History and Innovation

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role="button"> <span class="fa-solid fa-house"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Home</span> </a> <span class="text-dusk mx-4">/</span> </li> <li> <a class="text-navy" href="/about">About</a> <span class="text-dusk mx-4">/</span> </li> <li> History and Innovation </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div id="block-tailwindcss-anesthesia-contentfield"> <div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero paragraph--view-mode--default relative pt-12 pb-6"> <div class="px-8 md:container no-image"> <div class="text-navy hero-content-container"> <h1 class="font-sansBold"> <div>History & Innovation</div> </h1> <div class=""> <div><p> Learn how UCSF has repeatedly been a pioneer and leader in the field of anesthesia.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div id="block-tailwindcss-anesthesia-fixsidemenu"> <div><div class="raw-html-embed"><script type="javascript/text"> const aside = document.querySelector('aside') console.log(aside) aside.classList.add('side-navigation') </script> </div></div> </div> <div id="block-tailwindcss-anesthesia-content"> <article data-history-node-id="17065" class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full"> <div class=""> <div class="md:container px-8 mt-24 mb-32"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline paragraph--view-mode--default md:container px-8 mb-8"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Dr-Mary-Botsford_Late-1800s-Early-1900s.jpg?itok=28eVGJ5a" width="585" height="400" alt="Young Dr. Mary Botsford in a dark suit with a high collar, in the late 1800s or early 1900s" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Mary Botsford </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1910</div> </div> <div><p class="h4">Dr. Mary E. Botsford awarded 1st faculty position in anesthesia at UCSF</p> <p>In 1910, <a href="https://csahq.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/calmes-the-women-physician-anaesthetists-of-san-francisco-1989.pdf">Dr. Mary Botsford</a> (1865-1939) was appointed "assistant in surgery" and "anesthetist" at UCSF medical school and hospital, the first faculty position in anesthesia here.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Surgery_UC-Hospital_1924_Calisphere_0.jpg?itok=M2NDX5Yt" width="585" height="400" alt="Surgery at UC Hospital on Parnassus, 1924" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Surgery at UC Hospital on Parnassus, circa 1924. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1924</div> </div> <div><h4>Anesthesia at UCSF in the 1920s</h4> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, hospital-employed physicians provided anesthesia services. Botsford led anesthesia within the Department of Surgery, which grew to include five women physicians by 1921. By 1925, Drs. Mary Botsford, Ethel Righetti, Mary Kavanagh, and Dorothy Wood were key in providing anesthesia at UCSF. <a href="https://calisphere.org/item/2fa7987e-1997-4a5c-8db4-d13edb246965/">This photo shows a surgery in UC Hospital in 1924</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/E.%20Leong%20Way%20and%20Chauncey%20D.%20Leake%20at%20Federation%20of%20American%20Societies%20for%20Experimental%20Biology%20%28FASEB%29%20Meeting.jpg?itok=2DOK8ssW" width="585" height="400" alt="Drs. E. Leong Way and Chauncey D. Leake" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Drs. E. Leong Way and Chauncey D. Leake</figcaption> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1930</div> </div> <div><h4>UCSF Anesthesia and UCSF Pharmacology</h4> <p>Dr. <a href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6w1008qz/">Chauncey Leake</a> (1896-1978) was Professor and Chair of Pharmacology at UCSF from 1928 to 1942 (Professor Emeritus). Dr. Leake conducted pioneering investigative work on anesthetic agents. He is pictured here with Edward Leong Way, PhD, whose work centered on the development of physical dependence and tolerance of opiates, and who was a professor and graduate of UCSF.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Guedel-Arthur_In-Leake-Lab_Calisphere_6ff41d56-b0dc-4e35-a14d-62789059a44d.jpg?itok=HW60OwMB" width="585" height="400" alt="Arthur Guedel in Chauncey Leake's lab" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Arthur Guedel in Chauncey Leake's lab. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1930</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>Arthur Guedel collaborating with UCSF</strong></h4> <p>Arthur Guedel, MD (1883-1956), was an early anesthesiologist who made many important contributions to the development of anesthesiology. Guedel would travel from Los Angeles to UCSF for various research projects at UCSF in collaboration with Chauncey Leake and <a href="https://csahq.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/calmes-the-women-physician-anaesthetists-of-san-francisco-1989.pdf">Mary Botsford</a>. <a href="https://calisphere.org/search/?q=arthur%20guedel&collection_data=27436">Explore the Arthur E. Guedel Anesthesia Collection, UCSF Archives and Special Collections</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Mary%20Botsford.jpg?itok=x7uQvnMi" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Mary Botsford" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Mary Botsford </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1932</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>Dr. Mary Botsford appointed Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology</strong></h4> <p>In 1932, Botsford was appointed clinical professor of anesthesiology, UC's first professor of anesthesia.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Richard-Gill-and-Indigenous-Ecuadorian-Making-Curare.jpg?itok=V6ASmOHD" width="585" height="400" alt="Richard Gill, left, learns from a Native Ecuadorian, right, about how to manufacture curare" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Richard Gill, left, learns from a Native Ecuadorian, right, about how to manufacture curare. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1938</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>Procurement of curare paste from Ecuador</strong></h4> <p>In 1938, Richard Gill brought curare to the United States after learning about its use from an indigenous tribe in Ecuador, returning with about 25 pounds of the poisonous paste.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Aerial-View-Parnassus_1935-1940_Calisphere_7e09c536-f86f-461b-ae38-0f4e6ec40cac.jpg?itok=l40HqpNg" width="585" height="400" alt="Aerial view of the UCSF Parnassus Campus, circa 1935-1940." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Aerial view of the UCSF Parnassus Campus, circa 1935-1940.</figcaption> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1941</div> </div> <div><h4>UCSF Division of Anesthesia established</h4> <p>In 1941, the Department of Surgery established a Division of Anesthesia and a residency program with 4 faculty members and 10 positions.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-02/Murphy-1956.png?itok=NW539nvs" width="585" height="400" alt="Forestner JE, Anesthesiology 11 2010, Vol.113, 1019-1025. Dr. Murphy preparing a dose of the experimental intravenous induction agent, Viadril c.1955." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Murphy preparing a dose of the experimental intravenous induction agent, Viadril, circa 1955. From: Anesthesiology November 2010, Vol. 113, 1019–1025. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1946</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Frank Murphy appointed Chief of the Division of Anesthesia</h4> <p><a href="http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1933094#67965448">Frank J. Murphy, M.D., C.M.</a> (1900–1972), was UCSF's chief of Anesthesia from 1946 to 1958, known for inventing the "<a href="https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/museum/murphy-endotracheal-tube/">Murphy Eye</a>" endotracheal tube. Before UCSF, he was Chief of Anesthesia at Pearl Harbor Naval Hospital (1944-45).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/jws%2B1stBGA.1960_copyright%20UCSF%20Anesthesia%20and%20Perioperative%20Care_crop.jpg?itok=SJoKFdsD" width="585" height="400" alt="John Severinghaus, MD, tinkering with BGA machine in his lab" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> John Severinghaus, MD, in his lab. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1957</div> </div> <div><h4>First 3-function blood gas analyzer</h4> <p>Dr. John Severinghaus unveiled the first Po2 and Pco2 blood gas analyzer at the 1957 ASA meeting. The pH probe was added in 1959. <a href="https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/110/4/721/10570/Gadgeteering-for-Health-CareThe-John-W">Read more in Gadgeteering for Health Care, the inaugural John W. Severinghaus Lecture on Translational Science</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/1959_Department-Group-Photo_Calisphere.jpg?itok=OHCBKEsJ" width="585" height="400" alt="UCSF Anesthesia department members standing in a group on the steps of a building on the UCSF Parnassus Campus, 1959" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> UCSF Anesthesia department members in 1959. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1958</div> </div> <div><h4>UCSF Anesthesia Department founded</h4> <p>The Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care at UCSF was established in 1958 by Stuart Cullen, MD, who came from the University of Iowa. He accepted the chair on the condition that Anesthesia became independent of Surgery. Cullen and his faculty expanded the residency program to include obstetric anesthesia, ICU, and training at San Francisco General Hospital.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/UCSFanesthesia073_Stuart-Cullen-on-Phone-at-Desk.jpg?itok=95ZawLFv" width="585" height="400" alt="Stuart Cullen, MD, on the phone at his desk." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Stuart Cullen, MD, at his desk. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1958</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Stuart Cullen appointed Chair of Anesthesia</h4> <p>Cullen prioritized education for residents, including daily preoperative rounds, Saturday Grand Rounds, and Wednesday evening lectures. He believed anesthesia care should integrate knowledge from basic sciences like physiology, pharmacology, anatomy, and biochemistry</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Robert-Mitchell_1800x1200.jpg?itok=4dyqyh-t" width="585" height="400" alt="Robert Mitchell, MD, working in the lab." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Robert Mitchell, MD, working in the lab. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1962</div> </div> <div><h4>Discovery of central chemoreceptor</h4> <p>Robert Mitchell, MD, an internist, joined Dr. John Severinghaus' lab in 1958. Alongside Dr. Hans Loeschke, Mitchell discovered the medullary area regulating blood PCO2, maintaining spinal fluid pH. Mitchell's work remains critical today, particularly in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034568798000759?via%3Dihub">understanding abnormal CO2 levels</a> in conditions like COPD through his chemoreceptor research.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Respiratory-Control-High-Altitude_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=NW_-dNUg" width="585" height="400" alt="To measure cerebral blood flow at altitude, Severinghaus et al sampling the jugular venous blood of Tom Hornbein, MD, while he breathed 15% N2O. " /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> To measure cerebral blood flow at altitude, Severinghaus et al sampling the jugular venous blood of Tom Hornbein, MD, in a control. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1963</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. John Severinghaus, respiratory control and high altitude</h4> <p>Dr. Severinghaus had grown curious about how breathing and brain blood flow were regulated during acclimatization to the hypoxia of high altitude. Studies were performed on human volunteers after rapid ascent from sea level to the Barcroft laboratory at 12,470 feet in the White Mountains near Bishop, California, gifting John a near-disabling headache after spinal puncture to measure the pH of his cerebrospinal fluid. <a href="https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/135/4/555/117106/John-W-Severinghaus-M-D-1922-to-2021">Read more</a>. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQCe950SbGU">Watch a video of Severinghaus explaining these studies</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/UCSFanesthesia071_Left-John-Eisele-Middle-Ted-Eger_Right-Musa-Muallem_Dog-Lab_Crop.jpg?itok=rDfhNO7d" width="585" height="400" alt="From left: John Eisele, MD, Ted Eger, MD, and Musa Muallem, MD, in the lab." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> From left: John Eisele, MD, Ted Eger, MD, and Musa Muallem, MD, in the lab.</figcaption> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1963</div> </div> <div><h4>Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC)</h4> <p>In collaboration with colleagues Merkel, Saidman and Severinghaus, Dr. Edmond Eger coined the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13935000/">concept of Minimum Alveolar Concentration</a> (MAC). </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Singer-Morley_Lecturing.jpg?itok=N0VXquEb" width="585" height="400" alt="Morley Singer, MD, providing a lecture to department members" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Morley Singer, MD, providing a lecture to department members. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1964</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Morley Singer appointed first Director of the UCSF ICU</h4> <p>Dr. Morley Singer, pictured here lecturing to department members, became the first director of the UCSF Moffitt Hospital ICU.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/062312%20Sol%20Shnider.jpg?itok=Ev9jJeC2" width="585" height="400" alt="Sol Shnider, MD, providing a lecture at UCSF Anesthesia Grand Rounds." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Sol Shnider, MD, providing a lecture at UCSF Anesthesia Grand Rounds. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1965</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Sol Shnider, anesthetic effects in a fetal lamb model</h4> <p>Shnider was a captivating lecturer, researcher and physiologist, who pioneered research to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14321105">understand the effects of anesthetics in fetal lamb models</a>. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Bill-Hamilton-Chair-Appointment_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=rLtiRlda" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Bill Hamilton in white coat and scrubs." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Bill Hamilton </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1967</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. William K. Hamilton appointed 2nd Chair</h4> <p>During his 16 years as chair of the Department of Anesthesia, Dr. Bill Hamilton enhanced operating room coverage, negotiated a balanced departmental agreement benefiting clinicians and researchers, and forged a strong partnership with the Department of Obstetrics alongside Sol Shnider. His charisma, influential leadership, and remarkable intellect attracted top talent and facilitated groundbreaking collaborations, leading to significant research advancements during his leadership tenure.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/1967_1800x1200.jpg?itok=AijWxJgv" width="585" height="400" alt="Anesthesia department members in 1967." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Anesthesia department members in 1967. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1967</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Joe Lee appointed first Director of the ICU at SFGH</h4> <p>He is pictured here in the department group photo from 1967, second from left in the third row, behind Drs. Sol Shnider and John Severinghaus.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Anesthetic-Uptake-and-Action-Cover.jpg?itok=ugq-bt_h" width="585" height="400" alt="Cover, Anesthetic Uptake and Action, by Dr. Ted Eger." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Cover, Anesthetic Uptake and Action, by Dr. Ted Eger. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1971</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Edmund "Ted" Eger II publishes 1st edition of <em>Anesthetic Uptake and Action</em></h4> <p><a href="https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/119/6/1497/11739/Anesthetic-Uptake-and-Action-By-Edmond-I-Eger-II-M">"<em>Uptake</em> is foundational science, to be sure... Through its pages, the reader experiences firsthand the story of Eger stumbling upon a key, turning it in the lock, and discovering many of the fundamental principles of anesthesia behind the door."</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Young-George-Gregory-Backwards-Scrub-Top.jpg?itok=FvD8FCyF" width="585" height="400" alt="Young Dr. George Gregory wearing a scrub top." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. George Gregory </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1971</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. George Gregory, CPAP for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome</h4> <p>Working in part from findings by a group in Boston about oxygen toxicity, Gregory - whose commitment to pediatric anesthesia is legendary - confirmed that oxygen toxicity was real and soon discovered that if you increased airway pressure with 30 percent oxygen, you could keep the airways open without harming the lungs. The result was <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23170829/">Continuous Positive Airway Pressure</a> (CPAP), which has saved the lives of countless children in respiratory distress. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Ronald-Miller-and-colleagues_at-Station-Hospital_Da-Nang-Vietnam_1969.jpg?itok=ylIvdUN9" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Ronald D. Miller with colleagues at the Station Hospital in Da Nang, Vietnam, circa 1969." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Ronald D. Miller with colleagues at the Station Hospital in Da Nang, Vietnam, circa 1969. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1971</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Ronald D. Miller, complications and coagulation defects associated with massive blood transfusion</h4> <p>While on tour as a battlefield physician in Da Nang, Vietnam, Dr. Ronald D. Miller began his seminal work on blood transfusion. Read more about <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5113461/">Coagulation defects associated with massive blood transfusions</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/CullenStuart_MillerRon_Block.jpg?itok=dJy0bdam" width="585" height="400" alt="Stuart Cullen, MD, watches as Ronald Miller, MD, performs a regional block." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Stuart Cullen, MD, watches as Ronald Miller, MD, performs a regional block. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1972</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Ronald D. Miller, pharmacology of neuromuscular blockade and reversal</h4> <p>After returning from Vietnam, Ron Miller collaborated with Ted Eger, initially monitoring neuromuscular function in volunteers studying isoflurane's effects. This led to three decades of research with talented residents, advancing knowledge of volatile anesthetics and muscle relaxants, crucial for safe anesthesia practice.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/060233%20HBF%20draws%20Davenport.jpg?itok=qPVcr7ry" width="585" height="400" alt="H. Barrie Fairley, MBBS, points to a Davenport chart while lecturing to department colleagues." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> H. Barrie Fairley, MBBS, points to a Davenport chart while lecturing to department colleagues. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1975</div> </div> <div><h4>Drs. Peter Suter, H. Barrie Fairley, and Michael Isenberg: Optimum PEEP in acute pulmonary failure</h4> <p>In 1975, Dr. Barrie Fairley, then Chief of Anesthesia at San Francisco General Hospital, led several seminal research studies that provided the foundation for contemporary lung protective ventilation strategies.</p> <p>Read about <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197502062920604">Optimum End-Expiratory Airway Pressure in Patients with Acute Pulmonary Failure</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/00140020_SFGH%20and%20Bay%20Bridge_0.jpg?itok=p0dCnMOB" width="585" height="400" alt="Aerial view of SFGH and the SF Bay Bridge circa late 1970s." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Aerial view of SFGH and the SF Bay Bridge circa late 1970s. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1976</div> </div> <div><h4>SFGH opens new facility</h4> <p>In 1967, when Dick Barber arrived in San Francisco, the anesthesia faculty at <a href="/about/sites/zuckerberg-san-francisco-general" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ce43c4d0-800c-4afb-ad25-c479d0c3f4e4" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Zuckerberg San Francisco General">San Francisco General Hospital</a> (SFGH) consisted of just three members: Earnest P. Guy, Robert Hudson Smith, and himself. Operating rooms lacked piped gases and vacuum, relying on large cylinders of nitrous oxide and oxygen mounted on anesthesia machines. Despite the challenges, SFGH served as the city's sole level one trauma center, requiring round-the-clock coverage from anesthesia and surgical specialties. Over time, increased staffing, updated equipment, and city support culminated in the mid '70s with the opening of a new, state-of-the-art hospital. The new hospital facilitated Barber and his colleagues' ongoing crucial work for an underserved population.