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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཞུས་ཀོང་ཆི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞུས་ཀོང་ཆི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC_Kuang-%C4%8Dchi" title="Sü Kuang-čchi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sü Kuang-čchi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%AC_K%C3%B4ng-kh%C3%AD" title="Chhì Kông-khí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhì Kông-khí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84" title="서광계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서광계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Siu" title="Paulus Siu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Siu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%83%D9%89" title="اكسو جوانجكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكسو جوانجكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%93" title="徐光啓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="徐光啓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Сюй Гуанци – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сюй Гуанци" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_%C5%A0u" title="Pavel Šu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pavel Šu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Xu Guangqi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D2%90%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Сюй Ґуанці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сюй Ґуанці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Từ Quang Khải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ Quang Khải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F" title="徐光啟 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="徐光啟" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%93" title="徐光啓 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="徐光啓" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F" title="徐光啟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="徐光啟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%90%AF" title="徐光启 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="徐光启" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese intellectual of the Ming dynasty</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Xu_(surname_%E5%BE%90)" title="Xu (surname 徐)">Xú <i>(徐)</i></a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Xu Guangqi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">徐光啓</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg/200px-%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg/300px-%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg/400px-%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="2540" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Xu Guangqi</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Vice Minister of Rites</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1629–1630</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma Zhiqi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Li Sunchen</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_of_Literary_Profundity" title="Belvedere of Literary Profundity">Wenyuan Library</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1632–1633</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Senior Grand Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Tiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Tiren (page does not exist)">Wen Tiren</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">April 24, 1562<br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_County" title="Shanghai County">Shanghai County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songjiang_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Songjiang Prefecture">Songjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Zhili" class="mw-redirect" title="South Zhili">South Zhili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-dude_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 8, 1633<span style="display:none">(1633-11-08)</span> (aged 71)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudink2001409_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudink2001409-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuntian_Prefecture" title="Shuntian Prefecture">Shuntian</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Zhili" title="North Zhili">North Zhili</a>, Ming Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangqi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangqi Park (page does not exist)">Guangqi Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xujiahui" title="Xujiahui">Xujiahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuhui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuhui District">Xuhui District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Wu<sup id="cite_ref-duude_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duude-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a> (granddaughter)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>(Xu Zhun)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> (Xu Maheux)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Ji_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Ji (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Xu Ji</a> (徐驥)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Sicheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Sicheng (page does not exist)">Xu Sicheng</a> (徐思誠), father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_(imperial_examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinshi (imperial examination)">Jinshi</a> Degree (1604)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey200859_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockey200859-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-official</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Minister of Rites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Grand Secretary</a>), agronomist, astronomer, mathematician, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pillars_of_Chinese_Catholicism" title="Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism">Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism</a><br />Chinese translation of <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's <i>Elements</i></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_calendar" title="Chongzhen calendar">Chongzhen calendar</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Treatise_on_Agriculture" title="Complete Treatise on Agriculture">Complete Treatise on Agriculture</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal name">Baptismal name</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Paul Xu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:徐">徐</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:光">光</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:啓">啓</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:徐">徐</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:光">光</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:启">启</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xú Guāngqǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hsü<sup>2</sup> Kuang<sup>1</sup>-ch‘i<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕy̌ kwáŋtɕʰì]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:子">子</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:先">先</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zǐxiān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tzu<sup>3</sup>-hsien<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:玄">玄</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:扈">扈</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xuánhù</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hsüan-hu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Third alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:定">定</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wéndìng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wên<sup>2</sup>-ting<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Fourth alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%A5%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:保祿">保祿</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%A6%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:保禄">保禄</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_(given_name)" title="Paul (given name)">Paulus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Bǎolù</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Pao<sup>3</sup>-lu<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Xu Guangqi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg/220px-Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg/330px-Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg/440px-Kircher_-_Toonneel_van_China_-_Ricci_and_Guangqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="3773" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Xu Guangqi with <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> (left)<br /> From <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>'s <i>China