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Tuareg rebellion (January–April 2012) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tuareg_rebellion_(January–April_2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Coup d'état </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Continued offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamist–Tuareg_nationalist_conflict_(June–November_2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamist–Tuareg_nationalist_conflict_(June–November_2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Islamist–Tuareg nationalist conflict (June–November 2012) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamist–Tuareg_nationalist_conflict_(June–November_2012)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Islamist–Tuareg nationalist conflict (June–November 2012) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Islamist–Tuareg_nationalist_conflict_(June–November_2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gao_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gao_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Battle of Gao and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gao_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takeover_of_Douentza_and_Ménaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takeover_of_Douentza_and_Ménaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Takeover of Douentza and Ménaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takeover_of_Douentza_and_Ménaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_intervention_(January–June_2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intervention_(January–June_2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Foreign intervention (January–June 2013) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_intervention_(January–June_2013)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign intervention (January–June 2013) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intervention_(January–June_2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MNLA_realigns_with_the_Malian_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MNLA_realigns_with_the_Malian_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 MNLA realigns with the Malian Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MNLA_realigns_with_the_Malian_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Konna_and_French_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Konna_and_French_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Battle of Konna and French intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Konna_and_French_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Aménas_hostage_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Aménas_hostage_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 In Aménas hostage crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Aménas_hostage_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malian_northward_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malian_northward_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Malian northward advance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malian_northward_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_guerrilla_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_guerrilla_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Beginning of guerrilla phase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_guerrilla_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.N._Peacekeeping_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.N._Peacekeeping_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 U.N. Peacekeeping Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.N._Peacekeeping_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chadian_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chadian_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Chadian withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chadian_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Peace deal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_and_Operation_Barkhane_(2013–2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_and_Operation_Barkhane_(2013–2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Insurgency and Operation Barkhane (2013–2023) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insurgency_and_Operation_Barkhane_(2013–2023)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Insurgency and Operation Barkhane (2013–2023) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_and_Operation_Barkhane_(2013–2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2014–2015:_Insurgents_regroup,_Islamic_State_taking_part" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014–2015:_Insurgents_regroup,_Islamic_State_taking_part"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 2014–2015: Insurgents regroup, Islamic State taking part </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014–2015:_Insurgents_regroup,_Islamic_State_taking_part-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–2017:_Conflict_spreading_to_neighboring_countries,_creation_of_JNIM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–2017:_Conflict_spreading_to_neighboring_countries,_creation_of_JNIM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2016–2017: Conflict spreading to neighboring countries, creation of JNIM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–2017:_Conflict_spreading_to_neighboring_countries,_creation_of_JNIM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018–2020:_Conflict_intensifies_and_French_troops_surge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018–2020:_Conflict_intensifies_and_French_troops_surge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2018–2020: Conflict intensifies and French troops surge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018–2020:_Conflict_intensifies_and_French_troops_surge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021–2022:_French_withdrawal_and_Russian_and_Turkish_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021–2022:_French_withdrawal_and_Russian_and_Turkish_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2021–2022: French withdrawal and Russian and Turkish intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021–2022:_French_withdrawal_and_Russian_and_Turkish_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgence_and_Mali_counteroffensive_(2023–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgence_and_Mali_counteroffensive_(2023–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Resurgence and Mali counteroffensive (2023–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resurgence_and_Mali_counteroffensive_(2023–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Resurgence and Mali counteroffensive (2023–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Resurgence_and_Mali_counteroffensive_(2023–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UN_withdrawal_and_breakdown_of_the_Algiers_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_withdrawal_and_breakdown_of_the_Algiers_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 UN withdrawal and breakdown of the Algiers agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_withdrawal_and_breakdown_of_the_Algiers_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_of_Azawad_Movements_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_of_Azawad_Movements_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Coordination of Azawad Movements rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_of_Azawad_Movements_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali_counteroffensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_counteroffensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Mali counteroffensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali_counteroffensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Human rights concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Claims_against_separatists_and_Islamists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_against_separatists_and_Islamists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Claims against separatists and Islamists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_against_separatists_and_Islamists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_against_Islamists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_against_Islamists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Claims against Islamists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_against_Islamists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_ancient_monuments_in_Timbuktu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_ancient_monuments_in_Timbuktu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Destruction of ancient monuments in Timbuktu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_ancient_monuments_in_Timbuktu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_against_the_Malian_Army_and_loyalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_against_the_Malian_Army_and_loyalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Claims against the Malian Army and loyalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_against_the_Malian_Army_and_loyalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mali War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="حرب مالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب مالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قوزئی مالی چاتیشماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی مالی چاتیشماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_K%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Mali Kɛlɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Mali Kɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_al_nord_de_Mali" title="Conflicte al nord de Mali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conflicte al nord de Mali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Mali" title="Válka v Mali – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka v Mali" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_det_nordlige_Mali" title="Konflikten i det nordlige Mali – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konflikten i det nordlige Mali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_in_Mali_seit_2012" title="Krieg in Mali seit 2012 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krieg in Mali seit 2012" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Mali_konflikt" title="Põhja-Mali konflikt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Mali konflikt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Πόλεμος στο Μάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος στο Μάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Mali" title="Guerra de Mali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Mali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Milito" title="Malia Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malia Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_iparraldeko_gatazka" title="Mali iparraldeko gatazka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mali iparraldeko gatazka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جنگ مالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ مالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Mali" title="Guerre du Mali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Mali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="말리 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말리 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_Mali_Utara" title="Konflik Mali Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik Mali Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81t%C3%B6kin_%C3%AD_Nor%C3%B0ur-Mal%C3%AD" title="Átökin í Norður-Malí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Átökin í Norður-Malí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_in_Mali" title="Guerra in Mali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra in Mali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מלחמת האזרחים במאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים במאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(2012)" title="ტუარეგების ამბოხება (2012) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუარეგების ამბოხება (2012)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_kar%C5%A1" title="Mali karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mali karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Mali" title="Perang Mali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Mali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinese_Burgeroorlog_2012-2013" title="Malinese Burgeroorlog 2012-2013 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malinese Burgeroorlog 2012-2013" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89_(2012%E5%B9%B4)" title="マリ北部紛争 (2012年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリ北部紛争 (2012年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Mali" title="Krigen i Mali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigen i Mali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مالی جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالی جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_domowa_w_Mali_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Wojna domowa w Mali (2012–2014) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna domowa w Mali (2012–2014)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_do_Mali" title="Guerra Civil do Mali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil do Mali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictul_din_Mali" title="Conflictul din Mali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conflictul din Mali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%81_2012)" title="Туарегское восстание (с 2012) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туарегское восстание (с 2012)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mali War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Рат у Малију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат у Малију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Maliju" title="Rat u Maliju – Serbo-Croatian" 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other armed conflicts that occurred in northern Mali, see <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tuareg rebellion (disambiguation)">Tuareg rebellion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Many sources are from 2012-2015, and do not reflect recent changes in the actors, alliances, and impact. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:35%"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mali War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:MaliWar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MaliWar.svg/300px-MaliWar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MaliWar.svg/450px-MaliWar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MaliWar.svg/600px-MaliWar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1568" /></a> Military situation in Mali (as of September 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit">[update]</a>). For a detailed map, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Mali_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Mali War detailed map">here</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">16 January 2012</a> – present (12 years, 10 months and 1 week)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (with spillover into <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_military_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ongoing military conflicts">Ongoing</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (since 2021) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_Corps_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa Corps (Russian Federation) (page does not exist)">Africa Corps</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Corps" class="extiw" title="fr:Africa Corps">fr</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Африканский корпус (Россия)">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="uk:Африканський корпус (Росія)">uk</a>]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (2013–22) Supported by: <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">ECOWAS</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a><a href="#cite_note-en.apa.az-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><a href="#cite_note-en.apa.az-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghana_Business_News-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-_In_Days-6">[6]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><a href="#cite_note-en.apa.az-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-_In_Days-6">[6]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-9">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-_Aid_Pledged-10">[10]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-9">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a><a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a> (2013–23) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Mail-Chad-11">[11]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><a href="#cite_note-Africa_Review-12">[12]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (2017–23)<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-nzweek1-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><a href="#cite_note-nzweek1-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><a href="#cite_note-nzweek1-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-armyrecognition.com-20">[20]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-err.ee-22">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-egypt-23">[23]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul> <hr /> Supported by: <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Full list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_Newsw-31">[31]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP-Germany-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-toi1-42">[42]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-Italy-45">[45]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo!_România-50">[50]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-rappler-53">[53]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> Non-state combatants: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ganda_Izo_Flag.svg/23px-Ganda_Izo_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ganda_Izo_Flag.svg/35px-Ganda_Izo_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ganda_Izo_Flag.svg/45px-Ganda_Izo_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Ganda_Iso" title="Ganda Iso">Ganda Iso</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Movement_of_Azawad" title="Arab Movement of Azawad">MAA-Loyaliste</a><a href="#cite_note-FLNA-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_the_Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_the_Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_the_Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad" title="Movement for the Salvation of Azawad">MSA</a> (2016–) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GATIA_flag.svg/23px-GATIA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GATIA_flag.svg/35px-GATIA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GATIA_flag.svg/45px-GATIA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/GATIA" class="mw-redirect" title="GATIA">GATIA</a> (Ag Gamou faction) (2014–23)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/22px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/33px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/44px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="468" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> (2021–)<a href="#cite_note-59">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CMADrapeau.svg/23px-CMADrapeau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CMADrapeau.svg/35px-CMADrapeau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CMADrapeau.svg/46px-CMADrapeau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Coordination_of_Azawad_Movements" title="Coordination of Azawad Movements">Coordination of Azawad Movements</a> (CMA)<a href="#cite_note-CMA-62">[61]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MNLA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg/21px-Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg/33px-Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg/43px-Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="679" /> <a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_the_Unity_of_Azawad" title="High Council for the Unity of Azawad">High Council for the Unity of Azawad</a> (HCUA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Movement_of_Azawad" title="Arab Movement of Azawad">MAA-CMA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GATIA_flag.svg/23px-GATIA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GATIA_flag.svg/35px-GATIA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GATIA_flag.svg/45px-GATIA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/GATIA" class="mw-redirect" title="GATIA">GATIA</a> (al-Mahmoud faction) (2023–)<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Framework_for_the_Defense_of_the_People_of_Azawad" title="Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad">CSP-DPA</a> (2023–)</li></ul> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and allies <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> (2017–)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun_(militant_group)" title="Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)">Al-Mourabitoun</a> (2013–17)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.svg/23px-Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.svg/35px-Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.svg/46px-Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="369" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> (2012–17)<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">AQIM</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">MOJWA</a> (2011–13)<a href="#cite_note-mojwa-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-69">[67]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Nigerian jihadist volunteers (2012–13) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> (2012–13; 2023–present)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201528,_103,_171-70">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a> (2012–13)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComolli201528,_103,_171-70">[68]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – Sahil Province">Islamic State - Sahil Province</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a> (2021–) <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Choguel_Kokalla_Ma%C3%AFga" title="Choguel Kokalla Maïga">Choguel