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/JWS_Mass-Spec_Scientific-American.jpg?itok=kymY5POG" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. John Severinghaus in the operating room at UCSF Moffitt Hospital with a terminal of his remote mass spectrometer anesthetic analysis system. From Scientific American, 1985." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> From Scientific American, 1985, Dr. John Severinghaus in the OR with a terminal of his remote mass spectrometer system. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1978</div> </div> <div><h4>Mass spectrometry for multi-patient end-tidal gas monitoring in the OR</h4> <p>Gerald Ozanne, MD, technician Bill Young, and John Severinghaus, MD, developed a mass spectrometry system for use in the UCSF Moffitt Hospital’s 10–operating room suite. A single <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7247059/">central mass spectrometer</a> sequentially analyzed, through long sampling catheters, the inspired and expired gases from each of the operating rooms, providing the anesthesiologists with minute-by-minute analyses. For more, read, <a href="https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/110/4/721/10570/Gadgeteering-for-Health-CareThe-John-W">Gadgeteering for Health Care: The John W. Severinghaus Lecture on Translational Science</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Anesthesia-for-Obstetrics-2nd-Ed-Cover.jpg?itok=BFXhdXo8" width="585" height="400" alt="Cover, Anesthesia for Obstetrics, Second Edition, by Drs. Sol M. Shnider and Gershon Levinson." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Cover, Anesthesia for Obstetrics, Second Edition, by Drs. Sol M. Shnider and Gershon Levinson. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1979</div> </div> <div><h4>1st Edition of <em>Anesthesia for Obstetrics</em> Published </h4> <p>Sol Shnider, a charismatic figure, leveraged his engaging showmanship to elevate a critical sub-specialty. While renowned for his pioneering studies on anesthesia's fetal impact in humans and animals, Shnider's greatest legacy lies in education. He authored the foundational textbook <em>Anesthesia for Obstetrics</em>, originally conceived as a resident refresher course.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/JWS_Lab-Office_1983_copyright%20UCSF%20Anesthesia%20and%20Perioperative%20Care.jpg?itok=PuVdG0fk" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. John Severinghaus in his office, circa 1983." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. John Severinghaus in his office, circa 1983. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1979</div> </div> <div><h4>Development of combined transcutaneous PCO2 and PO2 blood-gas electrode</h4> <p>Read about the development of the combined transcutaneous PCO2 and PO2 blood gas electrode in <a href="https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/110/4/721/10570/Gadgeteering-for-Health-CareThe-John-W">Gadgeteering for Health Care</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6795163/">A combined transcutaneous PO2-PCO2electrode with electrochemical HCO3-stabilization</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-05/Millers-Anesthesia-Cover-2nd-Edition_0.jpg?itok=4_Cn48Bj" width="585" height="400" alt="Miller's Anesthesia Cover, 2nd Edition." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Miller's Anesthesia Cover, 2nd Edition. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1981</div> </div> <div><h4>1st Edition of <em>Anesthesia</em> published </h4> <p>Since its original publication in 1981, <em>Miller's Anesthesia</em> has been the definitive textbook on anesthesia practice. The textbook is now in its <a href="https://shop.elsevier.com/books/millers-anesthesia-2-volume-set/gropper/978-0-323-93592-0">10th edition</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/98700041_Cahalan.jpg?itok=AXFaBhk-" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Michael Cahalan speaking at the department's 25th anniversary." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Michael Cahalan speaking at the department's 25th anniversary. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1982</div> </div> <div><h4>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) introduced into clinical practice</h4> <p>"We slipped the scope down and suddenly, in real time, saw a moving image of all four chambers of the heart. My jaw hit the ground and I knew right away this was a fundamentally better way to monitor patients." - Michael Cahalan, MD</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Gregory-George_Checking-Baby_1800x1200.jpg?itok=NOwzZ3Ph" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. George Gregory and colleague check on a baby." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. George Gregory and colleague check on a baby. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1983</div> </div> <div><h4>1st Edition of <em>Pediatric Anesthesia</em> published </h4> <p>Since its original publication in 1983, <em>Pediatric Anesthesia</em> has been recognized as the definitive text on pediatric anesthesia and pediatric intensive care.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Ron-Miller-Chair-Appointment_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=3kAaulFL" width="585" height="400" alt="Drs. John Severinghaus, left, and Ronald Miller, right." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Drs. John Severinghaus, left, and Ronald Miller, right. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1984</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Ronald D. Miller, appointed 3rd Chair </h4> <p>After an extensive international search, Dr. Ronald D. Miller succeeded Dr. Bill Hamilton and interim chair Dr. Sol Shnider in 1984. Implementing a comprehensive strategy, Miller ensured the department remained a leader amid growing regulation and competition. Under his leadership, the department expanded and upheld its legacy of excellence, becoming globally renowned and among the largest in the field.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/ASC-Opens_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=GJKIdlVz" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Martin Bogetz and colleague at the Ambulatory Surgery Center on Parnassus. Photo by Brant Ward." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Martin Bogetz and colleague at the Ambulatory Surgery Center on Parnassus. Photo by Brant Ward. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1987</div> </div> <div><h4>Ambulatory Surgery Center opens at UCSF Parnassus </h4> <p>The Outpatient Surgery Center at Parnassus provides same-day surgeries in a wide variety of specialties for patients 18 and older. Patients are scheduled through referring practices in endocrinology, general surgery, hepatology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery, and urology.