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id="toc-Clonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Clonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplasm_vs._tumor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplasm_vs._tumor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neoplasm vs. tumor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplasm_vs._tumor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malignant_neoplasms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malignant_neoplasms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Malignant neoplasms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Malignant_neoplasms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Malignant neoplasms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Malignant_neoplasms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNA_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>DNA damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_defects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_defects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Field defects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_defects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome_instability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_instability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Genome instability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_instability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neoplasm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewas_(medies)" title="Gewas (medies) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gewas (medies)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ورم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئوپلاسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نئوپلاسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE" title="নিওপ্লাজম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিওপ্লাজম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplazma" title="Neoplazma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neoplazma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopl%C3%A0sia" title="Neoplàsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neoplàsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasi" title="Neoplasi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neoplasi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasie" title="Neoplasie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neoplasie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvaja" title="Kasvaja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasvaja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Νεόπλασμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεόπλασμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmo" title="Neoplasmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neoplasmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئوپلاسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئوپلاسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9oplasie" title="Néoplasie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néoplasie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasma" title="Neoplasma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neoplasma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="신생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նորագոյացություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորագոյացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="फुलाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फुलाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasma" title="Neoplasma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neoplasma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="נאופלזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאופלזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಂತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Неоплазма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неоплазма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasma" title="Neoplasma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neoplasma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="നിയോപ്ലാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയോപ്ലാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasma" title="Neoplasma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neoplasma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasie" title="Neoplasie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neoplasie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasi" title="Neoplasi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neoplasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasi" title="Neoplasi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neoplasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowotw%C3%B3r" title="Nowotwór – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowotwór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia" title="Neoplasia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neoplasia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neoplasm" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Искэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Искэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neoplasm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowotw%C5%8Dr" title="Nowotwōr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nowotwōr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Неоплазма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неоплазма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplazma" title="Neoplazma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neoplazma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvain" title="Kasvain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasi" title="Neoplasi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neoplasi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="கட்டி (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டி (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="เนื้องอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนื้องอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCm%C3%B6r" title="Tümör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tümör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Неоплазма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неоплазма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نیوپلازم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوپلازم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumor&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">Tumor</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Neoplastic" redirects here. For the Dutch artistic movement, see <a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tumor" redirects here. For the original graphic novel, see <a href="/wiki/Tumor_(comics)" title="Tumor (comics)"><i>Tumor</i> (comics)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">Pleonasm</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Neoplasm</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Tumor, tumour, carcinocytes</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Colon_cancer_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colon_cancer_2.jpg/220px-Colon_cancer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colon_cancer_2.jpg/330px-Colon_cancer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colon_cancer_2.jpg/440px-Colon_cancer_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a> specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_(cancer)" title="Invasion (cancer)">invasive</a> example of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly shaped tumor at top-center)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">Lump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environmental factor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">certain infections</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>A <b>neoplasm</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called <b>neoplasia</b>. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This abnormal growth usually forms a mass, which may be called a <b>tumour</b> or <b>tumor</b>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> classifies neoplasms into four main groups: <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign neoplasms</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_situ_neoplasms" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ neoplasms">in situ neoplasms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malignant_neoplasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant neoplasms">malignant neoplasms</a>, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> and are the focus of <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>. </p><p>Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, such as neoplasia, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">metaplasia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia and can occur in other conditions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word neoplasm is from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νέος-</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">neo</i></span> 'new' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλάσμα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">plasma</i></span> 'formation, creation'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1015606225">.mw-parser-output .