Kokalla Maïga</a> (2021–2024) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Former</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Sanogo" title="Amadou Sanogo">Amadou Sanogo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dioncounda_Traor%C3%A9" title="Dioncounda Traoré">Dioncounda Traoré</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bah_Ndaw" title="Bah Ndaw">Bah Ndaw</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ciss%C3%A9_Mariam_Ka%C3%AFdama_Sidib%C3%A9" title="Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé">Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cheick_Modibo_Diarra" title="Cheick Modibo Diarra">Cheick Modibo Diarra</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Django_Sissoko" title="Django Sissoko">Django Sissoko</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oumar_Tatam_Ly" title="Oumar Tatam Ly">Oumar Tatam Ly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Mara" title="Moussa Mara">Moussa Mara</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Keita_(born_1942)" title="Modibo Keita (born 1942)">Modibo Keita</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Idrissa_Ma%C3%AFga" title="Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga">Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soumeylou_Boub%C3%A8ye_Ma%C3%AFga" title="Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga">Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boubou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Boubou Cissé">Boubou Cissé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moctar_Ouane" title="Moctar Ouane">Moctar Ouane</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Ma%C3%AFga_(officer)" title="Abdoulaye Maïga (officer)">Abdoulaye Maïga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Élisabeth Borne</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Castex" title="Jean Castex">Jean Castex</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe" title="Édouard Philippe">Édouard Philippe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Manuel Valls</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Jean-Marc Ayrault</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fuat_Oktay" title="Fuat Oktay">Fuat Oktay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Walter_Steinmeier" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Walter Steinmeier">Frank Walter Steinmeier</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lambrecht" title="Christine Lambrecht">Christine Lambrecht</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pistorius" title="Boris Pistorius">Boris Pistorius</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>ECOWAS</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a> (2016–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Thomas Boni Yayi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Koupaki" title="Pascal Koupaki">Pascal Koupaki</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Zinsou" title="Lionel Zinsou">Lionel Zinsou</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a> (2022–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Sandaogo_Damiba" title="Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba">Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roch_Marc_Christian_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Roch Marc Christian Kaboré">Roch Marc Christian Kaboré</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" 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margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kaba_Thieba" title="Paul Kaba Thieba">Paul Kaba Thieba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luc-Adolphe_Tiao" title="Luc-Adolphe Tiao">Luc-Adolphe Tiao</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Neves" title="José Maria Neves">José Maria Neves</a> (2021–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca" title="Jorge Carlos Fonseca">Jorge Carlos Fonseca</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva" title="Ulisses Correia e Silva">Ulisses Correia e Silva</a> (2016–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a> (2017–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Yahya Jammeh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a> (2017–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> † </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a> (2021–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Goumou" title="Bernard Goumou">Bernard Goumou</a> (2022–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_B%C3%A9avogui" title="Mohamed Béavogui">Mohamed Béavogui</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahima_Kassory_Fofana" title="Ibrahima Kassory Fofana">Ibrahima Kassory Fofana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Youla" title="Mamady Youla">Mamady Youla</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Fofana" title="Mohamed Said Fofana">Mohamed Said Fofana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a> (2020–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A1rio_Vaz" title="José Mário Vaz">José Mário Vaz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Serifo_Nhamadjo" title="Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo">Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mamadu_Ture_Kuruma" title="Mamadu Ture Kuruma">Mamadu Ture Kuruma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Pereira" title="Raimundo Pereira">Raimundo Pereira</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malam_Bacai_Sanh%C3%A1" title="Malam Bacai Sanhá">Malam Bacai Sanhá</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rui_Duarte_de_Barros" title="Rui Duarte de Barros">Rui Duarte de Barros</a> (2023–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_Nabiam" title="Nuno Gomes Nabiam">Nuno Gomes Nabiam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aristides_Gomes" title="Aristides Gomes">Aristides Gomes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faustino_Imbali" title="Faustino Imbali">Faustino Imbali</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Artur_Silva" title="Artur Silva">Artur Silva</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baciro_Dj%C3%A1" title="Baciro Djá">Baciro Djá</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Correia" title="Carlos Correia">Carlos Correia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Domingos_Sim%C3%B5es_Pereira" title="Domingos Simões Pereira">Domingos Simões Pereira</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adiato_Djal%C3%B3_Nandigna" title="Adiato Djaló Nandigna">Adiato Djaló Nandigna</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gomes_J%C3%BAnior" title="Carlos Gomes Júnior">Carlos Gomes Júnior</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Martins" title="Geraldo Martins">Geraldo Martins</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a> (2012–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beugr%C3%A9_Mamb%C3%A9" title="Robert Beugré Mambé">Robert Beugré Mambé</a> (2023–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Achi" title="Patrick Achi">Patrick Achi</a> (2021–2023) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamed_Bakayoko" title="Hamed Bakayoko">Hamed Bakayoko</a> † </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Gon_Coulibaly" title="Amadou Gon Coulibaly">Amadou Gon Coulibaly</a> † </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kablan_Duncan" title="Daniel Kablan Duncan">Daniel Kablan Duncan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jeannot_Ahoussou-Kouadio" title="Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio">Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boakai" title="Joseph Boakai">Joseph Boakai</a> (2024–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Weah" title="George Weah">George Weah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a> (2023–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bazoum" title="Mohamed Bazoum">Mohamed Bazoum</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Mahamadou Issoufou</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Lamine_Zeine" title="Ali Lamine Zeine">Ali Lamine Zeine</a> (2023–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ouhoumoudou_Mahamadou" title="Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou">Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brigi_Rafini" title="Brigi Rafini">Brigi Rafini</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a> (2023–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a> (2012–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Sonko" title="Ousmane Sonko">Ousmane Sonko</a> (2024–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahammed_Dionne" title="Mahammed Dionne">Mahammed Dionne</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aminata_Tour%C3%A9_(Senegalese_politician)" title="Aminata Touré (Senegalese politician)">Aminata Touré</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdoul_Mbaye" title="Abdoul Mbaye">Abdoul Mbaye</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Nd%C3%A9n%C3%A9_Ndiaye" title="Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye">Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Ba_(politician,_born_1961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadou Ba (politician, born 1961)">Amadou Ba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sidiki_Kaba" title="Sidiki Kaba">Sidiki Kaba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a> (2018–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bai_Koroma" title="Ernest Bai Koroma">Ernest Bai Koroma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> (2012–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Victoire_Tomegah_Dogb%C3%A9" title="Victoire Tomegah Dogbé">Victoire Tomegah Dogbé</a> (2020–) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Komi_S%C3%A9lom_Klassou" title="Komi Sélom Klassou">Komi Sélom Klassou</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kwesi_Ahoomey-Zunu" title="Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu">Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Houngbo" title="Gilbert Houngbo">Gilbert Houngbo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bert_Koenders" title="Bert Koenders">Bert Koenders</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Lamine_Ould_Sidatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt (page does not exist)">Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt</a> (NLFA) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Movement_of_Azawad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housseine_Khoulam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housseine Khoulam (page does not exist)">Housseine Khoulam</a> (NLFA)<a href="#cite_note-FLNA-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad"><img alt="Azawad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a> <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad"><img alt="Azawad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ag_Aghaly" title="Mahmoud Ag Aghaly">Mahmoud Ag Aghaly</a> <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad"><img alt="Azawad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Ag_Acharatoumane" title="Moussa Ag Acharatoumane">Moussa Ag Acharatoumane</a> <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad"><img alt="Azawad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ag_Najem" title="Mohamed Ag Najem">Mohamed Ag Najem</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg/21px-Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg/33px-Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg/43px-Haut_conseil_pour_l%27unit%C3%A9_de_l%27Azawad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="679" /> <a href="/wiki/Alghabass_Ag_Intalla" title="Alghabass Ag Intalla">Alghabass Ag Intalla</a><a href="#cite_note-El_País-72">[70]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abdelhamid Abou Zeid</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-74">[72]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al_Tilemsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed al Tilemsi">Ahmed al-Tilemsi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-69">[67]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/23px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/35px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/45px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ould_Hamaha" title="Omar Ould Hamaha">Omar Ould Hamaha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba_Ag_Moussa" title="Ba Ag Moussa">Ba Ag Moussa</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Huzeifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Huzeifa (page does not exist)">Abu Huzeifa</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-77">[75]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 6,000–7,000<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> (pre-war: ~12,150)<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 3,000<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 2,000<a href="#cite_note-Courier_Mail-Chad-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,400 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,216<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,200<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nigeriaboost-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> 733<a href="#cite_note-rappler-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 650<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 500<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 500<a href="#cite_note-rappler-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> 500<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 500<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 450<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-85">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> 400 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 395<a href="#cite_note-armyrecognition.com-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 300 <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 300<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 250<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 144<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 120<a href="#cite_note-fr24-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> 100<a href="#cite_note-err.ee-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> ~50<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Total: 23,564+ <hr /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> 545 (<a href="/wiki/EUTM_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="EUTM Mali">EUTM</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Full list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 207 (command)<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 73<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> 59<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 40<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 33<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 31<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> 20<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-37">[37]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> 14<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> 14 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> 10 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 10 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 8 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 7 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 4 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 4 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 3 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> 2 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 2 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 2 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> 1 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 1 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 1<a href="#cite_note-Yahoo!_România-50">[50]</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> ~500 (FLNA)<a href="#cite_note-FLNA-56">[56]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad"><img alt="Azawad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 3,000<a href="#cite_note-detials-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailystar.com.lb-93">[91]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> 1,200–3,000<a href="#cite_note-france-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <ul><li>Boko Haram: 100<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></li> <li>Ansar Dine: 300<a href="#cite_note-dailystar.com.lb-93">[91]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 181+ killed,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> 400 captured<a href="#cite_note-Desprisonniers-98">[96]</a> Total: 1,000–1,500+ killed, captured or deserted (by April 2012)<a href="#cite_note-detials-92">[90]</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 428+ killed<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 104 killed<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 58 killed<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 26 killed<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> 26 killed<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wagner_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner group">Wagner group</a> 25–82+ killed<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> 15 killed<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 27 killed<a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 10 killed<a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 7 killed<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-egypt-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 7 killed<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 5 killed<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> 4 killed<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 4 killed<a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 4 killed<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 3 killed<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 2 killed<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 4 killed<a href="#cite_note-un2019-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1 killed<a href="#cite_note-un2019-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> 1 dead<a href="#cite_note-covid-19-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1 killed<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> 1 dead<a href="#cite_note-covid-19-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 1 killed<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1 killed<a href="#cite_note-news24.com-121">[119]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad"><img alt="Azawad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/23px-MNLA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/35px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/MNLA_flag.svg/46px-MNLA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> 6–65 killed (conflict with Malian Army)<a href="#cite_note-kill47-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reut73-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <hr /> 26–123 killed (conflict with Islamists)<a href="#cite_note-AFP306-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-21dead-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-breaks-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-someunarmed-128">[126]</a> <hr /> 60 captured<a href="#cite_note-21dead-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-someunarmed-128">[126]</a> 17–19 killed (2013)</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> 115 killed (Conflict with Tuaregs)<a href="#cite_note-AFP306-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-21dead-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-breaks-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-someunarmed-128">[126]</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> 625 killed (French intervention during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a>) <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> estimated 2,800+ killed and 169+ captured due the French intervention during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Barkhane</a> (between January 2020 and April 2021) <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> total killed: 3,540+</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown<a href="#cite_note-acleddata.com-129">[127]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Displaced: ~144,000 refugees abroad<a href="#cite_note-Courier_Mail-Chad-11">[11]</a> ~230,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Mail-Chad-11">[11]</a> Total: ≈374,000<a href="#cite_note-Tran-_17_January-130">[128]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mali_War" title="Timeline of the Mali War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Mali">ICC investigation</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion (2012)</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menaka_(January_2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Menaka (January 2012)">1st Ménaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguelhok" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aguelhok">1st Aguelhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_of_Tin-Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambush of Tin-Hama">Tin-Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_In_Emsal" title="Battle of In Emsal">In Emsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane" title="Fall of Andéramboukane">1st Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessalit" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tessalit">1st Tessalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Niafunk%C3%A9" title="Battle of Niafunké">1st Niafunké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tinzaouaten_(2012)" title="Battle of Tinzaouaten (2012)">1st Tinzaouaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_of_Tinsalane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambush of Tinsalane">Tinsalane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goumakoura" title="Battle of Goumakoura">1st Goumakoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit" title="Battle of Tessit">1st Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sudere" title="Battle of Sudere">Sudere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kidal_(2012)" title="Battle of Kidal (2012)">1st Kidal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 coup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">2012 counter-coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djicoroni" title="Battle of Djicoroni">Djicoroni</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Azawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Azawad">Internal conflict in