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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Identifying_fringe_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spectrum of fringe theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudoscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Pseudoscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questionable_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questionable_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Questionable science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questionable_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_theoretical_formulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_theoretical_formulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Alternative theoretical formulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_theoretical_formulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sourcing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sourcing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sourcing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reliable_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliable_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reliable sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliable_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Independent sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parity_of_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parity_of_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parity of sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parity_of_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-text_attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-text_attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>In-text attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-text_attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage_in_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_in_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coverage in Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coverage_in_Wikipedia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coverage in Wikipedia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coverage_in_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notability_versus_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notability_versus_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Notability versus acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notability_versus_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Reporting on the levels of acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Peer-reviewed sources help establish the level of acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluating_and_describing_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluating_and_describing_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evaluating and describing claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluating_and_describing_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Unwarranted promotion of fringe theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mentions_in_other_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mentions_in_other_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mentions in other articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mentions_in_other_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_living_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_living_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Treatment of living persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_living_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Useful_templates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Useful_templates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Useful templates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Useful_templates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WikiProjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WikiProjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>WikiProjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WikiProjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitration_requests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitration_requests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Arbitration requests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitration_requests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fringe theories</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ويكيبيديا:نظريات هامشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:نظريات هامشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:প্রান্তিক তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:প্রান্তিক তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедия:Маргиналь теориялар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Маргиналь теориялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teor%C3%ADa_marginal" title="Wikipedia:Teoría marginal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Teoría marginal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:نظریه‌های حاشیه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:نظریه‌های حاشیه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Th%C3%A9orie_controvers%C3%A9e" title="Wikipédia:Théorie controversée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Théorie controversée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%B9%84%EC%A3%BC%EB%A5%98_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="위키백과:비주류 이론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:비주류 이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уикипедия:Маргиналдық теориялар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия:Маргиналдық теориялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Smulki%C5%B3_ma%C5%BEum%C5%B3_teorijos" title="Vikipedija:Smulkių mažumų teorijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Smulkių mažumų teorijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4" title="ويكيبيديا:نظريات على الهامش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:نظريات على الهامش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%9C%E6%B5%81%E3%81%AE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Wikipedia:亜流の理論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:亜流の理論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Teorias_marginais" title="Wikipédia:Teorias marginais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Teorias marginais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Opinii_marginale" title="Wikipedia:Opinii marginale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Opinii marginale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Маргинальные теории – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Маргинальные теории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Википедија:Маргиналне теорије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Маргиналне теорије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Marginalne_teorije" title="Wikipedija:Marginalne teorije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Marginalne teorije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Вікіпедія:Маргінальні теорії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Маргінальні теорії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="Wikipedia:边缘学说 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:边缘学说" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, 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Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia talk:Fringe theories">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRINGE"></span><span id="WP:FRNG"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRINGE&redirect=no">WP:FRINGE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRNG&redirect=no">WP:FRNG</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Walnut.svg/30px-Walnut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Walnut.svg/45px-Walnut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Walnut.svg/60px-Walnut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>Fringe theories in a nutshell:</b> To maintain a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a>, an idea that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight in an article about a mainstream idea. More extensive treatment should be reserved for an article about the idea, which must meet the test of notability. Additionally, in an article about the minority viewpoint itself, the proper contextual relationship between minority and majority viewpoints must be made clear.