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<ul id="toc-Introduzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sincronia_e_diacronia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sincronia_e_diacronia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sincronia e diacronia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sincronia_e_diacronia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorie_linguistiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorie_linguistiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teorie linguistiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teorie_linguistiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Teorie linguistiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teorie_linguistiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approcci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approcci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Approcci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approcci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Umanistici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umanistici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Umanistici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umanistici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Biologici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorie_descrittive_ed_esplicative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorie_descrittive_ed_esplicative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Teorie descrittive ed esplicative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorie_descrittive_ed_esplicative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universalismo_e_particolarismo_categoriale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universalismo_e_particolarismo_categoriale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Universalismo e particolarismo categoriale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universalismo_e_particolarismo_categoriale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia_della_linguistica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia_della_linguistica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Storia della linguistica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storia_della_linguistica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Storia della linguistica</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storia_della_linguistica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'Ottocento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Ottocento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>L'Ottocento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Ottocento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_Novecento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_Novecento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Il Novecento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_Novecento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linguistica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 201 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">201 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taalwetenskappe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የቋንቋ ጥናት - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቋንቋ ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C7%A3ccr%C3%A6ft" title="Sprǣccræft - inglese antico" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sprǣccræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglese antico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم اللغويات - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم اللغويات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Llingüística - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingüística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avopa" title="Avopa - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Avopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%C3%A7ilik" title="Dilçilik - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dilçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دیلچیلیک - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیلچیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Тел ғилеме - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тел ғилеме" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbuot%C4%ABra" title="Kalbuotīra - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalbuotīra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwistika" title="Linggwistika - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Linggwistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мовазнаўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мовазнаўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Езикознание - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Езикознание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषा बिज्ञान - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भाषा बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%92" title="ဘာႏသာႏဗေႏဒ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏသာႏဗေႏဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankalan" title="Kankalan - bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kankalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ། - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezhoniezh" title="Yezhoniezh - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэлэ шэнжэлэл - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэлэ шэнжэлэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-ngi%C3%B2ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng-hŏk - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwistika" title="Linggwistika - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linggwistika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانەوانی - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistika" title="Lingwistika - kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lingwistika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A8%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D0%BE%EA%99%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%A5" title="Ѩꙁꙑкоꙁнаниѥ - slavo ecclesiastico" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѩꙁꙑкоꙁнаниѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavo ecclesiastico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithyddiaeth" title="Ieithyddiaeth - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogvidenskab" title="Sprogvidenskab - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprogvidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachwissenschaft" title="Sprachwissenschaft - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6c%C3%ABthook" title="Piööcëthook - dinca" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööcëthook" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Zıwanşınasiye - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bcyw%C4%9Bda" title="Rěcywěda - basso sorabo" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rěcywěda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="basso sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ބަހަވިއްޔާތު - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަހަވިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γλωσσολογία - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistiko" title="Lingvistiko - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeleteadus" title="Keeleteadus - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keeleteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntzalaritza" title="Hizkuntzalaritza - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntzalaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica - estremegno" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremegno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان‌شناسی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielitiede" title="Kielitiede - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kielitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeletiid%C3%BCs" title="Keeletiidüs - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keeletiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics - figiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Málfrøði - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Málfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linguistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengouistica" title="Lengouistica - francoprovenzale" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengouistica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovenzale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Spr%C3%A4kewaasenschap" title="Portaal:Spräkewaasenschap - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Portaal:Spräkewaasenschap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghistiche" title="Lenghistiche - friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangeola%C3%ADocht" title="Teangeolaíocht - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengwistik" title="Lengwistik - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lengwistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanachas" title="Cànanachas - gaelico scozzese" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelico scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDkuaaty_ha_%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDtekuaa" title="Ñe'ẽkuaaty ha Ñe'ẽtekuaa - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽkuaaty ha Ñe'ẽtekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%BCikii" title="Anüikii - wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Anüikii" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengoaylleeaght" title="Çhengoaylleeaght - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בלשנות - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלשנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikoslovlje" title="Jezikoslovlje - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezikoslovlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9B%C4%8Despyt" title="Rěčespyt - alto sorabo" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rěčespyt" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengwistik" title="Lengwistik - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lengwistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelv%C3%A9szet" title="Nyelvészet - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզվաբանություն - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզուաբանութիւն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեզուաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguistika" title="Lingguistika - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lingguistika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistiko" title="Linguistiko - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linguistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsindi" title="Málvísindi - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málvísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%96%84%E1%93%AF%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐅᖄᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ - inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᖄᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="言語学 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bauske" title="bauske - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bauske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ენათმეცნიერება - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენათმეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnilest_tamatut" title="Tasnilest tamatut - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnilest tamatut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyenlilyem" title="Lyenlilyem - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lyenlilyem" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភាសាសាស្ត្រ - khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭಾಷಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99" title="언어학 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimannas%C3%AE" title="Zimannasî - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimannasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciens_yeth" title="Sciens yeth - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sciens yeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Тил илими - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тил илими" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistika" title="Linguistika - giudeo-spagnolo" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="giudeo-spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproochw%C3%ABssenschaft" title="Sproochwëssenschaft - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sproochwëssenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalweitesjap" title="Taalweitesjap - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taalweitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengo%C3%ACstica" title="Lengoìstica - ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoìstica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - ladino" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguistega" title="Lenguistega - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພາສາສາດ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbotyra" title="Kalbotyra - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalbotyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C5%ABdzineiba" title="Volūdzineiba - letgallo" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Volūdzineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="letgallo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valodniec%C4%ABba" title="Valodniecība - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valodniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кяльлувкссодама - moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяльлувкссодама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitsikerafiteny" title="Haitsikerafiteny - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haitsikerafiteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Йылмышанче - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылмышанче" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл шинжлэл - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэл шинжлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भाषाशास्त्र - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाषाशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistika" title="Lingwistika - maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwistika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဘာသာဗေဒ - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlahtolmatiliztli" title="Tlahtolmatiliztli - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlahtolmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraakwetenschop" title="Spraakwetenschop - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spraakwetenschop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproaklear" title="Sproaklear - basso tedesco olandese" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sproaklear" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistike" title="Linguistike - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Linguistike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%90%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ - n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEndgistique" title="Lîndgistique - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lîndgistique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭାଷା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ - odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାଷା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Æвзагзонынад - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзагзонынад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguistika" title="Lingguistika - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lingguistika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica - papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zykoznawstwo" title="Językoznawstwo - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Językoznawstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengh%C3%ACstica" title="Lenghìstica - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانیات - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لسانیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γλωσσολογία - pontico" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژبپوهنه - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Linguística - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_yachay" title="Simi yachay - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhibavipen" title="Chhibavipen - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chhibavipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistic%C4%83" title="Lingvistică - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lingvistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistic%C3%A2" title="Lingvisticâ - arumeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lingvisticâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Линґвистика - Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Линґвистика" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінґвістіка - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінґвістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भाषाविज्ञानम् - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भाषाविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D" title="Тыл үөрэҕэ - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыл үөрэҕэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ACstica" title="Linguìstica - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linguìstica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ACstica" title="Linguìstica - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linguìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingueestics" title="Lingueestics - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lingueestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වාග් විද්‍යාව - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාග් විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazykoveda" title="Jazykoveda - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazykoveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikoslovje" title="Jezikoslovje - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezikoslovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2tie%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Kielâtieđâ - sami di Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâtieđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami di Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururimi" title="Ururimi - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ururimi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABsia" title="Gjuhësia - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproakwietenskup" title="Sproakwietenskup - saterfriesisch" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sproakwietenskup" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kvetenskap" title="Språkvetenskap - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språkvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isimu" title="Isimu - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மொழியியல் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забоншиносӣ - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาศาสตร์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwistika" title="Lingguwistika - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi_bilong_pasin_bilong_ol_tokples" title="Stadi bilong pasin bilong ol tokples - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Stadi bilong pasin bilong ol tokples" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilim" title="Dilbilim - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_krkari" title="Knklaan krkari - taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan krkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_beleme" title="Tel beleme - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tel beleme" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="تىلشۇناسلىق - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىلشۇناسلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мовознавство - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовознавство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانیات - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لسانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilshunoslik" title="Tilshunoslik - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tilshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengu%C3%ACstega" title="Lenguìstega - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenguìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelentedo" title="Kelentedo - vepso" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kelentedo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngôn ngữ học - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwince" title="Linwince - vallone" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linwince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwistika" title="Lingguwistika - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="语言学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლინგვისტიკა - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინგვისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לינגוויסטיק - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינגוויסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taelkunde" title="Taelkunde - zelandese" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Taelkunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ - tamazight del Marocco standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight del Marocco standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语言学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語言學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Giân-gú-ha̍k - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-gú-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linguistica" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Linguistica" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Linguistica" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Linguistica" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&oldid=143976446" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Linguistica&id=143976446&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinguistica"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_world_map_actual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Languages_world_map_actual.png/510px-Languages_world_map_actual.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Languages_world_map_actual.png/765px-Languages_world_map_actual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Languages_world_map_actual.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Mappa delle famiglie linguistiche nel mondo.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>linguistica</b> è lo studio scientifico del <a href="/wiki/Linguaggio" title="Linguaggio">linguaggio</a> (capacità di tutti gli esseri umani di sviluppare un sistema di comunicazione che abbia determinate caratteristiche) e della lingua (forma specifica che il linguaggio assume nelle varie comunità). Esistono sei livelli d'analisi della lingua: fonetica (suoni del linguaggio verbale); fonologia (il sistema di suoni astratti di una lingua particolare); morfologia (struttura delle parole); sintassi (regole che governano la struttura delle frasi); semantica (significato); pragmatica (come il contesto d'uso contribuisce al significato). È una disciplina scientifica, in quanto si basa su approcci empirici e oggettivi<sup id="cite_ref-GenettiDef_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenettiDef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Un <b>linguista</b> è una persona specializzata in linguistica.<sup id="cite_ref-GenettiDef_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenettiDef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduzione">Introduzione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Introduzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Introduzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La linguistica ha come scopo comprendere e definire le caratteristiche del linguaggio verbale umano (la facoltà mentale dell'uomo di comunicare attraverso una <a href="/wiki/Lingua_(linguistica)" title="Lingua (linguistica)">lingua</a>) attraverso l'analisi delle lingue del mondo: un linguista indaga e descrive quindi le <a href="/wiki/Struttura_(semiotica)" title="Struttura (semiotica)">strutture</a> delle lingue per capire come sono quest'ultime e cerca di spiegare perché queste sono come sono (e perché non sono in altro modo).<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'obiettivo di un linguista quindi non è quello di studiare le lingue per imparare a parlarle, cioè a comunicare con i parlanti di quelle lingue.<sup id="cite_ref-GenettiDef_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenettiDef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La linguistica è una scienza empirica in quanto legata a fenomeni osservabili (<a href="/wiki/Foni" class="mw-redirect" title="Foni">foni</a> e <a href="/wiki/Grafemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafemi">grafemi</a>). Tali fenomeni non valgono però di per sé: essi vengono prodotti e compresi come fenomeni <a href="/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica">semiotici</a>, in quanto rinviano ad altro da sé (per i filosofi medievali, <i>aliquid stat pro aliquo</i>, 'qualcosa sta per qualcos'altro').<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Si parla di <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_generale" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistica generale">linguistica generale</a> per evidenziare un approccio che mette a confronto lingue diverse e affinità e differenze tra esse.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denominazioni analoghe a "linguistica generale" sono "linguistica teorica", "linguistica sincronica", "linguistica descrittiva".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sincronia_e_diacronia">Sincronia e diacronia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Sincronia e diacronia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sincronia e diacronia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La linguistica indaga le lingue secondo due aspetti: quello sincronico e quello diacronico. Una lingua o, più in particolare, un fenomeno linguistico possono essere studiati nella loro evoluzione storica, ossia nel loro mutare nel tempo: tale approccio, nonché metodo di analisi linguistica, è chiamato diacronico. La <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_storica" title="Linguistica storica">linguistica storica</a> è quella branca della linguistica che si occupa dello studio diacronico delle lingue. Quando invece si osserva e si analizza una lingua o una sua caratteristica in un preciso momento storico (sia esso presente o passato), senza interessarsi del suo aspetto diacronico, si conduce un'analisi sincronica. Quest'ultima è condotta dalla <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_sincronica" title="Linguistica sincronica">linguistica sincronica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ogni livello di una lingua (dalla fonologia alla semantica e alla pragmatica) può essere studiato sia sincronicamente che diacronicamente: ad esempio, è possibile studiare il sistema nominale del <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> (ossia le declinazioni: quali sono e come sono strutturate) per come ci è stato conservato nei testi letterari di un determinato periodo (studio sincronico); oppure possiamo ricostruire i mutamenti che hanno portato al sistema nominale latino come lo osserviamo, seguendo la sua storia dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_protoindoeuropea" title="Lingua protoindoeuropea">protoindoeuropeo</a> fino al latino (studio diacronico). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discipline">Discipline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Discipline" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Discipline"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La linguistica è un campo di ricerca ampio che include varie discipline, alcune delle quali collegate alle varie parti che compongono il sistema lingua. Le principali sottodiscipline della linguistica (che corrispondono in linea di massima ai livelli che compongono un sistema lingua) sono: </p> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Fonetica" title="Fonetica">fonetica</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia">fonologia</a>, che riguardano il sistema di suoni delle lingue;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(linguistica)" title="Morfologia (linguistica)">morfologia</a>, che studia la struttura interna delle parole;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi">sintassi</a>, la quale si occupa della struttura delle frasi;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Semantica" title="Semantica">semantica</a>, che interessa il significato;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_pragmatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistica pragmatica">pragmatica</a>, che studia le proprietà degli atti comunicativi;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Lessicologia" title="Lessicologia">lessicologia</a>, che studia il lessico di una data lingua.