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is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.08529">arXiv:1512.08529</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.08529">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1512.08529">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1512.08529">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> A novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in MPGD </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A+A">A. A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Akl%2C+M+A">M. Abi Akl</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aboamer%2C+O">O. Aboamer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Acosta%2C+D">D. Acosta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+A">A. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aleksandrov%2C+A">A. Aleksandrov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aly%2C+R">R. Aly</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Altieri%2C+P">P. Altieri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asawatangtrakuldee%2C+C">C. Asawatangtrakuldee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Awan%2C+I">I. Awan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Banerjee%2C+S">S. Banerjee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barashko%2C+V">V. Barashko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barria%2C+P">P. Barria</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bencze%2C+G">G. Bencze</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Beni%2C+N">N. Beni</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a> , et al. (133 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1512.08529v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We present a novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in the construction and characterisation of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD), with particular attention to the realisation of the largest triple (Gas electron Multiplier) GEM chambers so far operated, the GE1/1 chambers of the CMS experiment at LHC. The GE1/1 CMS project consists of 144 GEM chambers of about 0.5 m2 active are… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1512.08529v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1512.08529v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1512.08529v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We present a novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in the construction and characterisation of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD), with particular attention to the realisation of the largest triple (Gas electron Multiplier) GEM chambers so far operated, the GE1/1 chambers of the CMS experiment at LHC. The GE1/1 CMS project consists of 144 GEM chambers of about 0.5 m2 active area each, employing three GEM foils per chamber, to be installed in the forward region of the CMS endcap during the long shutdown of LHC in 2108-2019. The large active area of each GE1/1 chamber consists of GEM foils that are mechanically stretched in order to secure their flatness and the consequent uniform performance of the GE1/1 chamber across its whole active surface. So far FBGs have been used in high energy physics mainly as high precision positioning and re-positioning sensors and as low cost, easy to mount, low space consuming temperature sensors. FBGs are also commonly used for very precise strain measurements in material studies. In this work we present a novel use of FBGs as flatness and mechanical tensioning sensors applied to the wide GEM foils of the GE1/1 chambers. A network of FBG sensors have been used to determine the optimal mechanical tension applied and to characterise the mechanical tension that should be applied to the foils. We discuss the results of the test done on a full-sized GE1/1 final prototype, the studies done to fully characterise the GEM material, how this information was used to define a standard assembly procedure and possible future developments. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1512.08529v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1512.08529v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 28 December, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2015. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">4 pages, 4 figures, presented by Luigi Benussi at MPGD 2015 (Trieste, Italy). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1512.08481</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> INFN-15-10/LNF </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.08481">arXiv:1512.08481</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.08481">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1512.08481">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1512.08481">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.059">10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.059 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors as flatness and mechanical stretching sensors </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A+A">A. A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Akl%2C+M+A">M. Abi Akl</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aboamer%2C+O">O. Aboamer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Acosta%2C+D">D. Acosta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+A">A. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aleksandrov%2C+A">A. Aleksandrov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aly%2C+R">R. Aly</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Altieri%2C+P">P. Altieri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asawatangtrakuldee%2C+C">C. Asawatangtrakuldee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Awan%2C+I">I. Awan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Banerjee%2C+S">S. Banerjee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barashko%2C+V">V. Barashko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barria%2C+P">P. Barria</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bencze%2C+G">G. Bencze</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Beni%2C+N">N. Beni</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a> , et al. (133 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1512.08481v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A novel approach which uses Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors has been utilised to assess and monitor the flatness of Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM) foils. The setup layout and preliminary results are presented. </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1512.08481v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A novel approach which uses Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors has been utilised to assess and monitor the flatness of Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM) foils. The setup layout and preliminary results are presented. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1512.08481v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1512.08481v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 28 December, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2015. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">Two pages, one figure. Presented by Luigi Benussi (corresponding author) to Elba 2015 conference</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> Frascati Preprint INFN-15-09/LNF </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.0228">arXiv:1412.0228</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.0228">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1412.0228">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance of a Large-Area GEM Detector Prototype for the Upgrade of the CMS Muon Endcap System </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A+A">A. A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Akl%2C+M+A">M. Abi Akl</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Altieri%2C+P">P. Altieri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aly%2C+R">R. Aly</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asawatangtrakuldee%2C+C">C. Asawatangtrakuldee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ashfaq%2C+A">A. Ashfaq</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Awan%2C+I">I. Awan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Banerjee%2C+S">S. Banerjee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barria%2C+P">P. Barria</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bhopatkar%2C+V">V. Bhopatkar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bos%2C+J">J. Bos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bouhali%2C+O">O. Bouhali</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Braibant%2C+S">S. Braibant</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Buontempo%2C+S">S. Buontempo</a> , et al. (113 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1412.0228v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is being considered for the forward muon upgrade of the CMS experiment in Phase 2 of the CERN LHC. Its first implementation is planned for the GE1/1 system in the $1.5 < \mid畏\mid < 2.2$ region of the muon endcap mainly to control muon level-1 trigger rates after the second long LHC shutdown. A GE1/1 triple-GEM detector is read out by 3,072 radial strips wi… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1412.0228v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1412.0228v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1412.0228v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is being considered for the forward muon upgrade of the CMS experiment in Phase 2 of the CERN LHC. Its first implementation is planned for the GE1/1 system in the $1.5 < \mid畏\mid < 2.2$ region of the muon endcap mainly to control muon level-1 trigger rates after the second long LHC shutdown. A GE1/1 triple-GEM detector is read out by 3,072 radial strips with 455 $渭$rad pitch arranged in eight $畏$-sectors. We assembled a full-size GE1/1 prototype of 1m length at Florida Tech and tested it in 20-120 GeV hadron beams at Fermilab using Ar/CO$_{2}$ 70:30 and the RD51 scalable readout system. Four small GEM detectors with 2-D readout and an average measured azimuthal resolution of 36 $渭$rad provided precise reference tracks. Construction of this largest GEM detector built to-date is described. Strip cluster parameters, detection efficiency, and spatial resolution are studied with position and high voltage scans. The plateau detection efficiency is [97.1 $\pm$ 0.2 (stat)]\%. The azimuthal resolution is found to be [123.5 $\pm$ 1.6 (stat)] $渭$rad when operating in the center of the efficiency plateau and using full pulse height information. The resolution can be slightly improved by $\sim$ 10 $渭$rad when correcting for the bias due to discrete readout strips. The CMS upgrade design calls for readout electronics with binary hit output. When strip clusters are formed correspondingly without charge-weighting and with fixed hit thresholds, a position resolution of [136.8 $\pm$ 2.5 stat] $渭$rad is measured, consistent with the expected resolution of strip-pitch/$\sqrt{12}$ = 131.3 $渭$rad. Other $畏$-sectors of the detector show similar response and performance. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1412.0228v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1412.0228v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 December, 2014; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 30 November, 2014; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2014. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">8 pages, 32 figures, submitted to Proc. 2014 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symposium, Seattle, WA, reference added</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.3939">arXiv:1211.3939</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.3939">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1211.3939">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1211.3939">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Beam Test Results for New Full-scale GEM Prototypes for a Future Upgrade of the CMS High-eta Muon System </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Armagnaud%2C+C">C. Armagnaud</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Berzano%2C+U">U. Berzano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bos%2C+J">J. Bos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bunkowski%2C+K">K. Bunkowski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+J">J. Cai</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chatelain%2C+J+P">J. P. Chatelain</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Christiansen%2C+J">J. Christiansen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colaleo%2C+A">A. Colaleo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garcia%2C+A+C">A. Conde Garcia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=David%2C+E">E. David</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=de+Robertis%2C+G">G. de Robertis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=De+Oliveira%2C+R">R. De Oliveira</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pinto%2C+S+D">S. Duarte Pinto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ferry%2C+S">S. Ferry</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Formenti%2C+F">F. Formenti</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Franconi%2C+L">L. Franconi</a> , et al. (34 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1211.3939v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The CMS GEM collaboration is considering Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) for upgrading the CMS forward muon system in the 1.5<|eta|<2.4 endcap region. GEM detectors can provide precision tracking and fast trigger information. They would improve the CMS muon trigger and muon momentum resolution and provide missing redundancy in the high-eta region. Employing a new faster construction and assembly t… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1211.3939v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1211.3939v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1211.3939v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The