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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%ADr" title="Smír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlig_(jura)" title="Forlig (jura) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forlig (jura)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergleich_(Recht)" title="Vergleich (Recht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergleich (Recht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenencia" title="Avenencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avenencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%86%A1%EC%83%81_%ED%95%A9%EC%9D%98" title="소송상 합의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소송상 합의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իրավական կարգավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրավական կարգավորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Бітімгершілік келісім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бітімгершілік келісім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikos_sutartis_(civilinis_procesas)" title="Taikos sutartis (civilinis procesas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taikos sutartis (civilinis procesas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schikking" title="Schikking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schikking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%AE%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3" title="裁判上の和解 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="裁判上の和解" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlik" title="Forlik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forlik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Settlement (litigation)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovinto" title="Sovinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sovinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rlikning_(civilr%C3%A4tt)" title="Förlikning (civilrätt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förlikning (civilrätt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulh_(hukuk)" title="Sulh (hukuk) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sulh (hukuk)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мирова угода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мирова угода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3_(%E8%AF%89%E8%AE%BC)" title="和解 (诉讼) – Chinese" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Settled_out_of_court&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Settled out of court">Settled out of court</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Resolution between disputing parties about a legal case</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Collective settlement (litigation)" redirects here. For an intentional community, see <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Collective settlement</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Settlement agreement" redirects here. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure_in_the_United_States" title="Civil procedure in the United States">Civil procedure<br />in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrines_of_civil_procedure" title="Doctrines of civil procedure">Doctrines of civil procedure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction" title="Subject-matter jurisdiction">Subject-matter</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Federal_question_jurisdiction" title="Federal question jurisdiction">Federal question</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_jurisdiction" title="Diversity jurisdiction">Diversity</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_jurisdiction" title="Supplemental jurisdiction">Supplemental</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_jurisdiction" title="Removal jurisdiction">Removal</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">Personal</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/In_personam" title="In personam">In personam</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_rem_jurisdiction" title="In rem jurisdiction">In rem</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasi_in_rem_jurisdiction" title="Quasi in rem jurisdiction">Quasi in rem</a></i>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Venue_(law)" title="Venue (law)">Venue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_of_venue" title="Change of venue">Change of venue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">Forum non conveniens</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Pleading" title="Pleading">Pleadings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist wraplinks"><ul style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Complaint" title="Complaint">Complaint</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Cause of action</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Information_Statement" title="Case Information Statement">Case Information Statement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">Class action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005" title="Class Action Fairness Act of 2005">2005 Act</a>) )</li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demurrer" title="Demurrer">Demurrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Answer_(law)" title="Answer (law)">Answer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Affirmative_defense" title="Affirmative defense">affirmative defense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reply_(legal_term)" title="Reply (legal term)">Reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterclaim" title="Counterclaim">Counterclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossclaim" title="Crossclaim">Crossclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinder" title="Joinder">Joinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indispensable_party" title="Indispensable party">Indispensable party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impleader" title="Impleader">Impleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpleader" title="Interpleader">Interpleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">Other motions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit#Pre-trial" title="Lawsuit">Pretrial procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_conference" title="Initial conference">Initial conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogatories" title="Interrogatories">Interrogatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">Depositions</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Request_for_admissions" title="Request for admissions">Request for admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_for_production" title="Request for production">Request for production</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> Resolution without trial</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">Default judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">Summary judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_dismissal" title="Voluntary dismissal">Voluntary dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_dismissal" title="Involuntary dismissal"><span class="wrap">Involuntary dismissal</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;;padding:0.3em 1.75em 0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_(law)" title="Party (law)">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">Pro se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Voir_dire" title="Voir dire">voir dire</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">Burden of proof</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div class="hlist wraplinks"><ul style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Judgment_as_a_matter_of_law" title="Judgment as a matter of law">As a matter of law (JMOL)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Renewed_judgment_as_a_matter_of_law" title="Renewed judgment as a matter of law">Renewed JMOL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_notwithstanding_verdict" title="Judgment notwithstanding verdict">Notwithstanding verdict (JNOV)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_to_set_aside_judgment" title="Motion to set aside judgment">Motion to set aside</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_de_novo" title="Trial de novo"><i>De novo</i> (new trial)</a> )</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist wraplinks"><ul style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Remedy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">Injunction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney%27s_fee" title="Attorney's fee">Attorney's fee</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_rule_(attorney%27s_fees)" title="American rule (attorney's fees)">American rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_rule_(attorney%27s_fees)" title="English rule (attorney's fees)">English rule</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">Declaratory judgment</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d5d5ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">Mandamus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">Certiorari</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_procedure_(United_States)" title="Template:Civil procedure (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_procedure_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Civil procedure (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_procedure_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil procedure (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In law, a <b>settlement</b> is a resolution between disputing parties about a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">legal case</a>, reached either before or after court action begins. A <b>collective settlement</b> is a settlement