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetti2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetti2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A seconda dei punti di vista dai quali il linguaggio viene studiato, è possibile inoltre distinguere altre sottodiscipline: </p> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_descrittiva" title="Linguistica descrittiva">linguistica descrittiva</a>, che si occupa di documentare e descrivere le lingue del mondo;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_storica" title="Linguistica storica">linguistica storica</a>, che consiste nell'analizzare i fenomeni linguistici da un punto di vista storico;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistica" title="Sociolinguistica">sociolinguistica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Dialettologia" title="Dialettologia">dialettologia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Geolinguistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolinguistica">geolinguistica</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Etno-linguistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Etno-linguistica">etnolinguistica</a>, che si occupano dei vari aspetti sociali e di variazione geografica e dialettale;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Psico-linguistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Psico-linguistica">psicolinguistica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistica" title="Neurolinguistica">neurolinguistica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_cognitiva" title="Linguistica cognitiva">linguistica cognitiva</a>, che si occupano delle caratteristiche psico-cognitive e neurologiche del linguaggio;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Tipologia_linguistica" title="Tipologia linguistica">tipologia linguistica</a> (o linguistica tipologica) e la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_comparata" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistica comparata">linguistica comparata</a>, il cui obiettivo primario è quello di confrontare le lingue del mondo e individuare le strutture ricorrenti e darne una spiegazione attraverso motivazioni funzionali;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_applicata" title="Linguistica applicata">linguistica applicata</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_computazionale" title="Linguistica computazionale">linguistica computazionale</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_forense" title="Linguistica forense">linguistica forense</a>;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Logopedia" title="Logopedia">logopedia</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Foniatria" title="Foniatria">foniatria</a>, che si occupano dei disturbi e patologie legati al linguaggio.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetti2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetti2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorie_linguistiche">Teorie linguistiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Teorie linguistiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Teorie linguistiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approcci">Approcci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Approcci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Approcci"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg/250px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, che proponeva la linguistica generale come lo studio della lingua come un sistema equilibrato di significato e forma.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Umanistici">Umanistici</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Umanistici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Umanistici"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il principio fondamentale della linguistica <a href="/wiki/Umanismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Umanismo">umanistica</a> è che la lingua è un'invenzione creata dalle persone. Una tradizione <a href="/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica">semiotica</a> della ricerca linguistica considera il linguaggio come un sistema di <a href="/wiki/Segno" title="Segno">segni</a> che nasce dall'interazione del <a href="/wiki/Significato" title="Significato">significato</a> e della forma.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'organizzazione delle strutture linguistiche è considerata computazionale.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La linguistica è essenzialmente vista come relativa alle <a href="/wiki/Scienze_sociali" title="Scienze sociali">scienze sociali e culturali</a> perché lingue diverse sono modellate nell'interazione sociale dalla comunità linguistica.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le scuole di pensiero che rappresentano la visione umanistica del linguaggio includono, tra gli altri, la <a href="/wiki/Strutturalismo_(linguistica)" title="Strutturalismo (linguistica)">linguistica strutturale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-humanistic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanistic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analisi strutturale significa sezionare ogni strato: fonetico, morfologico, sintattico e discorso, alle unità più piccole. Questi sono raccolti in inventari (ad es. fonema, morfema, classi lessicali, tipi di frase) per studiarne l'interconnessione all'interno di una gerarchia di strutture e strati.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'analisi funzionale aggiunge all'analisi strutturale l'assegnazione di ruoli semantici e altri ruoli funzionali che ciascuna unità può avere. Ad esempio, un sintagma nominale può funzionare come <a href="/wiki/Soggetto_(linguistica)" title="Soggetto (linguistica)">soggetto</a> o <a href="/wiki/Oggetto_(linguistica)" title="Oggetto (linguistica)">oggetto</a> grammaticale della frase, o come <a href="/wiki/Agente_(linguistica)" title="Agente (linguistica)">agente</a> o paziente semantico.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_funzionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistica funzionale">linguistica funzionale</a>, o grammatica funzionale, è una branca della linguistica strutturale. Nel contesto umanistico, i termini strutturalismo e funzionalismo sono legati al loro significato in altre <a href="/wiki/Discipline_umanistiche" title="Discipline umanistiche">scienze umane</a>. La differenza tra strutturalismo formale e funzionale sta nella loro risposta alla domanda perché le lingue hanno le proprietà che hanno. La spiegazione funzionale implica l'idea che il linguaggio sia uno strumento per la <a href="/wiki/Comunicazione" title="Comunicazione">comunicazione</a>, o che la comunicazione sia la <a href="/wiki/Funzioni_del_linguaggio" title="Funzioni del linguaggio">funzione</a> primaria del linguaggio. Le forme linguistiche vengono di conseguenza spiegate in relazione al loro valore funzionale, o utilità. Altri approcci strutturalisti assumono la prospettiva che la forma derivi dai meccanismi interni del sistema linguistico bilaterale e multistrato.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biologici">Biologici</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Biologici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Biologici"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approcci come la <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_cognitiva" title="Linguistica cognitiva">linguistica cognitiva</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Grammatica_generativa" title="Grammatica generativa">grammatica generativa</a> studiano la cognizione linguistica con l'obiettivo di scoprire le basi <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologiche</a> del linguaggio. Nella grammatica generativa si sostiene che queste basi derivino da una conoscenza grammaticale innata. Pertanto, una delle preoccupazioni centrali dell'approccio è scoprire quali aspetti della conoscenza linguistica sono <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La linguistica cognitiva, al contrario, rifiuta la nozione di grammatica innata e studia come la <a href="/wiki/Mente" title="Mente">mente</a> umana crea costruzioni linguistiche da schemi di eventi<sup id="cite_ref-Arbib_2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbib_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e l'impatto dei vincoli e dei pregiudizi cognitivi sul linguaggio umano.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogamente alla <a href="/wiki/Programmazione_neurolinguistica" title="Programmazione neurolinguistica">programmazione neurolinguistica</a>, il linguaggio viene avvicinato attraverso i <a href="/wiki/Organi_di_senso" title="Organi di senso">sensi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-delCarmenGuarddonAnelo_2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delCarmenGuarddonAnelo_2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs&Colston_1995_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs&Colston_1995-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I linguisti cognitivi studiano l'incarnazione della conoscenza cercando espressioni che si riferiscano a schemi sensomotori.<sup id="cite_ref-Luodonpää-Manni&Viimaranta_2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luodonpää-Manni&Viimaranta_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un approccio strettamente correlato è la linguistica <a href="/wiki/Evoluzione" title="Evoluzione">evolutiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che include lo studio delle unità linguistiche come <a href="/wiki/Memetica" title="Memetica">replicatori culturali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> È possibile studiare come il linguaggio si replica e si adatta alla mente dell'individuo o della comunità linguistica.