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Suzuki and B. Suzuki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._Suzuki_and_B._Suzuki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_the_theosophical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_the_theosophical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Analysis of the theosophical texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_of_the_theosophical_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis of the theosophical texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_the_theosophical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mahatma_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mahatma_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Mahatma letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mahatma_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Secret_Doctrine_and_the_Books_of_Kiu-te" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Secret_Doctrine_and_the_Books_of_Kiu-te"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Secret Doctrine</i> and the Books of Kiu-te</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Secret_Doctrine_and_the_Books_of_Kiu-te-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Voice_of_the_Silence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Voice_of_the_Silence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>The Voice of the Silence</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Voice_of_the_Silence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_Buddhism" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Relation between Buddhism and Theosophy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg/300px-Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg/450px-Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>The Buddhists and Colonel Olcott in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> (1883)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophical teachings</a> have borrowed some concepts and terms from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Some theosophists like <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a> also became Buddhists. Henry Steel Olcott helped shape the design of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Buddhist flag</a>. Tibetan Buddhism was popularised in the West at first mainly by Theosophists including <a href="/wiki/Evans-Wentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Evans-Wentz">Evans-Wentz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_David-Neel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra David-Neel">Alexandra David-Neel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Theosophists_as_Buddhists_and_Buddhologists">The Theosophists as Buddhists and Buddhologists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Theosophists as Buddhists and Buddhologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Founders_of_the_Theosophical_Society">The Founders of the Theosophical Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Founders of the Theosophical Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>25 May 1880 Blavatsky<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Olcott<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> embraced Buddhism: they publicly took in <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a> the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Refuges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Pancasila</a> from a prominent <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> bhikkhu.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olcott and Blavatsky (she received US citizenship previously) were the first Americans who were converted to Buddhism in the traditional sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhology" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhology">Buddhology</a> there is an idea that the "Theosophical Buddhists" were the forerunners of all subsequent Western, or, as they were called, "white" Buddhists. In addition, they attempted to rationalize Buddhism, to cleanse the doctrine, removing from it elements of "folk superstition". They also tried to identify Buddhism with <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric doctrine</a>, recognizing the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Buddha">Lord Buddha</a> as the "Master-Adept."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And finally, they considered it their duty to provide assistance and political support to the oppressed Sinhalese Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998199_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Theosophical revival of Buddhism</dt></dl> <p>In 1880 Olcott began to build up the Buddhist Educational Movement in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>. In 1880 there were only two schools in Ceylon managed by the Buddhists. Due to the efforts of Olcott the number rose to 205 schools and four colleges in 1907 (<a href="/wiki/Ananda_College" title="Ananda College">Ananda College</a> in Colombo, <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_College" title="Mahinda College">Mahinda College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraja_College" title="Dharmaraja College">Dharmaraja College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliyadeva_College" title="Maliyadeva College">Maliyadeva College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a>). Thus began the great Buddhist revival in Ceylon. Olcott also represented the Buddhist cause to the British government, and found redress for the restrictions imposed against Buddhists, such as the prohibition of processions, Buddhist schools, the improved financial administration of temple properties, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdyar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdyar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olcott "united the sects of Ceylon in the Buddhist Section of the Theosophical Society (1880); the 12 sects of Japan into a Joint Committee for the promotion of Buddhism (1889); Burma, Siam, and Ceylon into a Convention of Southern Buddhists (1891); and finally Northern and Southern Buddhism through joint signatures to his <i>Fourteen Propositions of Buddhism</i> (1891)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdyar_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdyar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anagarika_Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anagarika Dharmapala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important part of Olcott's work in Ceylon became the patronage of young Buddhist Don David Hewavitharana, who took himself later name <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013c_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013c-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharmapala, a founder the <a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a>, Sri Lanka's national hero, was one of the major figures in the movement for the revival of Buddhism in Ceylon during the British colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpasinghe_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpasinghe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1884 Blavatsky, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Leadbeater</a> and the marrieds Cooper-Oakley came to Ceylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillett1986145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillett1986145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadbeater, following the example of the leaders of the Theosophical Society, has officially become a Buddhist, without renouncing Christianity (he was an Anglican priest).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillett1986147_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillett1986147-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David joined the Blavatsky's team to go to India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arrival in India Dharmapala as a member of the Theosophical Society worked with Blavatsky and Olcott. They advised him to devote himself to the service of "the benefit of mankind," and begin to study <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and the Buddhist philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez200892_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez200892-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a> wrote that at the age of 20 years Dharmapala was equally fascinated by both Buddhism and theosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201325_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201325-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After returning from India, Dharmapala worked in Colombo as general secretary of the Buddhist section of the Theosophical Society, and as director of the Buddhist press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998368_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998368-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, he was a translator, when together with Olcott and Leadbeater made a lecture tour of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201327_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped Olcott in a work on the organization of Buddhist schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Olcott instructed Leadbeater to prepare a shortened version of the <i>Buddhist Catechism,</i> Dharmapala undertook to translate it to Sinhala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201328_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201328-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work of Dharmapala and theosophists contributed to the revival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and other countries of the Southern Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leadbeater has initiated the organization in various parts of