Illustrata</i>, 1667</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">April 24, 1562<br />Shanghai, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 8, 1633<br />Beijing, China</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xu Guangqi</b> or <b>Hsü Kuang-ch'i</b> (April 24, 1562<span class="nowrap"> </span>– November 8, 1633), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal name">baptismal name</a> <b>Paul</b> or <b>Paul Siu</b>, was a Chinese agronomist, astronomer, mathematician, <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">politician</a>, and writer during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xu was appointed by the Chinese Emperor in 1629 to be the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_calendar" title="Chongzhen calendar">Shixian calendar</a> reform, which he embarked on with the assistance of Jesuits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xu was a colleague and collaborator of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabatino_de_Ursis" title="Sabatino de Ursis">Sabatino de Ursis</a> and assisted their translation of several classic Western texts into Chinese, including part of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i>. He was also the author of the <i>Nong Zheng Quan Shu</i>, a treatise on agriculture. </p><p>He is one of the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Pillars_of_Chinese_Catholicism" title="Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism">Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> considers him a <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the stages towards formal sainthood.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> spokesman Federico Lombardi announced the start of a <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> process for Xu Guangqi,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu Guangqi is the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> pronunciation of Xu's Chinese name. His name is written <span class="nowrap"><b>Hsü Kuang-ch‘i</b></span> using the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system. His <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> was <b>Zixian</b> and his <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">penname</a> was <b>Xuanhu</b>. In the Jesuits' records, it is the last which is used as his Chinese name, in the form <span class="nowrap">"Siù Hsven Hú".</span><sup id="cite_ref-blueblue48_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At his <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversion</a>, he adopted the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal name">baptismal name</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_(given_name)" title="Paul (given name)">Paul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Paulus</i>). In Chinese, its <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transcription</a> is employed as a kind of courtesy name (i.e., Xu Baolu) and the Jesuits sometimes referred to him as <span class="nowrap">"Siù Pao Lò"</span><sup id="cite_ref-blueblue48_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="nowrap">Ciù Paulus</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue33_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue33-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More often, however, they describe him as "Doctor Paul" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Doctor Paulus</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue44_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue44-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blueblue48_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Doutor Paulo</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasconcelos2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4kYsBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasconcelos2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4kYsBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Our Paul" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">noster Paulus</i>), or "Paul Siu"<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue45_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Ciu".<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue33_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue33-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blueblue48_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blueblue49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Biography"></span><span class="anchor" id="History"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu Guangqi was born in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Zhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Zhili">Southern Zhili</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Songjiang_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Songjiang Prefecture">Songjiang Prefecture</a> on April 24, 1562,<sup id="cite_ref-dude_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. At the time, Shanghai was merely a small <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese city walls">walled</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_County" title="Shanghai County">county seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Old Town">old quarter</a> around the present city's <a href="/wiki/Yu_Garden" title="Yu Garden">Yu Garden</a>. His family, including an older and younger sister, lived in the Taiqing Quarter at the south end of the town. Guangqi's branch of the <a href="/wiki/Xu_(surname_%E5%BE%90)" title="Xu (surname 徐)">Xu clan</a> were not related to those who had passed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> and joined Shanghai's local <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">gentry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-broa_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father <span class="nowrap">Xu Sicheng</span> (died<span class="nowrap"> </span><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1607</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA35_35]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA35_35]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been orphaned at age 5 and seen most of his inheritance lost to <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">"Japanese" pirate raids</a> and insolvent friends in the 1550s.<sup id="cite_ref-broa_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Guangqi's birth, his father worked twenty <a href="/wiki/Mu_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (unit)">mu</a> (1¼<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA243_243]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA243_243]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or less south of the city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-brob_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of this would have been used to feed the family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClunas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm4_JPsdMqscCpgPA40_40]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm4_JPsdMqscCpgPA40_40]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the rest used to supplement his income from small-scale trading.<sup id="cite_ref-broa_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Guangqi was 6, the family had saved enough to send him to a local school, where a later hagiographer records him piously upbraiding his classmates when they spoke of wanting to use their education for wealth or mystical power. </p><p>Guangqi supposedly advised, "None of these things is worth doing. If you want to talk about the sort of person you want to become, then it should be to establish yourself and to follow the <a href="/wiki/Tao_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tao (concept)">Way</a>. Bring order to the state and the people. Revere the orthodox and expose the heterodox. Don't waste the chance to be someone who matters in this world."<sup id="cite_ref-brob_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1569 to 1573, the family sent Guangqi to the school at the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monastery">Buddhist monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Longhua_Temple" title="Longhua Temple">Longhua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dude_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dude-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not recorded, but this school was probably a separate secular and fee-based institution for families too poor to hire private tutors for their sons.<sup id="cite_ref-brob_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother died on May 8, 1592, and he undertook the ritual mourning period in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His whereabouts over the next few years are uncertain but he seems to have failed the provincial exam at Beijing in 1594, after the mourning period was over.