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La grammatica delle costruzioni è un framework che applica il concetto di <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">meme</a> allo studio della <a href="/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi">sintassi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_2001_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl_2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zehentner_2019_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zehentner_2019-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacWhinney_2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacWhinney_2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'approccio generativo e l'approccio evolutivo sono talvolta chiamati formalismo e funzionalismo.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questo riferimento è tuttavia diverso dall'uso dei termini nelle scienze umane.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teorie_descrittive_ed_esplicative">Teorie descrittive ed esplicative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Teorie descrittive ed esplicative" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Teorie descrittive ed esplicative"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Una seconda tipologia di classificazione, parallela alla precedente è stata proposta, ed è quella secondo la quale le teorie linguistiche sono divisibili in teorie descrittive e teorie esplicative.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le teorie descrittive sono teorie che riguardano la descrizione delle lingue, cioè come sono strutturate le lingue. Diversamente, le teorie esplicative sono teorie che spiegano perché le lingue sono in un modo piuttosto che un altro. Descrizione e spiegazione sono quindi intese come due concetti separati, al contrario di quanto generalmente affermato dalle teorie generative: secondo queste infatti, una teoria può e deve essere descrittiva e al contempo permettere di spiegare i fenomeni considerati.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondo questa visione, non è possibile concepire una "linguistica teorica" in opposizione ad una "linguistica descrittiva", dato che la distinzione non è appunto tra "teorico" e "ateorico/descrittivo", bensì tra descrittivo ed esplicativo. In altre parole, la descrizione non potrà mai essere "ateorica", ma dovrà necessariamente rifarsi ad una teoria (di tipo descrittivo).<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universalismo_e_particolarismo_categoriale">Universalismo e particolarismo categoriale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Universalismo e particolarismo categoriale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Universalismo e particolarismo categoriale"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le teorie linguistiche possono essere ulteriormente suddivise a seconda di come concepiscono le categorie linguistiche delle lingue.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le teorie che affermano l'universalismo categoriale si propongono di individuare categorie universali, pertinenti a tutte le lingue, e spiegarne le caratteristiche: per esempio, cercano di individuare la categoria «passivo» in tutte le lingue del mondo, osservandone il comportamento e definendone delle caratteristiche universali che permettano il riconoscimento della categoria stessa in tutte le lingue osservate. Le teorie che invece seguono il particolarismo categoriale sostengono che ogni lingua possegga le sue categorie (di qui il termine «particolarismo») e che non sia possibile equiparare una categoria di una lingua con la stessa di un'altra lingua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_della_linguistica">Storia della linguistica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Storia della linguistica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Storia della linguistica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata noprint plainlinks avviso avviso-generico"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal128-kanagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbozzo linguistica"><img alt="Abbozzo linguistica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crystal128-kanagram.svg/45px-Crystal128-kanagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crystal128-kanagram.svg/68px-Crystal128-kanagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crystal128-kanagram.svg/90px-Crystal128-kanagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce  sull'argomento linguistica è solo un <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Abbozzo" title="Aiuto:Abbozzo">abbozzo</a></b>.<br /> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit">Contribuisci</a> a migliorarla secondo le <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile">convenzioni di Wikipedia</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Linguistica" title="Progetto:Linguistica">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> <div class="hide-when-compact"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Storia_della_linguistica" title="Storia della linguistica">Storia della linguistica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Ottocento"><span id="L.27Ottocento"></span>L'Ottocento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione L'Ottocento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: L'Ottocento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’inizio della ‘linguistica moderna’ si colloca nei primi decenni del XIX secolo, dopo la scoperta di alcune lingue che presentavano delle somiglianze notevoli nonostante fossero molto distanti geograficamente, temporalmente e culturalmente. Per spiegare ciò si pensò che in passato esistesse una lingua madre da cui tutte queste lingue derivarono. Le lingue prese in esame erano il sanscrito, il greco, il latino, e altre ancora, appartenenti alla famiglia indoeuropea; in seguito, si scoprì che la stessa situazione si presentava per altre lingue del mondo e si individuarono altre famiglie linguistiche: sino-tibetana, austronesiana, afroasiatica, niger-congo, dravidica. Attraverso lo studio delle singole lingue di una stessa famiglia nel tempo, si scoprì il carattere ‘naturale’ del linguaggio che comporta due aspetti: il primo è che il mutamento linguistico è un fenomeno universale, ogni lingua cambia nel tempo sia a livello sintattico che fonologico che lessicale; il secondo aspetto è che le lingue mutano in modo regolare, tanto che fu possibile descrivere il mutamento linguistico, specialmente quello fonologico, in termini di ‘leggi’, ossia generalizzazioni esplicite, un po’ come si fa per il mondo fisico. Pertanto, la riflessione linguistica entrò nell’ambito “scientifico”, e perciò divenne soggetto al criterio di verificabilità empirica. Questa corrente linguistica, denominata ‘Grammatica comparata’, fu dominante per tutto il XIX secolo e per gran parte della prima metà del XX. Tra gli esponenti più significativi di questo periodo emergono <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Christian_Rask" title="Rasmus Christian Rask">Rasmus Rask</a> e <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_Novecento">Il Novecento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Il Novecento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Il Novecento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Già nell'ottobre del 1913<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lo studio della linguistica si avvalse di testi postumi del linguista e semiologo svizzero <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, deceduto appena pochi mesi prima.<br /> Dopo la morte di De Saussure, si prese in considerazione l’importanza dei suoi studi sulla linguistica, tanto che con la pubblicazione postuma del <a href="/wiki/Corso_di_linguistica_generale" title="Corso di linguistica generale"><i>Cours de linguistique générale</i></a>, pubblicato nel 1916<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dai suoi allievi della <a href="/wiki/Scuola_di_Ginevra" title="Scuola di Ginevra">Scuola di Ginevra</a>, si dimostrò che era possibile studiare le lingue anche dal punto di vista sincronico, ovvero come sistemi esistenti di un dato momento, dando importanza allo studio delle lingue non soltanto come riflesso storico.