Colombo a large number of Buddhist Sunday schools. He also founded an English school, which later became known as Ananda College (one of the most famous schools of Ceylon). Among the pupils of this school was a young Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa</a>, who later worked as the fourth President of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201329_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201329-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>J<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, Dharmapala went to the West, first to England and then to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where he represented Buddhism at the <a href="/wiki/World_Parliament_of_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="World Parliament of Religions">World Parliament of Religions</a>. Although he was only 29 years old, he was the most famous representative of Buddhism in parliament. At the conference, he made several appearances on three main themes. Firstly, he said that Buddhism is a religion, which perfectly consistent with modern science, because the Buddhist teachings are completely compatible with the doctrine of evolution. He outlined the Buddhist idea that the cosmos is a sequential process of deployment in accordance with the laws of nature. Secondly, Dharmapala said that in the ethics of Buddhism is much more love and compassion than in the sermons of Christian missionaries working in Ceylon. By a third paragraph of his performances was the assertion that Buddhism is a religion of optimism and activity, but in any case not of pessimism and inactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200934_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200934-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas_Humphreys">Christmas Humphreys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christmas Humphreys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924 in London <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Humphreys" title="Christmas Humphreys">Humphreys</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013d_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013d-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded the Buddhist Lodge of the Theosophical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Humphreys, conceptually the Theosophy and Buddhism are identical: the single life after many incarnations returns to the Unmanifest; all the individual consciousness are unreal compared to the "Self", which is a reflection of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> are a basic laws. Path lays through <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">self-fulfillment</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> in the end. Thus, wrote Humphreys, the difference between the Theosophy and Buddhism is only in emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013Chap._17_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013Chap._17-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the missionary efforts of Dharmapala, in 1926 the British Buddhists established their branch Maha Bodhi Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumann2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumann2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the Buddhist Lodge was transformed into the British <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society" title="Buddhist Society">Buddhist Society</a>, whose president become Humphreys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humphreys was a tireless lay Buddhist as a lecturer, journalist, writer and organizer. He was the author and/or the editor of <i>The Buddhist Lodge Monthly Bulletin,</i> <i>Buddhism in England,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Way_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Middle Way (journal)">The Middle Way</a>,</i> and <i>The Theosophical Review.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watts_and_Conze">Watts and Conze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Watts and Conze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British philosopher and Buddhist author <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013f_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013f-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became a member of the Buddhist Lodge of the Theosophical Society in London at the age of 15. His first book, <i>The Spirit of Zen</i> came out when he was 19 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>M<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another active member of the Theosophical Society was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Conze" title="Edward Conze">Edward Conze</a>, who later became a famous buddhologist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013b_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D._Suzuki_and_B._Suzuki">D. Suzuki and B. Suzuki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: D. Suzuki and B. Suzuki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The famous Buddhist philosopher and popularizer of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993c_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993c-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200984_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200984-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife Beatrice Suzuki became members of the Theosophical Society in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> in 1920; their names appear on the list of Theosophical Society members sent to Adyar on 12 May 1920. After moving to <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> in 1924, the Suzukis formed a new branch of the Theosophical Society called the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Lodge. Most of the Lodge members were university professors. In 1937 Jinarajadasa, future president of the Theosophical Society, read two lectures in Tokyo which were translated into Japanese by D. T. Suzuki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlgeo2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgeo2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_of_the_theosophical_texts">Analysis of the theosophical texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analysis of the theosophical texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Buddhologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhologists">buddhologists</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Reigle" title="David Reigle">Reigle</a> and Taylor, Blavatsky herself, and her immediate <a href="/wiki/Mahatma" title="Mahatma">Masters</a>, and the Master of her Masters were Buddhists by faith and lexis, who were strongly associated by relationships "pupil-teacher". Blavatsky often uses in her works the references to Buddhism, in particular, to the Mahayana teachings, while in the "mahatma letters" Buddhism is present on virtually every page, and it is immediately evident from the frequent use of specific terminology on the Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, Chinese and Mongolian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReigle2000_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReigle2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mahatma_letters">The Mahatma letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Mahatma letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Humphreys" title="Christmas Humphreys">Humphreys</a> wrote that theosophists got their knowledge from two Masters who prepared Blavatsky for her mission in the world. Their letters were published later, in 1923: it was a book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mahatma_Letters_to_A._P._Sinnett" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett">The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013165–166_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013165–166-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that the founders of the theosophical movement, Blavatsky and Olcott, publicly declared themselves Buddhists and, more important still, the two Masters, who founded the Theosophical movement, spoke: "<a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Our Great Patron</a> is the Teacher of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Law</a>." And their Master, the Maha-Chohan, once said, describing himself and his fellow-adepts, that they were all "the devoted followers of the spirit incarnate of absolute self-sacrifice, of philanthropy, divine kindness, as of all the highest virtues attainable on this earth of sorrow, the man of men, Gautama Buddha."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010Second_letter_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010Second_letter-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking about <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, Humphries repeatedly quoted the Master <a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Kuthumi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example: </p> <ul><li>"Our great Buddha—the patron of all the adepts, the reformer and the codifier of the occult system."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201224_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201224-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_9_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_9-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"In our temples there is neither a god nor gods worshipped, only the thrice sacred memory of the greatest as the holiest man that ever lived."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013167_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013167-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_10_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_10-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Humphreys stated: "All who dare to call themselves Theosophists or Buddhists must study, and teach and strive to apply this garnered Wisdom."