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1596, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Xunzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Xunzhou">Xunzhou</a> (now Guiping) in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> to assist its prefect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Fengyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Fengyu (page does not exist)">Zhao Fengyu</a>, a Shanghai native who had passed the juren exams in 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in the spring and passed its <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">provincial exam</a>, becoming a <i>juren</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seems to have stayed there for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial exam">imperial exam</a> the next year, but failed to pass. He then returned to Shanghai around April, turning his attention to the study of military and agricultural subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year he studied under <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Jiasui" title="Cheng Jiasui">Cheng Jiasui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He first met <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China mission">Jesuit</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in March or April 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuude_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He collaborated with Ricci in translating several classic Western texts—most notably the first part of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i>—into Chinese, as well as several Chinese <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> texts into <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricci's influence led to Xu being baptized as a Roman Catholic in 1603. His descendants remained Catholics or Protestants into the 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1607 until 1610, Xu was forced to retire from public office and returned to his home in Shanghai. It was during this time that he experimented with Western-style irrigation methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also experimented with the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ligustrum_lucidum" title="Ligustrum lucidum">nu zhen</a></i> tree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was called once more to serve the Chinese bureaucracy, where he rose to a high rank and became known late in his career simply as "The Minister".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet he continued to experiment and learn of new agricultural practices while he served his office, promoting the use of <a href="/wiki/Wet-rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet-rice">wet-rice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1613 until 1620 he often visited <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, where he helped organize self-sufficient military settlements (<i>tun tian</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1629, memorials by Xu successfully moved the court to permit the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Teixeira-Correa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonçalo Teixeira-Correa">Gonçalo Teixeira-Correa</a> to bring 10 artillery pieces and 4 "excellent bombards" across China to the capital to demonstrate the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao">Western artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue44_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue44-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier demonstration in 1623 had gone disastrously, with an exploding cannon killing one Portuguese artillerist and three Chinese observers, but on this occasion the pieces were accepted and directed to <a href="/wiki/Dengzhou,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengzhou, Shandong">Dengzhou</a> (now Penglai) in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan1976[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJWpF-dObxW8CpgPA1147_1147]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan1976[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJWpF-dObxW8CpgPA1147_1147]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian convert <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yuanhua" title="Sun Yuanhua">Ignatius Sun</a>, a protégé of Xu's, was <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Shandong">governor</a> there<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFang1943_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFang1943-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had also been a strong advocate of modernizing China's military. Together with Captain<span class="nowrap"> </span>Teixeira and his translator <a href="/wiki/Joao_Rodrigues_Tcuzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Joao Rodrigues Tcuzu">João Rodrigues</a>, Sun used the pieces to train his troops to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_conquest_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu conquest of China">ongoing Manchu invasion</a>. However, Sun's lenient treatment of a 1632 mutiny under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Yude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Yude (page does not exist)">Kong Yude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geng_Zhongming" title="Geng Zhongming">Geng Zhongming</a> permitted them to successfully capture Dengzhou, seize the artillery, and establish an independent power base that eventually joined the Manchus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFang1943_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFang1943-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xu's memorials for clemency were unsuccessful and Sun was court-martialed and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue45_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He held the positions of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Minister of Rites</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E9%83%A8%E5%B0%99%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:禮部尙書">禮部尙書</a></span></span>), overseeing government programs related to culture, education, and foreign affairs, and Deputy Senior <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Grand Secretary</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E6%AC%A1%E8%BC%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:內閣次輔">內閣次輔</a></span></span>), effectively a deputy premier for the imperial cabinet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a> stayed with Xu during his final illness in 1633 and oversaw the return of his body to his family in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA42_42–3]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA42_42–3]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, it was publicly displayed at his villa until 1641, when it was buried "in a time of hardship".<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue45_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Guangqi" title="Tomb of Xu Guangqi">Tomb of Xu Guangqi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Guangqi" title="Tomb of Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi's tomb</a> remains the centerpiece of Shanghai's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangqi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangqi Park (page does not exist)">Guangqi Park</a> on Nandan Road (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南丹路</span></span>), just south of <a href="/wiki/Xujiahui_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Xujiahui Cathedral">Xujiahui Cathedral</a>. </p><p>The 350th anniversary of his death in 1983 was celebrated very publicly, both with ceremonies in Shanghai and a laudatory article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Review" title="Beijing Review">Beijing Review</a></i>. The vocal <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> support for these memorials has been seen as signaling support for <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s policies of <a href="/wiki/Opening_Up_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening Up Policy">opening up</a> and modernizing China.