Azawad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Timbuktu" title="Fall of Timbuktu">1st Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gao" title="Battle of Gao">1st Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_In-Delimane_(2012)" title="Battle of In-Delimane (2012)">1st In-Delimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_of_Tagarangabotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambush of Tagarangabotte">Tagarangabotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Menaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Menaka">2nd Ménaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalil" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalil">Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_In_Arab" title="Battle of In Arab">In Arab</a></li></ul> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foreign_intervention_(January_2013)">Foreign intervention</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-led_International_Support_Mission_to_Mali" title="African-led International Support Mission to Mali">AFISMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_intervention_in_northern_Mali" title="Chadian intervention in northern Mali">Chadian military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUTM_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="EUTM Mali">EUTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konna" title="Battle of Konna">Konna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Gao" title="Bombardment of Gao">2nd Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diabaly" title="Battle of Diabaly">Diabaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gao" title="Second Battle of Gao">3rd Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gao" title="Third Battle of Gao">4th Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ifoghas" title="Battle of Ifoghas">Ifoghas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panther_(2013)" title="Operation Panther (2013)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Gao" title="Fourth Battle of Gao">5th Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_In_Khalil" title="Battle of In Khalil">In Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timetrine" title="Battle of Timetrine">Timetrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2013_Kidal_attack" title="February 2013 Kidal attack">1st Kidal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imenas" title="Battle of Imenas">Imenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tin_Keraten" title="Battle of Tin Keraten">Tin Keraten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tigharghar" title="Battle of Tigharghar">Tigharghâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djebok" title="Battle of Djebok">1st Djebok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timbuktu" title="Battle of Timbuktu">2nd Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Gao" title="Fifth Battle of Gao">6th Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Timbuktu" title="Second Battle of Timbuktu">3rd Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Kidal_attack" title="April 2013 Kidal attack">2nd Kidal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ber_(2013)" title="Battle of Ber (2013)">1st Ber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamakouladji" title="Battle of Hamakouladji">Hamakouladji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anefis_(May_2013)" title="Battle of Anefis (May 2013)">1st Anéfis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anefis_(June_2013)" title="Battle of Anefis (June 2013)">2nd Anéfis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo%C3%AFta_skirmish" title="Fooïta skirmish">Fooïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douaya_clashes" title="Douaya clashes">Douaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tessalit_attack" title="2013 Tessalit attack">2nd Tessalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazragane_skirmish" title="Amazragane skirmish">Amazragane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Araouane" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Araouane">1st Araouane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Kidal_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2013 Kidal attack">3rd Kidal attack</a></li></ul> 2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kondaoui" title="Battle of Kondaoui">Kondaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamkoutat_massacre" title="Tamkoutat massacre">Tamkoutat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ametettai" title="Bombardment of Ametettai">1st Ametettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dayet_in_Maharat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dayet in Maharat">Dayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Inabohane_and_Ebahlal" title="Battles of Inabohane and Ebahlal">Inabohane and Ebahlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Battle_of_Kidal" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Battle of Kidal">2nd Kidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Aguelhok_attack" title="2014 Aguelhok attack">2nd Aguelhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An%C3%A9fis_(2014)" title="Battle of Anéfis (2014)">3rd Anéfis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabankort_(2014)" title="Battle of Tabankort (2014)">1st Tabankort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indelimane_ambush" title="2014 Indelimane ambush">2nd Indelimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametettai_offensive" title="Ametettai offensive">2nd Ametettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Tillit_clashes" title="N'Tillit clashes">N'Tillit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tabankort_(2014)" title="Raid on Tabankort (2014)">2nd Tabankort</a></li></ul> 2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nampala_(2015)" title="Raid on Nampala (2015)">1st Nampala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_T%C3%A9nenkou" title="Raid on Ténenkou">Ténenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabankort_(2015)" title="Battle of Tabankort (2015)">3rd Tabankort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabrichat" title="Battle of Tabrichat">Tabrichat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Bamako_shooting" title="March 2015 Bamako shooting">Bamako restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Kidal_attack" title="March 2015 Kidal attack">4th Kidal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9r%C3%A9_(2015)" title="Battle of Léré (2015)">1st Léré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Telout_ambush" title="Tin Telout ambush">Tin Telout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nara_(2015)" title="Battle of Nara (2015)">Nara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoumbaout_ambush" title="Takoumbaout ambush">Takoumbaout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sama_Forest" title="Battle of the Sama Forest">Sama Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gourma-Rharous_attack" title="2015 Gourma-Rharous attack">1st Gourma-Rharous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9var%C3%A9_hotel_attack" title="Sévaré hotel attack">Sévaré hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Anefis_dispute" title="2015 Anefis dispute">4th Anéfis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%A9banda_skirmish" title="Tiébanda skirmish">Tiébanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" title="2015 Bamako hotel attack">Bamako hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Kidal_attack" title="November 2015 Kidal attack">5th Kidal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talahandak_(2015)" title="Battle of Talahandak (2015)">1st Talahandak</a></li></ul> 2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanna_ambush" title="Wanna ambush">Wanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aguelhok_ambush" title="2016 Aguelhok ambush">3rd Aguelhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9var%C3%A9_ambush" title="Sévaré ambush">Sévaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nampala_attack" title="2016 Nampala attack">2nd Nampala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kidal_(2016)" title="Battle of Kidal (2016)">3rd Kidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touzik_clashes" title="Touzik clashes">Touzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjlal_clashes" title="Adjlal clashes">Adjlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goumakoura_ambush" title="Goumakoura ambush">2nd Goumakoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazay-Kazay_ambush" title="Kazay-Kazay ambush">Kazay-Kazay</a></li></ul> 2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Gao_bombing" title="2017 Gao bombing">6th Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Boulikessi_attack" title="2017 Boulikessi attack">1st Boulikessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gourma-Rharous_(2017)" title="Battle of Gourma-Rharous (2017)">2nd Gourma-Rharous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Foulsar%C3%A9_Forest" title="Battle of the Foulsaré Forest">Foulsaré Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Dogofry_ambush" title="2017 Dogofry ambush">1st Dogofry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Serma_Forest_(2017)" title="Battle of the Serma Forest (2017)">1st Serma Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintagoungou_attack" title="Bintagoungou attack">Bintagoungou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaba_attack" title="Kangaba attack">Kangaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkadogotane_ambush" title="Inkadogotane ambush">Inkadogotane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djebok_ambush" title="Djebok ambush">2nd Djebok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Takellote" title="Battle of Takellote">Takellote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Timbuktu_attack" title="2017 Timbuktu attack">4th Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tin_Biden" title="Raid on Tin Biden">Tin Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indelimane_ambush" title="2017 Indelimane ambush">3rd Indelimane</a></li></ul> 2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_In-Delimane" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of In-Delimane">4th In-Delimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youwarou_attack" title="Youwarou attack">Youwarou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumpi_attack" title="Soumpi attack">Soumpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaghalawass_skirmish" title="Inaghalawass skirmish">Inaghalawass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araouane_clashes" title="Araouane clashes">2nd Araouane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akabar" title="Battle of Akabar">Akabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Timbuktu_attack" title="2018 Timbuktu attack">5th Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aklaz_and_Awkassa_massacres" title="Aklaz and Awkassa massacres">Aklaz and Awkassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Talataye_attack" title="2018 Talataye attack">1st Talataye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarde" title="Battle of Tabarde">Tabarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Boni_attack" title="2018 Boni attack">1st Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inabelbel_clashes" title="Inabelbel clashes">Inabelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumouni_skirmish" title="Soumouni skirmish">Soumouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dogofry_ambush" title="2018 Dogofry ambush">2nd Dogofry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ndaki" title="Battle of Ndaki">Ndaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ber_(2018)" title="Battle of Ber (2018)">2nd Ber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farimake" title="Battle of Farimake">Farimake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinabaw_and_Tabangout-Tissalatatene_massacres" title="Tinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene massacres">Tinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abanguilou" title="Battle of Abanguilou">Abanguilou</a></li></ul> 2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koulogon_massacre" title="Koulogon massacre">Koulogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Serma_Forest_(2019)" title="Battle of the Serma Forest (2019)">2nd Serma Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghatert_and_West_Inekar_massacres" title="Taghatert and West Inekar massacres">Taghatert and West Inekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Aguelhok_attack" title="2019 Aguelhok attack">4th Aguelhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elakla" title="Battle of Elakla">Elakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dialloub%C3%A9" title="Raid on Dialloubé">Dialloubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diankabou_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Diankabou attack">Diankabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dioura_(2019)" title="Raid on Dioura (2019)">1st Dioura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogossagou_massacre" title="Ogossagou massacre">Ogossagou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ti%C3%A9saba-Bourgou" title="Operation Tiésaba-Bourgou">Tiésaba-Bourgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guir%C3%A9_attack" title="Guiré attack">Guiré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobane_Da_massacre" title="Sobane Da massacre">Sobane Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangafani_and_Yoro_massacres" title="Gangafani and Yoro massacres">Gangafani and Yoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fafa_skirmish" title="Fafa skirmish">Fafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulikessi_(2019)" title="Battle of Boulikessi (2019)">2nd Boulikessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indelimane_attack" title="2019 Indelimane attack">5th In-Delimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabankort_(2019)" title="Battle of Tabankort (2019)">4th Tabankort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_M%C3%A9naka_mid-air_collision" title="2019 Ménaka mid-air collision">3rd Ménaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wagadou_Forest_(2019)" title="Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2019)">1st Wagadou Forest</a></li></ul> 2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioungani_ambush" title="Dioungani ambush">Dioungani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokolo_attack" title="Sokolo attack">Sokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tarkint_attack" title="2020 Tarkint attack">1st Tarkint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamba" title="Battle of Bamba">1st Bamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talahandak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Talahandak">2nd Talahandak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouka_Wer%C3%A9_ambush" title="Bouka Weré ambush">Bouka Weré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bankass_massacres" title="2020 Bankass massacres">Bankass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Farabougou" title="Siege of Farabougou">1st Farabougou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoura_attack" title="Sokoura attack">Sokoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulikessi_(2020)" title="Battle of Boulikessi (2020)">3rd Boulikessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tadamakat_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tadamakat (2020)">Tadamakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Niaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Niaki">Niaki</a></li></ul> 2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_wedding_airstrike" title="Mali wedding airstrike">Wedding airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulikessi_and_Mondoro_attacks_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulikessi and Mondoro attacks (2021)">Boulikessi and Mondoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Boni_attack" title="2021 Boni attack">2nd Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)" title="Battle of Tessit (2021)">2nd Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Aguelhok_attack" title="2021 Aguelhok attack">5th Aguelhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkint_attack_(2021)" title="Tarkint attack (2021)">2nd Tarkint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karou_and_Ouatagouna_massacres" title="Karou and Ouatagouna massacres">Karou and Ouatagouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Killing of Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Dangarous Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokara_ambush" title="Nokara ambush">Nokara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodio_ambush" title="Bodio ambush">Bodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopti_bus_massacre" title="Mopti bus massacre">Mopti</a></li></ul> 2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archam_clashes" title="Archam clashes">Archam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangu%C3%A8r%C3%A8_Wotoro_massacre" title="Danguèrè Wotoro massacre">Danguèrè Wotoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mondoro_attack" title="2022 Mondoro attack">Mondoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_offensive" title="Ménaka offensive">Ménaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)" title="Battle of Andéramboukane (2022)">2nd Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Tessit_attack" title="2022 Tessit attack">3rd Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)" title="Battle of Talataye (2022)">2nd Talataye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2022_Islamic_State-Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2022 Islamic State-Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin clashes">Tadjalalt and Haroum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moura" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Moura">Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hombori_massacre" title="Hombori massacre">Hombori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2022_Mopti_region_attacks" title="April 2022 Mopti region attacks">Mopti Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Bankass_massacres" title="2022 Bankass massacres">Diallassagou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Bandiagara_highway_bombing" title="2022 Bandiagara highway bombing">Bandiagara</a></li></ul> 2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markacoungo_attack" title="Markacoungo attack">Markacoungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diafarab%C3%A9_and_Koumara_attacks" title="Diafarabé and Koumara attacks">Diafarabé and Koumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kani_Bonzon_massacre" title="Kani Bonzon massacre">Kani Bonzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Timbuktu" title="Siege of Timbuktu">5th Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ber_(2023)" title="Battle of Ber (2023)">3rd Ber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_and_Bamba_attacks" title="Tombouctou and Bamba attacks">Tombouctou and Bamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bourem" title="Battle of Bourem">Bourem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9r%C3%A9_(2023)" title="Battle of Léré (2023)">2nd Léré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dioura_(2023)" title="Raid on Dioura (2023)">2nd Dioura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bamba_attack" title="2023 Bamba attack">2nd Bamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidal_offensive" title="Kidal offensive">Kidal Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kidal_(2023)" title="Battle of Kidal (2023)">4th Kidal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niafunk%C3%A9_attack" title="Niafunké attack">2nd Niafunké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbezanga_attack" title="Labbezanga attack">Labbezanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Farabougou_attack" title="2023 Farabougou attack">2nd Farabougou</a></li></ul> 2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwala_attack" title="Kwala attack">Kwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douna_drone_strike" title="Douna drone strike">Douna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wagadou_Forest_(2024)" title="Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2024)">2nd Wagadou Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourdiah_attack" title="Mourdiah attack">Mourdiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe%C3%AFbara_massacres" title="Abeïbara massacres">Abeïbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiguibombo_massacre" title="Djiguibombo massacre">Djiguibombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tinzaouaten_(2024)" title="Battle of Tinzaouaten (2024)">2nd Tinzaouaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bamako_attacks" title="2024 Bamako attacks">Bamako</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Mali War<a href="#cite_note-131">[c]</a> is an ongoing conflict that started in January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> in Africa. On 16 January 2012, several <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> groups began <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">fighting a campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Malian government</a> for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, which they called <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MNLA), an organization fighting to make this area of Mali an independent homeland for the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a>, had taken control of the region by April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[129]</a> On 22 March 2012, President <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a> was ousted in <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">a coup d'état</a> over his handling of the crisis, a month before a <a href="/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election" title="2013 Malian presidential election">presidential election</a> was to have taken place.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1-133">[130]</a> Mutinous soldiers, calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State</a> (CNRDR), took control and suspended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">constitution of Mali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[129]</a> As a consequence of the instability following the coup, Mali's three largest northern cities—<a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>—were overrun by the rebels<a href="#cite_note-boston-134">[131]</a> on three consecutive days.