<br /> Lo studio influenzò notevolmente la grammatica del tempo, dimostrando che la grammatica tradizionale, denominata allora come strutturalista, e modellata in gran parte sul latino, non era in grado di spiegare le categorie morfo-sintattiche che presentavano lingue esotiche e gli elementi con gli ordini di frase inediti. Perciò i linguisti iniziarono a sperare di ottenere l’elaborazione di metodi descrittivi per trasformare i dati in grammatiche. Questa corrente di studi non produsse risultati significativi nello studio della sintassi ad eccezione della ‘<a href="/wiki/Grammatica_valenziale" title="Grammatica valenziale">Grammatica valenziale</a>’ di <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Tesni%C3%A8re" title="Lucien Tesnière">Lucien Tesnière</a>. La novità è che il verbo sia il centro della frase, in quanto ogni verbo seleziona un numero di partecipanti a ciascuno dei quali assegna un ruolo diverso nell’azione che esprime. Da qui la distinzione tra elementi necessari per dare a una frase ‘un senso compiuto’ e cioè gli attori selezionati dal verbo, e gli elementi accessori, indipendenti dal verbo e facoltativi, che hanno la funzione di modificare un altro elemento della frase. Va aggiunto, però, che Tesnière concepiva la sua grammatica come olistica, ritenendo che si potesse fare a meno di tutte le altre categorie sintattiche, come le funzioni grammaticali di soggetto o oggetto. </p><p>Nel 1957 il linguista americano <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> pubblicò un libretto intitolato <i>Syntactic Structures</i> (‘Le strutture della sintassi’) che rivoluzionò il settore della sintassi. Egli dimostrò che una grammatica per essere adeguata deve rispecchiare la proprietà fondamentale della sintassi delle lingue naturali, la creatività, ovvero la capacità di produrre un numero infinito di frasi da un numero finito di parole. Questo significa che la grammatica deve disporre di regole con le seguenti caratteristiche: ricorsività e contestualità. La sintassi generativa si può suddividere in tre fasi: </p> <ol><li>nella prima fase la sintassi generativa produsse delle descrizioni molto dettagliate delle regole sintattiche di varie lingue, a cominciare dall’inglese;</li> <li>nella seconda fase, cominciata sul finire degli anni ’70, ci si è soffermati su come il bambino disporrebbe già alla nascita di un istinto che gli consente di apprendere qualsiasi lingua umana; questo istinto, a sua volta, implica che debba esistere una grammatica universale a tutte le lingue umane, vale a dire un tema comune di cui ciascuna lingua umana è una variazione;</li> <li>nella terza fase, cominciata poco prima della metà degli anni ’90 e tuttora in corso, si evidenzia il tentativo di risolvere quello che potrebbe essere denominato il ‘Problema di Darwin’: come si può derivare la Grammatica Universale in termini evolutivi?</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GenettiDef-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-GenettiDef_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-GenettiDef_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-GenettiDef_1-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGenetti_2014">Genetti 2014</a>, p. 18</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dryer2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Dryer2008_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Dryer2008_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Dryer2008_2-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFDryer_2008">Dryer 2008</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGobber_e_Morani">Gobber e Morani</a>, p. 3</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGobber_e_Morani">Gobber e Morani</a>, p. 1</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFBerruto_e_Cerruti">Berruto e Cerruti</a>, p. 3</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGraffi_e_Scalise_2002">Graffi e Scalise 2002</a>, p. 43</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genetti2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Genetti2014_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Genetti2014_7-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGenetti_2014">Genetti 2014</a>,  pp. 21-22</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Winfried Nöth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815123646/https://salahlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/handbook-of-semiotics.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Handbook of Semiotics</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; 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pp. 187-205, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9922.2009.00540.x">10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x</a>. <small>URL consultato il 3 agosto 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Sinnemäki & Di Garbo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6102949"><span style="font-style:italic;">Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Frontiers in Psychology</span>, vol. 9, 2018, pp. 187-205, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.01141">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6102949">6102949</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30154738">30154738</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl_2001-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_2001_28-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Östen Dahl, <span style="font-style:italic;">Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation</span>, vol. 14, 2001, pp. 91-134.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_2013-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_2013_29-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Simon Kirby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labex-whoami.fr/images/documents/kirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Transitions: the evolution of linguistic replicators</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in Binder e Smith (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">The Language Phenomenon</span>, The Frontiers Collection, Springer, 2013, pp. 121-138, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-36086-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-642-36085-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-642-36085-5">978-3-642-36085-5</a>. <small>URL consultato il 4 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zehentner_2019-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Zehentner_2019_30-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Eva Zehentner, <span style="font-style:italic;">Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation</span>, De Gruyter Mouton, 2019, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-11-063385-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-11-063385-6">978-3-11-063385-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacWhinney_2015-31"><a href="#cite_ref-MacWhinney_2015_31-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Brian MacWhinney, <span style="font-style:italic;">Introduction – language emergence</span>, in MacWhinney & O'Grady (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Handbook of Language Emergence</span>, Wiley, 2015, pp. 1-31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-118-34613-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-118-34613-6">978-1-118-34613-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Daniel Nettle, <span style="font-style:italic;">Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics</span>, in Darnell (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1</span>, Studies in Language Companion Series, vol. 41, John Benjamins, 1999, pp. 445-468, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1075%2Fslcs.41.21net">10.1075/slcs.41.21net</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-55619-927-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-55619-927-1">978-1-55619-927-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> William Croft, <span style="font-style:italic;">Functional Approaches to Grammar</span>, in Wright (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences</span>, vol. 9, 2nd, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 6323-6330, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8">10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-08-097087-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-08-097087-5">978-0-08-097087-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFDryer_2008">Dryer 2008</a>, pp. 207-208</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFHaspelmath_2010">Haspelmath 2010</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Charles Bally e Ferdinande De Saussure, <span style="font-style:italic;">Ferdinand De Saussure et l'état actuel des études linguistiques: leçon d'ouverture du cours de linguistique générale, lue le 27 octobre 1913, à l'aula de l'université</span>, Ginevra, Ata, 1913, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/883313526">883313526</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ferdinand de Saussure e Albert Riedlinger, <span style="font-style:italic;">Cours de linguistique générale</span>, Parigi, Librairie Payot, 1916, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/883324878">883324878</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBerruto_e_Cerruti" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Berruto" title="Gaetano Berruto">Gaetano Berruto</a> e Massimo Cerruti, <span style="font-style:italic;">La linguistica. Un corso introduttivo</span>, Novara, UTET Università, 2011, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-6008-343-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-6008-343-2">978-88-6008-343-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Mauro_1982" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Tullio_De_Mauro" title="Tullio De Mauro">Tullio De Mauro</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Minisemantica</span>, Bari, Laterza, 1982.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Tullio De Mauro, <span style="font-style:italic;">Prima lezione sul linguaggio</span>, Laterza, 2002, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788842066712" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788842066712">9788842066712</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Cours de linguistique générale</span>, Lausanne-Paris, Payot, 1916.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ferdinand de Saussure, <span style="font-style:italic;">Corso di linguistica generale</span>, traduzione e commento di Tullio De Mauro, Bari, Laterza, 1970.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ferdinand de Saussure, <span style="font-style:italic;">Introduzione al 2º corso di linguistica generale (1908-1909)</span>, a cura di Robert Godel, edizione italiana a cura di <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Simone" title="Raffaele Simone">Raffaele Simone</a>, Roma, Ubaldini, 1970.