<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Chinese treatments of his life and legacy, however, focus upon his desire for scientific, technological, and political progress and its effect upon Chinese development, whereas Western treatments nearly universally attach great importance to his Christian conversion and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_science">Military science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu Guangqi wrote a book on military techniques and strategies entitled <i>Mr Xu's Amateur Observations</i> in response to the criticisms he faced for daring discuss military matters in spite of being a mere scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He frequently cited the Xunzi and <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a>, and made use of rewards and punishments along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Legalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Legalism">Legalists</a>, at least in relief activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009252_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009252-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xu Guangqi put forward the concept of a "Rich Country and Strong Army" (富國強兵), which would be adopted by Japan for its modernization in the end of the 19th century, under the name <i><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_Kyohei" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukoku Kyohei">Fukoku Kyohei</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1607, Xu and Ricci translated the first parts of <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's <i>Elements</i></a> (a treatise on mathematics, geometry, and logic) into Chinese. Some Chinese scholars credit Xu as having "started China's enlightenment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2007_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After followers of Xu and Ricci publicly predicted a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> in 1629, Xu was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> as the leader of an effort to reform the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>. The reform, which constituted the first major collaboration between scientists from Europe and from the Far East, was completed after his death and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_calendar" title="Chongzhen calendar">Chongzhen calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2007_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's notable for systematically introducing the concepts and development of European mathematics and astronomy to China for the first time, including extensive translations and references to <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's Elements</a> and the works of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Tychonic_system" title="Tychonic system">Tychonic system</a> was used its main theoretical basis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg/220px-Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg/330px-Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg/440px-Cook_Xu%27s_words.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Xu Guangqi's work on military matters <i>Mr Xu's Amateur Observations</i></figcaption></figure><p>Xu Guangqi wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Treatise_on_Agriculture" title="Complete Treatise on Agriculture">Complete Treatise on Agriculture</a></i>, an outstanding agricultural treatise that followed in the tradition of those such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a> (wrote the <i>Wang Zhen Nong Shu</i> of 1313 AD) and Jia Sixia (wrote the <i>Chi Min Yao Shu</i> of 535 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198464–5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198464–5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Wang Zhen, Xu lived in troubled times, and was devoted as a patriot to aiding the rural farmers of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main interests were in <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> relief, economic crops, and empirical observation with early notions of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an enormous written work, some 700,000 written <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, making it 7 times as large as the work of both Jia Sixia and Wang Zhen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198466_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198466-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its final draft was unfinished by Xu Guangqi by the time of his death in 1633, the famous Jiangnan scholar <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zilong" title="Chen Zilong">Chen Zilong</a> assembled a group of scholars to edit the draft, publishing it in 1639.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198466_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198466-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topics covered by his book are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198466_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198466-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Fundamentals of Agriculture (<i>Nong Ben</i>): quotations from the classics on the importance of encouraging agriculture</li> <li>Field System (<i>Tian Zhi</i>): land distribution, field management</li> <li>Agricultural Tasks (<i>Nong Shi</i>): clearing land, tilling; also a detailed exposition on settlement schemes</li> <li>Water Control (<i>Shui Li</i>): various methods of irrigation, types of irrigation equipment, and the last two chapters devoted to new Western-style irrigation equipment</li> <li>Illustrated Treatise on Agricultural Implements (<i>Nong Chi Tu Pu</i>): based largely on Wang Zhen's book of 1313 AD</li> <li>Horticulture (<i>Shi Yi</i>): vegetables and fruit</li> <li>Sericulture (<i>Can Sang</i>): silk production</li> <li>Further Textile Crops (<i>Can Sang Guang Lei</i>): cotton, hemp, etc.</li> <li>Silviculture (<i>Chong Chi</i>): forestry preservation</li> <li>Animal Husbandry (Mu Yang)</li> <li>Culinary Preparations (<i>Zhi Zao</i>)</li> <li>Famine Control (<i>Huang Zheng</i>): administrative measures, famine flora</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu's only son was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Ji_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Ji (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">John Xu</a><sup id="cite_ref-blueblue45_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">(<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%A9%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:徐驥">徐驥</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:徐">徐</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:骥">骥</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Xú Jì</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-duude_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duude-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose daughter was <a href="/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:徐">徐</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:甘第大">甘第大</a></span></span>, <i>Xú Gāndìdà</i>; 1607–1680). A devout Christian, she was recognized as an important patron of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> era. The Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couplet" title="Philippe Couplet">Philippe Couplet</a>, who worked closely with her, composed her biography in Latin. This was published in French translation as <i>A History of the Christian Lady of China, Candide Hiu</i> (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire d'une Dame Chrétienne de la Chine, Candide Hiu</i></span></i>) in 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello1989253–254_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello1989253–254-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her son was Basil Xu, who served as an <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">official</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blueblue45_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueblue45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Xu (bottom left) and his granddaughter Candida (bottom right), along with Ricci, Schall, and Verbiest (top row)"><img alt="Paul Xu (bottom left) and his granddaughter Candida (bottom right), along with Ricci, Schall, and Verbiest (top row)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/120px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/180px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/240px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paul Xu (bottom left) and his granddaughter Candida (bottom right), along with <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Ricci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Schall</a>, and Verbiest (top row)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xu's statue in Xujiahui, on North Caoxi Road"><img alt="Xu's statue in Xujiahui, on North Caoxi Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg/120px-Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg/180px-Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg/240px-Xu_Guangqi_12_50_08_083000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Xu's statue in <a href="/wiki/Xujiahui" title="Xujiahui">Xujiahui</a>, on North Caoxi Road</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xu's tomb in Shanghai's Guangqi Park"><img alt="Xu's tomb in Shanghai's Guangqi Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg/120px-The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg/180px-The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg/240px-The_tomb_of_Xuguangqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Guangqi" title="Tomb of Xu Guangqi">Xu's tomb</a> in Shanghai's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangqi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangqi Park (page does not exist)">Guangqi Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Introduction