<a href="#cite_note-gaocontrol-135">[132]</a> On 5 April 2012, after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Douentza" title="Douentza">Douentza</a>, the MNLA said that it had accomplished its goals and called off its offensive. The following day, it proclaimed the independence of northern Mali from the rest of the country, renaming it Azawad.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> The MNLA were initially backed by the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a>. After the Malian military was driven from northern Mali, Ansar Dine and a number of smaller Islamist groups began imposing strict <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law. The MNLA and Islamists struggled to reconcile their conflicting visions for an intended new state.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Afterwards, the MNLA began fighting against Ansar Dine and other Islamist groups, including <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a> (MOJWA/MUJAO), a splinter group of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a>. By 17 July 2012, the MNLA had lost control of most of northern Mali's cities to the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-138">[135]</a> The government of Mali asked for foreign military help to re-take the north. On 11 January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French military</a> began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">operations against the Islamists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-france-94">[92]</a> Forces from other <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> states were deployed shortly after. By 8 February, the Islamist-held territory had been re-taken by the Malian military, with help from the international coalition. Tuareg separatists have continued to fight the Islamists as well, although the MNLA has also been accused of carrying out attacks against the Malian military.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013,<a href="#cite_note-peace-140">[137]</a> however on 26 September 2013 the rebels pulled out of the peace agreement and claimed that the government had not respected its commitments to the truce.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> In mid-2014, the French military in Mali ended its Operation Serval and transitioned to the broader regional counterterrorist effort, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Barkhane</a>. Despite a ceasefire agreement signed on 19 February 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and a peace accord in the capital on 15 April 2015, fighting continued.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Starting in 2018, there was an increase in rebel attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, accompanied by a French troop surge. Mali experienced two coups in <a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">2020</a> and 2021, both orchestrated by the Malian military. After the <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Malian coup in 2021</a>, the government and French forces in the country had a falling out, with the former demanding the latter's withdrawal. Amid popular Malian anti-French protests and increasing involvement in the war by the Russian mercenary <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> and the Turkish, the French withdrew their forces entirely by 15 August 2022, ending their presence in the country.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-145">[142]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">History of Mali</a></div> In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Arab nomads</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MPA) and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">declared war for independence</a> of the northern part of Mali.<a href="#cite_note-uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com-146">[143]</a> Despite peace agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Mali">government of Mali</a> in 1991 and 1995 a growing dissatisfaction among the former Tuareg fighters, who had been integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Malian Armed Forces</a>, led to new fighting in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Despite historically having difficulty maintaining alliances between secular and Islamist factions, the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> groups <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> and began the 2012 Northern Mali conflict.<a href="#cite_note-uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com-146">[143]</a> The MNLA was an offshoot of a political movement known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_for_Azawad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement for Azawad (page does not exist)">National Movement for Azawad</a> (MNA) prior to the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-apress-148">[145]</a> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>, an influx of weaponry led to the arming of the Tuareg in their demand for independence.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The strength of this uprising and the use of heavy weapons, which were not present in the previous conflicts, were said to have "surprised" Malian officials and observers.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-150">[147]</a> Though dominated by Tuaregs, the MNLA claimed that they represented other ethnic groups as well,<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> and were reportedly joined by some Arab leaders.<a href="#cite_note-apress-148">[145]</a> The MNLA's leader <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a> said that the onus was on Mali to either give the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> peoples their self-determination or they would take it themselves.<a href="#cite_note-history-152">[149]</a> Another Tuareg-dominated group, the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> (Defenders of Faith), initially fought alongside the MNLA against the government. Unlike the MNLA, it did not seek independence, but rather the imposition of Islamic law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>) across Mali.<a href="#cite_note-bbcposttim-153">[150]</a> The movement's leader <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)">early 1990s rebellion</a> and has been reported to be linked to an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQIM) that is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> as well as Algeria's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Intelligence_and_Security_(DRS)" title="Department of Intelligence and Security (DRS)">Department of Intelligence and Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-detials-92">[90]</a> Mali was going through several crises at once that favored the rise of the conflict:<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <ul><li>State crisis: the establishment of a Tuareg state has been a long-term goal of the MNLA, since it began a rebellion in 1962. Thereafter, Mali has been in a constant struggle to maintain its territory.</li> <li>Food crisis: Mali's economy has an extreme dependence on outside assistance, which has led <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) to blockade, to subdue the military junta.<a href="#cite_note-ecowassanctions-156">[153]</a></li> <li>Political crisis: The mutiny led to the fall of the president.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuareg_rebellion_(January–April_2012)">Tuareg rebellion (January–April 2012)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tuareg rebellion (January–April 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion (2012)</a></div> The first attacks of the rebellion took place in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a>, a small town in far eastern Mali, on 16 and 17 January 2012. On 17 January, attacks in <a href="/wiki/Aguelhok" title="Aguelhok">Aguelhok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a> were reported. The Mali government claimed to have regained control of all three towns the next day.<a href="#cite_note-stratfor-157">[154]</a> On 24 January, the rebels retook Aguelhok after the Malian army ran out of ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-detials-92">[90]</a> The next day, the Mali government once again recaptured the city.<a href="#cite_note-stratfor-157">[154]</a> Mali launched air and land counter operations to take back the seized territory,<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> amid protests in Bamako<a href="#cite_note-Capture-159">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kati" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati">Kati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Malian president <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a> then reorganised his senior commanders for the fight against the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> On 1 February 2012, the MNLA took control of the city of Menaka when the Malian army operated what they called a tactical retreat. The violence in the north led to counterprotests in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>. Dozens of Malian soldiers were also killed in fighting in Aguelhok.<a href="#cite_note-Capture-159">[156]</a> On 6 February, rebel forces attacked <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, a regional capital.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> On 4 March 2012, a new round of fighting was reported near the formerly rebel-held town of Tessalit.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> The next day, three Malian army units gave up trying to lift the siege.<a href="#cite_note-detials-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> air-dropped supplies via <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> aircraft in support of the besieged Malian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-news24-165">[162]</a> The C-130's most likely came from either <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, both of which are known to have been used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-166">[163]</a> On 11 March, the MNLA re-took Tessalit and its airport, and the Malian military forces fled towards the <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Mali_border" title="Algeria–Mali border">border with Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trust.org-167">[164]</a> The rebels advanced to about 125 kilometers away from <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and their advance was unchecked when they entered without fighting in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Dir%C3%A9,_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Diré, Mali">Diré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goundam" title="Goundam">Goundam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mauri-168">[165]</a> Ansar Dine stated that it had control of the Mali-Algeria border.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_d'état">Coup d'état</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coup d'état">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 Malian coup d'état</a></div> On 21 March 2012, soldiers dissatisfied with the course of the conflict attacked Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Sadio_Gassama" title="Sadio Gassama">Sadio Gassama</a> as he arrived to speak to them. They then stoned the minister's car, forcing him to flee the camp.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-170">[167]</a> Later that day, soldiers stormed the presidential palace, forcing Touré into hiding.<a href="#cite_note-theprovince1-171">[168]</a> The next morning, Captain <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Sanogo" title="Amadou Sanogo">Amadou Sanogo</a>, the chairman of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State">National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State</a> (CNRDR), made a statement in which he announced that the junta had suspended Mali's constitution and taken control of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The mutineers cited Touré's alleged poor handling of the insurgency and the lack of equipment for the Malian Army as their reasons for the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The CNRDR would serve as an interim regime until power could be returned to a new, democratically elected government.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-power-174">[171]</a> The coup was "unanimously condemned" by the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LM324-175">[172]</a> including by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AJ-176">[173]</a> the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AJ-176">[173]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS), the latter of which announced on 29 March that the CNRDR had 72 hours to relinquish control before landlocked Mali's borders would be closed by its neighbours,<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> its assets would be frozen by the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a>, and individuals in the CNRDR would receive freezes on their assets and travel bans.<a href="#cite_note-aljaztim-178">[175]</a> ECOWAS<a href="#cite_note-psotwar-179">[176]</a> and the African Union also suspended Mali. The U.S., the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a> suspended development aid funds in support of ECOWAS and the AU's reactions to the coup.<a href="#cite_note-conden-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-USaid-181">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> President <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a>, who was the rotational chairman of ECOWAS, said that once the civilian government was restored an <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_stand-by_force" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOWAS stand-by force">ECOWAS stand-by force</a> of 2,000 soldiers could intervene against the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-tim-182">[179]</a> Burkina Faso's President <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaore" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaise Compaore">Blaise Compaore</a> was appointed as a mediator by ECOWAS to resolve the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-aljaztim-178">[175]</a> An agreement was reached between the junta and ECOWAS negotiators on 6 April, in which both Sanogo and Touré would resign, sanctions would be lifted, the mutineers would be granted amnesty, and power would pass to <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Mali">National Assembly of Mali</a> Speaker <a href="/wiki/Dioncounda_Traor%C3%A9" title="Dioncounda Traoré">Dioncounda Traoré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Following Traoré's inauguration, he pledged to "wage a total and relentless war" on the Tuareg rebels unless they released their control of northern Malian cities.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_offensive">Continued offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continued offensive">edit</a>]</div> During the uncertainty following the coup, the rebels launched an offensive with the aim of capturing several towns and army camps abandoned by the Malian army.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Though the offensive ostensibly included both the MNLA and Ansar Dine, according to <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Keenan" title="Jeremy Keenan">Jeremy Keenan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>, Ansar Dine's military contribution was slight: "What seems to happen is that when they move into a town, the MNLA take out the military base – not that there's much resistance – and Iyad [ag Aghaly] goes into town and puts up his flag and starts bossing everyone around about Sharia law."<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> On 30 March 2012, the rebels seized control of Kidal, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal Region</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-187">[184]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ansongo" title="Ansongo">Ansongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourem" title="Bourem">Bourem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis303-188">[185]</a> On 31 March, Gao fell to the rebels, and both MNLA and Ansar Dine flags appeared in the city.<a href="#cite_note-boston-134">[131]</a> The following day, rebels attacked Timbuktu, the last major government-controlled city in the north; they captured it with little fighting.<a href="#cite_note-bbctim-189">[186]</a> The speed and ease with which the rebels took control of the north was attributed in large part to the confusion created in the army's coup, leading <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> to describe it as "a spectacular own-goal".<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> On 6 April 2012, stating that it had secured all of its desired territory, the MNLA <a href="/wiki/Azawadi_declaration_of_independence" title="Azawadi declaration of independence">declared independence from Mali</a>. However, the declaration was rejected as invalid by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamist–Tuareg_nationalist_conflict_(June–November_2012)">Islamist–Tuareg nationalist conflict (June–November 2012)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamist–Tuareg nationalist conflict (June–November 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Azawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Azawad">Internal conflict in Azawad</a></div> After the withdrawal of Malian government forces from the region, former co-belligerents Ansar Dine, MOJWA, and the MNLA soon found themselves in conflict with each other as well as the populace. On 5 April 2012, Islamists, possibly from AQIM or MOJWA, entered the Algerian consulate in Gao and took hostages.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The MNLA succeeded in negotiating their release without violence, and one MNLA commander said that the movement had decided to disarm other armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> On 8 April, a mostly Arab militia calling itself the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Azawad" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front of Azawad">National Liberation Front of Azawad</a> (FNLA) announced its intention to oppose Tuareg rule, battle the MNLA, and "return to peace and economic activity"; the group claimed to consist of 500 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The MNLA clashed with protesters in Gao on 14 May, reportedly injuring four and killing one.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> On 6 June, residents of Kidal protested against the imposition of Sharia in the town and in support of MNLA, protests which were violently dispersed by Ansar Dine members. By the night of 8 June, MNLA and Ansar Dine rebels clashed against each other in the city with automatic weapons, with two dying in the skirmish.<a href="#cite_note-KidalProtest-196">[193]</a> In early June, Nigerien president <a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Mahamadou Issoufou</a> stated that Afghan and Pakistani jihadists were training Touareg Islamist rebels.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Gao_and_aftermath">Battle of Gao and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Gao and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gao" title="Battle of Gao">Battle of Gao</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG/220px-Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG/330px-Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG/440px-Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A Tuareg <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">technical</a> in northern Mali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG/220px-Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG/330px-Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG/440px-Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Islamist fighters in northern Mali</figcaption></figure> Clashes began to escalate between the MNLA and the Islamists after a merger attempt failed,<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> despite the signing of a power-sharing treaty.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-199">[196]</a> Protests broke out on 26 June 2012 in the city of Gao, the majority of whose people are not Tuaregs (in contrast to the MNLA), but rather sub-Saharan groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay people">Songhay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> peoples. The protestors opposed the Tuareg rebels and the partition of Mali. Two were killed as a result of the protests, allegedly by MNLA troops.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The protesters used both Malian and Islamist flags, and <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> reported that many locals supported the Islamists as a result of their opposition to the Tuareg nationalists and the secession of Azawad.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> On 26 June 2012, the tension came to all-out combat in Gao between the MNLA and MOJWA, with both sides firing heavy weapons. MNLA Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ag_Acherif" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilal ag Acherif">Bilal ag Acherif</a> was wounded in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The MNLA were soon driven from the city,<a href="#cite_note-tele-203">[200]</a> and from Kidal and Timbuktu shortly after. However, the MNLA stated that it continued to maintain forces and control some rural areas in the region.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> As of October 2012, the MNLA retained control of the city of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a>, with hundreds of people taking refuge in the city from the rule of the Islamists, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Tinzawatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinzawatene">Tinzawatene</a> near the Algerian border.