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><b>For questions or help with specific examples</b>, please visit the <a 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.sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint hlist" style="clear:right;width:21.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia guidelines">Wikipedia guidelines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies list</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_behavioral_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines">Behavioral</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f5faff; background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Don't bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Don't disrupt to make a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Other_behavioral_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other behavioral guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Friendly space policy">WMF friendly space policy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_discussion" title="Category:Wikipedia discussion">Discussions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">Content</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content"><span class="wrap">Non-free content</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offensive_material" title="Wikipedia:Offensive material">Offensive material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Don't copy long texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Content_guide" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other content guidelines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_editing_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia editing guidelines">Editing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f5faff; background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Editing" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other editing guidelines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categorization" title="Category:Wikipedia categorization">Categorization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_style_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia style guidelines">Style</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tables</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_deletion_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia deletion guidelines">Deletion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_process" title="Wikipedia:Deletion process">Deletion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Speedy_keep" title="Wikipedia:Speedy keep">Speedy keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_guidelines_for_administrators" title="Wikipedia:Deletion guidelines for administrators">Deletion guidelines for administrators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_project_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia project content guidelines">Project content</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Other_guideline_categories" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Notability" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Notability</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#Finding_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Search</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="20" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="deepcat:"Wikipedia guidelines"" name="searchfilter"/><br/><input type="hidden" name="ns4" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns4-style-searchbox0.360457386453" checked=""/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search for a guideline" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guideline_list" title="Template:Guideline list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guideline_list" title="Template talk:Guideline list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guideline_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guideline list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Wikipedia parlance, the term <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theory</a></b></i> is used in a broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mainstream">mainstream views</a> in its particular field. Because Wikipedia aims to summarize significant opinions with representation <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undue_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undue weight">in proportion to their prominence</a>, a Wikipedia article should not make a fringe theory appear more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">notable</a> or more widely accepted than it is. Statements about the truth of a theory must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Based_upon" title="Wikipedia:Based upon">based</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a>. If discussed in an article about a mainstream idea, a theory that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a> must be cited that affirm the relationship of the marginal idea to the mainstream idea in a serious and substantial manner. </p><p>There are numerous reasons for these requirements. Wikipedia is not and must not become the validating source for non-significant subjects, and it is not a forum for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For writers and editors of Wikipedia articles to write about controversial ideas in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral manner</a>, it is of vital importance that they simply restate what is said by independent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources">secondary sources</a> of reasonable reliability and quality. </p><p>The governing policies regarding fringe theories are the three core content policies: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">Neutral point of view</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">No original research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">Verifiability</a>. Jointly these say that articles should not contain any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYN">novel analysis or synthesis</a>, that material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LIKELY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LIKELY">likely to be challenged</a> needs a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V#Sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">reliable source</a>, and that all majority and significant-minority views published in reliable sources should be represented fairly and proportionately. Should any inconsistency arise between this guideline and the content policies, the policies take precedence. </p><p>Fringe theories and related articles have been the subject of several <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration">arbitration cases</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories/Arbitration_cases" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Arbitration cases">Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Arbitration cases</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Identifying_fringe_theories" data-mw-thread-id="h-Identifying_fringe_theories"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identifying_fringe_theories"></span>Identifying fringe theories<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identifying_fringe_theories"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identifying fringe theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We use the term <i>fringe theory</i> in a very broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mainstream">mainstream views</a> in its particular field. For example, <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe theories in science</a> depart significantly from <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">mainstream science</a> and have little or no scientific support.