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDryer_2008" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Matthew Dryer, <span style="font-style:italic;">Descriptive theories, explanatory theories, and basic linguistic theory</span>, in Felix K. Ameka, Dench, Alan Charles Dench e Nicholas Evans (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Catching language: The standing challenge of grammar writing</span>, Amsterdam, Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGenetti_2014" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Carol Genetti, <span style="font-style:italic;">How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics</span>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giorgio Graffi, <span style="font-style:italic;">Breve storia della linguistica</span>, Carocci, 2019, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788843095049" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788843095049">9788843095049</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGraffi_e_Scalise_2002" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giorgio Graffi e Sergio Scalise, <span style="font-style:italic;">Le lingue e il linguaggio. Introduzione alla linguistica</span>, 3ª ed., Bologna, Il Mulino, 2013 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[2002]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788815241795" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788815241795">9788815241795</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmath_2010" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Martin Haspelmath, <span style="font-style:italic;">Comparative concepts and descriptive categories in crosslinguistic studies</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Language</span>, vol. 86.3, pp. 663-687.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmath_e_Sims_2010" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Martin Haspelmath e D. Andrea Sims, <span style="font-style:italic;">Understanding Morphology</span>, Londra, Hodder Education, 2010.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Lepschy" title="Giulio Lepschy">Giulio Lepsky</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">La linguistica strutturale</span>, Einaudi, 1990, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-06-11796-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-06-11796-3">88-06-11796-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lyons_(linguista)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lyons (linguista) (la pagina non esiste)">John Lyons</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Lezioni di linguistica</span>, Bari, Laterza, 1982.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Edoardo Scarpanti, <span style="font-style:italic;">Elementi di linguistica generale e applicata</span>, Viator, 2015, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788896813935" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788896813935">9788896813935</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSimone_2008" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Simone" title="Raffaele Simone">Raffaele Simone</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fondamenti di linguistica</span>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2008, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-420-3499-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-420-3499-5">978-88-420-3499-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGobber_e_Morani" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giovanni Gobber e Moreno Morani, <span style="font-style:italic;">Linguistica generale</span>, Milano, McGraw Hill Education, 2014 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[2010]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-386-6854-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-386-6854-8">978-88-386-6854-8</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="colonne"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica">Grammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economia_(linguistica)" title="Economia (linguistica)">Economia (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famiglia_linguistica" title="Famiglia linguistica">Famiglia linguistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flessione_(linguistica)" title="Flessione (linguistica)">Flessione (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(linguistica)" title="Lingua (linguistica)">Lingua (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemma_(linguistica)" title="Lemma (linguistica)">Lemma (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguaggio" title="Linguaggio">Linguaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_delle_famiglie_linguistiche" title="Lista delle famiglie linguistiche">Lista delle famiglie linguistiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcatezza" title="Marcatezza">Marcatezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema">Morfema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produttivit%C3%A0_(linguistica)" title="Produttività (linguistica)">Produttività (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radice_(linguistica)" title="Radice (linguistica)">Radice (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registro_(linguistica)" title="Registro (linguistica)">Registro (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricorsivit%C3%A0_(linguistica)" title="Ricorsività (linguistica)">Ricorsività (linguistica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deriva_linguistica" title="Deriva linguistica">Deriva linguistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origine_del_linguaggio_umano" title="Origine del linguaggio umano">Origine del linguaggio umano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oralit%C3%A0" title="Oralità">Oralità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Linguistics" title="Applied Linguistics">Applied Linguistics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linguistics?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sulla <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Linguistica" class="extiw" title="q:Linguistica">linguistica</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/20px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/40px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/linguistica" class="extiw" title="wikt:linguistica">linguistica</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiversità"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiversità" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/18px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/36px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversità</a> contiene risorse sulla <b><a href="https://it.wikiversity.org/wiki/Materia:Glottologia_e_linguistica" class="extiw" title="v:Materia:Glottologia e linguistica">linguistica</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linguistics?uselang=it">linguistica</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDSS" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr>, <abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr>, <abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/it/articles/008273"><span style="font-style:italic;">Linguistica</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">hls-dhs-dss.ch</span>, <a href="/wiki/Dizionario_storico_della_Svizzera" title="Dizionario storico della Svizzera">Dizionario storico della Svizzera</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162#P902" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" 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Hamp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics"><span style="font-style:italic;">linguistics</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_canadese" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/linguistics/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Linguistica</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_canadese" title="Enciclopedia canadese">Enciclopedia canadese</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162#P5395" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/linguistics"><span style="font-style:italic;">Linguistica</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162#P5357" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304233856/http://www.bmanuel.org/corling/corling_idx.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Introduzione alla linguistica generale</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">bmanuel.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 marzo 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.bmanuel.org/corling/corling_idx.html">url originale</abbr> il 4 marzo 2012)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguisticsociety.org/what-linguistics"><span style="font-style:italic;">What is linguistics? sul sito della Linguistic Society of America</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">linguisticsociety.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/what-linguistics"><span style="font-style:italic;">What is linguistics? sul sito della SIL International</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sil.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Discipline_umanistiche" style="text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:white; border:3px solid #AE262B"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discipline_umanistiche" title="Template:Discipline umanistiche"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Discipline_umanistiche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Discipline umanistiche (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Discipline_umanistiche&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. 