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> In the same month, a splinter group broke off from the MNLA; calling itself the Front for the Liberation of the Azawad (FPA), the group stated that Tuareg independence was no longer a realistic goal and that they must concentrate on fighting the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Takeover_of_Douentza_and_Ménaka">Takeover of Douentza and Ménaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Takeover of Douentza and Ménaka">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG/220px-Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG/330px-Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG/440px-Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Islamist fighters in northern Mali</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 2012, MOJWA took over the southern town of <a href="/wiki/Douentza" title="Douentza">Douentza</a>, which had previously been held by a <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> secular militia, the <a href="/wiki/Ganda_Iso" title="Ganda Iso">Ganda Iso</a>. A MOJWA spokesman said that the group had had an agreement with the Ganda Iso, but had decided to occupy the town when the militia appeared to be acting independently, and gained control of the town following a brief standoff with Ganda Iso.<a href="#cite_note-WP29-207">[204]</a> Once MOJWA troops surrounded the city, the militia reportedly surrendered without a fight and were disarmed.<a href="#cite_note-WP29-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> On 16 November 2012, Tuareg MNLA forces launched an offensive against Gao in an attempt to retake the town. However, by the end of the day, the Tuaregs were beaten back by the MOJWA forces after the Islamists laid an ambush for them. A Malian security source said that at least a dozen MNLA fighters were killed while the Islamists suffered only one dead. An MNLA official stated that their forces killed 13 MOJWA fighters and wounded 17, while they suffered only nine wounded.<a href="#cite_note-breaks-127">[125]</a> On 19 November 2012, MOJWA and AQIM forces took over the eastern town of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a>, which had previously been held by the MNLA, with dozens of fighters from both sides and civilians killed. On the first day of fighting, the MNLA claimed its forces killed 65 Islamist fighters, while they suffered only one dead and 13 wounded. The Islamists for their part stated they killed more than 100 MNLA fighters and captured 20.<a href="#cite_note-someunarmed-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_intervention_(January–June_2013)">Foreign intervention (January–June 2013)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign intervention (January–June 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Mali_conflict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg/220px-Northern_Mali_conflict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg/330px-Northern_Mali_conflict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg/440px-Northern_Mali_conflict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption> Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013, before it was re-taken by Malian and French forces</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-led_International_Support_Mission_to_Mali" title="African-led International Support Mission to Mali">African-led International Support Mission to Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EUTM_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="EUTM Mali">EUTM Mali</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Northern Mali conflict">Timeline of the Northern Mali conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG/220px-Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG/330px-Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG/440px-Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training.PNG 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Pro-government militia members training in Sevare</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG/220px-Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG/330px-Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG/440px-Pro-government_militia_in_Mali_training3.PNG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Pro-government militia members training in Sevare</figcaption></figure> Following requests from both the Mali government and <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a> for foreign military intervention,<a href="#cite_note-BBCUN-209">[206]</a> on 12 October 2012 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously,<a href="#cite_note-TapaiUN-210">[207]</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UN-UN-211">[208]</a> passed a French <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2071" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2071">resolution</a> approving an African-led force to assist the army of Mali in combating the Islamist militants.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersUN-212">[209]</a> The resolution gave 45 days for "detailed and actionable recommendations"<a href="#cite_note-BBCUN-209">[206]</a> for military intervention which would be drafted by ECOWAS and the African Union,<a href="#cite_note-TapaiUN-210">[207]</a> with a figure of 3,000 proposed troops reported.<a href="#cite_note-BBCUN-209">[206]</a> A prior ECOWAS plan had been rejected by diplomats as lacking sufficient detail.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersUN-212">[209]</a> While authorising the planning of force, and dedicating UN resources to this planning,<a href="#cite_note-TapaiUN-210">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2071" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2071">UN Security Council Resolution 2071</a> does not authorize the deployment of force.<a href="#cite_note-BBCUN-209">[206]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2085" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2085">UN Security Council Resolution 2085</a>, passed on 20 December 2012, "authorizes the deployment of an <a href="/wiki/African-led_International_Support_Mission_to_Mali" title="African-led International Support Mission to Mali">African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA)</a> for an initial period of one year."<a href="#cite_note-unscres2085-213">[210]</a> On 8 January 2013, rebels were reported by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> to have captured 12 Malian government troops near the town of <a href="/wiki/Konna" title="Konna">Konna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">RFI</a> reports that governmental troops fired warning shots and slightly progressed from Konna toward <a href="/wiki/Douentza" title="Douentza">Douentza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MNLA_realigns_with_the_Malian_Government">MNLA realigns with the Malian Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: MNLA realigns with the Malian Government">edit</a>]</div> By December, the now displaced MNLA began peace talks with the Malian government and relinquished its previous goal of Azawadi independence in favor of a request for self-rule within Mali. After the French entry in January 2013, the MNLA spokesman in Paris, Moussa Ag Assarid (who had criticized the splinter group FPA months earlier for giving up on independence<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a>) declared that the MNLA was "ready to help" their former opponents in the fight against the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> At this time, the MNLA controlled no big localities and was only strong in rural and desert areas near the borders with Mauritania, Algeria and Niger, having been driven off from most of its claimed territory by Islamist groups.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> After the declaration, the MNLA re-engaged the Islamist forces, and, with the help of one defecting Islamist faction, retook the cities of Tessalit and Kidal (the site of earlier pro-MNLA protests against the Islamists<a href="#cite_note-KidalProtest-196">[193]</a>) in late January.<a href="#cite_note-KidalRetaken-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-KidalTessalit-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Konna_and_French_intervention">Battle of Konna and French intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Konna and French intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konna" title="Battle of Konna">Battle of Konna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG/220px-French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG/330px-French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG/440px-French_troops_in_Bamako.PNG 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>French troops arrived in Bamako.</figcaption></figure> On 10 January 2013, Islamist forces captured the strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Konna" title="Konna">Konna</a>, 600 km from the capital, from the Malian army.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Later, an estimated 1,200 Islamist fighters advanced to within 20 kilometers of Mopti, a nearby Mali military garrison town.<a href="#cite_note-france-94">[92]</a> The following day, the French military launched <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Serval" class="mw-redirect" title="Opération Serval">Opération Serval</a>, intervening in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> According to analysts, the French were forced to act sooner than planned because of the importance of Sévaré military airport, located 60 km south of Konna, for further operations.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_back-223">[220]</a> The operation included the use of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Gazelle" title="Aérospatiale Gazelle">Gazelle</a> helicopters from the Special forces, which stopped an Islamist column advancing to Mopti, and the use of four <a href="/wiki/Mirage_2000-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage 2000-D">Mirage 2000-D</a> jets of the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">Armée de l'Air</a> operating from a base in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. Twelve targets were hit by the Mirages overnight between the 11th and the 12th. The French chief of army staff, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Guillaud" title="Édouard Guillaud">Édouard Guillaud</a>, announced that the Islamists had withdrawn from Konna and retreated several dozen of kilometres to the north.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The air strikes reportedly destroyed half a dozen Islamist armed pick-up trucks<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> and a rebel command center. One French pilot, Lieutenant Damien Boiteux, was killed after his attack helicopter was downed by ground fire during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> During the night of 11 January 2013, the Malian army, backed by French troops, claimed it had regained control of the town of Konna,<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> and claimed to have killed over 100 Islamists. Afterwards, a Malian lieutenant said that mopping up operations were taking place around Konna.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_back-223">[220]</a> AFP witnesses had seen dozens of Islamist corpses around Konna, with one saying he counted 46 bodies.<a href="#cite_note-airstrikes-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> The French stated four rebel vehicles were hit by their airstrikes,<a href="#cite_note-downed-231">[228]</a> while the Malian Army claimed nearly 30 vehicles were bombed. Several dozens of Malian soldiers<a href="#cite_note-frenchstrikes-232">[229]</a> and 10 civilians were also killed. A resident of <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">MOJWA</a>, said that the city's hospital had been overwhelmed with dead and wounded.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> In all, one local resident counted 148 bodies around Konna.<a href="#cite_note-frenchstrikes-232">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2%2C_2013.jpg/220px-French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2%2C_2013.jpg/330px-French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2%2C_2013.jpg/440px-French_Mirage_2000_prepares_to_refuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker_over_Africa_on_Feb._2%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>French Mirage 2000 refuels over Africa on 2 February 2013.</figcaption></figure> In the wake of the French deployment, ECOWAS said that it had ordered troops to be deployed immediately to Mali, the UN Security Council said that the previously planned UN-led force would be deployed in the near future, and the European Union said it had increased preparations for sending military training troops into Mali.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> The MNLA also offered to join the offensive against the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> On 12 January, the British government announced that it was deploying two <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> transport planes in a non-combat role to ferry primarily French but also potentially African forces into Mali.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> On 13 January, regional security sources announced the death in Konna of Abdel Krim, nicknamed "Kojak", a high level leader in the Ansar Dine group.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> French defense minister Le Drian said that new airstrikes were ongoing in Mali, had happened during the night and would happen the next day. A resident of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a> said that airstrikes had been conducted in the area.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> The airstrikes were concentrated on three areas, Konna, Léré and Douentza.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Two helicopters were seen attacking Islamist positions in Gao.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> A dozen strikes targeted the city and its outskirts. A resident reported that all Islamist bases around Gao had been taken out of operation by the strikes.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> An Islamist base in Kidal was targeted by the French air force.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> French defence minister Le Drian, announced that four Rafale fighters had participated in the Gao airstrikes. They had left France and were based in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> It was reported that following the strikes that destroyed their bases, the MUJAO forces left Gao.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Residents reported that 60 Islamists died in the Gao airstrikes. Others were hiding in the houses and picked up the dead bodies during the night.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> On 14 January, the Islamists attacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Diabaly" title="Diabaly">Diabaly</a>, 400 km north of <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> in the government-held areas. They came from the <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Mauritania_border" title="Mali–Mauritania border">Mauritanian border</a> where they fled to avoid the airstrikes. The AQIM leader known as Abu Zeid was leading the operation.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> On the same day, Islamists pledged to launch attacks on French soil.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Jihadists took control of Diabaly a few hours after their attacks.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> On 15 January, the French defense minister confirmed that the Mali military had still not recaptured Konna from rebel forces, despite earlier claims.<a href="#cite_note-konnanot-249">[246]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> dispatched a C-17 transport plane to Mali in a similar role as those of the British C-17s.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> The Danish Parliament decided to contribute a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> transport plane<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> and the Belgian government made the decision to send two C-130s along with one <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Medical_Component" title="Belgian Medical Component">Medical Component</a> <a href="/wiki/Agusta_A109" class="mw-redirect" title="Agusta A109">Agusta A109</a> Medevac medical evacuation helicopter along with 80 support personnel to Mali.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Aménas_hostage_crisis">In Aménas hostage crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Aménas hostage crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/In_Am%C3%A9nas_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="In Aménas hostage crisis">In Aménas hostage crisis</a></div> On 16 January, it was reported that a group of AQIM militants had crossed the border from Mali into <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and had captured an Algerian/Statoil/<a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>-owned natural gas field, <a href="/wiki/In_Am%C3%A9nas" class="mw-redirect" title="In Aménas">In Aménas</a>, near the border with Libya. The militants were reported to have killed two foreign nationals and were holding 41 foreign nationals hostage, and a spokesman for the group said that the purpose of the attack was to get revenge on the countries that had intervened in Mali. The hostages reportedly included several American, Japanese, British, Romanian, Filipino and Norwegian citizens. Algeria was reportedly negotiating with the militants to try and obtain the hostages' release.<a href="#cite_note-hostage-253">[250]</a> On 19 January, 11 militants and 7 hostages were killed in a final assault to end the standoff. In addition, 16 foreign hostages were freed, including 2 Americans, 2 Germans, and 1 Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-Goh-254">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malian_northward_advance">Malian northward advance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malian northward advance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diabaly" title="Battle of Diabaly">Battle of Diabaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Gao" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of Gao">Second battle of Gao</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_battle_of_Gao" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd battle of Gao">3rd battle of Gao</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_battle_of_Gao" class="mw-redirect" title="4th battle of Gao">4th battle of Gao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalil" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalil">Battle of Khalil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iminenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Iminenas">Battle of Iminenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tin_Keraten" title="Battle of Tin Keraten">Battle of Tin Keraten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timbuktu" title="Battle of Timbuktu">Battle of Timbuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Battle_of_Gao" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Battle of Gao">5th Battle of Gao</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Battle_of_Timbuktu" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Battle of Timbuktu">2nd Battle of Timbuktu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_In_Arab" title="Battle of In Arab">Battle of In Arab</a></div> On 16 January, French special forces, along with the Malian army, began fighting small and mobile groups of jihadists inside the city of Diabaly,<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> but the French defense minister denied the presence of French troops fighting in Diabaly.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The government of Spain approved the dispatch of one transport aircraft to Mali for logistical and training support.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> Meanwhile, the government of Germany authorized the contribution of two <a href="/wiki/Transall_C-160" title="Transall C-160">Transall C-160</a> transport aircraft to ferry African troops into the capital Bamako.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Germany-38">[38]</a> Likewise, the government of Italy pledged air transport-based logistical support.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-Italy-45">[45]</a> On 17 January, <a href="/wiki/Banamba" title="Banamba">Banamba</a> was put on alert after Islamists were reportedly spotted near the town. The Malian army immediately deployed 100 soldiers to the town, which were reinforced later. A convoy of Islamists reportedly left Diabaly and was heading towards Banamba,<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> but ultimately no fighting took place in the town. On 18 January, the <a href="/wiki/Malian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian Army">Malian Army</a> released a statement claiming to have complete control of <a href="/wiki/Konna" title="Konna">Konna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The claim was confirmed by residents of Konna<a href="#cite_note-maliwins-261">[258]</a> and a spokesman for Ansar al-Dine. The same day, rebels were driven out of Diabaly according to multiple local sources.<a href="#cite_note-nigeriaboost-83">[81]</a> Reports came out on 19 January that residents of Gao had lynched Aliou Toure, a prominent Islamist leader and the MOJWA police commissioner of the city, in retaliation for the killing of a local journalist, Kader Toure.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> AFP cited local reports saying that the Islamists were beginning to leave other areas under their control to seek refuge in the mountainous and difficult-to-access <a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-withdrawkidal-263">[260]</a> On the same day, two Nigerian soldiers were killed and five were injured by Islamists near the Nigerian town of <a href="/wiki/Okene" title="Okene">Okene</a> as they were heading toward Mali.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> On 20 January, the United States denied that they had attempted to bill the French for American support in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> C-17s began to fly in French troops and supplies the next day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 21 January, French and Malian troops entered Diabaly without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Douentza" title="Douentza">Douentza</a> was also taken that day.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> On the evening of 24 January Malian soldiers took control of <a href="/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> On the same day a splinter group of Ansar al-Dine, calling itself the Islamic Movement for Azawad (MIA), stated that it wanted to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict and urged France and Mali to cease hostilities in the north in order "to create a climate of peace which will pave the way for an inclusive political dialogue".<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> On 26 January, French Special Forces took over the airport and an important bridge in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> which remained largely Islamist-held. The troops reported "harassment" from Islamist forces but no solid resistance to their operations.