CMS GEM collaboration is considering Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) for upgrading the CMS forward muon system in the 1.5<|eta|<2.4 endcap region. GEM detectors can provide precision tracking and fast trigger information. They would improve the CMS muon trigger and muon momentum resolution and provide missing redundancy in the high-eta region. Employing a new faster construction and assembly technique, we built four full-scale Triple-GEM muon detectors for the inner ring of the first muon endcap station. We plan to install these or further improved versions in CMS during the first long LHC shutdown in 2013/14 for continued testing. These detectors are designed for the stringent rate and resolution requirements in the increasingly hostile environments expected at CMS after the second long LHC shutdown in 2018/19. The new prototypes were studied in muon/pion beams at the CERN SPS. We discuss our experience with constructing the new full-scale production prototypes and present preliminary performance results from the beam test. We also tested smaller Triple-GEM prototypes with zigzag readout strips with 2 mm pitch in these beams and measured a spatial resolution of 73 microns. This readout offers a potential reduction of channel count and consequently electronics cost for this system while maintaining high spatial resolution. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1211.3939v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1211.3939v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 16 November, 2012; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2012. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">5 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Proc. 2012 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symposium, Anaheim, CA</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.7249">arXiv:1111.7249</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1111.7249">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1111.7249">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1111.7249">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6154312">10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6154312 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Construction and Performance of Large-Area Triple-GEM Prototypes for Future Upgrades of the CMS Forward Muon System </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tytgat%2C+M">M. Tytgat</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marinov%2C+A">A. Marinov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zaganidis%2C+N">N. Zaganidis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+J">J. Cai</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Teng%2C+H">H. Teng</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Mohapatra%2C+A">A. Mohapatra</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Moulik%2C+T">T. Moulik</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colaleo%2C+A">A. Colaleo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=de+Robertis%2C+G">G. de Robertis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Loddo%2C+F">F. Loddo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maggi%2C+M">M. Maggi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nuzzo%2C+S">S. Nuzzo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tupputi%2C+S+A">S. A. Tupputi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piccolo%2C+D">D. Piccolo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Raffone%2C+G">G. Raffone</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Saviano%2C+G">G. Saviano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bagliesi%2C+M+G">M. G. Bagliesi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cecchi%2C+R">R. Cecchi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Magazzu%2C+G">G. Magazzu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Oliveri%2C+E">E. Oliveri</a> , et al. (34 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1111.7249v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> At present, part of the forward RPC muon system of the CMS detector at the CERN LHC remains uninstrumented in the high-畏region. An international collaboration is investigating the possibility of covering the 1.6 < |畏| < 2.4 region of the muon endcaps with large-area triple-GEM detectors. Given their good spatial resolution, high rate capability, and radiation hardness, these micro-pattern gas dete… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1111.7249v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1111.7249v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1111.7249v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> At present, part of the forward RPC muon system of the CMS detector at the CERN LHC remains uninstrumented in the high-畏region. An international collaboration is investigating the possibility of covering the 1.6 < |畏| < 2.4 region of the muon endcaps with large-area triple-GEM detectors. Given their good spatial resolution, high rate capability, and radiation hardness, these micro-pattern gas detectors are an appealing option for simultaneously enhancing muon tracking and triggering capabilities in a future upgrade of the CMS detector. A general overview of this feasibility study will be presented. The design and construction of small (10\times10 cm2) and full-size trapezoidal (1\times0.5 m2) triple-GEM prototypes will be described. During detector assembly, different techniques for stretching the GEM foils were tested. Results from measurements with x-rays and from test beam campaigns at the CERN SPS will be shown for the small and large prototypes. Preliminary simulation studies on the expected muon reconstruction and trigger performances of this proposed upgraded muon system will be reported. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1111.7249v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1111.7249v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 30 November, 2011; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2011. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">7 pages, 25 figures, submitted for publication in conference record of the 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Valencia, Spain</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> RD51-Note-2011-012 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4883">arXiv:1111.4883</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1111.4883">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1111.4883">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1111.4883">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Test beam results of the GE1/1 prototype for a future upgrade of the CMS high-$畏$ muon system </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Armagnaud%2C+C">C. Armagnaud</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bagliesi%2C+M+G">M. G. Bagliesi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Berzano%2C+U">U. Berzano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bos%2C+J">J. Bos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bunkowski%2C+K">K. Bunkowski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+J">J. Cai</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cecchi%2C+R">R. Cecchi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chatelain%2C+J+P">J. P. Chatelain</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Christiansen%2C+J">J. Christiansen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colaleo%2C+A">A. Colaleo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garcia%2C+A+C">A. Conde Garcia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=David%2C+E">E. David</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=de+Robertis%2C+G">G. de Robertis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=De+Oliveira%2C+R">R. De Oliveira</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pinto%2C+S+D">S. Duarte Pinto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ferry%2C+S">S. Ferry</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Formenti%2C+F">F. Formenti</a> , et al. (33 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1111.4883v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) are an interesting technology under consideration for the future upgrade of the forward region of the CMS muon system, specifically in the $1.6<| 畏|<2.4$ endcap region. With a sufficiently fine segmentation GEMs can provide precision tracking as well as fast trigger information. The main objective is to contribute to the improvement of the CMS muon trigger. The const… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1111.4883v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1111.4883v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1111.4883v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) are an interesting technology under consideration for the future upgrade of the forward region of the CMS muon system, specifically in the $1.6<| 畏|<2.4$ endcap region. With a sufficiently fine segmentation GEMs can provide precision tracking as well as fast trigger information. The main objective is to contribute to the improvement of the CMS muon trigger. The construction of large-area GEM detectors is challenging both from the technological and production aspects. In view of the CMS upgrade we have designed and built the largest full-size Triple-GEM muon detector, which is able to meet the stringent requirements given the hostile environment at the high-luminosity LHC. Measurements were performed during several test beam campaigns at the CERN SPS in 2010 and 2011. The main issues under study are efficiency, spatial resolution and timing performance with different inter-electrode gap configurations and gas mixtures. In this paper results of the performance of the prototypes at the beam tests will be discussed. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1111.4883v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1111.4883v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 30 November, 2011; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 21 November, 2011; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2011. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.3675">arXiv:1012.3675</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.3675">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1012.3675">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1012.3675">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2010.5874006">10.1109/NSSMIC.2010.5874006 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Characterization of GEM Detectors for Application in the CMS Muon Detection System </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Postema%2C+H">H. Postema</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garcia%2C+A+C">A. Conde Garcia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chatelain%2C+J+P">J. P. Chatelain</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Faber%2C+G">G. Faber</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ropelewski%2C+L">L. Ropelewski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=David%2C+E">E. David</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pinto%2C+S+D">S. Duarte Pinto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Croci%2C+G">G. Croci</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Alfonsi%2C+M">M. Alfonsi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=van+Stenis%2C+M">M. van Stenis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sharma%2C+A">A. Sharma</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piccolo%2C+D">D. Piccolo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Saviano%2C+G">G. Saviano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Turini%2C+N">N. Turini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Oliveri%2C+E">E. Oliveri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Magazzu%27%2C+G">G. Magazzu'</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marinov%2C+A">A. Marinov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tytgat%2C+M">M. Tytgat</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zaganidis%2C+N">N. Zaganidis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hohlmann%2C+M">M. Hohlmann</a> , et al. (4 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1012.3675v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The muon detection system of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider is based on different technologies for muon tracking and triggering. In particular, the muon system in the endcap disks of the detector consists of Resistive Plate Chambers for triggering and Cathode Strip Chambers for tracking. At present, the endcap muon system is only partially instrumented with… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1012.3675v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1012.3675v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1012.3675v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The muon detection system of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider is based on different technologies for muon tracking and triggering. In particular, the muon system in the endcap disks of the detector consists of Resistive Plate Chambers for triggering and Cathode Strip Chambers for tracking. At present, the endcap muon system is only partially instrumented with the very forward detector region remaining uncovered. In view of a possible future extension of the muon endcap system, we report on a feasibility study on the use of Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors, in particular Gas Electron Multipliers, for both muon triggering and tracking. Results on the construction and characterization of small tripleGas Electron Multiplier prototype detectors are presented. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1012.3675v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1012.3675v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 16 December, 2010; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2010. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">7 pages, 19 figures, submitted for publication in conference record of the 2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Knoxville, TN</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> RD51-Note-2010-005 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.1524">arXiv:1012.1524</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.1524">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1012.1524">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1012.1524">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Construction of the first full-size GEM-based prototype for the CMS high-$畏$ muon system </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbaneo%2C+D">D. Abbaneo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bally%2C+S">S. Bally</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Postema%2C+H">H. Postema</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garcia%2C+A+C">A. Conde Garcia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chatelain%2C+J+P">J. P. Chatelain</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Faber%2C+G">G. Faber</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ropelewski%2C+L">L. Ropelewski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pinto%2C+S+D">S. Duarte Pinto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Croci%2C+G">G. Croci</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Alfonsi%2C+M">M. Alfonsi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Van+Stenis%2C+M">M. Van Stenis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sharma%2C+A">A. Sharma</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fabbri%2C+F">F. Fabbri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Passamonti%2C+L">L. Passamonti</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piccolo%2C+D">D. Piccolo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pierluigi%2C+D">D. Pierluigi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Raffone%2C+G">G. Raffone</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Russo%2C+A">A. Russo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Saviano%2C+G">G. Saviano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marinov%2C+A">A. Marinov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tytgat%2C+M">M. Tytgat</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zaganidis%2C+N">N. Zaganidis</a> , et al. (10 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1012.1524v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In view of a possible extension of the forward CMS muon detector system and future LHC luminosity upgrades, Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) are an appealing technology. They can simultaneously provide precision tracking and fast trigger information, as well as sufficiently fine segmentation to cope with high particle rates in the high-eta region at LHC and its future upgrades. We report on the… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1012.1524v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1012.1524v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1012.1524v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In view of a possible extension of the forward CMS muon detector system and future LHC luminosity upgrades, Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) are an appealing technology. They can simultaneously provide precision tracking and fast trigger information, as well as sufficiently fine segmentation to cope with high particle rates in the high-eta region at LHC and its future upgrades. We report on the design and construction of a full-size prototype for the CMS endcap system, the largest Triple-GEM detector built to-date. We present details on the 3D modeling of the detector geometry, the implementation of the readout strips and electronics, and the detector assembly procedure. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1012.1524v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1012.1524v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 9 December, 2010; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 7 December, 2010; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2010. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">5 pages, 11 figures, presented by S.Colafranceschi at IEEE 2010 (Knoxville, USA)</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> RD51-NOTE-2010-008, Frascati Preprint LNF - 10 / 24(P) </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/contact.html"> Contact</a> </li> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>subscribe to arXiv mailings</title><desc>Click here to subscribe</desc><path d="M476 3.2L12.5 270.6c-18.1 10.4-15.8 35.6 2.2 43.2L121 358.4l287.3-253.2c5.5-4.9 13.3 2.6 8.6 8.3L176 407v80.5c0 23.6 28.5 32.9 42.5 15.8L282 426l124.6 52.2c14.2 6 30.4-2.9 33-18.2l72-432C515 7.8 493.3-6.8 476 3.2z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/subscribe"> Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/policies/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column sorry-app-links"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/web_accessibility.html">Web Accessibility Assistance</a></li> <li> <p class="help"> <a class="a11y-main-link" href="https://status.arxiv.org" target="_blank">arXiv Operational Status <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" class="icon filter-dark_grey" role="presentation"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg></a><br> Get status notifications via <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/email/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg>email</a> or <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/slack/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M94.12 315.1c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06S0 341 0 315.1c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h47.06v47.06zm23.72 0c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v117.84c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06s-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V315.1zm47.06-188.98c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06S139 32 164.9 32s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v47.06H164.9zm0 23.72c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H47.06C21.16 243.96 0 222.8 0 196.9s21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06H164.9zm188.98 47.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06h-47.06V196.9zm-23.72 0c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V79.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06V196.9zM283.1 385.88c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06v-47.06h47.06zm0-23.72c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06 0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h117.84c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H283.1z"/></svg>slack</a> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </footer> <script src="https://static.arxiv.org/static/base/1.0.0a5/js/member_acknowledgement.js"></script> </body> </html>

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