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> and esoteric claims about medicine. Scholarly opinion is generally the most authoritative source to identify the mainstream view. However, there are at least two caveats: not every identified subject matter has its own academic <a href="/wiki/Field_of_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of study">specialization</a>, and the opinion of a scholar whose expertise is in a different field should not be given undue weight. </p><p>When discussing topics that reliable sources say are <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> or fringe theories, editors should be careful not to present the pseudoscientific fringe views alongside the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific or academic consensus</a> as though they are opposing but still equal views. While pseudoscience may, in some cases, be significant to an article, it should not obfuscate the description or prominence of the mainstream views. </p><p><span id="PS"></span><span id="Pseudoscience"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrum_of_fringe_theories" data-mw-thread-id="h-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories-Identifying_fringe_theories"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories-Identifying_fringe_theories"></span>Spectrum of fringe theories<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories-Identifying_fringe_theories"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spectrum of fringe theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all pseudoscience and fringe theories are alike. In addition, there is an approximate demarcation between pseudoscience and questionable science, and they merit careful treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poorly conducted research, <a href="/wiki/Research_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Research fraud">research fraud</a> and other types of bad science are not necessarily pseudoscientific – refer to reliable sources to find the appropriate characterisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudoscience" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pseudoscience-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pseudoscience-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"></span>Pseudoscience<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pseudoscience-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pseudoscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRINGE/PS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRINGE/PS&redirect=no">WP:FRINGE/PS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Proposals that, while purporting to be scientific, are obviously bogus may be so labeled and categorized as such without more justification. For example, since the universal scientific view is that <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">perpetual motion</a> is impossible, any purported perpetual motion mechanism (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Meyer">Stanley Meyer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Water_fuel_cell" title="Water fuel cell">water fuel cell</a>) may be treated as pseudoscience. Proposals that are generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community, such as <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, may properly contain that information and may be categorized as pseudoscience. </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Pseudoscience</b> (Non-scientific statement claiming to be scientific): <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a> proves that running water emits electricity when the <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> are aligned with the stars.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <b>Not pseudoscience</b> (no claim that it's scientific): <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> has magic reindeer that can fly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Questionable_science" data-mw-thread-id="h-Questionable_science-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Questionable_science-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"></span>Questionable science<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Questionable_science-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Questionable science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRINGE/QS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRINGE/QS&redirect=no">WP:FRINGE/QS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Articles about hypotheses that have a substantial following but which critics describe as pseudoscience, may note those critics' views; however, such hypotheses should not be described as unambiguously pseudoscientific if a reasonable amount of academic debate still exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_theoretical_formulations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Alternative_theoretical_formulations-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Alternative_theoretical_formulations-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"></span>Alternative theoretical formulations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Alternative_theoretical_formulations-Spectrum_of_fringe_theories"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alternative theoretical formulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRINGE/ALT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRINGE/ALT&redirect=no">WP:FRINGE/ALT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Alternative theoretical formulations from within the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> are not pseudoscience, but part of the scientific process. They should not be classified as pseudoscience but should still be put into context with respect to the mainstream perspective. Such theoretical formulations may fail to explain some aspect of reality, but, should they succeed in doing so, will usually be rapidly accepted. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> was heavily criticized because there was no known mechanism for continents to move and the proposed mechanisms were implausible. When a mechanism was discovered through <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, it became mainstream. In other cases, an alternative theoretical formulation lacks significant evidence to show its validity, but when such evidence is produced, the theory can become mainstream. Such examples of this are the existence of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse colonization of the Americas">Norse colonization of the Americas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang Theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To determine whether something is pseudoscientific or merely an alternative theoretical formulation, consider this: Alternative theoretical formulations generally tweak things on the frontiers of science, or deal with strong, puzzling evidence—which is difficult to explain away—in an effort to create a model that better explains reality. Pseudoscience generally proposes changes in the basic laws of nature to allow some phenomenon which the supporters want to believe occurs, but lack the strong scientific evidence or rigour that would justify such major changes. Pseudoscience usually relies on attacking mainstream scientific theories and methodology while lacking a critical discourse itself (as is common among <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">proponents of creation science</a>), relies on weak evidence such as anecdotal evidence or weak statistical evidence (as for example in <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>), or indulges a suspect theoretical premise (such as the claims of <a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">water memory</a> made by advocates of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Sourcing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sourcing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sourcing"></span>Sourcing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sourcing"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sourcing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reliable_sources-Sourcing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reliable_sources-Sourcing"></span>Reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reliable_sources-Sourcing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reliable sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCE">WP:SOURCE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IRS">WP:IRS</a></div> <p>Reliable sources are needed for any article in Wikipedia. They are needed to demonstrate that an idea is sufficiently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTE">notable</a> to merit a dedicated article about it. For a fringe view to be discussed in an article about a mainstream idea, independent reliable sources must discuss the relationship of the two as a serious and substantial matter. </p><p>Reliable sources on Wikipedia may include peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. Academic and peer-reviewed publications are usually the most reliable sources in areas where they are available, but material from reliable non-academic sources may also be used in these areas. </p><p>Subjects receive attention in Wikipedia in proportion to the level of detail in the sources from which the article is written. For example, if the only references to a particular subject are in news sources, then a level of detail which is greater than that which appears in these news sources is