<a href="#cite_note-Valdmanis-271">[268]</a> The city was taken by a French-backed Malian force later that day.<a href="#cite_note-gaoretaken-272">[269]</a> A new split happened in Ansar Dine, with one of its commanders in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a>, Kamou Ag Meinly, quitting the group and joining the MNLA.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> On 27 January, French and Malian forces encircled <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and began securing the city.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> After gaining the airport on 27 January, the next day, Malian and French military sources claimed that the entire area between Gao and Timbuktu was under government control and access to the city was available.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> The city was fully taken by French and Malian forces by the next day.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> On 28 January, the MNLA took control of Kidal with the help of the Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA), an Ansar Dine breakaway group that split after the international intervention. The MNLA also took control of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a> and Khalil. Apparently, fighters who had deserted the MNLA for the better financed Ansar Dine were now returning to the MNLA. Islamists were reported to have fled to the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-KidalRetaken-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-KidalTessalit-220">[217]</a> On 29 January, the first non-Malian African troops entered North Mali. <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Nigerien</a> soldiers occupied <a href="/wiki/Ansongo" title="Ansongo">Ansongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chadian</a> troops, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a>. The more numerous <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian Army">Chadian Army</a> was also reported as moving north from Ménaka in support of the Malian Army.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> On 30 January, French troops reached Kidal airport. No Malian soldiers were with them, as a confrontation with Tuaregs was feared. The town was reportedly under control of fighters from both the MNLA and MIA. The MNLA, however, denied any collaboration or even a desire to collaborate with the MIA, and stated that their fighters were maintaining control of the town alongside French forces.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> Many leaders of Ansar Dine left Iyad Ag Ghali. Delegations from the MNLA and MIA left for Ouagadougou to negotiate with Malian officials.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> On 2 February, Chadian troops from MISMA reached Kidal and were stationed in a deserted base in the city. Their general said that they had no problem with the MNLA and had good relations with them.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> On the same day, the French President, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, joined Mali's interim President, <a href="/wiki/Dioncounda_Traor%C3%A9" title="Dioncounda Traoré">Dioncounda Traoré</a>, in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Hollande_Timbuktu-285">[282]</a> On 5 February, according to Chadian news stations, 24 Chadian soldiers were killed and 11 were wounded when they were ambushed by jihadists during a patrol north of Kidal. The information was neither denied nor confirmed by Chadian and Malian authorities. However, the Chadian government did mention that 11 soldiers were injured in a "traffic accident" north of Kidal.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> On 8 February, French and Chadian troops announced that they had occupied <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a> near the Algerian border, the location of one of the last airports still not controlled by the Malian government and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_guerrilla_phase">Beginning of guerrilla phase</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beginning of guerrilla phase">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ifoghas" title="Battle of Ifoghas">Battle of Ifoghas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panther_(2013)" title="Operation Panther (2013)">Operation Panther (2013)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tigharghar" title="Battle of Tigharghar">Battle of Tigharghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kidal_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on Kidal (2013)">Attack on Kidal (2013)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djebok" title="Battle of Djebok">Battle of Djebok</a></div> Islamist and Tuareg forces retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_des_Ifoghas" title="Adrar des Ifoghas">Adrar des Ifoghas</a>, rugged badlands in northeastern Mali, where knowledge of and control over local sources of water would play a vital role in continuing the conflict in that area.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02913-288">[285]</a> On 19 February, France began a new operation (Panther) intended to subdue the region.<a href="#cite_note-internacional.elpais.com-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Between 8 and 10 February, <a href="/wiki/MUJAO" class="mw-redirect" title="MUJAO">MUJAO</a> – who had been harassing government forces from the outskirts since Malian and French forces took the city on 26 January – launched the first two <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> of the war in <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, resulting in the death of the two bombers and injuring a Malian soldier and a civilian. Islamist fighters armed with <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a> then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> on <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, took over an abandoned police station and deployed snipers in nearby buildings in anticipation of the government forces' counterattack. The situation was controlled by pro-government forces after heavy fighting which included an air attack on the police station by French helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> On 19 February, Islamists attacked a French parachute regiment of 150 soldiers supported by a heavy vehicle patrol and Mirage fighter jets. One French commando, a sergeant, was killed and so were 20 Islamist militants.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Gao was attacked a second time on 20 February. Islamists again crossed the Niger and came close to the city hall, possibly with help from locals. The same day, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> exploded in <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, killing two people.<a href="#cite_note-internacional.elpais.com-289">[286]</a> The fighting in Gao subsided after five Islamists were killed by Malian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> On 22 February 2013, 13 Chadian soldiers and 65 Islamists were killed during heavy fighting in the northern mountains.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> The same day two suicide bombers crashed their cars into the MNLA's local operations center in the town of in Khalil, killing 5 people including 3 MNLA fighters and both bombers.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> U. S. President Obama announced on 22 February 2013 that about 100 American troops had been sent to Niger, which borders Mali, to aid the French in Mali. The most recent U. S. troops were sent to help set up a new air base, from which to conduct surveillance against Al Qaeda. 40 U.S. Air Force logistics specialists, intelligence analysts and security officers arrived in the capital of Niger on 20 February 2013, bringing the total Americans deployed in Niger to 100.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> On 24 February, 28 Islamists and ten Chadian soldiers were killed while fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_des_Ifoghas" title="Adrar des Ifoghas">Adrar des Ifoghas</a> mountains in Northern Mali.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG/220px-Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG/330px-Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG/440px-Soldats_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Gao2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, March or April 2013</figcaption></figure> On 26 February, a car bomb exploded in <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a> targeting a MNLA checkpoint. At least 7 MNLA fighters along with the suicide bomber were killed in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> On 20 March, AQIM claimed to have executed a French hostage in Mali, Phillipe Verdon, who had been kidnapped in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> On 23 March, Islamist fighters from <a href="/wiki/MUJAO" class="mw-redirect" title="MUJAO">MUJAO</a> attacked the city of Gao, causing heavy fighting for two hours. The Malian army eventually repulsed this attack.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> On 30 March, a suicide bomber detonated his explosives near a Malian army checkpoint in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, allowing a group of jihadists to infiltrate by night. By 1 April, with the help of a French army detachment supported by war jets, the Malian army pushed the jihadists out of the city center.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> On 29 April, a French paratrooper was killed by a roadside bomb in Northern Mali, the sixth French soldier to die in the conflict. Two others were seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> On 28 February, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> television informed that <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abdelhamid Abou Zeid</a>, one of the three top men of <a href="/wiki/AQIM" class="mw-redirect" title="AQIM">AQIM</a> and deemed responsible of several kidnappings of westerners in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> in the 2000s, had been killed in battle against Franco-Chadian forces in the Tigharghar mountains along with about 40 of his followers, some kilometres away from <a href="/wiki/Aguelhok" title="Aguelhok">Aguelhok</a>. The information was neither confirmed nor denied by the French Army.<a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> On 2 March 2013, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a>, mastermind of the <a href="/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis" title="In Amenas hostage crisis">In Amenas hostage crisis</a> in which 800 hostages had been taken and 39 Westerners killed at an Algerian oil refinery, had been killed as well.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Africa-305">[302]</a> Chadian state television announced that "Chadian forces in Mali completely destroyed the main jihadist base in the Adrar de Ifhogas mountains... killing several terrorists including leader Mokhtar Belmokhtar", according to a BBC report.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Africa-306">[303]</a> BBC correspondent Thomas Fessy said this would be a major blow if confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Africa-306">[303]</a> On 4 March 2013, Al Qaeda's North African branch confirmed the death of Abou Zeid, but denied that Belmokhtar had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.N._Peacekeeping_Force">U.N. Peacekeeping Force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: U.N. Peacekeeping Force">edit</a>]</div> Now that the bulk of the conflict is over and the need for extended military involvement is decreasing, France looks to the UN to take over with the peacekeeping force that had been suggested earlier in the conflict once it was a more stable situation.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The operation was termed <a href="/wiki/MINUSMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MINUSMA">MINUSMA</a>. On 3 December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK government</a> announced an increase in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> commitment to MINUSMA, with 300 soldiers principally drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Light_Dragoons" title="Light Dragoons">Light Dragoons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anglian_Regiment" title="Royal Anglian Regiment">Royal Anglian Regiment</a> operating with 'a highly specialised reconnaissance capability'.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chadian_withdrawal">Chadian withdrawal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chadian withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> On 14 April 2013, Chadian president <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Idriss Déby Itno">Idriss Déby Itno</a> announced the full withdrawal of Chadian Forces in Mali (<a href="/wiki/FATIM" class="mw-redirect" title="FATIM">FATIM</a>), saying that face-to-face fighting with Islamists is over, and the Chadian army does not have the skills to fight a guerilla-style war. This announcement comes days after a <a href="/wiki/2013_Kidal_suicide_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Kidal suicide attack">suicide bomber</a> killed four Chadian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, where 1,800 of its soldiers are currently stationed.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_deal">Peace deal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Peace deal">edit</a>]</div> A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-peace-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insurgency_and_Operation_Barkhane_(2013–2023)">Insurgency and Operation Barkhane (2013–2023)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Insurgency and Operation Barkhane (2013–2023)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is missing information about the details of the events. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mali_War" title="Talk:Mali War">talk page</a>. (April 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Barkhane</a></div> The MNLA ended the ceasefire in September of the same year after government forces opened fire on unarmed protesters. Following the attack, MNLA vice-president Mahamadou Djeri Maiga remarked: "What happened is a declaration of war. We will deliver this war. Wherever we find the Malian army we will launch the assault against them. It will be automatic. The warnings are over." One of the MNLA's founders, Attaye Ag Mohamed, was also quoted as saying that the "political and military wings of the Azawad" had declared "the lifting of the ceasefire with the central government".<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-http-312">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014–2015:_Insurgents_regroup,_Islamic_State_taking_part">2014–2015: Insurgents regroup, Islamic State taking part</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2014–2015: Insurgents regroup, Islamic State taking part">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2nd_Battle_of_Kidal" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Battle of Kidal">2nd Battle of Kidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_2015_Bamako_shooting" title="March 2015 Bamako shooting">March 2015 Bamako shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2015 Bamako hotel attack">November 2015 Bamako hotel attack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_Nampala_attack" title="2016 Nampala attack">2016 Nampala attack</a></div> On 20 February, Germany and France announced the shipment of elements of the Franco-German brigade to Mali to help train Mali troops. This is the first deployment of EU troops in Africa (as an EU contingent).<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016–2017:_Conflict_spreading_to_neighboring_countries,_creation_of_JNIM">2016–2017: Conflict spreading to neighboring countries, creation of JNIM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2016–2017: Conflict spreading to neighboring countries, creation of JNIM">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2017_Gao_bombing" title="2017 Gao bombing">2017 Gao bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/June_2017_Bamako_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2017 Bamako attack">June 2017 Bamako attack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inkadogotane_ambush" title="Inkadogotane ambush">Inkadogotane ambush</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018–2020:_Conflict_intensifies_and_French_troops_surge">2018–2020: Conflict intensifies and French troops surge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2018–2020: Conflict intensifies and French troops surge">edit</a>]</div> In the first half of 2018, there was an increase in rebel attacks. As of July 2018, northern Mali was largely out of government control. In July 2018, three British <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_(UK_variants)" title="Boeing Chinook (UK variants)">RAF Chinook helicopters</a> were deployed to assist with logistics and troop movement, to reduce the risks of ground transportation.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20180720-314">[311]</a> On 1 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">IS-GS</a> militants killed at least 50 soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indelimane_attack" title="2019 Indelimane attack">2019 Indelimane attack</a> in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_Region" title="Ménaka Region">Ménaka Region</a> of Mali.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> On 13 February 2020, Mali government forces returned to Kidal after six years.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> On 6 April, militants attacked a <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military base</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Bamba,_Gao_Region" title="Bamba, Gao Region">Bamba</a>, killing at least 25 Malian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> From 24 April–27 August, a <a href="/wiki/Mopti_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mopti attacks">series of attacks</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti Region</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021–2022:_French_withdrawal_and_Russian_and_Turkish_intervention">2021–2022: French withdrawal and Russian and Turkish intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2021–2022: French withdrawal and Russian and Turkish intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 Malian coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_offensive" title="Ménaka offensive">Ménaka offensive</a></div> In the first days of January 2022, after several months of rumors and negotiations, several hundred Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group were deployed in Mali, as well as soldiers from the Russian regular army in charge of logistics or serving as instructors. Turkish intervention had also intensified at the same time. This deployment lead to strong protests from France, the United States and the Coordination of Movements of Azawad. Mali also asked for a revision of its defense agreements with France. For its part, ECOWAS adopted heavy sanctions on 9 January against the Malian junta. On 17 February, France, the European countries involved in Task Force Takuba and Canada officially announced their decision to withdraw their forces from Mali. French President Emmanuel Macron declared on this occasion: "We cannot remain militarily engaged alongside de facto authorities whose strategy or hidden objectives we share neither".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 4 March, the Mondoro military camp was attacked by jihadists and at least 27 Malian soldiers were killed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For its part, the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara attacked on 8 and 9 March the localities of Tamalat and Insinane, near Ménaka, held by the MSA. The clashes left a hundred dead, including several dozen Tuareg civilians massacred by the jihadists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 15 August 2022, French troops had fully withdrawn from Mali towards Niger, ending their presence in the country.<a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resurgence_and_Mali_counteroffensive_(2023–present)">Resurgence and Mali counteroffensive (2023–present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Resurgence and Mali counteroffensive (2023–present)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_withdrawal_and_breakdown_of_the_Algiers_agreement">UN withdrawal and breakdown of the Algiers agreement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: UN withdrawal and breakdown of the Algiers agreement">edit</a>]</div> On 16 June 2023, the Malian junta requested that <a href="/wiki/MINUSMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MINUSMA">MINUSMA</a> peacekeepers withdraw from Mali without delay.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> On 30 June 2023, the UN Security Council approved the request for the removal of peacekeepers.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> On 25 January 2024, the junta formally announced the termination of the 2015 Algiers peace agreement following months of growing hostilities with Tuareg rebels, citing the alleged refusal by rebel groups to comply with its terms and "acts of hostility" by Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_of_Azawad_Movements_rebellion">Coordination of Azawad Movements rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coordination of Azawad Movements rebellion">edit</a>]</div> In response to the alleged refusal by the Malian junta to implement the Algiers agreement with the Tuareg rebels, the main groups that make up the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_of_Azawad_Movements" title="Coordination of Azawad Movements">Coordination of Azawad Movements</a> (CMA) – the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Movement_of_Azawad" title="Arab Movement of Azawad">Arab Movement of Azawad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_the_Unity_of_Azawad" title="High Council for the Unity of Azawad">High Council for the Unity of Azawad</a> – withdrew from peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> They later merged into one group.<a href="#cite_note-CMA-62">[61]</a> The CMA claimed that, on 11 August 2023, they repulsed an attack by the Malian army and <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Ber,_Mali" title="Ber, Mali">Ber</a>. The Malian army, meanwhile, claimed that it had incurred six losses when repulsing an attack on its positions by "terrorists". It was believed that fighting was still ongoing in Ber by 13 August, and MINUSMA announced that it had "expedited its withdrawal from Ber due to the deteriorating security".