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/LMA-First-Used-at-UCSF_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=cDDJzTSd" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Martin Bogetz in the Ambulatory Surgery Center on Parnassus. Photo by Brant Ward." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Martin Bogetz in the Ambulatory Surgery Center on Parnassus. Photo by Brant Ward. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1989</div> </div> <div><h4>LMA first used at UCSF</h4> <p>Dr. Martin Bogetz was the first anesthesiologist to utilize a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482184/">laryngeal mask airway</a> at UCSF. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamic-Research-Intravenous-Anesthetics_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=JXP9SH50" width="585" height="400" alt="Vintage nupercaine vials in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care Historical Archive, courtesy of Professor Emeritus Merlin Larson, MD." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Vintage nupercaine vials in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care Historical Archive, courtesy of Professor Emeritus Merlin Larson, MD. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1989</div> </div> <div><h4>Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on intravenous anesthetics</h4> <p>Nearly four decades ago, Dennis Fisher and Steve Shafer independently encountered remarkable people changing the course of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling. <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-8441-7_40">Read more in <em>The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia</em></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Mount-Zion-Hospital_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=hSyU6upQ" width="585" height="400" alt="Restored signage on the Esther Hellman Building, the first Mount Zion Hospital which was built from the ground up in 1911." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Restored signage on the Esther Hellman Building, the first Mount Zion Hospital which was built from the ground up in 1911. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1990</div> </div> <div><h4>UCSF acquisition of Mount Zion Hospital</h4> <p><a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/node/96414">Read about the history and importance of UCSF Medical Center at Mount Zion</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Perioperatve-Thermoregulation_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=v45AK0EC" width="585" height="400" alt="An operating room at UCSF." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> An operating room at UCSF. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1990</div> </div> <div><h4>Perioperative Thermoregulation - the importance of being normothermic</h4> <p>Dr. Daniel Sessler, starting from his residency at UCLA and continuing through his tenure at UCSF Anesthesia, conducted extensive research with his Outcomes Research Consortium. Their findings demonstrated that even slight hypothermia, common in unwarmed surgical patients, triples the risk of surgical wound infection, increases blood loss and transfusion needs, delays recovery, and prolongs hospital stays. It is now standard of care to keep surgical patients normothermic.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Management-of-Pulmonary-Pseudomonas-Infection%20_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=xK8LgC5A" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Jeanine Wiener Kronish in the UCSF ICU at Parnassus." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Jeanine Wiener Kronish in the UCSF ICU at Parnassus. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1990</div> </div> <div><h4>Management of pulmonary pseudomonas infection </h4> <p>"Dr. Wiener-Kronish has devoted much of her academic career to investigating the mechanism of acute lung injury produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram negative bacterium that can infect patients in the intensive care unit." <a href="https://researchers.mgh.harvard.edu/profile/2257397/Jeanine-Wiener-Kronish">Read more about her investigations</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Systemic-Toxicity-Local-Anesthetics_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=FE8Wgbno" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Ken Drasner" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Ken Drasner</figcaption> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1990</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Kenneth Drasner, spinal neurotoxicity of local anesthetics</h4> <p>The most feared complication associated with the administration of local anesthetics is the profound and potentially lethal effect that these agents can have on cardiac conduction and function. <a href="https://rapm.bmj.com/content/35/2/162-166">Read Drasner's American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) practice advisory on local anesthetic systemic toxicity</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Neuroprotection-from-Hypoxia_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=JDqH_2oe" width="585" height="400" alt="White Mountain, at 14,252 feet, courtesy of Dr. Philip Bickler." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> White Mountain, at 14,252 feet, courtesy of Dr. Philip Bickler. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1993</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Philip Bickler, neuroprotection from hypoxia</h4> <p>Since 1958 when the legendary John Severinghaus, MD, founded the <a href="/research-groups/hypoxia-research-pulse-oximeter-test-facility" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4d9a4f85-1738-48dc-aaa4-973137240630" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Hypoxia Research & Pulse Oximeter Test Facility">UCSF Hypoxia Research Laboratory,</a> faculty, fellows and residents from the department have been journeying to the University of California’s White Mountain Research Station – a multi-campus research unit – to study the effects of hypoxia on humans. <a href="/research-projects/cellular-and-molecular-biomarkers-hypoxia-human-neurons" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2c76070c-9f1d-4fc1-b04f-507212c040d2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Cellular and molecular biomarkers of hypoxia in human neurons">Learn more about Dr. Phil Bickler's work exploring the effects of hypoxia on human neurons</a>.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/ASC-at-VAH_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=Ky_K3Ud2" width="585" height="400" alt="San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center with Golden Gate Bridge in the background." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1993</div> </div> <div><h4>Ambulatory Surgery Center opens at SF VAMC</h4> <p><a href="/people/arthur-wallace" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e6b40f32-b7e3-495f-a74e-fdc4b0b674c7" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Arthur Wallace, MD, PhD">Dr. Art Wallace</a> was instrumental in its development.