to Astronomy, translated by Xu Guangqi"><img alt="Introduction to Astronomy, translated by Xu Guangqi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg/120px-Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg/180px-Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg/240px-Introduction_to_Astronomy_translated_by_Xu_Guangqi_and_edited_by_Li_Zhizao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Introduction to Astronomy</i>, translated by Xu Guangqi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese translation of "Doctor Paul"'s letter to the king of Portugal"><img alt="Portuguese translation of "Doctor Paul"'s letter to the king of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg/120px-Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg/180px-Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg/240px-Letter_of_Xu_Quangxi_to_the_King_of_Portugal_in_Latin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="1617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portuguese translation of "Doctor Paul"'s letter to the king of Portugal</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Three_Pillars_of_Chinese_Catholicism" title="Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism">Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_people" title="Shanghainese people">Shanghainese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_School" title="Xavier School">Xavier School</a> in San Juan, Metro Manila, the Philippines</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dude-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dude_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dude_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dude_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudink2001">Dudink (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA399">399</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudink2001409-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudink2001409_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudink2001">Dudink (2001)</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duude-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duude_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duude_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudink2001">Dudink (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA400">400</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey2008140_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockey2008">Brockey (2008)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockey200859-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockey200859_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockey2008">Brockey (2008)</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. 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May 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shanghaiist&rft.atitle=In+a+first%2C+Shanghai-born+Ming+Dynasty+bureaucrat+and+scientist+Xu+Guangqi+to+be+beatified&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshanghaiist.com%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2Fxu-guangqi-beatification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucanews.com/news/church-to-beatify-early-china-convert-in-shanghai/13012">"Church to beatify early China convert in Shanghai"</a>. <i>UCA News</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCA+News&rft.atitle=Church+to+beatify+early+China+convert+in+Shanghai&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fnews%2Fchurch-to-beatify-early-china-convert-in-shanghai%2F13012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscatholicchina.org/conference-29-panelists-session-chairs">"The 29th International Conference of the US-China Catholic Association August 2-4, 2024 DePaul University — Lincoln Park Campus Chicago, IL"</a>. <i>USCCA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USCCA&rft.atitle=The+29th+International+Conference+of+the+US-China+Catholic+Association+August+2-4%2C+2024+DePaul+University+%E2%80%94+Lincoln+Park+Campus+Chicago%2C+IL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscatholicchina.org%2Fconference-29-panelists-session-chairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueblue48-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue48_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue48_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue48_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue48_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA48">48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueblue33-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue33_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue33_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA33">33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueblue44-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue44_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue44_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA44">44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasconcelos2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4kYsBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasconcelos2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4kYsBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasconcelos2012">Vasconcelos (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kYsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">163</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueblue45-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue45_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue45_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue45_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue45_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue45_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA45">45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueblue49-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blueblue49_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA49">49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broa-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-broa_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-broa_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-broa_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrook2001">Brook (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA93">93</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA35_35]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA35_35]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA35">35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA243_243]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA243_243]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson (2000)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA243">243</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brob-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brob_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brob_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brob_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrook2001">Brook (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA94">94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm4_JPsdMqscCpgPA40_40]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClunas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm4_JPsdMqscCpgPA40_40]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClunas1996">Clunas (1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4_JPsdMqscC&pg=PA40">40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duuuude-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuude_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudink2001">Dudink (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA402">402</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198465-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198465_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1984">Needham (1984)</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan1976[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJWpF-dObxW8CpgPA1147_1147]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan1976[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJWpF-dObxW8CpgPA1147_1147]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChan1976">Chan (1976)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1147">1147</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFang1943-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFang1943_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFang1943_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFang1943">Fang (1943)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA42_42–3]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddHLbB2OVYQYCpgPA42_42–3]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA42">42–3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueblue19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue19_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueblue19_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2001">Blue (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA19">19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi_Memorial_Hall" title="Xu Guangqi Memorial Hall">Xu Guangqi Memorial Hall</a> permanent exhibit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009252-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009252_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith (2009)</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602025252/http://www.guji.com.cn/books/bkview.asp?bkid=191925&cid=612923">"明版《崇祯历书》原貌再现"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guji.com.cn/books/bkview.asp?bkid=191925&cid=612923">the original</a> on June 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E7%89%88%E3%80%8A%E5%B4%87%E7%A5%AF%E5%8E%86%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%8B%E5%8E%9F%E8%B2%8C%E5%86%8D%E7%8E%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guji.com.cn%2Fbooks%2Fbkview.asp%3Fbkid%3D191925%26cid%3D612923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shkp.org.cn/shkp/197/11229.html">徐光启和《崇祯历书》</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524023256/http://www.shkp.org.cn/shkp/197/11229.