<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> On 9 September 2023, CMA rebels claimed to have shot down the Malian airforce's only SU-25; visual evidence confirmed the loss of the SU-25 with the registration number TZ-25C.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> On the same day JNIM also claimed to have shot down a Mi-8 helicopter operated by PMC Wagner; visual evidence published by the group confirms the helicopter's destruction.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> On 11 September 2023, the CMA declared itself to be at "war" with the junta.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> It made this communication from what it claimed to be the first press release of the "Azawadian National Army", and called on civilians to "contribute to the war effort with the aim of defending and protecting the homeland, and thus regaining control of the entire Azawadian national territory".<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> The next day, 12 September, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Strategic_Framework_for_Peace,_Security,_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Strategic Framework for Peace, Security, and Development">Permanent Strategic Framework</a> (CSP), a coalition of rebels who signed the 2015 Algiers peace agreement, claimed to have briefly seized the town of <a href="/wiki/Bourem" title="Bourem">Bourem</a> and the military camp there from Mali's military and Wagner mercenaries after weeks of fighting, holding the town for some time before withdrawing.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> The CMA claimed that it lost 9 fighters while killing 97 Malian soldiers, while the junta claimed that it lost 10 soldiers for 47 enemy fighters, although neither allegation could be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> The recent flareups in fighting were in light of MINUMSA's withdrawal from the area.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> On 19 September, the CMA said they had taken control of two military camps in Lere and shot down an army plane.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> During September 2023, four Malian aircraft, including the only Su-25, a Mi-8MT, and a <a href="/wiki/L-39C" class="mw-redirect" title="L-39C">L-39C</a> light attack aircraft were shot down by CMA fighters. An L-39C was also captured by CMA combatants. On 30 September 2023, the Permanent Strategic Framework claimed responsibility for an attack in <a href="/wiki/Dioura" title="Dioura">Dioura</a>, saying that they captured the military base there after two hours of fighting. Mali admitted that its base there had been attacked.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> The rebels initially claimed to have killed 98 soldiers and taken five prisoner for seven deaths of their own fighters, while Mali's military never specified any details apart from the attacks' confirmation. The rebels later revised the death toll for the Malian soldiers to 81. The attack was the furthest south that the rebels have operated since the resurgence in violence.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> The CMA claimed on 1 October 2023 that they had seized the military base at <a href="/wiki/Bamba,_Gao_Region" title="Bamba, Gao Region">Bamba</a>, with the Malian government claiming that combat with terrorists was ongoing there.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> On 4 October 2023, the CMA claimed to have seized another Malian army base, this time at Taoussa, with no immediate response from the Malian army – the attack became the fifth rebel offensive during the renewed fighting.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali_counteroffensive">Mali counteroffensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mali counteroffensive">edit</a>]</div> The Malian army official stated in early October that, "as part of the reorganisation of [their] arrangements in the north", the army was beginning a deployment of military forces in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>, a city still controlled by the CMA.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> Its primary destinations were to be, specifically, the localities of Tessalit and Aguelhok, towns that still maintain MINUSMA military bases within them.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Clashes between the Malian army and the rebels erupted around <a href="/wiki/Anefif" class="mw-redirect" title="Anefif">Anefif</a> on 6 October, with both sides claiming to control the town at the end of the day.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> Later, a CSP spokesman said that the Malian army controlled Anefif. The Malian army also has said that it expects the MINUSMA base in Kidal to be handed over to the army soon.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> Ben Bella of the CMA claimed that fighters from <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> were coming to help them in the conflict, while a Nigerien rebel leader called on fighters to "join them [the rebels] on the front line".<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> On November 15, the Malian army, supported by Russian mercenary forces, captured the rebel stronghold of Kidal. The seizure of this stronghold is a major victory for the junta and could signal a turning point in the war.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> On 20 December, the CSP announced a blockade of all roads leading to the borders with Mauritania, Algeria, and Niger.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> However, the rebels' announcement has been met with a degree of skepticism. Critics suggest that this could be a propagandistic effort by the separatists to divert attention from their territorial losses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tuareg rebels announced the death of a high-ranking rebel official, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ag_Fagaga" title="Hassan Ag Fagaga">Hassan Ag Fagaga</a>, from a drone strike on 22 December.<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> On 25 December, Malian army successfully recaptured the town of <a href="/wiki/Aguelhok" title="Aguelhok">Aguelhok</a>, which they had lost in 2012. <a href="/wiki/Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a> was also recaptured by Malian army in December.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> On 9 February, Wagner and Malian forces captured the Intahaka mine in Gao region.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> On 29 April 2024, it was reported that Abu Huzeifa, a commander for a Sahelian affiliate of Islamic State (ISGS) was killed during an operation in <a href="/wiki/Menaka" title="Menaka">Menaka</a> region by Malian army. He was involved in <a href="/wiki/Tongo_Tongo_ambush" title="Tongo Tongo ambush">Tongo Tongo ambush</a> which killed four U.S. soldiers and four Nigerien soldiers in neighbouring Niger.<a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-77">[75]</a> On 30 April 2024, in an ambush planned by jihadists, ten pro-Government militiamen were killed outside Gao.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> On 3 July 2024, an attack by jihadists in a village in central Mali killed about 40 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> On 24 July 2024, the Malian army and Wagner forces captured the town of In-Afarak, near the Algerian border, from CMA rebels, but the settlement was recaptured by the rebels days later.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> On 27 July 2024, Tuareg rebels claimed to have killed dozens of Malian and Wagner group soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tinzaouaten_(2024)" title="Battle of Tinzaouaten (2024)">an ambush</a> near the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Tinzaouaten" title="Tinzaouaten">Tinzaouaten</a>. They also shot down a helicopter, which crashed near Kidal. Reports from pro-Russian bloggers suggest that about 50–60 soldiers including 20 Wagner soldiers were killed in the ambush. The rebels announced that they suffered 7 deaths and 12 injuries in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> On 17 August 2024, an attack by JNIM militants killed about 15 Malian soldiers. Malian soldiers also fired back causing unknown militant casualties in the Mopti region, near the town of Diallassagou.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> On 20 August 2024, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger wrote to the United Nations Security Council, complaining about Ukraine's support for rebel groups in the Sahel region.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> On 27 August 2024, an alleged drone strike by the Malian army killed about 21 civilians in Tinzaouaten.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> On 17 September 2024, JNIM militants <a href="/wiki/2024_Bamako_attacks" title="2024 Bamako attacks">attacked</a> a military training school and airport in the capital <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, killing more than 77 people and injuring 255 others. Among the dead were army personnel. At least 20 militants were captured.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali attacks">Mali attacks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> 2012 fatalities – 133.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2013">edit</a>]</div> 2013 fatalities 9+: <dl><dd>September Timbuktu bombing – 2 civilians and 4 bombers killed.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a></dd> <dd>23 October – civilians and 2 peacekeepers killed.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> On 17 January, a Chadian MINUSMA peacekeeper was killed in an attack on a French-UN camp in Kidal.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> On 11 June, a car bomb killed four Chadian peacekeepers in Aguelhok.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> On 18 September, five Chadian MINUSMA peacekeepers were killed by a land mine. The Chadian government described the incident as "discriminatory" and said its soldiers were being used as "shields".<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> On 23 October, two Chadian peacekeepers were killed in an attack in Tessalit.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> On 5 May 2017, a rocket hit a MINUMSA base killing a Liberian soldier and injuring 7 other soldiers, including several Liberians and a Swedish soldier.<a href="#cite_note-news24.com-121">[119]</a> On 18 June, <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> Islamists <a href="/wiki/June_2017_Bamako_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2017 Bamako attack">attacked a luxury resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> killing 5 people, including one Portuguese soldier. 6 attackers were also killed in the shooting and hostage-taking. On 26 July 2017, 2 German pilots died in a helicopter-crash.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> In a surge of attacks during October–November, over 100 Mali soldiers were killed. The attacks increased political discontent towards the government from the military community. The attacks also increased discontent towards the French peacekeeping forces located in the central part of the country. In response to the attacks, the military abandoned isolated outposts in the north.<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">HRW</a> documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November. The rights organization also cited that it interviewed 147 victims, ethnic communities and security and justice officials.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> On 6 April 2020, an attack on a military camp in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> left at least 23 dead, while several others injured. The Malian News Agency reported that the incident was carried out by unidentified gunmen, who took away the military equipment and also burned the camp.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> reported that unidentified gunmen opened fire on civilians on multiple villages of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and killed at least 31 civilians and 9 soldiers who returned fire, all within a week's time.<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a> To date over 600,000 have been displaced by this conflict.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> On 17 March, at least 33 soldiers are killed and 14 others are wounded in an attack on a military post in Gao, Mali.<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> On 4 July, four Malian soldiers were killed in an ambush on their patrol near the town of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a>. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, which came as France resumed joint military exercises with members of the Malian Armed Forces, which had been suspended following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> that year led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> On 31 December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Mali's army</a> announced 8 soldiers had died and 7 had been wounded during an attack in Sahel on the previous day (30 December 2021). They also said 31 assailants were also killed but did not identify the group.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> On 22 January 2022, a French soldier was killed and nine were injured in a mortar attack on Barkhane military camp in Gao, northern Mali.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> In March 2022, government forces <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moura" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Moura">set siege</a> to the town of <a href="/wiki/Mourrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourrah">Mourrah</a>. According to Human Rights Watch, over 300 civilians were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> On June 1, 2022,One Jordanian Peacekeeper Ali Aljawabrah Jumah Ali Was Killed In The Town Of Kidal In Northern Mali.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2023">edit</a>]</div> Dozens were killed in the <a href="/wiki/September_2023_Mali_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2023 Mali attacks">7 September 2023 attacks</a> in north east Mali.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024">2024</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2024">edit</a>]</div> In July 2024, Coordination of Azawad Movements and Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin militants killed dozens of Russian mercenaries and Malian government forces.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> On 17 September 2024, al-Qaeda linked <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin">JNIM</a> militants <a href="/wiki/2024_Bamako_attacks" title="2024 Bamako attacks">attacked several places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, killing more than 77 people and injuring 255 others.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_concerns">Human rights concerns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Human rights concerns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Mali">International Criminal Court investigation in Mali</a></div> Following several reports of abuse from both sides, the prosecutor of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> opened a case investigating war crimes in Mali on 16 January 2013. This case is the quickest any ICC investigation has begun after foreign military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_against_separatists_and_Islamists">Claims against separatists and Islamists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Claims against separatists and Islamists">edit</a>]</div> In May 2012, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> released a report stating that the conflict had created Mali's worst human rights situation since 1960. The organization stated that fighters with the MNLA and Ansar Dine were "running riot" in Mali's north,<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> and documented instances of <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial executions">extrajudicial executions</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a> by both Tuareg and Islamist groups.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> On 3 April 2012, armed groups looted 2,354 tons of food from United Nations' <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>'s warehouses in Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu, causing the WFP to suspend its food distribution operations in northern Mali.<a href="#cite_note-AFP34-383">[380]</a> Other targets of looting included hospitals, hotels, government offices, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> offices and the offices and warehouses of other unnamed aid groups.<a href="#cite_note-WFP-384">[381]</a> The WFP also stated that 200,000 had so far fled the fighting, predicting that the number would rise.<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_against_Islamists">Claims against Islamists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Claims against Islamists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg/220px-Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg/330px-Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg/440px-Ansar_Dine_Rebels_-_VOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Rebels from <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a></figcaption></figure> Ansar el Dine also blocked a humanitarian convoy bringing medical and food aid from reaching Timbuktu on 15 May, objecting to the presence of women in the welcoming committee set up by city residents;<a href="#cite_note-Reuters155-386">[383]</a> after negotiations, the convoy was released on the following day.<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> The group reportedly banned video games, Malian and Western music, bars, and football in Gao<a href="#cite_note-Reuters155-386">[383]</a> and ransacked alcohol-serving establishments in both Gao and Kidal.<a href="#cite_note-bbcposttim-153">[150]</a> Islamist forces were also reported to have intervened against looters and ordered women to wear <a href="/wiki/Head_scarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Head scarves">head scarves</a>. The CNRDR's spokesman Amadou Konare claimed that "women and girls have been kidnapped and raped by the new occupants who are laying down their own law."<a href="#cite_note-gaocontrol-135">[132]</a> The anti-slavery organization <a href="/wiki/Temedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Temedt">Temedt</a> claims that ex-slaves were the first targeted for punishment by Islamist forces and that former masters have used the violence to recapture ex-slaves.<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> On 29 July 2012, a couple was stoned to death by Islamists in <a href="/wiki/Aguelhok" title="Aguelhok">Aguelhok</a> for having children outside of marriage. An official reported that many people left the town for Algeria following the incident.<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> On 9 August, Islamist militants chopped off the hand of an alleged thief in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ansongo" title="Ansongo">Ansongo</a>, despite a crowd pleading with the militants for mercy.<a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_ancient_monuments_in_Timbuktu">Destruction of ancient monuments in Timbuktu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Destruction of ancient monuments in Timbuktu">edit</a>]</div> During the conflict, Islamists also <a href="/wiki/Islamist_destruction_of_Timbuktu_heritage_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites">damaged or destroyed a number of historical sites</a> on the grounds that they said were idolatrous, particularly in Timbuktu, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. On 4 May 2012, Ansar Dine members reportedly burned the tomb of a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saint.<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> In late June, Islamists attacked several more sites in Timbuktu with pickaxes and shovels.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> On 28 January 2013, as French-led Malian troops captured the airport of the World Heritage town of Timbuktu, the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Baba_Institute" title="Ahmed Baba Institute">Ahmed Baba Institute</a>, host of <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">priceless ancient manuscripts</a>, was razed by fleeing <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_against_the_Malian_Army_and_loyalists">Claims against the Malian Army and loyalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Claims against the Malian Army and loyalists">edit</a>]</div> The Tuaregs and Arabs who lived in Bamako and elsewhere in southern Mali were subjects of a rash of ethnic attacks by black Malians, despite many of them being hostile to Azawad separatism as well as the Islamists. In fact, a large part of them actually had only recently arrived to the government-held south, fleeing the violence in the north.<a href="#cite_note-BBCEthnicAttacks-394">[391]</a> An incident arose on 8 September 2012 when a group of Malian soldiers detained 17 unarmed <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi</a> preachers from Mauritania in <a href="/wiki/Dogofry,_S%C3%A9gou" title="Dogofry, Ségou">Dogofry</a>, north-east of Diabaly, while en route to a religious conference in Bamako and executed all but one of them without reporting to their own command. The Malian government expressed its condolences for the event, which <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> considered a symptom of the disintegration of discipline and command in the <a href="/wiki/Malian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian Army">Malian Army</a> as a result of the 21 March Coup.<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> On 19 January 2013, Human Rights Watch report killings and other human rights abuses committed by the Malian army in the central Malian town of Niono. Tuaregs and Arabs were especially targeted.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> On 23 January 2013, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported claims by the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Human Rights">International Federation of Human Rights</a> that Malian Army soldiers had carried out <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> against people suspected of being militant, and with bodies subsequently being hastily buried in makeshift graves and wells. Some victims were reportedly killed for not having identity documents or for their ethnicity. Reportedly, dozens of ethnic Tuaregs living in Bamako had their homes raided by government troops.