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Discovery-of-Non-Immobilizer_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=jvme_x8G" width="585" height="400" alt="Erlenmeyer flasks in a lab." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Erlenmeyer flasks in a lab. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1994</div> </div> <div><h4>Discovery of non-immobilizer  </h4> <p>Read about <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978424/">Polyhalogenated and perfluorinated compounds that disobey the Meyer-Overton hypothesis</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Beta-Blockade_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=lGBqHtpj" width="585" height="400" alt="Atenolol structure." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Atenolol structure. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1996</div> </div> <div><h4>Beta blockade to reduce perioperative mortality</h4> <p>Researchers at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Hospital, led by Dennis Mangano with Martin London and Art Wallace (dubbed McSPI), conducted an epidemiological study revealing poor surgical outcomes in older, sick patients. Seeking modifiable risk factors, they aimed to achieve hemodynamic stability without inducing unconsciousness. In a major clinical trial, they tested 17 drugs, including beta blockers, Alpha 2 agonists, and various anesthetic agents. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8929262/">In a landmark piece of research they published in the <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em></a>, McSPI found that the generic beta blocker atenolol was the most effective at reducing the risk of both myocardial ischemia and mortality. More than a hundred hospitals across the country adopted the McSPI protocols. Perioperative beta blockade in select patients became a level one standard of care.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Cloning-Capsaicin-Receptor_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=RRPBqpoE" width="585" height="400" alt="Peppers rest on a table." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Hot peppers. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">1997</div> </div> <div><h4>Cloning of capsaicin receptor</h4> <p>Read about <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9349813/">The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2021/09/421481/david-julius-wins-nobel-prize-work-pain-sensation">Dr. David Julius was the recipient of the 2021 Nobel Prize for this work</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Botulism-Antibodies_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=oAF33fxK" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Jim Marks and colleague look at an image on a computer in the lab." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Jim Marks and colleague in the lab. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2001</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. James Marks, monoclonal antibody for treatment of botulinum neurotoxins </h4> <p>In 1993, Dr. Jim Marks initiated a search for a safer botulism antidote, as existing treatments derived from exposed hospital workers and horses had serious side effects. His team developed a novel combination of monoclonal antibodies targeting type A, B, and E Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), with ongoing research progress.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Cardiac-Output-Monitor_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=miO1Jcqs" width="585" height="400" alt="Figure 1 from January 2000 Anesthesiology article: Endotracheal Cardiac Output Monitor." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Figure 1 from January 2000 Anesthesiology article: Endotracheal Cardiac Output Monitor. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2001</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Arthur Wallace, developer of endotracheal cardiac output monitor </h4> <p>The endotracheal cardiac output monitor (ECOM) is a device that uses an endotracheal tube with multiple electrodes to measure cardiac output (CO). It measures the changes in electrical impedance caused by pulsatile blood flow in the aorta. Read more: <a href="https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/92/1/178/37580/Endotracheal-Cardiac-Output-Monitor">Endotracheal Cardiac Output Monitor</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Mervyn-Maze-Chair-Appointment_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=qgsPiJMS" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Mervyn Maze at his desk." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Mervyn Maze </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2009</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Mervyn Maze appointed 4th Chair </h4> <p>After overseeing the department's 50th anniversary celebration, Dr. Ronald D. Miller retired as chair. Dr. Mervyn Maze succeeded him, celebrated for his groundbreaking research on general anesthetics and co-invention of dexmedetomidine, a widely used sedative in perioperative and critical care settings. His pioneering work has garnered prestigious awards, including the American Society of Anesthesiology's Excellence in Research award.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Michael-Gropper-Chair-Appointment_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=p0F2aBOa" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Michael Gropper" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Michael Gropper</figcaption> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2015</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Michael Gropper appointed 5th Chair </h4> <p>Dr. Michael Gropper, having served as Director of Critical Care Medicine at UCSF, assumed roles as acting chair in 2013, interim chair in 2014, and was appointed chair of the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care in 2015 following an international search. Under his leadership, the department has upheld its legacy of excellence in patient care, education, and research amid substantial health system growth.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/All-Female-Heart-Transplant-Team_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=Gdgy5Eh8" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Blake, surgeon Dr. Amy Fiedler, perfusionist Ashley Risso, and other members of the OR team after the historic heart transplant." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Blake, surgeon Dr. Amy Fiedler, perfusionist Ashley Risso, and other members of the OR team after the historic heart transplant. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2022</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>Dr. Charlene Blake, member of first all-woman team to perform a heart transplant </strong></h4> <p>On a normal clinical day in December 2022, Dr. Charlene Blake, a cardiac anesthesiologist, was assigned to manage a heart transplant case. It was only after the 5-hour case had ended that Dr. Blake, surgeon Amy Fiedler, perfusionist Ashley Risso, and other members of the OR team realized there were no men present in the room. This was the first heart transplant performed by an all-woman team at UCSF – and possibly anywhere. The story was featured in the <a href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/ucsf-heart-transplant-historic-17772609.php">SF Chronicle</a>, <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/female-physicians-medicine-gender-gap/">CBS News</a>, <a href="https://www.today.com/health/likely-first-women-team-performs-heart-transplant-ucsf-rcna70930">Today</a>, and <a href="https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/wellness/story/women-team-makes-history-heart-transplant-california-hospital-97290910">Good Morning America</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Brain-Signals-Chronic-Pain_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=2hHzdJnY" width="585" height="400" alt="Chronic pain brain mapping x-ray." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Chronic pain brain mapping x-ray. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2023</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>Brain signals for chronic pain</strong></h4> <p>Dr. Prasad Shirvalkar and team find an objective marker of chronic pain. Read more in the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/health/chronic-pain-brain-signals.html"><em>New York Times</em></a>, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/brain-study-finds-clues-to-treating-chronic-pain-a19be9fb"><em>Wall Street Journal</em></a>, <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2374878-chronic-pain-linked-to-distinctive-patterns-of-brain-activity/"><em>New Scientist</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/may/22/scientists-discover-brain-signals-for-chronic-pain"><em>Guardian</em></a>, <a href="https://www.livescience.com/health/neuroscience/brain-signals-underlying-chronic-pain-could-be-short-circuited-study-suggests"><em>Live Science</em></a>, the<em> </em><a href="https://theconversation.com/chronic-pain-can-be-objectively-measured-using-brain-signals-new-research-205910"><em>Conversation</em></a>, or <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/22/1073465/brain-waves-can-tell-us-how-much-pain-someone-is-in/"><em>MIT Tech Review</em>.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Hydrocortisone-and-Septic-Shock_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=uUHTFDIo" width="585" height="400" alt="Dr. Romain Pirracchio" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Romain Pirracchio</figcaption> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2023</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>UCSF-Led study suggests treatment combination that may increase chances for survival</strong></h4> <p>In a <a href="https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/EVIDoa2300034">study</a> published May 22, 2023 in <em>NEJM: Evidence</em>, an international team of researchers from UCSF, Raymond Poincaré AP-HP Hospital, Versailles SQY University, Paris-Saclay University and Inserm, and the George Institute for Global Health in Sydney, <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/05/425441/can-hydrocortisone-improve-patient-outcomes-septic-shock">studied the role of hydrocortisone in the management of adult patients with septic shock</a>. They found that while the effect of hydrocortisone was modest in terms of overall survival, it was associated with a decrease in the need for blood pressure-raising drugs (vasopressors) and improvement in survival when used in combination with other corticosteroids. The study was coordinated by first authors <a href="https://profiles.ucsf.edu/romain.pirracchio">Romain Pirracchio</a>, MD, MPH, PhD, chief of <a href="/about/sites/zuckerberg-san-francisco-general" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ce43c4d0-800c-4afb-ad25-c479d0c3f4e4" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Zuckerberg San Francisco General">Anesthesia at ZSFG</a> and the Ronald D. Miller distinguished professor at UCSF, Djillali Annane, MD, PhD, and senior author Anthony Delaney, MBBS, MSc, PhD.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-06/Cancer-Shredding-Research-Team_Timeline-Photo_1800x1200.jpg?itok=ed-xj6pA" width="585" height="400" alt=""I Want You to CRISPR" and "Are You Ready to CRISPR?" signs in a lab at UCSF" /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> CRISPR signs in a lab at UCSF. </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2023</div> </div> <div><h4><strong>Dr. Alex Perez, Anesthesia Resident, member of groundbreaking "cancer shredding" research team</strong></h4> <p><a href="https://gladstone.org/news/crispr-powered-cancer-shredding-technique-opens-new-possibility-treating-most-common-and">Read more on the Gladstone website</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--timeline-slide paragraph--view-mode--default grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-12"> <div class=""> <div><article> <figure class="with-caption"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/anesthesia.ucsf.edu/files/styles/timeline_slide/public/2024-09/GropperMillerBook2024-web-6672.jpg?itok=45rW1fci" width="585" height="400" alt="A smiling man in blue and white stripped dress shirt holds the two volumes of Miller's Anesthesia, one in each hand." /> </div> </div> <figcaption class="text-xs py-4"> Dr. Michael Gropper with Miller's Anesthesia, 10th Edition </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div class="max-h-[440px] overflow-y-auto"> <div class="text-xs uppercase border-b border-dusk font-bold pb-4 mb-8"> <div class="timeline-year">2024</div> </div> <div><h4>Dr. Michael Gropper serves as editor-in-chief for the 10th edition of Miller's Anesthesia</h4> <p>Originally published in 1981, Miller’s Anesthesia remains the definitive text on anesthesia practice. In the 10th edition expert editors and authors address timely topics alongside basic science for an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the field.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="timelineContainer"> <div class="timelineSliderNav"></div> </div> </div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--simple-content paragraph--view-mode--default container-sm mt-32 mb-40 px-8 clearfix"> <div><h2>The history of our department</h2> <h3>1910</h3> <p>Prior to 1900, anesthesia was primarily supervised and taught by faculty surgeons at both didactic and clinical levels. Dr. Mary Elizabeth Botsford, after graduating from UC San Francisco in 1896, began her anesthesia practice in 1897, making her one of the first physician anesthesiologists in the nation. In 1910, she became the first faculty anesthetist at UCSF.</p> <p>Botsford played a key role in professionalizing anesthesia. She established the first section on anesthesia in a state medical society and advocated for legislation to include anesthesia in medical school curricula. <a href="https://csahq.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/calmes-the-women-physician-anaesthetists-of-san-francisco-1989.pdf">By 1930, she was the third president of the Associated Anesthetists of the US and Canada</a>.