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Secret_Doctrine_and_the_Books_of_Kiu-te"><i>The Secret Doctrine</i> and the Books of Kiu-te</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Secret Doctrine and the Books of Kiu-te"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a> wrote that Blavatsky's second major work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i>, includes elements that clearly derive from the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, often conflated with <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> ideas. He noted: "Lama <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Dawa_Samdup" title="Kazi Dawa Samdup">Kazi Dawa Samdup</a> was sufficiently confident of Blavatsky's account of the <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a> to endorse her claim that she had been initiated into 'the higher lamaistic teachings'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004131_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004131-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup (a translator of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tibetan_Book_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tibetan Book of the Dead">The Tibetan Book of the Dead</a></i>) believed that Blavatsky had "intimate acquaintance with the higher lamaistic teachings".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humphreys in his autobiography praised <i>The Secret Doctrine.</i> At the time he published an abridgment of this book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200492_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200492-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>R<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhologist <a href="/wiki/David_Reigle" title="David Reigle">David Reigle</a> identified Blavatsky's "Books of Kiu-te" as the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReigle1983_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReigle1983-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Voice_of_the_Silence"><i>The Voice of the Silence</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Voice of the Silence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zen Buddhism scholar <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a> wrote about Blavatsky's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></i>: "Undoubtedly Madame Blavatsky had in some way been initiated into the deeper side of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> teaching and then gave out what she deemed wise to the Western world."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also commented: "Here is the real Mahayana <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927 the staff of the 9th Panchen Lama <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Choekyi_Nyima,_9th_Panchen_Lama" title="Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama">Tub-ten Cho-gyi Nyima</a> helped Theosophists put out the "Peking Edition" of <i>The Voice of the Silence.</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>U<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> Tenzin Gyatso wrote in the preface to the 1989 Centenary edition of <i>The Voice of the Silence</i>, "I believe that this book has strongly influenced many sincere seekers and aspirants to the wisdom and compassion of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> Path."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>V<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humphreys wrote: "The Buddhists and Theosophists of the West, all converts, be it noted, from some other faith, have much in common: <i>The Voice of the Silence</i> ('a pure Buddhist work', as the late <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> of Ceylon wrote to me, and the Dalai Lama signed my copy long ago) and Colonel Olcott's <i>Buddhist Catechism.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kalnitsky, the contents of <i>The Voice of the Silence</i> reflects "authentic Buddhist sentiment, even if not universally acknowledged as a pure Buddhist historical document."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalnitsky2003322_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalnitsky2003322-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_Buddhism"><i>Esoteric Buddhism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Esoteric Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism_(book)" title="Esoteric Buddhism (book)"><i>Esoteric Buddhism</i></a> "has a broader view of the Buddha" than that of Western Buddhologists and scholars of Oriental studies. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">Sinnett</a> stated that the Buddha is simply one of a row "of adepts who have appeared over the course of the centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez2008189_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez2008189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddha's next incarnation happened approximately sixty years after his death. He appeared as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>, the well-known Vedantic philosopher. Sinnett noted that for the uninitiated it is known that date of Shankara's birth is one thousand years after Buddha's death, and that he was hostile to Buddhism. Sinnett wrote that the Buddha came as Shankara "to fill up some gaps and repair certain errors in his own previous teaching."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnett1885176_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnett1885176-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha had departed "from the practice of earlier adepts by opening the path" to adeptship to men of all <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>. "Although well intentioned, this led" to a deterioration of occult knowledge when it was penetrated into ignominious hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez2008189_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez2008189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinnett wrote that to further appeared a need "to take no candidates except from the class which, on the whole, by reason of its hereditary advantages, is likely to be the best nursery of fit candidates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnett1885177_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnett1885177-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Sinnett claimed that the Buddha's next incarnation was as the great Tibetan adept reformer of the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsong-ka-pa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnett1885181_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnett1885181-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of a hidden or esoteric teaching in Buddhism is not accepted by Theravadin Buddhists. For example, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>"In this connection I shall doubtless be expected to say a few words on Theosophy, if only because one of the books giving an account of that very curious and widely spread movement has been called <i>Esoteric Buddhism.</i> It has always been a point of wonder to me why the author should have chosen this particular title for his treatise. For if there is anything that can be said with absolute certainty about the book it is, that it is not esoteric, and not Buddhism. The original Buddhism was the very contrary of esoteric."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhys_Davids1896209–210_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_Davids1896209–210-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>W<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>X<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> believed that Blavatskyan "theosophism" is a "confused mixture" of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Kabbalah">Jewish Kabbalah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>. He wrote: "From the start this heteroclite mixture was presented as 'esoteric Buddhism'; but since it was still too easy to see that it presented only very vague relationships with true Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuénon200491–92_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuénon200491–92-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a> claimed:</p><blockquote><p> "Despite the legend which she and her hagiographers propagated, Blavatsky never stepped on Tibetan soil. Her claims that her later writings derived from Himalayan Mahatmas, forming a kind of Atlantean brotherhood residing in secrecy in a remote region of Tibet and with access to longhidden, antediluvian sources of esoteric wisdom, need not be treated seriously."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004130–131_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004130–131-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2015 Uditha Devapriya stated that Olcott's <i>Buddhist Catechism</i> was based on the <i>Catholic Catechism,</i> and his schools were by same institutions which he criticised: "This meant that the Buddhism he 'founded' was not the sort of Buddhism which <a href="/wiki/Migettuwatte_Gunananda_Thera" title="Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera">Gunananda Thero</a> began a journey to find."