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title="Logica">Logica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica">Metafisica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia">Ontologia</a> <table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc; text-align:left">Per area geografica e periodo storico</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_cristiana" title="Filosofia cristiana">Filosofia cristiana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_ebraica" title="Filosofia ebraica">Filosofia ebraica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_greca" title="Filosofia greca">Filosofia greca</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_islamica" title="Filosofia islamica">Filosofia islamica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_latina" title="Filosofia latina">Filosofia latina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_medievale" title="Filosofia medievale">Filosofia medievale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofie_orientali" title="Filosofie orientali">Filosofia orientale</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linguistica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Etimologia" title="Etimologia">Etimologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonetica" title="Fonetica">Fonetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Geografia_linguistica" title="Geografia linguistica">Geografia linguistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lessicografia" title="Lessicografia">Lessicografia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_applicata" title="Linguistica applicata">Linguistica applicata</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_comparativa" title="Linguistica comparativa">Linguistica comparativa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_computazionale" title="Linguistica computazionale">Linguistica computazionale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_romanza" title="Linguistica romanza">Linguistica romanza</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_storica" title="Linguistica storica">Linguistica storica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Linguistica_testuale" title="Linguistica testuale">Linguistica testuale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Onomastica" title="Onomastica">Onomastica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Psicolinguistica" title="Psicolinguistica">Psicolinguistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatica" title="Pragmatica">Pragmatica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Semantica" title="Semantica">Semantica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strutturalismo_(linguistica)" title="Strutturalismo (linguistica)">Strutturalismo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tipologia_linguistica" title="Tipologia linguistica">Tipologia linguistica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc"><a href="/wiki/Orientalistica" title="Orientalistica">Orientalistica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Arabistica" title="Arabistica">Arabistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Buddhologia" title="Buddhologia">Buddhologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Iamatologia" title="Iamatologia">Iamatologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Indologia" title="Indologia">Indologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Iranistica" title="Iranistica">Iranistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Islamistica" title="Islamistica">Islamistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia">Sinologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tibetologia" title="Tibetologia">Tibetologia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc"><a href="/wiki/Storia" title="Storia">Storia</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27uomo" title="Storia dell'uomo">Storia dell'uomo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storiografia" title="Storiografia">Storiografia</a> <table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc; text-align:left">Per argomento</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Storia_militare" title="Storia militare">Storia militare</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27archeologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Storia dell'archeologia">Storia dell'archeologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27architettura" title="Storia dell'architettura">Storia dell'architettura</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27arte" title="Storia dell'arte">Storia dell'arte</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_filosofia_occidentale" title="Storia della filosofia occidentale">Storia della filosofia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_letteratura" title="Storia della letteratura">Storia della letteratura</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_musica" title="Storia della musica">Storia della musica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_delle_religioni" title="Storia delle religioni">Storia delle religioni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_ambientale" title="Storia ambientale">Storia ambientale</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc; text-align:left">Per periodo</th><td 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title="Museologia">Museologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Numismatica" title="Numismatica">Numismatica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Papirologia" title="Papirologia">Papirologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfragistica" title="Sfragistica">Sfragistica</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#f5f5dc"><a href="/wiki/Scienze_demo-etno-antropologiche" title="Scienze demo-etno-antropologiche">Discipline demo-etno-antropologiche</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia">Antropologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antropologia_culturale" title="Antropologia culturale">Antropologia culturale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antropologia_economica" title="Antropologia economica">Antropologia economica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antropologia_politica" title="Antropologia politica">Antropologia politica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antropologia_sociale" title="Antropologia sociale">Antropologia sociale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Paleoantropologia" title="Paleoantropologia">Paleoantropologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antropologia_cognitiva" title="Antropologia cognitiva">Antropologia cognitiva</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cultura_popolare" title="Cultura popolare">Cultura popolare</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia">Etnografia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etnolinguistica" title="Etnolinguistica">Etnolinguistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etnologia" title="Etnologia">Etnologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etnomusicologia" title="Etnomusicologia">Etnomusicologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Folclore" title="Folclore">Folclore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314" /><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Scienze_sociali"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scienze_sociali" title="Template:Scienze sociali"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Scienze_sociali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Scienze sociali (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Scienze_sociali&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Scienze_sociali" title="Scienze sociali">Scienze sociali</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox_list navbox_center navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia">Antropologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia">Archeologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Criminologia" title="Criminologia">Criminologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diritto" title="Diritto">Diritto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">Economia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">Filosofia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scienze_dell%27educazione_e_della_formazione" title="Scienze dell'educazione e della formazione">Scienze dell'educazione e della formazione</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linguistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia">Psicologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogia" title="Pedagogia">Pedagogia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scienze_della_comunicazione" title="Scienze della comunicazione">Scienze della comunicazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scienza_politica" title="Scienza politica">Scienza politica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scienze_demo-etno-antropologiche" title="Scienze demo-etno-antropologiche">Scienze demo-etno-antropologiche</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">Sociologia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia" title="Storia">Storia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=5161">5161</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85077222">sh85077222</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074250-7">4074250-7</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Spagna" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Spagna">BNE</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525047">XX525047</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525047">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932194d">cb11932194d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932194d">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529216105171">987007529216105171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562334">00562334</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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