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198464–5-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198464–5_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1984">Needham (1984)</a>, pp. 64–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198466-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198466_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198466_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198466_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1984">Needham (1984)</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello1989253–254-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello1989253–254_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMungello1989">Mungello (1989)</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue2001" class="citation cs2">Blue, Gregory (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA19">"Xu Guangqi in the West: Early Jesuit Sources and the Construction of an Identity"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC"><i>Statecraft & Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633)</i></a>, <i>Sinica Leidensia</i>, Vol. 50, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC&pg=PA19">19–71</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120580" title="Special:BookSources/9004120580"><bdi>9004120580</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xu+Guangqi+in+the+West%3A+Early+Jesuit+Sources+and+the+Construction+of+an+Identity&rft.btitle=Statecraft+%26+Intellectual+Renewal+in+Late+Ming+China%3A+The+Cross-Cultural+Synthesis+of+Xu+Guangqi+%281562%E2%80%931633%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+South+Holland&rft.series=%27%27Sinica+Leidensia%27%27%2C+Vol.+50&rft.pages=19-71&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004120580&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHLbB2OVYQYC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockey2008" class="citation cs2">Brockey, Liam Matthew (2008), <i>Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724</i>, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+East%3A+The+Jesuit+Mission+to+China%2C+1579%E2%80%931724&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Brockey&rft.aufirst=Liam+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2001" class="citation cs2">Brook, Timothy (2001), "Xu Guangqi in His Context: The World of the Shanghai Gentry", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC"><i>Statecraft & Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633)</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120580" title="Special:BookSources/9004120580"><bdi>9004120580</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xu+Guangqi+in+His+Context%3A+The+World+of+the+Shanghai+Gentry&rft.btitle=Statecraft+%26+Intellectual+Renewal+in+Late+Ming+China%3A+The+Cross-Cultural+Synthesis+of+Xu+Guangqi+%281562%E2%80%931633%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004120580&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHLbB2OVYQYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1976" class="citation cs2">Chan, Albert (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1145">"João Rodrígues"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C"><i>Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644, </i>Vol. II:<i> M–Z</i></a>, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1145">1145–47</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231038331" title="Special:BookSources/9780231038331"><bdi>9780231038331</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jo%C3%A3o+Rodr%C3%ADgues&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Ming+Biography%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%2C+Vol.+II%3A+M%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=1145-47&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780231038331&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWpF-dObxW8C%26pg%3DPA1145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClunas1996" class="citation cs2">Clunas, Craig (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4_JPsdMqscC"><i>Fruitful Sites: Garden Culture in Ming Dynasty China</i></a>, Envisioning Asia, London, England: Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780948462887" title="Special:BookSources/9780948462887"><bdi>9780948462887</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fruitful+Sites%3A+Garden+Culture+in+Ming+Dynasty+China&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Envisioning+Asia&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780948462887&rft.aulast=Clunas&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4_JPsdMqscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudink2001" class="citation cs2">Dudink, Adrianus Cornelis (2001), "Xu Guangqi's Career: An Annotated Chronology", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHLbB2OVYQYC"><i>Statecraft & Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120580" title="Special:BookSources/9004120580"><bdi>9004120580</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xu+Guangqi%27s+Career%3A+An+Annotated+Chronology&rft.btitle=Statecraft+%26+Intellectual+Renewal+in+Late+Ming+China&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004120580&rft.aulast=Dudink&rft.aufirst=Adrianus+Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHLbB2OVYQYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Porter_Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Endymion Porter Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC"><i>Chinese History: A Manual</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, MA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching_Institute" title="Harvard–Yenching Institute">Harvard–Yenching Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674002494" title="Special:BookSources/9780674002494"><bdi>9780674002494</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center+for+the+Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674002494&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fang Zhaoying (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Sun Yüan-hua"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Sun_Y%C3%BCan-hua">"Sun Yüan-hua" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. p. 686.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sun+Y%C3%BCan-hua&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Zhaoying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungello1989" class="citation cs2">Mungello, David E. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb4yPw4ZgZQC"><i>Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology</i></a>, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1219-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1219-0"><bdi>0-8248-1219-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curious+Land%3A+Jesuit+Accommodation+and+the+Origins+of+Sinology&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8248-1219-0&rft.aulast=Mungello&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb4yPw4ZgZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1984), <i>Science and Civilisation in China, </i>Vol. VI:<i> Biology and Biological Technology, </i>Part 2:<i> Agriculture</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Vol.