</p> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, hospital-employed physicians provided anesthesia as a service. Botsford led anesthesia services within the Department of Surgery, which had five women physicians by 1921. By 1925, Drs. Mary Botsford, Ethel Righetti, Mary Kavanagh, and Dorothy Wood were integral to providing anesthesia at UCSF.</p> <p>Botsford was a dynamic teacher, offering lectures, demonstrations, and electives in anesthesia to medical students. Though no official anesthesia residencies existed, informal teaching was ongoing. During this period, Dr. Chauncey Leake conducted pioneering research on anesthetic agents in the Department of Pharmacology.</p> <h3>1932</h3> <p>In 1932, Botsford was appointed clinical professor of anesthesiology, UC's first professor of anesthesia.</p> <h3>1941</h3> <p>In 1941, a Division of Anesthesia was established within the Department of Surgery, coinciding with the launch of a formal residency program. Initially, the faculty comprised 4 members overseeing 10 residency positions. The department primarily focused on providing anesthesia for surgeries, with occasional consultations for intensive care and obstetric cases. Research was limited, and recruitment of residents was challenging due to World War II.</p> <h3>1957</h3> <p>On September 4, 1957, Julius Comroe arrived in Iowa City for a meeting of the American Physiologic Society. Comroe, the newly appointed director of UCSF’s planned Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), was also focused on enhancing UCSF’s reputation and establishing the CVRI as a key resource for researchers. He believed the emerging field of anesthesia could contribute significantly to this goal.</p> <p>Comroe met with Stuart Cullen, who had built an impressive academic department at Iowa. By the end of their meeting, Comroe asked Cullen to lead anesthesia at UCSF. Cullen was intrigued but insisted that anesthesia must have its own department, separate from surgery, before he would agree to join.</p> <h3>1958</h3> <p>Within hours, Comroe convinced UCSF to establish an independent Department of Anesthesia. In 1958, Dr. Stuart C. Cullen became its first chairman. Cullen recruited John Severinghaus, and together with faculty members Neri Guadagni, Frank DeBon, Earnest Guy (chief of anesthesia at San Francisco General Hospital), and new resident Walter "Skip" Way, they formed the core team.</p> <p>Over the next 60+ years, the department played a pivotal role in the growth of modern anesthesia, significantly impacting surgical practice, critical care, and pain management. The department quickly gained a reputation for excellence in research, education, and clinical care, matching or surpassing any institution worldwide.</p> <p>Dr. Cullen and his faculty expanded the residency program to include obstetric anesthesia, ICU, and training at San Francisco General Hospital. They also developed undergraduate teaching and a productive research unit. In June 1966, Cullen left the chairmanship to become Dean of the School of Medicine, during which time the department earned an international reputation for its research.</p> <h3>1967</h3> <p>Dr. William K. Hamilton (1922-2017) became chairman in 1967, continuing the department's growth. An anesthesia unit was established at the Veterans Administration Hospital, and the department took over the ICU at San Francisco General Hospital. Faculty began providing care in the pediatric and newborn ICUs at University Hospital, and the research base was significantly expanded in quality and depth. </p> <h3>1983</h3> <p>In 1983, Dr. Hamilton became vice dean and associate dean for Postdoctoral and Clinical Affairs. In 1984, as the department celebrated its 25th anniversary, Dr. Ronald D. Miller succeeded him as chair. The first edition of the “Miller’s Anesthesia” textbook was published in 1981, and now in its 10th edition, is a global standard.</p> <p>Under Dr. Miller, the department expanded its clinical responsibilities, including preoperative evaluation, operating room, recovery, and critical care. It launched a model outpatient pain management program and assumed leadership roles at all UCSF-affiliated facilities.</p> <p>The department became one of the largest and most prestigious academic anesthesia programs globally, pioneering simulation-based learning and flexible residencies in research and critical care. Dr. Miller foresaw the importance of molecular biology in medical research, modernizing the department's research program. The department has consistently been a top recipient of NIH funding.</p> <h3>2009</h3> <p>After leading the department through its 50th birthday celebration, Dr. Ronald D. Miller stepped down as chair. Dr. Mervyn Maze succeeded him, renowned for his pioneering studies on general anesthetics, notably co-inventing dexmedetomidine, widely used for sedation in perioperative and critical care. His innovative research earned him awards like the American Society of Anesthesiology's Excellence in Research award.</p> <h3>2015</h3> <p>Dr. Michael Gropper succeeded Dr. Maze in 2015, transitioning from his roles as chief of Critical Care Medicine at UCSF and as acting and interim chair. The Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care now boasts over 250 faculty members, 82 clinical residents, and over 20 research trainees and fellows. Active units are spread across various medical centers, including Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mount Zion Medical Center, UCSF Orthopaedic Institute, and several specialty hospitals in the Mission Bay neighborhood. Beyond operating rooms, the department plays crucial roles in ambulatory care, pain management, critical care, and preoperative evaluation.</p> <p>Faculty members continue to influence the field nationally and internationally, participating in NIH study sections, securing funding, and serving on FDA and editorial boards. Graduates of the program hold prominent positions in academia and private practice, with many assuming leadership roles in hospitals and professional organizations. The department's contributions have shaped the evolution of anesthesiology since its establishment in 1958, with several faculty members recognized for innovative research.</p> </div> </section> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--latest-news paragraph--view-mode--default md:container px-8 mt-28"> <div class='flex items-center justify-between'> <h2 class="my-0"> <div>News</div> </h2> <div> <a href="/news?title=&field_news_categories_target_id[32426]=32426" class="link-more"><span class="text-link">See all</span><span class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right icon"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="news-list-block view view-eva view-news view-id-news view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-15a829d8f7950cec9b09e5fb919ffd95ea1b382cfba2dab61b08a60481e75f02"> <ul class="view-grid grid xs:auto-rows-fr sm:grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-3 xs:grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-3 gap-16 mt-20"> <li><article data-history-node-id="45346" class="px-10 pb-12 bg-white mb-28 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