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevapriya_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevapriya-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity and Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism_(book)" title="Esoteric Buddhism (book)">Esoteric Buddhism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">Theosophy and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy and Hinduism">Theosophy and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Theosophy and Western philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Along with them embraced Buddhism an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Damodar_K._Mavalankar" title="Damodar K. Mavalankar">Damodar K. Mavalankar</a>, who renounced caste <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and worked at headquarters TS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdyar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdyar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blavatsky called her mysterious Masters an "esoteric Buddhists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blavatsky claimed that before her arrival in America she studied for seven years in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Mahatmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatmas">mahatmas</a>, and that later she maintained telepathic contact with them, especially with the Masters <a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Kuthumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morya_(Theosophy)" title="Morya (Theosophy)">Morya</a> – sometimes through dreams and visions, but most of all, through letters, which materialized in her room in a cupboard, or she wrote down them herself by <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1990195Lopez201120–21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1990195Lopez201120–21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton wrote that Olcott become an avid supporter of Buddhism and a defender of the Sri Lankan Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2014127_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2014127-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thanks to Blavatsky and Olcott, David in 1880 was open to the world, and he joined the efforts of Olcott on the revival of Buddhism in Ceylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200936Lopez200892_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200936Lopez200892-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similarly Olcott is considered a leading figure in the modern history of Sri Lankan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously David received permission of his father. But the day of departure the father changed his mind, because he had a bad dream. The situation was resolved by Blavatsky: she told the father that if David will not be allowed to leave, he will die. Finally Blavatsky led David "by his hand up the gangplank."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998349_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998349-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Smaller Buddhist Catechism</i> was approved and recommended for the instruction of Buddhist children by <a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwe_Sri_Sumangala_Thero" class="mw-redirect" title="Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero">Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero</a>. It was translated into Sinhala by Anagarika Dharmapala (published in two parts in 1889).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillett1986977_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillett1986977-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speaking of himself, Jinarajadasa noted: "I am a Buddhist by birth; but I am a Theosophist first and a Buddhist after."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa194829_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa194829-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">June 23, 1886 Blavatsky has sent a letter to Leadbeater in which were rows relating to Sri Lankan Buddhists: "My love and blessings to Don David and all the Brethren. My greatest respectful salams to the High Priest Rev. Sumangala. Ask his blessing to me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldmeadow wrote that theosophy, occultism and Buddhism are intricately intertwined in the individual of Humphreys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200491_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200491-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphreys claimed that the theosophy is concentrated wisdom of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013168_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013168-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphreys first met with Watts in the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Conze remained a theosophist throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez199952_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez199952-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of the most famous buddhologists 20th century Edward Conze was a theosophist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Koot Hoomi</a>... is not the Master's personal name, but the title of his office as a high dignitary of the Koothoompa sect of Tibetan Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010First_letter_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010First_letter-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tibetan_Book_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tibetan Book of the Dead">The Tibetan Book of the Dead</a>,</i> p. 7 footnote.<br />See also note 24: "The Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup was not only knowledgeable of the <i>Secret Doctrine</i>, like Evans-Wentz, but in a position to confirm the genuineness of some of HPB's statements regarding esoteric Tibetan teachings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanat_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanat-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two of most important Blavatsky's works are <i>The Secret Doctrine</i> and <i>The Voice of the Silence.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurst wrote: "Blavatsky's Buddhist-influenced book <i>The Secret Doctrine</i> remains influential as a spiritual text and in print after more than a century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurst1995162_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurst1995162-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He said also: "H. P. Blavatsky was one who had truly attained." // <i>Eastern Buddhist,</i> old series. Vol. 5, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Way_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Middle Way (journal)">The Middle Way</a></i>, August 1965, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Blavatsky H. P. <i>The Voice of the Silence,</i> ed. Alice Cleather and Basil Crump. Peking: Chinese Buddhist Research Society, 1927. — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blavatskyarchives.com/voice12.htm">P. 113</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Blavatsky H. P. <i>The Voice of the Silence.</i> Centenary edition. Santa Barbara: Concord Grove Press, 1989. // Foreword by the XIVth Dalai Lama.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nonetheless Humphreys wrote that "Buddha's Teaching was not born from a spiritual vacuum, but was an expression of some portion of that Gupta Vidya 'the accumulated Wisdom of the ages', which antedates all known religions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201223_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201223-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> "<b>Gupta-vidya</b> (Sanskrit) <i>Gupta-vidyā</i> [from <i>gupta</i> from the verbal root <i>gup</i> to conceal, preserve + <i>vidyā</i> knowledge, wisdom] Secret knowledge, secret wisdom; the source of all religions and philosophies known to the world: theosophy, the ancient wisdom-religion, the esoteric philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlossary1999_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlossary1999-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinnett received instruction from Tibetan Masters, and Rhys Davids believed that <a href="/wiki/Lamaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamaism">Lamaism</a> was a Religion not only different from Buddhism, but and being in his time in antagonism with the teachings and the institutions of original Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЛесевич188716_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЛесевич188716-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993a_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden1993a">Bowden 1993a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013a_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPDB2013a">PDB 2013a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993b_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden1993b">Bowden 1993b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013e_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPDB2013e">PDB 2013e</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdyar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdyar_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdyar_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdyar_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdyar">Adyar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998198_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrebish,_Tanaka1998">Prebish, Tanaka 1998</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1990195Lopez201120–21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1990195Lopez201120–21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton1990">Melton 1990</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFLopez2011">Lopez 2011</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998199-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish,_Tanaka1998199_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrebish,_Tanaka1998">Prebish, Tanaka 1998</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2014127-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2014127_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2014">Melton 2014</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013a_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond2013a">Bond 