of multiple similar legal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also has other meanings in the context of law. <a href="/wiki/Structured_settlement" title="Structured settlement">Structured settlements</a> provide for future periodic payments, instead of a one time cash payment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basis">Basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A settlement, as well as dealing with the dispute between the parties is a contract between those parties, and is one possible (and common) result when parties sue (or contemplate so doing) each other in <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">civil</a> <a href="/wiki/Proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings">proceedings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiffs</a> and defendants identified in the <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> can end the dispute between themselves without a <a href="/wiki/Trial_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial (law)">trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contract is based upon the bargain that a party forgoes its ability to sue (if it has not sued already), or to continue with the claim (if the plaintiff has sued), in return for the certainty written into the settlement. The courts will enforce the settlement. If it is breached, the party in default could be sued for breach of that contract. In some jurisdictions, the party in default could also face the original action being restored. </p><p>The settlement of the lawsuit defines legal requirements of the parties and is often put in force by an order of the court after a joint <a href="/wiki/Stipulation" title="Stipulation">stipulation</a> by the parties. In other situations (as where the claims have been satisfied by the payment of a certain sum of money), the plaintiff and defendant can simply file a notice that the case has been dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of cases are decided by a settlement. Both sides (regardless of relative monetary resources) often have a strong incentive to settle to avoid the costs (such as legal fees, finding expert witnesses, etc.), the time and the stress associated with a trial, particularly where a trial by jury is available. Generally, one side or the other will make a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_offer" title="Settlement offer">settlement offer</a> early in litigation. The parties may hold (and indeed, the court may require) a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_conference" title="Settlement conference">settlement conference</a>, at which they attempt to reach such a settlement. </p><p>In controversial cases, it may be written into a settlement that both sides keep its contents and all other information relevant to the case confidential or that one of the parties (usually the one being sued) does not, by agreeing to the settlement, admit to any fault or wrongdoing in the underlying issue. </p><p>A "global settlement" is one employed where suits have been filed or charges brought in multiple jurisdictions and is defined as "a legal agreement that addresses or compromises both civil claims and criminal charges against a corporation or other large entity".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of a global settlement include the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a> between the attorneys general of 46 U.S. states and the four major U.S. tobacco companies in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is within the <a href="/wiki/Global_Analyst_Research_Settlements" title="Global Analyst Research Settlements">Global Analyst Research Settlements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_jurisdictions">Specific jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial, 90% of <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a> settle, and around 50% of other civil cases settle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In American law, settlement agreements are normally private <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>, not court orders, except for <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decrees</a>, which are relatively uncommon in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-produce_or_not_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-produce_or_not-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confidentiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidentiality agreement">Confidentiality agreement</a></div> <p>Most settlements are confidential. In these cases, the court order may refer to another document which is not disclosed, but which may be revealed to prove a breach of the settlement. Confidentiality is not possible in <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> cases in the United States, where all settlements are subject to approval by the court pursuant to Rule 23 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> and counterpart rules adopted in most states. </p><p>In some cases, confidential settlements are requested in discovery. Federal courts can issue <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">protective orders</a> preventing the release, but the party seeking to prevent disclosure must show that harm or prejudice would result from the disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-produce_or_not_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-produce_or_not-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In specific states such as California, however the burden is on the party seeking release of the confidential settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-produce_or_not_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-produce_or_not-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitations">Limitations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The confidentiality of settlements is controversial as it allows damaging actions to remain secret, as occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic sexual abuse scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, some states have passed laws which limit confidentiality. For example, in 1990 Florida passed a 'Sunshine in Litigation' law which limits confidentiality from concealing public hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> have laws limiting confidentiality as well, although judicial interpretation has weakened the application of these types of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. Congress, a similar federal Sunshine in Litigation Act has been proposed but not passed in 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confidentiality agreements which keep secrets from regulators about violations is probably unenforceable, but a specific carveout granting regulators access is usually not included.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, if the matter is already before the courts, except in a case where the claim is to be dismissed outright and the Claimant agrees to pay the Defendant's costs, the matter is usually dealt with by a <a href="/wiki/Consent_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Consent order">consent order</a>, signed by the legal representatives of both parties and approved by the judge. </p><p>To get around the issue of confidentiality referred to above, a standard procedure consent order, known as a <a href="/wiki/Tomlin_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomlin Order">Tomlin Order</a> is entered into. The order itself contains an agreement that the claim is <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_proceedings" title="Stay of proceedings">stayed</a> and no further action can be taken in court (except for referring a dispute in the implementation of the order to court, which is allowed). The order also deals with payment of costs, and payments of money out of court if any money is held by the court (as these are matters which must be dealt with by Court Order). However, the actual terms of the settlement are dealt with in a 'schedule' to the order, which can remain confidential. Breach of the schedule can be dealt with as breach of contract, or breach of the consent order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Israel, which is a common law jurisdiction, settlements almost always are submitted to the court, for two reasons: (a) only by submitting the settlement to the court can the litigants control whether the court will order one or more parties to pay costs, and (b) the plaintiff (claimant) usually prefers for the settlement to be given the effect of a judgment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierringer_release" title="Pierringer release">Pierringer release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_suit" title="Strike suit">Strike suit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanbar.org&rft.atitle=Confidentiality+in+Settlement+Agreements+Is+Bad+for+Clients%2C+Bad+for+Lawyers%2C+Bad+for+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fpublications%2Fgp_solo%2F2012%2Fnovember_december2012privacyandconfidentiality%2Fconfidentiality_settlement_agreements_is_bad_clients_lawyers_justice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+%28litigation%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLothes2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lothes, Alison (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol154/iss2/4/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Quality, Not Quantity: An Analysis of Confidential Settlements and Lit" by Alison Lothes"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania Law Review</i>. <b>154</b> (2): 433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25047592">10.2307/25047592</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047592">25047592</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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