-plasia .sidebar-content{text-align:left}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks -plasia"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">-plasia and -trophy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaplasia" title="Anaplasia">Anaplasia</a> (structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplasia" title="Aplasia">Aplasia</a> (organ or part of organ missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplasia" title="Desmoplasia">Desmoplasia</a> (connective tissue growth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a> (change in cell or tissue <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a> (proliferation of cells)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">Hypoplasia</a> (congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> (conversion in cell type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">Neoplasia</a> (abnormal proliferation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosoplasia" title="Prosoplasia">Prosoplasia</a> (development of new cell function)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a> (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a> (increase in the volume of cells or tissues)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotrophy">Hypotrophy</a> (decrease in the volume of cells or tissues)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystrophy" title="Dystrophy">Dystrophy</a> (any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:-plasia" title="Template:-plasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:-plasia" title="Template talk:-plasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:-plasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:-plasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A neoplasm can be <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a>, potentially malignant, or malignant (<a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-titleCancer_-_Activity_1_-_Glossary,_page_4_of_5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleCancer_-_Activity_1_-_Glossary,_page_4_of_5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumors</a> include <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">uterine fibroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteophytes">osteophytes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_nevus" title="Melanocytic nevus">melanocytic nevi</a> (skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Potentially-malignant neoplasms include <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma in situ</a>. They are localised, and do not invade and destroy but in time, may transform into cancer.</li> <li>Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a> and, if untreated or unresponsive to treatment, will generally prove fatal.</li> <li>Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>.</li> <li>Rarely there can be a metastatic neoplasm with no known site of the primary cancer and this is classed as a <a href="/wiki/Cancer_of_unknown_primary_origin" title="Cancer of unknown primary origin">cancer of unknown primary origin</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clonality">Clonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neoplastic tumors are often <a href="/wiki/Tumour_heterogeneity" title="Tumour heterogeneity">heterogeneous</a> and contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth are usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Monoclonality" title="Monoclonality">monoclonal</a> – that is, they are derived from the same cell,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all carry the same <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> anomaly – evident of clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> gene (for <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cell</a> lesions) or <a href="/wiki/T_cell_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="T cell receptor">T cell receptor</a> gene (for <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a> lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7990861_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7990861-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplasm_vs._tumor">Neoplasm vs. tumor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neoplasm vs. tumor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>tumor</i> or <i>tumour</i> comes from the Latin word for <i>swelling</i>, which is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The word originally referred to any form of <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a>, neoplastic or not. In modern English, <i>tumor (non-US spelling: tumour)</i> is used as a synonym for a neoplasm (a solid or fluid-filled cystic <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesion</a> that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells) that appears enlarged in size.<sup id="cite_ref-titlePancreas_Cancer:_Glossary_of_Terms_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titlePancreas_Cancer:_Glossary_of_Terms-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some neoplasms do not form a tumor; these include <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and most forms of <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma in situ</a>. <i>Tumor</i> is also not synonymous with <i><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.</i> While cancer is by definition malignant, a tumor can be <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">precancerous</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignant</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The terms <i>mass</i> and <i>nodule</i> are often used synonymously with <i>tumor</i>. Generally speaking, however, the term <i>tumor</i> is used generically, without reference to the physical size of the lesion.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, the term <i>mass</i> is often used when the lesion has a maximal diameter of at least 20 millimeters (mm) in the greatest direction, while the term <i><a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodule</a></i> is usually used when the size of the lesion is less than 20 mm in its greatest dimension (25.4 mm = 1 inch).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidradenoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hidradenoma.jpg/250px-Hidradenoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hidradenoma.jpg/330px-Hidradenoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hidradenoma.jpg/500px-Hidradenoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Neoplastic tumor of the cheek skin, here a <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign neoplasm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat glands">sweat glands</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hidradenoma" title="Hidradenoma">hidradenoma</a>, which is not solid but is fluid-filled</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibroids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fibroids.jpg/220px-Fibroids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fibroids.jpg/330px-Fibroids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Fibroids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating benign neoplasms, namely <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">fibroids</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tumors in humans occur as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations within single cells, which cause the cell to divide and expand uncontrollably.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue (such as <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma in situ</a>), however similarities between neoplasmic growths and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been pointed out.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tumor growth has been studied using mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum mechanics</a>. Vascular tumors such as <a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">hemangiomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphangioma">lymphangiomas</a> (formed from blood or lymph vessels) are thus looked at as being amalgams of a solid skeleton formed by sticky cells and an organic liquid filling the spaces in which cells can grow.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this type of model, mechanical stresses and strains can be dealt with and their influence on the growth of the tumor and the surrounding tissue and vasculature elucidated. Recent findings from experiments that use this model show that active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth as well.