2013a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013c-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013c_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPDB2013c">PDB 2013c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200936Lopez200892-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200936Lopez200892_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgan2009">Burgan 2009</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFLopez2008">Lopez 2008</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpasinghe-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpasinghe_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpasinghe">Epasinghe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillett1986145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillett1986145_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillett1986">Tillett 1986</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillett1986147-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillett1986147_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillett1986">Tillett 1986</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998349-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998349_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuruge1998">Guruge 1998</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez200892-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez200892_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez2008">Lopez 2008</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201325-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201325_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangharakshita2013">Sangharakshita 2013</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998368-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuruge1998368_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuruge1998">Guruge 1998</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201327-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201327_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangharakshita2013">Sangharakshita 2013</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201328-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201328_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangharakshita2013">Sangharakshita 2013</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillett1986977-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillett1986977_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillett1986">Tillett 1986</a>, p. 977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2013b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2013b_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond2013b">Bond 2013b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201329-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangharakshita201329_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangharakshita2013">Sangharakshita 2013</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa194829-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa194829_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJinarajadasa1948">Jinarajadasa 1948</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJinarajadasa2010">Jinarajadasa 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200934-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200934_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgan2009">Burgan 2009</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013d-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013d_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPDB2013d">PDB 2013d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200491-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200491_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2004">Oldmeadow 2004</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013Chap._17-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013Chap._17_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, Chap. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013168-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013168_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumann2013-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumann2013_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumann2013">Baumann 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200493_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2004">Oldmeadow 2004</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, Chap. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013f-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013f_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPDB2013f">PDB 2013f</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2013-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish2013_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrebish2013">Prebish 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPDB2013b-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPDB2013b_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPDB2013b">PDB 2013b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez199952-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez199952_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez1999">Lopez 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1993c-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1993c_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden1993c">Bowden 1993c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200984-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200984_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgan2009">Burgan 2009</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgeo2007-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlgeo2007_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlgeo2007">Algeo 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999Chap._2_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, Chap. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReigle2000-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReigle2000_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReigle2000">Reigle 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013165–166-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013165–166_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201232_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2012">Humphreys 2012</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010Second_letter-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010Second_letter_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJinarajadasa2010">Jinarajadasa 2010</a>, Second letter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010First_letter-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinarajadasa2010First_letter_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJinarajadasa2010">Jinarajadasa 2010</a>, First letter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201224-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201224_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2012">Humphreys 2012</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_9-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_9_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker1924">Barker 1924</a>, Letter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013167-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013167_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_10-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1924Letter_10_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker1924">Barker 1924</a>, Letter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004131-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004131_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2004">Oldmeadow 2004</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanat-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanat_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanat">Sanat</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200492-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow200492_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2004">Oldmeadow 2004</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurst1995162-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurst1995162_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurst1995">Hurst 1995</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReigle1983-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReigle1983_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReigle1983">Reigle 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalnitsky2003322-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalnitsky2003322_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalnitsky2003">Kalnitsky 2003</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez2008189-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez2008189_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez2008189_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez2008">Lopez 2008</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnett1885176-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnett1885176_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnett1885">Sinnett 1885</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnett1885177-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnett1885177_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnett1885">Sinnett 1885</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnett1885181-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnett1885181_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnett1885">Sinnett 1885</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_Davids1896209–210-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhys_Davids1896209–210_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhys_Davids1896">Rhys Davids 1896</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201223-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201223_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2012">Humphreys 2012</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlossary1999-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlossary1999_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlossary1999">Glossary 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEЛесевич188716-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЛесевич188716_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЛесевич1887">Лесевич 1887</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuénon200491–92-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuénon200491–92_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuénon2004">Guénon 2004</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004130–131-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2004130–131_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2004">Oldmeadow 2004</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevapriya-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevapriya_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevapriya">Devapriya</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlgeo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Algeo, Adele S. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191518/http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1254">"Beatrice Lane Suzuki: An American Theosophist in Japan"</a>. <i>Quest</i>. <b>95</b> (1): 13–17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1254">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quest&rft.atitle=Beatrice+Lane+Suzuki%3A+An+American+Theosophist+in+Japan&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Algeo&rft.aufirst=Adele+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theosophical.org%2Fpublications%2Fquest-magazine%2F1254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumann2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baumann, Martin (2013) [Originally published in 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">"Buddhism in the Western World"</a>. In Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 169–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136985881" title="Special:BookSources/9781136985881"><bdi>9781136985881</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+the+Western+World&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169-179&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136985881&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFpcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlavatsky2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Blavatsky, Helena P.</a> (2007) [1889]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theosophy.org/Blavatsky/Key%20to%20Theosophy/aKEY.htm"><i>The Key to Theosophy</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Theosophy Trust books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780979320521" title="Special:BookSources/9780979320521"><bdi>9780979320521</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+to+Theosophy&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Theosophy+Trust+books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780979320521&rft.aulast=Blavatsky&rft.aufirst=Helena+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheosophy.org%2FBlavatsky%2FKey%2520to%2520Theosophy%2FaKEY.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlavatsky1910" class="citation book cs1">———— (1910) [1897]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blavatskyarchives.com/theosophypdfs/blavatsky_the_secret_doctrine_3rd_volume_1897.pdf"><i>The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 3 (Reprint ed.). London: Theosophical Publishing Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Doctrine%3A+The+Synthesis+of+Science%2C+Religion%2C+and+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+Society&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Blavatsky&rft.aufirst=Helena+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblavatskyarchives.com%2Ftheosophypdfs%2Fblavatsky_the_secret_doctrine_3rd_volume_1897.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2013a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bond, George D. (2013a) [Originally published in 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">"Anagarika Dharmapala"</a>. In Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136985881" title="Special:BookSources/9781136985881"><bdi>9781136985881</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anagarika+Dharmapala&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26-28&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136985881&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFpcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2013b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">———— (2013b) [Originally published in 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA700">"South and Southeast Asia, Buddhism in"</a>. In Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 700–708. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136985881" title="Special:BookSources/9781136985881"><bdi>9781136985881</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+and+Southeast+Asia%2C+Buddhism+in&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=700-708&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136985881&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFpcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1993a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bowden, Henry W. (1993a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXd49oi0FtsC&pg=PA59">"Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American Religious Biography</i> (Second ed.). Westport, Ct: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313278259" title="Special:BookSources/9780313278259"><bdi>9780313278259</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blavatsky%2C+Helena+Petrovna&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Religious+Biography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Ct&rft.pages=59-61&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780313278259&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXd49oi0FtsC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1993b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">———— (1993b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXd49oi0FtsC&pg=PA404">"Olcott, Henry Steel"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American Religious Biography</i> (Second ed.). Westport, Ct: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 404–405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313278259" title="Special:BookSources/9780313278259"><bdi>9780313278259</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Olcott%2C+Henry+Steel&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Religious+Biography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Ct&rft.pages=404-405&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780313278259&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXd49oi0FtsC%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1993c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">———— (1993c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXd49oi0FtsC&pg=PA531">"Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro"</a>. <i>Dictionary of American Religious Biography</i> (Second ed.). Westport, Ct: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 531–532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313278259" title="Special:BookSources/9780313278259"><bdi>9780313278259</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suzuki%2C+Daisetz+Teitaro&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Religious+Biography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Ct&rft.pages=531-532&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780313278259&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXd49oi0FtsC%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgan2009" class="citation book cs1">Burgan, Michael (2009). <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQKHO5xypkcC"><i>Buddhist Faith in America</i></a>. New York: Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438102511" title="Special:BookSources/9781438102511"><bdi>9781438102511</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Faith+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438102511&rft.aulast=Burgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQKHO5xypkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDB2013a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald Jr.</a> (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">"Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blavatsky%2C+Helena+Petrovna&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDB2013b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">————; ———— (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">"Conze, Edward"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 197–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conze%2C+Edward&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDB2013c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">————; ———— (2013c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">"Dharmapala, Anagarika"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dharmapala%2C+Anagarika&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDB2013d" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">————; ———— (2013d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA365">"Humphreys, Christmas"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 365–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humphreys%2C+Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=365-366&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDB2013e" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">————; ———— (2013e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA602">"Olcott, Henry Steel"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Olcott%2C+Henry+Steel&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPDB2013f" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">————; ———— (2013f). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA992">"Watts, Alan"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watts%2C+Alan&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=992&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevapriya" class="citation web cs1">Devapriya, Uditha (20 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/colonel-olcott-under-eastern-eyes/">"Colonel Olcott: Under Eastern Eyes"</a>. <i>Colombo Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Observer&rft.atitle=Anagarika+Dharmapala+%E2%80%93+a+noble+son+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft.aulast=Epasinghe&rft.aufirst=Premasara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.sundayobserver.lk%2F2011%2F02%2F27%2Fspe02.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a> (2004) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_WwVFntyFwC"><i>Theosophy: history of a pseudo-religion</i></a>. translated by Alvin Moore, Jr. Hillsdale, NY: Sophia Perennis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900588-79-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900588-79-9"><bdi>0-900588-79-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theosophy%3A+history+of+a+pseudo-religion&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-900588-79-9&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_WwVFntyFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuruge1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_W._P._Guruge" title="Ananda W. P. Guruge">Guruge, Ananda</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36b8hzQ6xR4C"><i>Free at Last in Paradise: A Historical Novel on Sri Lanka</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585001361" title="Special:BookSources/9781585001361"><bdi>9781585001361</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+at+Last+in+Paradise%3A+A+Historical+Novel+on+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781585001361&rft.aulast=Guruge&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36b8hzQ6xR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Humphreys" title="Christmas Humphreys">Humphreys, C.</a> (2012) [First published in 1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC"><i>Exploring Buddhism</i></a>. Routledge Revivals (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136228773" title="Special:BookSources/9781136228773"><bdi>9781136228773</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136228773&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2013" class="citation book cs1">———— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DazdAAAAQBAJ"><i>Studies in the Middle Way: Being Thoughts on Buddhism Applied</i></a> (Corrected ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136772658" title="Special:BookSources/9781136772658"><bdi>9781136772658</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Middle+Way%3A+Being+Thoughts+on+Buddhism+Applied&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Corrected&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136772658&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDazdAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1995" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Jane (1995). "Buddhism in America". In <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Miller" title="Timothy Miller">Miller, Timothy</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=og_u0Re1uwUC"><i>America's Alternative Religions</i></a>. SUNY series in religious studies. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 161–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791423974" title="Special:BookSources/9780791423974"><bdi>9780791423974</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.btitle=America%27s+Alternative+Religions&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+religious+studies&rft.pages=161-172&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780791423974&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dog_u0Re1uwUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinarajadasa1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa, C.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpb.narod.ru/BuddhaAndHisMessageCJ.html"><i>Buddha and His Message</i></a>. Adyar Pamphlets. Adyar: Theosophical Publishing House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+and+His+Message&rft.place=Adyar&rft.series=Adyar+Pamphlets&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Jinarajadasa&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpb.narod.ru%2FBuddhaAndHisMessageCJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinarajadasa2010" class="citation book cs1">———— (2010) [Originally published in 1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpb.narod.ru/tph/CWL_KHLE.HTM"><i>K. H. Letters to C. W. Leadbeater</i></a> (Reprint ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K.+H.+Letters+to+C.+W.+Leadbeater&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1162578088&rft.aulast=Jinarajadasa&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpb.narod.ru%2Ftph%2FCWL_KHLE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalnitsky2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Kalnitsky, Arnold (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/2108/09chapter7.pdf">"Chapter 7: An Examination of Blavatsky's Major Literary Works"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Theosophical Movement of the Nineteenth Century: The Legitimation of the Disputable and the Entrenchment of the Disreputable</i> (D. Litt. et Phil. thesis). Promoter: Dr H. C. Steyn. Pretoria: University of South Africa (published 2009). pp. 272–330. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10500%2F2108">10500/2108</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/732370968">732370968</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Theosophical+Movement+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+The+Legitimation+of+the+Disputable+and+the+Entrenchment+of+the+Disreputable&rft.degree=D.+Litt.+et+Phil.&rft.inst=University+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10500%2F2108&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F732370968&rft.aulast=Kalnitsky&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuir.unisa.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10500%2F2108%2F09chapter7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Kuthumi</a>; et al. (1924). Barker, A. T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116082620/http://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/mahatma_letters.htm"><i>The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett from the Mahatmas M. & K. H.</i></a> New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company Publishers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/mahatma_letters.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahatma+Letters+to+A.+P.+Sinnett+from+the+Mahatmas+M.+%26+K.+H.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company+Publishers&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Kuthumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phx-ult-lodge.org%2Fmahatma_letters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjUHF7kQfVAC"><i>Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226493114" title="Special:BookSources/9780226493114"><bdi>9780226493114</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+Shangri-La%3A+Tibetan+Buddhism+and+the+West&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780226493114&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjUHF7kQfVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2008" class="citation book cs1">———— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1rTNRb5uA4C"><i>Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. Buddhism and Modernity (Reprint ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226493121" title="Special:BookSources/9780226493121"><bdi>9780226493121</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Science%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Buddhism+and+Modernity&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780226493121&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1rTNRb5uA4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2011" class="citation book cs1">———— (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvg2A_NN2oAC"><i>"The Tibetan Book of the Dead": A Biography</i></a>. Lives of Great Religious Books. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400838042" title="Special:BookSources/9781400838042"><bdi>9781400838042</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Research. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-7159-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-7159-6"><bdi>0-8103-7159-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ts-adyar.org&rft.atitle=Henry+Steel+Olcott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ts-adyar.org%2Fcontent%2Fhenry-steel-olcott-1832-1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛесевич1887" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Лесевич, Владимир В. (1887). Гольцев, Виктор А. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://relig-library.pstu.ru/catalog/732/book-732.pdf">"Новейшие движения в буддизме, поддерживаемые и распространяемые европейцами"</a> [The latest movements in Buddhism, which maintained and distributed by the Europeans] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Mysl" class="mw-redirect" title="Russkaya Mysl">Русская мысль</a></i> (in Russian). <b>8</b>. Москва: 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frelig-library.pstu.ru%2Fcatalog%2F732%2Fbook-732.