inappropriate, because Wikipedia policy prohibits <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">original research</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">no original research</a> policy strongly encourages the collection and organization of information from existing secondary sources, and allows for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY">careful use</a> of primary sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Independent_sources-Sourcing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Independent_sources-Sourcing"></span>Independent sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Independent_sources-Sourcing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independent sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRIND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRIND&redirect=no">WP:FRIND</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The best sources to use when describing fringe theories, and in determining their <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:N" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:N">notability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">prominence</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent reliable sources</a>, outside the sourcing ecosystem of the fringe theory itself. In particular, the relative space that an article devotes to different aspects of a fringe theory should follow from consideration primarily of the independent sources. Points that are not discussed in independent sources should not be given any space in articles. Independent sources are also necessary to determine the relationship of a fringe theory to mainstream scholarly discourse. Fringe sources can be used to support text that describes fringe theories provided that such sources have been noticed and given proper context with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">independent sources</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parity_of_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Parity_of_sources-Sourcing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Parity_of_sources-Sourcing"></span>Parity of sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Parity_of_sources-Sourcing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parity of sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PARITY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PARITY&redirect=no">WP:PARITY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Note that fringe journals exist, some of which claim peer review. Only a very few of these actually have any meaningful peer review outside of promoters of the fringe theories, and they should generally be considered unreliable. Examples of unreliable journals include but are not limited to: the <i><a href="/wiki/Creation_Research_Society_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation Research Society Quarterly">Creation Research Society Quarterly</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy_(journal)" title="Homeopathy (journal)">Homeopathy</a></i>, and the <i>Journal of Frontier Science</i> (which uses blog comments<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as its supposed peer review). </p><p>In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a> article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By <i>parity of sources</i>, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Wikipedia's verifiability and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biographies of living persons</a> policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory. </p><p>Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Wikipedia. For example, the lack of peer-reviewed criticism of <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a> should not be used as a justification for marginalizing or removing scientific criticism of creation science, since creation science itself is not published in peer-reviewed journals. Likewise, the views of adherents should not be excluded from an article on creation science solely on the basis that their work lacks peer review. Other considerations for notability should be considered as well. Fringe views are properly excluded from articles on mainstream subjects to the extent that they are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">rarely if ever included</a> by reliable sources on those subjects. </p><p>The prominence of fringe views needs to be put in perspective relative to the views of the entire encompassing field; limiting that relative perspective to a restricted subset of specialists or only among the proponents of that view is, necessarily, biased and unrepresentative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution" data-mw-thread-id="h-Attribution-Sourcing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Attribution-Sourcing"></span>Attribution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Attribution-Sourcing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a></div> <p>Wikipedia is meant to be a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">tertiary source</a> of information, summarizing the information gleaned from secondary sources, and in some cases from primary sources. Primary sources about research and investigations should only be used to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text and should not be relied on exclusively as doing so would violate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">Wikipedia's policies on original research</a>. In the case of obscure fringe theories, secondary sources that describe the theories should be carefully vetted for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES">reliability</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations-Attribution"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations-Attribution"></span>Quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations-Attribution"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While proper attribution of a perspective to a source satisfies the minimal requirements of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">Wikipedia's neutral point of view</a>, there is an additional editorial responsibility for including only those quotes and perspectives which further the aim of creating a verifiable and neutral Wikipedia article. Quotes that are controversial or potentially misleading need to be properly contextualized to avoid unintentional endorsement or deprecation. What is more, just because a quote is accurate and verifiably attributed to a particular source does not mean that the quote must necessarily be included in an article. The sourced contribution must simply aid in the verifiable and neutral presentation of the subject. </p><p>For example, in the article about <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a>, a verifiably attributed and accurately preserved quotation might take the following form: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Bigfoot Field Researchers Association has stated, "Scientists from various disciplines put the most compelling sasquatch evidence to the test. Collectively their conclusions are ground-breaking. There is now scientific proof for the existence of a giant primate species in North America—a species fitting the descriptions of sasquatches (bigfoots)."</p></blockquote> <p>Including such a controversial quote needs to be carefully contextualized as a particular point of view. Simply including such a statement in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LEAD">lead</a> or in a section on scientific evaluation of Bigfoot claims is potentially misleading, non-neutral, and lacking in verifiability. The quote should only be included if it can be contextualized in a verifiable and neutral sense as a point of view of the Bigfoot Field Researchers Association and not necessarily a factual statement. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CON">consensus</a> of editors may even be to not include the quote at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-text_attribution" data-mw-thread-id="h-In-text_attribution-Attribution"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In-text_attribution-Attribution"></span>In-text attribution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In-text_attribution-Attribution"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In-text attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ITA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ITA&redirect=no">WP:ITA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">In-text attribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSERT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASSERT">Assert facts, not opinions</a></div> <p>The careful use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES">sources</a> is vital when writing about criticism of fringe theories. Since fringe theories may be obscure topics that few non-adherents write about, there may only be a small number of sources that directly dispute them. Care should be taken not to mislead the reader by implying that, because the claim is actively disputed by only a few, it is otherwise supported. Particularly harsh criticism should be attributed—"Philosopher <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> dismisses <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> as 'a little driblet of childish ignorance; a mark of mankind's infancy<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"—while simple facts—"humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor"—are best left <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASF">stated simply as facts rather than recast as opinions</a>. Be careful not to use in-text attribution carelessly to imply that only the named sources would agree. A careful use of words and the adoption of a disinterested tone will ensure that a reader is not spoonfed opinions as facts and vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Coverage_in_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Coverage in Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coverage in Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notability" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notability-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notability-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Notability<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notability-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For what to do with a subject that does not qualify for a separate article, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAILN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAILN">WP:FAILN</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFRINGE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFRINGE&redirect=no">WP:NFRINGE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The notability of a fringe theory must be judged by statements from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>, not the proclamations of its adherents. Additionally, the topic must satisfy <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GNG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GNG">general notability guidelines</a>: the topic must receive significant coverage in reliable sources that are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRIND">independent of the subject</a>. Due consideration should be given to the fact that reputable news sources often cover less than strictly notable topics in a lighthearted fashion, such as on <a href="/wiki/April_Fool%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fool's Day">April Fool's Day</a>, as "<a href="/wiki/News_of_the_Weird" title="News of the Weird">News of the Weird</a>", or during "slow news days" (see <a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">junk food news</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silly_season" title="Silly season">silly season</a>). Even reputable news outlets have been known to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SENSATION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SENSATION">publish credulous profiles</a> of fringe theories and their proponents, and there continue to be many <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">completely unreliable sources masquerading as legitimate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples-Notability"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples-Notability"></span>Examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples-Notability"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sufficiently notable for dedicated articles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a>—The overwhelming majority of scientists consider this to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and say that it should not be taught in elementary public education. However, the very existence of this strong opinion, and vigorous discussion regarding it among groups such as scientists, scientific journals, educational institutions, political institutions, and courts of law give the idea itself more than adequate notability to have articles about it on Wikipedia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>—Claims of Holocaust deniers—that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had no genocidal intent against the Jews of Europe, that no gas chambers were used for mass murder at camps such as <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, that the number of Jews killed by the Nazis was far less than six million—are rejected as false by an overwhelming majority of professional historians, although the Holocaust deniers themselves will still occasionally get some public notice and therefore notability.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a>—Conspiracy theories which aim to show that the Moon landings were fake, while probably not held as true by very many people, have generated enough discussion in books, television programs, debunking statements from NASA, etc., that they deserve an article on Wikipedia.</li></ul> <p>Not sufficiently notable for dedicated articles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth#Theories_of_Booth's_escape" title="John Wilkes Booth">Theories of Booth's escape</a>—The page on <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> includes descriptions of conspiracy theories contending that Booth eluded his pursuers and escaped. However, they are not notable enough for a dedicated article.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notability_versus_acceptance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notability_versus_acceptance-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notability_versus_acceptance-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Notability versus acceptance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notability_versus_acceptance-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notability versus acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just because an idea is not accepted by most experts does not mean it should be removed from Wikipedia. The threshold for whether a topic should be included in Wikipedia as an article is generally covered by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">notability guidelines</a>. The complicated relationship between the level of acceptance of an idea and its notability is explored below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance-Notability_versus_acceptance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance-Notability_versus_acceptance"></span>Reporting on the levels of acceptance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reporting_on_the_levels_of_acceptance-Notability_versus_acceptance"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reporting on the levels of acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRINGELEVEL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRINGELEVEL&redirect=no">WP:FRINGELEVEL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Articles which cover controversial, disputed, or discounted ideas in detail should document (with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a>) the current level of their acceptance among the relevant academic community. If proper attribution cannot be found among reliable sources of an idea's standing, it should be assumed that the idea has not received consideration or acceptance; ideas should not be portrayed as accepted unless such claims can be documented in reliable sources. However, a lack of consideration or acceptance does not necessarily imply <i>rejection</i>, either; ideas should not be portrayed as rejected or carry negative labels such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> unless such claims can be documented in reliable sources. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="175"/></a><figcaption>Even demonstrably incorrect assertions and fringe theories like the <i><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Face on Mars</a></i> can merit inclusion in an encyclopedia—as notable ideas in the public eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideas that <i>have</i> been rejected, are widely considered to be absurd or pseudoscientific, only of historical interest, or primarily the realm of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, should be documented as such, using reliable sources. </p><p>Ideas that are of borderline or minimal notability may be mentioned in Wikipedia, but should not be given <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undue_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undue weight">undue weight</a>. Wikipedia is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">not</a> a forum for presenting new ideas, for countering any <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a> in institutions such as academia, or for otherwise promoting ideas which have failed to merit attention elsewhere. Wikipedia is not a place to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Righting_Great_Wrongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Righting Great Wrongs">right great wrongs</a>. Fringe theories may be excluded from articles about scientific topics when the scientific community has ignored the ideas. However, ideas should not be excluded from the encyclopedia simply because they are widely held to be wrong. By the same token, the purpose of Wikipedia is not to offer originally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYN">synthesized</a> prose "debunking" notable ideas which the scientific community may consider to be absurd or unworthy. Criticisms of fringe theories should be reported on relative to the visibility, notability, and reliability of the sources that do the criticizing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CRYSTAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CRYSTAL">Wikipedia is also not a crystal ball</a>: While currently accepted scientific paradigms may later be rejected, and hypotheses previously held to be controversial or incorrect sometimes become accepted by the scientific community (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>), it is not the place of Wikipedia to venture such projections. If the status of a given idea changes, then Wikipedia changes to reflect that change. Wikipedia primarily focuses on the state of knowledge today, documenting the past when appropriate (identifying it as such), and avoiding speculation about the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance-Notability_versus_acceptance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance-Notability_versus_acceptance"></span>Peer-reviewed sources help establish the level of acceptance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Peer-reviewed_sources_help_establish_the_level_of_acceptance-Notability_versus_acceptance"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Peer-reviewed sources help establish the level of acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One important barometer for determining the notability and level of acceptance of fringe ideas related to science, history or other academic pursuits is the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a> research on the subject. While a lack of peer-reviewed sources does not automatically mean that the subject should be excluded from Wikipedia, there must be adequate reliable sources to allow the subject to be covered in sufficient detail without engaging in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">original research</a>. Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular viewpoint. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peer review is an important feature of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a> that discuss scientific, historical or other academic ideas, but it is not the same as acceptance by the scientific community. It is important that original hypotheses that have gone through peer review do not get presented in Wikipedia as representing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> or fact. Articles about fringe theories sourced solely from a single primary source (even when it is peer reviewed) may be excluded from Wikipedia on notability grounds. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REDFLAG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REDFLAG">exceptional claims</a> in Wikipedia require high-quality reliable sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluating_and_describing_claims" data-mw-thread-id="h-Evaluating_and_describing_claims-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Evaluating_and_describing_claims-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Evaluating and describing claims<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Evaluating_and_describing_claims-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Evaluating and describing claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:EVALFRINGE"></span><span id="WP:DESCF"></span><span id="WP:FDESC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:EVALFRINGE&redirect=no">WP:EVALFRINGE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DESCF&redirect=no">WP:DESCF</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FDESC&redirect=no">WP:FDESC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Many encyclopedic topics can be evaluated from a number of different perspectives, and some of these perspectives may make claims that lack verification in research, that are inherently untestable, or that are pseudoscientific. In general, Wikipedia should always give <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PROMINENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PROMINENCE">prominence</a> to established lines of research found in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a> and present <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral descriptions</a> of other claims with respect to their historical, scientific, and cultural prominence. Claims that are uncontroversial and uncontested within reliable sources should be presented as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASF">simple statements of fact</a>—e.g. "An <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton." </p><p>Claims derived from fringe theories should be carefully <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ATT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ATT">attributed</a> to an appropriate source and located within a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PCR">context</a>—e.g. "There are extreme academic views such as those of Jacques Halbronn, suggesting at great length and with great complexity that <a href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a>'s <i>Prophecies</i> are antedated forgeries written by later hands with a political axe to grind." Such claims may contain or be followed by qualifiers to maintain neutrality—e.g. "Although Halbronn possibly knows more about the texts and associated archives than almost anybody else alive (he helped dig out and research many of them), most other specialists in the field reject this view."—but restraint should be used with such qualifiers to avoid giving the appearance of an overly harsh or overly critical assessment. This is particularly true within articles dedicated specifically to fringe ideas: Such articles should first describe the idea clearly and objectively, then refer the reader to more accepted ideas, and avoid excessive use of point-counterpoint style refutations. It is also best to avoid hiding all disputations in an end <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Criticism sections">criticism section</a>, but instead work for integrated, easy to read, and accurate article prose. </p><p>Notable perspectives which are primarily non-scientific in nature but which contain claims concerning scientific phenomena should <i>not</i> be treated exclusively as scientific theory and handled on that basis. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> itself should be primarily covered as a work of ancient literature, as part of the Hebrew or Christian Bible, or for its theological significance, rather than as a <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological</a> theory. Perspectives which advocate non-scientific or pseudoscientific religious claims intended to directly confront scientific discoveries should be evaluated on both a scientific and a theological basis, with acknowledgment of how the most <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a> consider the subjects. For example, <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a> should be described primarily as religious and political movements and the fact that claims from those perspectives are disputed by mainstream theologians and scientists should be directly addressed. Fringe theories that oppose reliably sourced research—<a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">denialist histories</a>, for example—should be described clearly within their own articles, but should not be given <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> in more general discussions of the topic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Unwarranted promotion of fringe theories<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unwarranted_promotion_of_fringe_theories-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unwarranted promotion of fringe theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PROFRINGE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PROFRINGE&redirect=no">WP:PROFRINGE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Proponents of fringe theories seek to use Wikipedia as a forum for promoting them. Policies discourage this: if the only statements about a fringe theory come from the inventors or promoters of that theory, then "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a>" rules come into play. Wikipedia is neither a publisher of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">original thought</a> nor a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOAP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOAP">soapbox</a> for self-promotion and advertising. Attempts by inventors and adherents to artificially inflate the perceived renown of their fringe theories, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sock_puppetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sock puppetry">sock puppetry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion">AfD discussions</a>, are prohibited. Efforts of fringe-theory inventors to promote their theories, such as the offering of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a> material as references, are unacceptable: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a soapbox">Wikipedia is not an advertising venue</a>. (See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links_to_avoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:External links to avoid">Links normally to be avoided</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography guidelines</a>.) For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFRINGE">notability guidelines for fringe topics</a> are stricter than <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GNG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GNG">general notability guidelines</a>: the notability of a fringe theory must be judged by statements from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>, not the proclamations of its adherents. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a> policy requires that all majority and significant-minority positions be included in an article. However, it also requires that they not be given <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a>. A conjecture that has not received critical review from the scientific community or that has been rejected may be included in an article about a scientific subject only if other high-quality reliable sources discuss it as an alternative position. Ideas supported only by a tiny minority may be explained in articles devoted to those ideas if they are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTE">notable</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mentions_in_other_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mentions_in_other_articles-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mentions_in_other_articles-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Mentions in other articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mentions_in_other_articles-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mentions in other articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ONEWAY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ONEWAY&redirect=no">WP:ONEWAY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Fringe views, products, or those who promote them, may be mentioned in the text of other articles only if <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">independent reliable sources</a> connect the topics in a serious and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PROMINENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PROMINENCE">prominent</a> way. However, meeting this standard indicates only that the idea <i>may</i> be discussed in other articles, not that it <i>must</i> be discussed in a specific article. If mentioning a fringe theory in another article gives <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> to the fringe theory, discussion of the fringe theory may be limited, or even omitted altogether. If no independent reliable sources connect a particular fringe theory to a mainstream subject, there should not even be a link through a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SEEALSO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SEEALSO">see also section</a>, lest the article serve as a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COAT">coatrack</a>. </p><p>Fringe theories should be discussed in context; uncontroversial ideas may need to be referred to in relation to fringe theories. Discussion of mainstream ideas should be sourced from reliable mainstream sources. Links to non-fringe articles in fringe articles can also help aid the reader in understanding and remove the threat of creating a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Walled_garden" title="Wikipedia:Walled garden">walled garden</a>. In contrast, many mainstream articles do not link to articles about fringe theories. This is the principle of <i>one-way linking</i> for fringe theories. </p> <dl><dt>Examples</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a>—There are plenty of reliable sources which describe how <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and so a decent article on the former may mention the latter.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Autodynamics" title="Autodynamics">Autodynamics</a>—There are no reliable sources about <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> which also mention autodynamics, and so a decent article on special relativity should not mention autodynamics.</dd></dl> <p>Note, however, that the mainstream scientific subjects are discussed and linked to in both of the above articles about fringe subjects (the Astrology article discusses astronomy, and Autodynamics discusses special relativity). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_living_persons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Treatment_of_living_persons-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Treatment_of_living_persons-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span>Treatment of living persons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Treatment_of_living_persons-Coverage_in_Wikipedia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Treatment of living persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FRINGEBLP"></span><span id="WP:BLPFRINGE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FRINGEBLP&redirect=no">WP:FRINGEBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BLPFRINGE&redirect=no">WP:BLPFRINGE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Close attention should be paid to the treatment of those who hold fringe viewpoints, since as a rule they are the focus of controversy. All articles concerning these people must also comply with Wikipedia's policy on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biographies of living persons</a> (WP:BLP). Fringe views of those better known for other achievements or incidents should not be given <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue prominence</a>, especially when these views are incidental to their fame. However, the WP:BLP policy does not provide an excuse to remove all criticism from a biography or to obscure the nature of a person's fringe advocacy outside of their field of expertise (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PROFRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PROFRINGE">WP:PROFRINGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSCI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSCI">WP:PSCI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP#Balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">WP:BLP § Balance</a>). </p><p>There are people who are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BIO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BIO">notable</a> enough to have articles included in Wikipedia solely on the basis of their advocacy of fringe beliefs. Notability can be determined by considering whether there are enough <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INDY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INDY">independent</a> sources that discuss the person in a serious and extensive manner, taking care also to avoid the pitfalls that can appear when determining the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFRINGE">notability of fringe theories themselves</a>. Caution should be exercised when evaluating whether there are enough sources available to write a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral</a> biography that neither <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">unduly</a> promotes nor denigrates the subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Useful_templates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Useful_templates"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Useful_templates"></span>Useful templates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Useful_templates"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Useful templates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutrality_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Neutrality templates">Wikipedia:Neutrality templates</a>, in particular, <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Fringe_theories" title="Template:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:POV" title="Template:POV">POV</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—There is a current dispute about the article's neutrality.