost, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (roads)">pavement texture</a> can be restored with retexturing procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">diamond grinding of pavement</a>, surface treatments such as <a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">chipsealing</a> and resurfacing with <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a>. </p><p>Snow and ice removal also decreases road slipperiness; <a href="/wiki/Snowplough" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowplough">snowploughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_blower" title="Snow blower">snow blowers</a> can remove the snow from the road surface while <a href="/wiki/Gritter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gritter">gritters</a> drop <a href="/wiki/Road_salt" title="Road salt">road salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, which both melts the snow and ice from the road surface, and provide a rougher surface to grip onto. However, in dry conditions, sand and salt on the road surface can themselves increase road slipperiness and pose a danger to road traffic, and therefore, roads are cleared by street sweepers after <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">roadworks</a> and gritting to make sure that all the loose material is cleared from the road surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skid" class="extiw" title="wikt:skid">Anti-skid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Clear Distance Ahead">Assured Clear Distance Ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding (roads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-ice" class="mw-redirect" title="De-ice">De-ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">Dolomitic</a> limestone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">Epoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Road surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCRIM" title="SCRIM">SCRIM</a> machine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_highway" title="Smart highway">Smart highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipperiness" title="Slipperiness">Slipperiness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-measuring-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-measuring_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-measuring_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-measuring_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDillardMahone,_David1964" class="citation journal cs1">Dillard, Jack; Mahone, David (1964). "Measuring Road Surface Slipperiness". <i>ASTM Special Technical Publication</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASTM+Special+Technical+Publication&rft.atitle=Measuring+Road+Surface+Slipperiness&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Dillard&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Mahone%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+slipperiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sweden-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sweden_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sweden_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallman2001" class="citation web cs1">Wallman, Carl Gustav (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportforum.se/EPiBrowser/Publikationer%20-%20English/M911A.pdf">"Friction measurement methods and the correlation between road friction and traffic safety"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friction+measurement+methods+and+the+correlation+between+road+friction+and+traffic+safety&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wallman&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportforum.se%2FEPiBrowser%2FPublikationer%2520-%2520English%2FM911A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+slipperiness" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fehrl.org/index.php?m=32&mode=download&id_file=1707">FEHRL Report 2006/01</a> HERMES project, Harmonization of European Routine and research Measuring Equipment for Skid Resistance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/TechnicalCommitteesWorkshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/Pages/default.aspx?param=6208&title=Road%20materials">http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/TechnicalCommitteesWorkshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/Pages/default.aspx?param=6208&title=Road%20materials</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tyrosafe.fehrl.org">tyrosafe.fehrl.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719091232/http://www.sightgrip.co.uk/costs.htm">"Anti-Skid Surfacing Questions (and Answers)"</a>. Hoben International Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sightgrip.co.uk/costs.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Skid+Surfacing+Questions+%28and+Answers%29&rft.pub=Hoben+International+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sightgrip.co.uk%2Fcosts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+slipperiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>"Volume 7" of the UK Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), specifically HD 37/99: Section 5: Part 2: Chapter 11. </p> <pre>TRL Report 298 : Mechanical retexturing of roads : A study of processes and early-life performance. TRL Report 299 : Mechanical retexturing of roads : An experiment to assess durability </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-01/renovating-american-infrastructure-mess-1-transportation">Defeating road ice</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&oldid=1234138302">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_slipperiness&oldid=1234138302</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_safety" title="Category:Road safety">Road safety</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Snow_removal" title="Category:Snow removal">Snow removal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_hazards" title="Category:Road hazards">Road hazards</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018">Articles with dead external links from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 July 2024, at 19:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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