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16793355_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16793355-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benign conditions that are <i>not</i> associated with an abnormal proliferation of tissue (such as <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_cyst" title="Sebaceous cyst">sebaceous cysts</a>) can also present as tumors, however, but have no malignant potential. <a href="/wiki/Breast_cyst" title="Breast cyst">Breast cysts</a> (as occur commonly during pregnancy and at other times) are another example, as are other encapsulated glandular swellings (thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Encapsulated hematomas, encapsulated necrotic tissue (from an insect bite, foreign body, or other noxious mechanism), <a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">keloids</a> (discrete overgrowths of scar tissue) and <a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granulomas</a> may also present as tumors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Discrete localized enlargements of normal structures (ureters, blood vessels, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ducts, pulmonary inclusions, or <a href="/wiki/Enteric_duplication_cyst" title="Enteric duplication cyst">gastrointestinal duplications</a>) due to outflow obstructions or narrowings, or abnormal connections, may also present as a tumor. Examples are arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms (with or without thrombosis), biliary fistulae or aneurysms, sclerosing cholangitis, cysticercosis or hydatid cysts, intestinal duplications, and pulmonary inclusions as seen with cystic fibrosis. It can be dangerous to <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> a number of types of tumor in which the leakage of their contents would potentially be catastrophic. When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to (or during) biopsy or surgical exploration/excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malignant_neoplasms">Malignant neoplasms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Malignant neoplasms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_damage">DNA damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DNA damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg/250px-Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg/330px-Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg/500px-Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes in malignant neoplasms</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18403632_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18403632-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage, <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common. <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">Naturally occurring DNA damages</a> (mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Cellular_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular metabolism">cellular metabolism</a> and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 10,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Ames1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ames1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to <a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">exogenous</a> agents. <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">Tobacco smoke</a> causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> due to smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21802474_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21802474-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a> from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22123420_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22123420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> infection produces high levels of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21605492_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21605492-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a>, at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet, also cause DNA damage and contribute to <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colon cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21267546_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21267546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katsurano et al. indicated that <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis (creation of tumors in the colon).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21685942_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21685942-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. one study in mice (August 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Some sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Individuals with a <a href="/wiki/Germline_mutation" title="Germline mutation">germline mutation</a> causing deficiency in any of 34 <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes (see article <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair-deficiency_disorder" title="DNA repair-deficiency disorder">DNA repair-deficiency disorder</a>) are at increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Some germline mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g., <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> mutations).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21779515_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21779515-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These germline mutations are indicated in a box at the left of the figure with an arrow indicating their contribution to DNA repair deficiency. </p><p>About 70% of malignant (cancerous) neoplasms have no <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a> component and are called "sporadic cancers".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10891514_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10891514-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a minority of sporadic cancers have a deficiency in DNA repair due to mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers have deficiency in DNA repair due to <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a <a href="/wiki/Missense_mutation" title="Missense mutation">missense mutation</a> in the DNA repair gene <a href="/wiki/O-6-methylguanine-DNA_methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase">MGMT</a>, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15888787_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15888787-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five reports present evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16174854_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16174854-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20653064_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20653064-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_KH_2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_KH_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23422094_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23422094-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23271133_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23271133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15887099_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15887099-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA, <a href="/wiki/MiR-155" title="MiR-155">miR-155</a>, which down-regulates MLH1.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20351277_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20351277-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In further examples, epigenetic defects were found at frequencies of between 13%-100% for the DNA repair genes <a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_syndrome_ATP-dependent_helicase" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase">WRN</a>, <a href="/wiki/FANCB" title="FANCB">FANCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/FANCF" title="FANCF">FANCF</a>, MGMT, <a href="/wiki/MLH1" title="MLH1">MLH1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSH2" title="MSH2">MSH2</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSH4" title="MSH4">MSH4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERCC1" title="ERCC1">ERCC1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERCC4" title="ERCC4">XPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEIL1" title="NEIL1">NEIL1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataxia telangiectasia mutated">ATM</a>. These epigenetic defects occurred in various cancers, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and head and neck cancers. Two or three deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Facista_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facista-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epigenetic alterations causing reduced expression of DNA repair genes is shown in a central box at the third level from the top of the figure in this section, and the consequent DNA repair deficiency is shown at the fourth level. </p><p>When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in <a href="/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair" title="DNA mismatch repair">DNA mismatch repair</a><sup id="cite_ref-Narayanan_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narayanan-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hegan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational</a> repair (HRR).