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unbalanced" title="Template:Unbalanced">Unbalanced</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Undue-inline" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Undue-inline">Undue-inline</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—Inline citation to tag a source which might have been given more prominence than justifiable.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Sources_of_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles">Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles</a>, in particular, <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreliable_fringe_source" title="Template:Unreliable fringe source">Unreliable fringe source</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—Inline citation to tag a specific sentence that may use a fringe source inappropriately.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Verify_credibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Verify credibility">Verify credibility</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—Inline citation for a source that may be unreliable</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Third-party-inline" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Third-party-inline">Third-party-inline</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—Inline citation to tag a specific sentence that may use a non-independent source inappropriately.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays" data-mw-thread-id="h-Essays-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Essays-See_also"></span>Essays<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Essays-See_also"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Academic_bias" title="Wikipedia:Academic bias">Wikipedia:Academic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_neutral_in_form" title="Wikipedia:Be neutral in form">Wikipedia:Be neutral in form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cherrypicking" title="Wikipedia:Cherrypicking">Wikipedia:Cherrypicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Coatrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Coatrack">Wikipedia:Coatrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Creating_controversial_content" title="Wikipedia:Creating controversial content">Wikipedia:Creating controversial content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories_for_dummies" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories for dummies">Wikipedia:Fringe theories for dummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Scientific consensus">Wikipedia:Scientific consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Scientific point of view">Wikipedia:Scientific point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_cannot_claim_the_Earth_is_not_flat" title="Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat">Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat</a> (dealing with fringe advocates)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WikiProjects" data-mw-thread-id="h-WikiProjects-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-WikiProjects-See_also"></span>WikiProjects<span data-mw-comment-end="h-WikiProjects-See_also"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: WikiProjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alternative_Views" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative Views">Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative Views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Skepticism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism">Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitration_requests" data-mw-thread-id="h-Arbitration_requests-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Arbitration_requests-See_also"></span>Arbitration requests<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Arbitration_requests-See_also"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arbitration requests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Pseudoscience" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Pseudoscience">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Fringe_science" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Fringe science">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Barrett_v._Rosenthal" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Barrett v. Rosenthal">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Barrett v. Rosenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Climate change">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Homeopathy" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Homeopathy">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Cold_fusion" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Cold fusion">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Cold fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/September_11_conspiracy_theories" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/September 11 conspiracy theories">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/September 11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Shakespeare authorship question">Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Shakespeare authorship question</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Due and undue weight</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in particular "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYN">Synthesis of published material that advances a position</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more criteria, see Trefil, James S. (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unz.org/Pub/SaturdayRev-1978apr29-00016?View=PDF">"A consumer's guide to pseudoscience"</a>, <i>The Saturday Review</i>, April 29, 1978, pp. 16–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on Arbcom ruling in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Pseudoscience" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Pseudoscience">Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Pseudoscience</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conklin, Wendy (2005) <i>Mysteries in History: Ancient History</i> Page 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Patrick (2007) <i>Ten Discoveries That Rewrote History</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemonick, Michael D. (2003) <i>Echo of the Big Bang</i> Princeton University Press pg 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPublisher" class="citation web cs1">Publisher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com">"JOURNAL of FRONTIER SCIENCE Peer Review Blog"</a>. Jfspeerreview.blogspot.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JOURNAL+of+FRONTIER+SCIENCE+Peer+Review+Blog&rft.pub=Jfspeerreview.blogspot.com&rft.au=Publisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfspeerreview.blogspot.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFringe+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. It must be shown that reliable sources treat the journal as a respected peer-reviewed journal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)1890" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)1890" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P529" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Speedy deletion">Speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P350" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G427" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P512" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: 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