<a href="#cite_note-397">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Mali earned the first win in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2013 Africa Cup of Nations">2013 Africa Cup of Nations</a> football championship on 20 January 2013 with a 1–0 win over Niger. After scoring the only goal, <a href="/wiki/Seydou_Keita_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seydou Keita (footballer)">Seydou Keita</a> displayed a T-shirt with a peace sign on it.<a href="#cite_note-398">[395]</a> A number of musicians from Mali came together to record the song Mali-ko (meaning peace) and release a video titled Voices United for Mali-'Mali-ko'<a href="#cite_note-399">[396]</a> in early 2013 about the ongoing conflict in the country. The collaboration includes many well-known Malian musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Oumou_Sangar%C3%A9" title="Oumou Sangaré">Oumou Sangaré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vieux_Farka_Tour%C3%A9" title="Vieux Farka Touré">Vieux Farka Touré</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amadou_%26_Mariam" title="Amadou & Mariam">Amadou & Mariam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ceasefire">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels. The terms of the truce state that both sides agreed to "tackle the causes of lasting tensions in the region" as the AFP news agency puts it.<a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> The BBC mentioned that "Mali's leaders have rejected autonomy, but are willing to consider devolved local powers."<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The participation of the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a>, has been denied by both Russia and Mali, which insist Russia is only sending military advisors. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Faction affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Strategic_Framework_for_Peace,_Security,_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Strategic Framework for Peace, Security, and Development">CSP-PSD</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حرب مالي; <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>: Mali Kɛlɛ; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Guerre du Mali </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/2024/09/03/line-of-conflict-shifts-from-the-donbas-in-ukraine-to-mali-in-the-sahel/">"Line of conflict shifts from the Donbas in Ukraine to Mali in the Sahel"</a>. 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Line+of+conflict+shifts+from+the+Donbas+in+Ukraine+to+Mali+in+the+Sahel&rft.date=2024-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2024%2F09%2F03%2Fline-of-conflict-shifts-from-the-donbas-in-ukraine-to-mali-in-the-sahel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr24-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr24_2-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/fr/20130114-mali-djihadistes-semparent-dune-ville-a-400-km-bamako-le-drian">"Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politiken&rft.atitle=Danmark+sender+transportfly+ind+i+kampene+i+Mali+%28Denmark+confirms+sending+transport+planes+to+Mali+skirmish%29&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitiken.dk%2Fpolitik%2FECE1867670%2Fdanmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politiken.dk/politik/ECE1867670/danmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali/">Denmark Confirms Sending Transport Planes to Mali Skirmish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115132351/http://politiken.dk/politik/ECE1867670/danmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali/">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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BBC News. 2 April 2013. 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Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=India+pledges+%24100m+for+Mali+reconstruction&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FIndia-pledges-100m-for-Mali-reconstruction%2Farticleshow%2F18353701.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/international/article-744742">"Iran may supply Mali with weapons, impacting West Africa and Sahel"</a>. 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+may+supply+Mali+with+weapons%2C+impacting+West+Africa+and+Sahel&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Finternational%2Farticle-744742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214014751/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2013/0214/1224330015385.html">"Irish and British join forces in Mali mission"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France+begins+Mali+military+intervention&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2013%2F01%2F2013111135659836345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-intervention-risks-idUSBRE90C0F520130113">"Analysis: French early strike shakes up Mali intervention plan"</a>. Reuters. 13 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+French+early+strike+shakes+up+Mali+intervention+plan&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mali-intervention-risks-idUSBRE90C0F520130113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717071253/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411">"Traore readies to take over in Mali"</a>. news24.com. 12 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411">the original</a> on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Traore+readies+to+take+over+in+Mali&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FAfrica%2FNews%2FTraore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> 2 killed (17–19 January),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html">[1]</a> 160 killed (24–25 January),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/making-sense-of-mali-1.423899">[2]</a> 19 killed (16 February), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-mali-rebellion-idAFJOE81G00Q20120217">[3]</a> total of 181 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-Desprisonniers-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Desprisonniers_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409135846/http://www.elwatan.com/actualite/des-prisonniers-crient-leur-detresse-08-04-2012-165945_109.php">"Des prisonniers crient leur détresse"</a> (in French). El Watan. 8 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/actualite/des-prisonniers-crient-leur-detresse-08-04-2012-165945_109.php">the original</a> on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Des+prisonniers+crient+leur+d%C3%A9tresse&rft.pub=El+Watan&rft.date=2012-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatan.com%2Factualite%2Fdes-prisonniers-crient-leur-detresse-08-04-2012-165945_109.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> 63 killed (Jan.-March 2013),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313110134/http://en.starafrica.com/news/63-mali-soldiers-600-islamists-killed-this-year.html">[4]</a> 52 killed (May 2014),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-fighting/mali-says-50-soldiers-killed-in-kidal-fighting-idUSBREA4P00220140526">[5]</a> 3 killed (9 February 2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35537974">[6]</a> 3 killed (12 February 2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/six-un-peacekeepers-among-9-killed-in-mali-by-suspected-islamists/story-N3AWUVJe4nCF17y8Vyj0LP.html">[7]</a> 5 killed (27 May 2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20160529-mali-five-un-soldiers-killed-blue-helmets-sevare">[8]</a> 17 killed (19 July 2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36838896">[9]</a> 5 killed (12 January 2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/5-malian-soldiers-killed-in-landmine-explosion/725648">[10]</a> 5 killed (17 June 2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/soldiers-killed-attack-mali-military-camp-170617183113559.html">[11]</a> 8 killed (9 July 2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/bodies-8-slain-soldiers-found-northern-mali">[12]</a> 2 killed (14 August 2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/15/africa/un-mission-timbuktu-attacked/index.html">[13]</a> 1 killed (November 2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42120618">[14]</a> 14 killed (27 January 2018),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/malian-soldiers-killed-al-qaeda-attack-army-base-180127165051479.html">[15]</a> 6 killed (27 February 2018),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apnews.com/e35274718b3d44be8171f1233d954345">[16]</a> 41 killed (30 September 2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apnews.com/3997fca217b84865815ce88e4bc05bf9">[17]</a> 77 killed (November 2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/54-killed-attack-mali-military-post">[18]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/mali-army-says-24-soldiers-17-militants-killed-attack-northern-patrol">[19]</a> 20 killed (26 January 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-security/twenty-soldiers-killed-in-mali-attack-government-says-idUSKBN1ZP0H7">[20]</a> 9 killed (15 February 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51511686">[21]</a> 30 killed (19 March 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://middle-east-online.com/en/around-30-mali-soldiers-killed-jihadist-attack">[22]</a> 25 killed (6 April 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200407-25-soldiers-killed-suspected-jihadist-attack-in-northern-mali-says-government">[23]</a> 24 killed (15 June 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apnews.com/ba3e87fb3fa8e257c82555f01807c6ce">[24]</a> 9 killed (2 July 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/mali-soldiers-killed-ambush-army-200703174541788.html">[25]</a> 11 killed (17 March 2021),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-03/17/c_139817046.htm">[26]</a> total of 428 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> 38 killed (Jan.-April 2013),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2013/Aug-27/228933-malis-new-president-thanks-chad-for-support-against-islamists.ashx">[27]</a> 36 killed (May 2013-October 2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/197638/1/87819276X.pdf">[28]</a> 9 killed (2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/org1663.doc.htm">[29]</a> 2 killed (2018),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/org1684.doc.htm">[30]</a> 12 killed (2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/org1707.doc.htm">[31]</a> 3 killed (10 May 2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dw.com/en/three-un-troops-killed-in-mali/a-53387633">[32]</a> 4 killed (2 April 2021),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://apnews.com/article/antonio-guterres-united-nations-mali-c7fff8460dcca5f31e2fb9e548efd63b">[33]</a> total of 104 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> See <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_military_casualties_in_Mali_and_the_Sahel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French military casualties in Mali and the Sahel (page does not exist)">French military casualties in Mali and the Sahel</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertes_militaires_fran%C3%A7aises_au_Mali_et_au_Sahel" class="extiw" title="fr:Pertes militaires françaises au Mali et au Sahel">fr</a>] for more details and citations. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> 2 killed (2015),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/org1624.doc.htm">[34]</a> 7 killed (2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/org1643.doc.htm">[35]</a> 4 killed (8 June 2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/org1663.doc.htm">[36]</a> 3 killed (2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/org1707.doc.htm">[37]</a> total of 16 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_fatalities-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_fatalities_103-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/fatalities">"FATALITIES"</a>. United Nations. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=FATALITIES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacekeeping.un.org%2Fen%2Ffatalities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> 1 killed (2013),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.malijet.com/en-direct-du-front/63505-guerre-au-mali-au-moins-1-mort-dans-les-rangs-des-togolais.html">[38]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624093626/http://www.malijet.com/en-direct-du-front/63505-guerre-au-mali-au-moins-1-mort-dans-les-rangs-des-togolais.html">Archived</a> 24 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 6 killed (2016),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/org1643.doc.htm">[39]</a> 1 killed (2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/org1663.doc.htm">[40]</a> 1 killed (2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/org1707.doc.htm">[41]</a> 7 killed (2021),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/12/1107502">[42]</a> total of 16 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2024/07/28/dozens-of-russian-wagner-group-mercenaries-reportedly-killed-in-mali-en-news">"Dozens of Russian Wagner Group mercenaries reportedly killed in Mali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a>. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=Dozens+of+Russian+Wagner+Group+mercenaries+reportedly+killed+in+Mali&rft.date=2024-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovayagazeta.eu%2Farticles%2F2024%2F07%2F28%2Fdozens-of-russian-wagner-group-mercenaries-reportedly-killed-in-mali-en-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> 1 killed (2015),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/org1624.doc.htm">[43]</a> 9 killed (3 October 2014),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/10/nine-un-peacekeepers-killed-mali-ambush-201410312210524407.html">[44]</a> 4 killed (2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/org1663.doc.htm">[45]</a> 1 killed (2018),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/org1684.doc.htm">[46]</a> total of 15 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/4/20/egyptian-peacekeeper-killed-in-mali-attack">"Egyptian peacekeeper killed in Mali attack"</a>. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+peacekeeper+killed+in+Mali+attack&rft.date=2019-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2019%2F4%2F20%2Fegyptian-peacekeeper-killed-in-mali-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1082332">Peacekeepers under attack again in Mali, as one Egyptian blue helmet dies, another seriously injured</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211003-un-peacekeeper-killed-in-north-mali-ied-attack">"UN peacekeeper killed in north Mali IED attack"</a>. 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+peacekeeper+killed+in+north+Mali+IED+attack&rft.date=2021-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20211003-un-peacekeeper-killed-in-north-mali-ied-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1237/462477/Egypt/Defence/Two-Egyptian-peacekeepers-killed-in-Mali,-four-wou.aspx">"Two Egyptian peacekeepers killed in Mali, four wounded"</a>. 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Egyptian+peacekeepers+killed+in+Mali%2C+four+wounded&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F1237%2F462477%2FEgypt%2FDefence%2FTwo-Egyptian-peacekeepers-killed-in-Mali%2C-four-wou.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> 2 killed (21 January 2013),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/97301/islamists-kill-nigerian-soldiers-heading-to-mali">[47]</a> 2 killed (6 May 2013),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/06/official-nigerian-military-plane-aiding-northern-mali-operation-crashes-in/">[48]</a> 1 killed (2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/org1707.doc.htm">[49]</a> total of 5 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/06/15/netherlands-end-mali-minusma-contribution/">"Netherlands to end Mali peacekeeping contribution in May"</a>. 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands+to+end+Mali+peacekeeping+contribution+in+May&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2018%2F06%2F15%2Fnetherlands-end-mali-minusma-contribution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrCohen2017" class="citation web cs1">Starr, Barbara; Cohen, Zachary (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/18/politics/us-niger-investigation-what-we-know/index.html">"What we know and don't know about the deadly Niger attack"</a>. 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Reuters. 14 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Four+U.N.+peacekeepers+killed%2C+five+wounded+in+Mali+attack&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mali-security-idUSKBN29J0OS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/car-bomb-kills-2-un-peacekeepers-mali-20131214144813908884.html">"Car bomb kills UN peacekeepers in Mali"</a>. aljazeera.com. 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Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boko+Haram%3A+Nigeria%27s+Islamist+Insurgency&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Comolli&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42664.pdf">Alexis Arieff, "Crisis in Mali,"</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> Report for Congress, 14 January 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/possibilities-and-challenges-transitional-justice-mali">Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice In Mali</a> <a href="/wiki/ICTJ" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTJ">ICTJ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mali_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mali War">Mali War</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/Orphans-of-the-Sahara/">Orphans of the Sahara</a>, a three-part documentary series about the Tuareg people of the Sahara desert.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/21px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/42px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Mali</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mali_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mali_topics" title="Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mali_topics" title="Template talk:Mali topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mali_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mali_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mali_Empire" title="History of the Mali Empire">History of the Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9n%C3%A9dougou_Kingdom" title="Kénédougou Kingdom">Kénédougou Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 Tuareg rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 coup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali" title="Ebola virus disease in Mali">Ebola disease event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_protests" title="2020 Malian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">2020 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mali" title="Template:Borders of Mali">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali" title="Cercles of Mali">Cercles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mali" title="Environmental issues in Mali">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Mali" title="Category:Mountains of Mali">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_Mali" title="Category:National parks of Mali">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mali" title="List of rivers of Mali">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mali" title="Wildlife of Mali">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mali" title="Elections in Mali">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali" title="Foreign relations of Mali">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali" title="Human rights in Mali">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mali">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mali">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mali" title="List of political parties in Mali">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Mali">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali" title="Vice President of Mali">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Mali" title="Foreign aid to Mali">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mali" title="Tourism in Mali">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mali" title="Transport in Mali">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mali" title="Category:Society of Mali">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali" title="Child marriage in Mali">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mali">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mali" title="Health in Mali">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali" title="Human trafficking in Mali">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mali" title="Prostitution in Mali">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malian_films" title="List of Malian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mali">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mali" title="Polygamy in Mali">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mali" title="Public holidays in Mali">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mali" title="Outline of Mali">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mali" title="Category:Mali">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&oldid=1259151661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali_War&oldid=1259151661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mali_War" title="Category:Mali War">Mali War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Mali" title="Category:2010s in Mali">2010s in Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_Mali" title="Category:2020s in Mali">2020s in Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_conflicts" title="Category:2010s conflicts">2010s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_conflicts" title="Category:2020s conflicts">2020s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Mali" title="Category:Rebellions in Mali">Rebellions in Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Azawad" title="Category:History of Azawad">History of Azawad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuareg_rebellions" title="Category:Tuareg rebellions">Tuareg rebellions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Winter_in_Mali" title="Category:Arab Winter in Mali">Arab Winter in Mali</a></li><li><a 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