<sup id="cite_ref-Tutt_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutt-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Double-strand_break_repair_model" title="Double-strand break repair model">repair of DNA double strand breaks</a>, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">gene silencing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18704159_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18704159-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17616978_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17616978-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA repair deficiencies (level 4 in the figure) cause increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased <a href="/wiki/Somatic_mutation" title="Somatic mutation">somatic mutations</a> and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure). </p><p>Field defects, normal-appearing tissue with multiple alterations (and discussed in the section below), are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a malignant neoplasm. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have multiple mutations and epigenetic alterations. </p><p>Once a cancer is formed, it usually has <a href="/wiki/Genome_instability" title="Genome instability">genome instability</a>. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues to evolve and to produce sub clones. For example, a renal cancer, sampled in 9 areas, had 40 ubiquitous mutations, demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Tumour_heterogeneity" title="Tumour heterogeneity">tumor heterogeneity</a> (i.e. present in all areas of the cancer), 59 mutations shared by some (but not all areas), and 29 "private" mutations only present in one of the areas of the cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22397650_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22397650-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_defects">Field defects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Field defects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/220px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/330px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/440px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps, plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones that were precursors to the tumors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Various other terms have been used to describe this <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a>, including "field effect", "field cancerization", and "field <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>". The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13094644_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13094644-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Field defects are important in progression to cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18164807_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18164807-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20689513_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20689513-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in most cancer research, as pointed out by Rubin<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21254148_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21254148-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10655514_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10655514-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Vogelstein et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogelstein_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogelstein-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> point out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local <a href="/wiki/Microenvironment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microenvironment (biology)">microenvironment</a> on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">intestinal crypts</a> on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of abnormal tissue may arise. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon showing a colon cancer and four polyps. Below the photo, there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed, shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram. Within this first large patch in the diagram (a large clone of cells), a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may be repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expand, until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the photo, an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps (labeled with the size of the polyps, 6mm, 5mm, and two of 3mm, and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection, followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone, and sub-sub-clones inside those, then colon cancers generally should be associated with, and be preceded by, fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events. The most extensive region of abnormality (the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The Table, below, gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cancer</th> <th>Gene</th> <th>Frequency in cancer</th> <th>Frequency in field defect</th> <th><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>MGMT</td> <td>46%</td> <td>34%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16174854_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16174854-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>MGMT</td> <td>47%</td> <td>11%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_KH_2011_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_KH_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>MGMT</td> <td>70%</td> <td>60%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Svrcek_et_al_2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svrcek_et_al_2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>MSH2</td> <td>13%</td> <td>5%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_KH_2011_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_KH_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>ERCC1</td> <td>100%</td> <td>40%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Facista_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facista-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>PMS2</td> <td>88%</td> <td>50%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Facista_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facista-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colorectal </th> <td>XPF</td> <td>55%</td> <td>40%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Facista_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facista-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head and Neck </th> <td>MGMT</td> <td>54%</td> <td>38%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Jaroslaw_et_al_2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaroslaw_et_al_2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head and Neck </th> <td>MLH1</td> <td>33%</td> <td>25%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Chunlai_et_al_2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chunlai_et_al_2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head and Neck </th> <td>MLH1</td> <td>31%</td> <td>20%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Tawfik_et_al_2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tawfik_et_al_2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stomach </th> <td>MGMT</td> <td>88%</td> <td>78%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Zou_et_al_2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zou_et_al_2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stomach </th> <td>MLH1</td> <td>73%</td> <td>20%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23098428_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23098428-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Esophagus </th> <td>MLH1</td> <td>77%-100%</td> <td>23%-79%</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Agarwal_et_al_2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agarwal_et_al_2012-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size while 40% grew in size.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8949653_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8949653-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome_instability">Genome instability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genome instability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cancers are known to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Genome_instability" title="Genome instability">genome instability</a> or a mutator phenotype.