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Theosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theosophical_Society_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Theosophical Society emblem with the ankh symbol in a seal of Solomon encircled by the ouroboros, topped by a swastika and the om ligature and surrounded by the motto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Theosophical_Society_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Founders</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Theosophists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Cooper-Oakley" title="Isabel Cooper-Oakley">Isabel Cooper-Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosbie" title="Robert Crosbie">Robert Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodson" title="Geoffrey Hodson">Geoffrey Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavan_N._Iyer" title="Raghavan N. Iyer">Raghavan N. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Keightley" title="Archibald Keightley">Archibald Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morgan_Pryse" title="James Morgan Pryse">James Morgan Pryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapragada_Subba_Row" title="Tallapragada Subba Row">Subba Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott-Elliot" title="William Scott-Elliot">William Scott-Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">Alfred Percy Sinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stonehouse" title="Brian Stonehouse">Brian Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tingley" title="Katherine Tingley">Katherine Tingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wood" title="Ernest Wood">Ernest Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Root races">Root races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_rays#In_Theosophy" title="Seven rays">Seven rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America" title="Theosophical Society in America">Theosophical Society in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America_(Hargrove)" title="Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)">Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Point_Loma_-_Blavatskyhouse" title="Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse">Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Texts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Feet_of_the_Master" title="At the Feet of the Master">At the Feet of the Master</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dzyan" title="Book of Dzyan">Book of Dzyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism_(book)" title="Esoteric Buddhism (book)"><i>Esoteric Buddhism</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Publications</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)"><i>Lucifer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)"><i>Sunrise</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Masters</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Kuthumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Hilarion" title="Master Hilarion">Master Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_(Theosophy)" title="Morya (Theosophy)">Morya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Germain_(Theosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Germain (Theosophy)">St. Germain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Comparative</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">Theosophy and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy and visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Theosophy and Western philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascended_Master_Teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascended Master Teachings">Ascended Master Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">Masters of the Ancient Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">Plane (esotericism)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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W.</a> (1914). <i>The Smaller Buddhist Catechism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa, C.</a> (tr.). Theosophical Pub. House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smaller+Buddhist+Catechism&rft.pub=Theosophical+Pub.+House&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Leadbeater%2C+C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcott,_H._S.1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Olcott, H. S.</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistcatechis00olco"><i>A Buddhist Catechism</i></a>. Madras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Buddhist+Catechism&rft.place=Madras&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Olcott%2C+H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhistcatechis00olco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcott,_H._S." class="citation book cs1">Olcott, H. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katinkahesselink.net/tibet/olcott.html"><i>The Golden Rules of Buddhism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Rules+of+Buddhism&rft.au=Olcott%2C+H.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katinkahesselink.net%2Ftibet%2Folcott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2003" class="citation web cs1">Price, Leslie (15 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blavatskyarchives.com/price.pdf">"Madame Blavatsky, Buddhism and Tibet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madame+Blavatsky%2C+Buddhism+and+Tibet&rft.date=2003-06-15&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblavatskyarchives.com%2Fprice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1996" class="citation news cs1">Prothero, Stephen (Fall 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aryasangha.org/olcott-prothero.htm">"The White Buddhist: Henry Steel Olcott and the Sinhalese Buddhist Revival"</a>. <i>Tricycle</i>. pp. 13–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle&rft.atitle=The+White+Buddhist%3A+Henry+Steel+Olcott+and+the+Sinhalese+Buddhist+Revival&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=13-19&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faryasangha.org%2Folcott-prothero.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReigle1999" class="citation book cs1">Reigle, David (1999). <i>Blavatsky's Secret Books</i>. Wizards Bookshelf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913510766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913510766"><bdi>978-0913510766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blavatsky%27s+Secret+Books&rft.pub=Wizards+Bookshelf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0913510766&rft.aulast=Reigle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoerich,_Helena" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Roerich, Helena</a>. <i>Foundations of Buddhism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.au=Roerich%2C+Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpierenburg1991" class="citation book cs1">Spierenburg, Henk J. (January 1991). <i>The Buddhism of H.P. Blavatsky</i>. Point Loma Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913004-68-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-913004-68-5"><bdi>0-913004-68-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhism+of+H.P.+Blavatsky&rft.pub=Point+Loma+Publications&rft.date=1991-01&rft.isbn=0-913004-68-5&rft.aulast=Spierenburg&rft.aufirst=Henk+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Theosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theosophy_topics" title="Template:Theosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theosophy_topics" title="Template talk:Theosophy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical Society founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">C.W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker" title="Gottfried de Purucker">Gottfried de Purucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">A. P. Sinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" title="Walter Evans-Wentz">Walter Evans-Wentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Keightley" title="Bertram Keightley">Bertram Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Wachtmeister" title="Constance Wachtmeister">Constance Wachtmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Theosophists">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mahatma_Letters_to_A.P._Sinnett" title="The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett">The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_texts" title="Category:Theosophical texts">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_records" title="Akashic records">Akashic records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">Astral body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_body" title="Mental body">Mental body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Brotherhood">Universal Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Theosophical philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blavatsky_Lodge" title="Blavatsky Lodge">Blavatsky Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)">Lucifer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)">Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophical_Movement" title="The Theosophical Movement">The Theosophical Movement</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In relation to ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Plane (cosmology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: 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Theosophy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddhism_and_Theosophy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4984199","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4984199","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-04T20:48:38Z","dateModified":"2024-05-10T09:22:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Olcott_and_Buddhists.jpg","headline":"relation between Buddhism and Theosophy"}</script> </body> </html>