+VI%3A+Biology+and+Biological+Technology%2C+Part+2%3A+Agriculture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation cs2">Smith, Joanna Handlin (2009), <i>The Art of Doing Good: Charity in Late Ming China</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Doing+Good%3A+Charity+in+Late+Ming+China&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joanna+Handlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2007" class="citation cs2">Stone, Richard (2007), "Scientists Fete China's Supreme Polymath", <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)"><i>Science</i></a>, vol. 318, p. 733, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.318.5851.733">10.1126/science.318.5851.733</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975042">17975042</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162156995">162156995</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientists+Fete+China%27s+Supreme+Polymath&rft.btitle=Science&rft.pages=733&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162156995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17975042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.318.5851.733&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcelos2012" class="citation cs2">Vasconcelos de Saldanha, António (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kYsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">"The Last Imperial Honours: From Tomás Pereira to the Eulogium Europeorum Doctorum in 1711"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kYsBwAAQBAJ"><i>In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomás Pereira, SJ (1645–1708), the Kangxi Emperor, and the Jesuit Mission in China</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Newcastle, England</a>: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kYsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">144–227</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443838542" title="Special:BookSources/9781443838542"><bdi>9781443838542</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Last+Imperial+Honours%3A+From+Tom%C3%A1s+Pereira+to+the+Eulogium+Europeorum+Doctorum+in+1711&rft.btitle=In+the+Light+and+Shadow+of+an+Emperor%3A+Tom%C3%A1s+Pereira%2C+SJ+%281645%E2%80%931708%29%2C+the+Kangxi+Emperor%2C+and+the+Jesuit+Mission+in+China&rft.place=Newcastle%2C+England&rft.pages=144-227&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781443838542&rft.aulast=Vasconcelos&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kYsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Needham, Joseph (1959). <i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/177133494">OCLC</a></li> <li>Zhao, Jikai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104838/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=7065&Query=1">"Xu Guangqi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i> (Economics Edition), 1st ed.</li> <li>Mei, Rongzhao, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095716/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=43582&Query=1">"Xue Guangqi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i> (Mathematics Edition), 1st ed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Hsü Kuang-ch'i"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Hs%C3%BC_Kuang-ch%27i">"Hsü Kuang-ch'i" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hs%C3%BC+Kuang-ch%27i&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" class="extiw" title="commons:Xu Guangqi"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Xu Guangqi</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xu_Guangqi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xu Guangqi">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Xu_Guangqi.html">"Xu Guangqi"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xu+Guangqi&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FXu_Guangqi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Guangqi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119110718/http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/biography/view.aspx?biographyID=1276">Ricci Roundtable</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617012944/http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/fulltext/LandC_32_4_King.pdf">University of Texas article mentioning him</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0019bXu_Guangqi_6659w.html">Xu Guangqi at the University of Maine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828121616/http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0019bXu_Guangqi_6659w.html">Archived</a> August 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline of Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Catholic Church in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Shaanxi" title="Catholic Church in Shaanxi">Catholic Church in Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism in China</a> 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href="/wiki/Hymns_of_Universal_Praise" title="Hymns of Universal Praise">Hymns of Universal Praise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Hymnal" title="Chinese New Hymnal">Chinese New Hymnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Hymns" title="Canaan Hymns">Canaan Hymns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjiao_Documents" title="Jingjiao Documents">Jingjiao Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopen" title="Alopen">Alopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_(monk)" title="Adam (monk)">Adam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catholic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions_to_Mongol_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic missions to Mongol China">Franciscan missions (Yuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missions (Ming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Foreign Missions Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Marignolli" title="Giovanni de' Marignolli">Giovanni de' Marignolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Bouvet" title="Joachim Bouvet">Joachim Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Zottoli" title="Angelo Zottoli">Angelo Zottoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Vincent_Lebbe" title="Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe">Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyr Saints of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St. Paul's College, Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China" title="Protestant missions in China">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionary_societies_in_China_(1807%E2%80%931953)" title="List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807–1953)">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_missions_in_China" title="Medical missions in China">Medical missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Karl Gützlaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Moon" title="Lottie Moon">Lottie Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Richard" title="Timothy Richard">Timothy Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Goforth" title="Jonathan Goforth">Jonathan Goforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Seven" title="Cambridge Seven">Cambridge Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell">Eric Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Aylward" title="Gladys Aylward">Gladys Aylward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_China" title="List of Protestant missionaries in China"><i>(more...)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province<br />and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anhui" title="Christianity in Anhui">Christianity in Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Fujian" title="Christianity in Fujian">Christianity in Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jiangsu" title="Christianity in Jiangsu">Christianity in Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jiangxi" title="Christianity in Jiangxi">Christianity in Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Shandong" title="Christianity in Shandong">Christianity in Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Shanghai" title="Christianity in Shanghai">Christianity in Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zhejiang" title="Christianity in Zhejiang">Christianity in Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Christianity in Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Gansu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Gansu (page does not exist)">Christianity in Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guizhou" title="Christianity in Guizhou">Christianity in Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ningxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ningxia (page does not exist)">Christianity in Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qinghai" title="Christianity in Qinghai">Christianity in Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Shaanxi" title="Catholic Church in Shaanxi">Christianity in Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Christianity in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet#Christianity" title="Religion in Tibet">Christianity in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Xinjiang" title="Christianity in Xinjiang">Christianity in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Yunnan">Christianity in Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Henan" title="Christianity in Henan">Christianity in Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Hubei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Hubei (page does not exist)">Christianity in Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hunan" title="Christianity in Hunan">Christianity in Hunan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Beijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Beijing (page does not exist)">Christianity in Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hebei" title="Christianity in Hebei">Christianity in Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Heilongjiang" title="Christianity in Heilongjiang">Christianity in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Inner Mongolia">Christianity in Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jilin" title="Christianity in Jilin">Christianity in Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liaoning" title="Christianity in Liaoning">Christianity in Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Shanxi">Christianity in Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Tianjin (page does not exist)">Christianity in Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guangdong" title="Christianity in Guangdong">Christianity in Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Guangxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Guangxi (page does not exist)">Christianity in Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Hainan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Hainan (page does not exist)">Christianity in Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Christianity in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau#Christianity" title="Religion in Macau">Christianity in Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Christians <br /><small>(by period of <br />prominence)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xu Guangqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tingyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Tingyun">Yang Tingyun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Fa" title="Liang Fa">Liang Fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Shengmo" title="Xi Shengmo">Xi Shengmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._C._Chao" title="T. C. Chao">T. C. Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Jingyi" title="Cheng Jingyi">Cheng Jingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yuzhi" title="Deng Yuzhi"> Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hsu" title="Francis Hsu">Francis Hsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yuming" title="Jia Yuming">Jia Yuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhengxiang" title="Lu Zhengxiang">Lu Zhengxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiangbo" title="Ma Xiangbo">Ma Xiangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stone_(doctor)" title="Mary Stone (doctor)">Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sung" title="John Sung">John Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Baosun" title="Zeng Baosun">Tseng Pao-sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming-Dao" title="Wang Ming-Dao">Wang Ming-Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._M._Wei" title="Francis C. M. Wei">Francis C. M. Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wei" title="Paul Wei">Paul Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ching_Hsiung_Wu" title="John Ching Hsiung Wu">John Ching Hsiung Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Leichuan" title="Wu Leichuan">Wu Leichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi-fang" title="Wu Yi-fang">Wu Yi-fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._C._James_Yen" title="Y. C. James Yen">Y. C. James Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Lianzhi" title="Ying Lianzhi">Ying Lianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Yu" title="Dora Yu">Dora Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Yu_Pin" title="Paul Yu Pin">Paul Yu Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Z._T._Yui" title="David Z. T. Yui">David Z. T. Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's<br />Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gu" title="Joseph Gu">Joseph Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Jin_Luxian" title="Aloysius Jin Luxian">Aloysius Jin Luxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lamb" title="Samuel Lamb">Samuel Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shengben" title="Lin Shengben">Lin Shengben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaomin" title="Lu Xiaomin">Lü Xiaomin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Lu" title="Matthias Lu">Matthias Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Weifan" title="Wang Weifan">Wang Weifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(pastor)" title="Wang Yi (pastor)">Wang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._T._Wu" title="Y. T. Wu">Y. T. Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Yuan" title="Allen Yuan">Allen Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Fusan" title="Zhao Fusan">Zhao Fusan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Church-state relations<br />in People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">Catholic Patriotic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">Underground church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Manifesto" title="The Christian Manifesto">The Christian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianghui_(Protestantism)" title="Lianghui (Protestantism)">Protestant Lianghui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement" title="Three-Self Patriotic Movement">Three-Self Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Christian_Council" title="China Christian Council">China Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_theological_seminaries_in_China" title="List of Protestant theological seminaries in China">Seminaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_church_(China)" title="House church (China)">House church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rites_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese rites controversy">Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_riot" title="Yangzhou riot">Yangzhou riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian Movement (China)">Anti-Christian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China#Jesuit_activity_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion#China" title="Sex-selective abortion">Anti-sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding#History" title="Foot binding">Anti-footbinding campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium#Prohibition_and_conflict_in_China" title="Opium">Anti-opium campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese#Missionary_systems" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese#Romanization" title="Cantonese">Cantonese Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_colleges_in_China" title="List of Christian colleges in China">Chinese Christian Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_revival" title="Manchurian revival">Manchurian revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Christian_Council" title="China Christian Council">China Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Council_of_China" title="National Christian Council of China">National Christian Council of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420427#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420427#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420427#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122786268">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40177920">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/94617/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh3RQw9FXPcTF9JK6qcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118959689">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82086530">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150892932">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150892932">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00623930">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36730806">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p147580919">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98020047">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200204488">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/340290">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007432669305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11944563?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:xu.guangqi">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/668576">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1438660">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118959689.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118959689">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/060864265">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&oldid=1258141661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xu_Guangqi&oldid=1258141661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Xu_Guangqi" title="Category:Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1562_births" title="Category:1562 births">1562 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1633_deaths" 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