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22954224_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22954224-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11237011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11237011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this protein-coding DNA (called the <a href="/wiki/Exome" title="Exome">exome</a>), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogelstein_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogelstein-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including <a href="/wiki/Noncoding_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncoding DNA">non-protein-coding regions</a>) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22492626_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22492626-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher <a href="/wiki/Exome" title="Exome">exome</a> mutation frequency<sup id="cite_ref-Vogelstein_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogelstein-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22622578_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22622578-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20220176_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20220176-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23001126_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23001126-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defects giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in this section) is a deficiency in DNA repair. The large field defects surrounding colon cancers (extending to at about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Facista_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facista-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins (<a href="/wiki/ERCC1" title="ERCC1">ERCC1</a>, XPF or <a href="/wiki/PMS2" class="mw-redirect" title="PMS2">PMS2</a>) in the entire area of the field defect. Deficiencies in DNA repair cause increased mutation rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Narayanan_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narayanan-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hegan_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tutt_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutt-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">translesion synthesis</a> past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations. These new mutations or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect. Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cells acquire additional mutations/epimutations that do provide a proliferative advantage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>neoplasm</i> is a synonym of <i>tumor</i>. <i>Neoplasia</i> denotes the process of the formation of neoplasms/tumors, and the process is referred to as a <i>neoplastic</i> process. The word <i>neoplastic</i> itself comes from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">neo</i></span> 'new' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">plastic</i></span> 'formed, molded'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <i>tumor</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> noun <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tumor</i></span> 'a swelling', ultimately from the verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tumēre</i></span> 'to swell'. In the British Commonwealth, the spelling <i>tumour</i> is commonly used, whereas in the U.S. the word is usually spelled <i>tumor</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In its medical sense, <i>tumor</i> has traditionally meant an abnormal swelling of the flesh. The Roman medical encyclopedist <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30 BC–38 AD) described the four cardinal signs of acute <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tumor</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">dolor</a></i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">calor</i></span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Rubor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubor">rubor</a></i></span> (swelling, pain, increased heat, and redness). (His treatise, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Medicina" title="De Medicina">De Medicina</a></i>, was the first medical book printed in 1478 following the invention of the movable-type printing press.) </p><p>In contemporary English, the word <i>tumor</i> is often used as a synonym for a cystic (liquid-filled) growth or solid neoplasm (cancerous or non-cancerous),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with other forms of swelling often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">"swellings"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Related terms occur commonly in the medical literature, where the nouns <i>tumefaction</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tumescence" title="Tumescence">tumescence</a></i> (derived from the adjective <i>tumescent</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are current medical terms for non-neoplastic swelling. This type of swelling is most often caused by inflammation caused by trauma, infection, and other factors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tumors may be caused by conditions other than an overgrowth of neoplastic cells, however. <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cysts</a> (such as sebaceous cysts) are also referred to as tumors, even though they have no neoplastic cells. This is standard in medical-billing terminology (especially when billing for a growth whose pathology has yet to be determined).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Pleomorphism (cytology)">Pleomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_evolution_in_cancer" title="Somatic evolution in cancer">Somatic evolution in cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplasm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428113153/https://www.lexico.com/definition/neoplasm">"neoplasm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216998" class="extiw" title="d:Q1216998">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C00">C00</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D48">D48</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=140">140</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=239.99">239.99</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009369">D009369</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb28841.htm">28841</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001310..htm">001310.</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology" title="Template talk:Pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumors" title="Template:Tumors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tumors" title="Template talk:Tumors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyst" title="Pseudocyst">Pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">Hamartoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malignant progression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">Carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">Metastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_tumor" title="Primary tumor">Primary tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_lymph_node" title="Sentinel lymph node">Sentinel lymph node</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Respiratory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tumor" title="Bone tumor">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_neoplasm" title="Urogenital neoplasm">Urogenital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous system neoplasm">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" title="Endocrine gland neoplasm">Endocrine system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastoma" title="Blastoma">Blastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">Precancerous condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome" title="Paraneoplastic syndrome">Paraneoplastic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">Staging</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grading_(tumors)" title="Grading (tumors)">grading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">TNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_staging" title="Ann Arbor staging">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer_staging" title="Prostate cancer staging">Prostate cancer staging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleason_grading_system" title="Gleason grading system">Gleason grading system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes classification">Dukes classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">Tumor suppressor genes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria" title="Carcinogenic bacteria">Carcinogenic bacteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles" title="Index of oncology articles">Index of oncology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cancer" title="History of cancer">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_cancer" title="Diet and cancer">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_rehabilitation" title="Cancer rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cancer-causing_materials_and_agents_(carcinogens)169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carcinogens" title="Template:Carcinogens"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene">Benzo[a]pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Butadiene">1,3-Butadiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> (e.g., from isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" 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