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<li id="toc-1665–1789:_Manufacture_royale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1665–1789:_Manufacture_royale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1665–1789: Manufacture royale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1665–1789:_Manufacture_royale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1789–1910:_Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1789–1910:_Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1789–1910: Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1789–1910:_Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1910–1950:_Post_Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910–1950:_Post_Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1910–1950: Post Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910–1950:_Post_Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950–1970:_Pont-à-Mousson_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1970:_Pont-à-Mousson_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1950–1970: Pont-à-Mousson merger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1970:_Pont-à-Mousson_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–1986:_Nationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–1986:_Nationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1971–1986: Nationalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–1986:_Nationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986–present:_Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986–present:_Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1986–present: Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986–present:_Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Company_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Company structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Company_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Company structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Company_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Head office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_Sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_Sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Business Sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_Sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Building distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Construction products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovative_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovative_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Innovative materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovative_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_venturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_venturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>External venturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_venturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisitions_and_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisitions_and_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Acquisitions and sales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acquisitions_and_sales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Acquisitions and sales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acquisitions_and_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saint-Gobain_Gyproc_Middle-East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint-Gobain_Gyproc_Middle-East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle-East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint-Gobain_Gyproc_Middle-East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint-Gobain_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint-Gobain_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Saint-Gobain in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint-Gobain_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Brands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint-Gobain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_Saint-Gobain" title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سان جوبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سان جوبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сен-Гобен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сен-Гобен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain_Glass" title="Saint-Gobain Glass – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saint-Gobain Glass" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_Saint-Gobain" title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="سن-گوبن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سن-گوبن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EA%B3%A0%EB%B1%85" title="생고뱅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생고뱅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_Saint-Gobain" title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain_(gruppo)" title="Saint-Gobain (gruppo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saint-Gobain (gruppo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain_(bedrijf)" title="Saint-Gobain (bedrijf) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saint-Gobain (bedrijf)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3" title="サンゴバン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンゴバン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain_(przedsi%C4%99biorstwo)" title="Saint-Gobain (przedsiębiorstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saint-Gobain (przedsiębiorstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain_(podnik)" title="Saint-Gobain (podnik) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saint-Gobain (podnik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain_(f%C3%B6retag)" title="Saint-Gobain (företag) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saint-Gobain (företag)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%87-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="แซง-โกแบ็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แซง-โกแบ็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сен-Гобен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сен-Гобен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saint-Gobain" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%88%88%E7%8F%AD" title="圣戈班 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣戈班" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q678565#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French glass and construction material manufacturer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gobain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Gobain (disambiguation)">Saint Gobain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Gobain_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Saint-Gobain_logo.svg/220px-Saint-Gobain_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Saint-Gobain_logo.svg/330px-Saint-Gobain_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Saint-Gobain_logo.svg/440px-Saint-Gobain_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">Société Anonyme</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Euronext Paris</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronext.com/products/equities/FR0000125007-XPAR">SGO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/CAC_40" title="CAC 40">CAC 40</a> component</li><li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Stoxx_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro Stoxx 50">Euro Stoxx 50</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=FR0000125007">FR0000125007</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building materials</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1665<span class="noprint">; 360 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1665</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>)</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_de_Chalendar" title="Pierre-André de Chalendar">Pierre-André de Chalendar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bazin" title="Benoît Bazin">Benoît Bazin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">Construction materials</a> production and retail, glass, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">gypsum plasterboards</a>, religious services, education</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>47.94 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CFS_23_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €5.251 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CFS_23_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €2.756 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CFS_23_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €57.30 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CFS_23_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €23.76 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CFS_23_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">159,145 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CFS_23_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saint-gobain.com">saint-gobain<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɔbɛ̃]</a></span>) is a French <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a>, founded in 1665 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> as the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs, and today headquartered on the outskirts of Paris, at <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a>. Originally a <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturer</a>, it also produces a variety of <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, high-performance, and other materials. Saint-Gobain is present in 76 countries and as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> employs more than 170,000 people. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1665–1789:_Manufacture_royale"><span id="1665.E2.80.931789:_Manufacture_royale"></span>1665–1789: Manufacture royale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1665–1789: Manufacture royale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mid-17th century, luxury products such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> were in high demand. In the 1660s, mirrors had become very popular among the upper classes of society: Italian <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Châteaux">châteaux</a>, ornate side tables, and <a href="/wiki/Pier_table" title="Pier table">pier-tables</a> were decorated with these expensive and luxurious products. At the time, however, the French were not known for mirror technology; instead, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> was known as the world leader in <a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">glass manufacturing</a>, controlling a technical and commercial <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> of the glass and mirror business.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, French Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> wanted <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to become completely <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficient</a> in meeting <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">domestic demand</a> for luxury products, thereby strengthening the national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colbert established, by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, the public enterprise <i><b>Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[manyfaktyʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁwajal<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡlas<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>miʁwaʁ]</a></span>, <i>Royal Mirror-Glass Factory</i>) in October 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was created for a period of twenty years and would be financed in part by the state. The beneficiary and first director was the French financier Nicolas du Noyer, a <a href="/wiki/Tax_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farm">receiver of taxes of Orléans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was granted a monopoly of making glass and mirror-glass for twenty years. The company had the informal name <i>Compagnie du Noyer</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manufacture_royale_des_glaces_emblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Manufacture_royale_des_glaces_emblem.jpg/180px-Manufacture_royale_des_glaces_emblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6c/Manufacture_royale_des_glaces_emblem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>An Early Saint-Gobain Emblem</figcaption></figure> <p>To compete with the Italian mirror industry, Colbert commissioned several Venetian glassworkers he had enticed to Paris to work for the company. The first unblemished mirrors were produced in 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon the mirrors created in the <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine" title="Faubourg Saint-Antoine">Faubourg Saint-Antoine</a>, under the French company, began to rival those of Venice. The French company was capable of producing mirrors that were 40 to 45 inches long (1.0 to 1.1 m), which at the time, was considered impressive. Competition between France and the Venetians became so fierce that Venice considered it a crime for any glass artisan to leave and practice their trade elsewhere, especially in foreign territory. Nicolas du Noyer complained in writing that the Venetians were unwilling to impart the secrets of glassmaking to the French workers and that the company was hard-pressed to pay its expenses. Life in Paris proved distracting to the workers, and supplies of firewood to stoke the furnaces were dearer in the capital than elsewhere. In 1667, the glass-making was transferred to a small glass furnace already working at Tourlaville, near Cherbourg in Normandy, and the premises in Faubourg Saint-Antoine were devoted to glass-grinding and polishing the crude product. </p><p>Though the <i>Compagnie du Noyer</i> was reduced at times to importing Venetian glass and finishing it in France, by September 1672 the royal French manufacturer was on a sufficiently sound footing for the importation of glass to be forbidden to any of Louis' subjects, under any conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1678, the company produced the glass for the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. </p><p>In 1683, the company's financial arrangement with the State was renewed for another two decades. However, in 1688 the rival <i>Compagnie Thévart</i> was created, also financed in part by the state. <i>Compagnie Thévart</i> used a new pouring process that allowed it to make <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">plate glass</a> mirrors measuring at least 60 by 40 inches wide (1.5 by 1.0 m), much bigger than the 40 inches (1.0 m) that the <i>Compagnie du Noyer</i> could create. </p><p>The two companies competed for seven years, until 1695 when the economy slowed down and their technical and commercial rivalry became counterproductive. Under an order from the French government, the two companies were forced to <a href="/wiki/Merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger">merge</a>, creating the <i>Compagnie Plastier</i>. A mirror factory in the village of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain,_Aisne" title="Saint-Gobain, Aisne">Saint-Gobain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Picardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Picardie">Picardie</a> gave its name to the present company.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1702, <i>Compagnie Plastier</i> declared <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>. A group of Franco-Swiss <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> bankers rescued the collapsing company, changing the name to <i>Compagnie Dagincourt</i>. At the same time, the company was provided <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal patents</a> which allowed it to maintain a legal monopoly in the glass-manufacturing industry up until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789), despite fierce, sometimes violent, protests from free enterprise partisans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1789–1910:_Industrial_Revolution"><span id="1789.E2.80.931910:_Industrial_Revolution"></span>1789–1910: Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1789–1910: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1789, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the state financial and competitive privileges accorded to <i>Compagnie Dagincourt</i> were abolished. The company had to depend on the participation and capital of private investors, although it continued to remain partly under the control of the French state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1820s, Saint-Gobain continued to function as it had under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, manufacturing high-quality mirrors and glass for the luxury market. However, although in 1824, a new glass manufacturer was established in <a href="/wiki/Commentry" title="Commentry">Commentry</a>, France, and in 1837, several Belgian glass manufacturers were also founded. While Saint-Gobain continued to dominate the luxury high-quality mirror and glass markets, its newly created competitors focused their attention on making medium and low-quality products. The manufacture of products of such quality made mirrors and glass affordable for the masses. In response, the company extended its product line to include lower-quality glass and mirrors. </p><p>In 1830, just as <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a> became King of the newly restored French Monarchy,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mymodernmet.com/restored-liberty-leading-the-people/">[4]</a> Saint-Gobain was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Public_Limited_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Limited Company">Public Limited Company</a> and became independent from the state for the first time. </p><p>While mirrors remained their primary business, Saint-Gobain began to diversify their product line to include glass panes for <a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">skylights</a>, roofs, and room dividers, thick mirrors, semi-thick glass for windows, laminated mirrors and glass, and finally embossed mirrors and windowpanes. Some of the more famous buildings that Saint-Gobain contributed to during that period were the <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a> in Paris, and the <a href="/wiki/Milano_Centrale_railway_station" title="Milano Centrale railway station">Milan Central railway station</a>. </p><p>Saint-Gobain merged with another French glass and mirror manufacturer, Saint-Quirin, in the mid-19th century. After the merger, the company was able to gain control of 25% of European glass and mirror production (before, it had only controlled 10–15%). In response to growing international competition, the company began to establish up new manufacturing facilities in countries without any domestic manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint-Gobain cast the glass blanks of some of the largest optical <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflecting telescopes">reflecting telescopes</a> of the early 20th century, including the ground-breaking 60-inch (1.5 m) Hale telescope (online in 1908), the 61-inch (1.54 m) Bosque Alegre telescope built in 1912, for the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Observatory" title="Argentine National Observatory">Argentine National Observatory</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Perrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles D. Perrine">Charles D. Perrine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100 inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope (online 1917) at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a> (United States), and the 72-inch (1.8 m) Plaskett telescope (online in 1918) at <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Astrophysical Observatory">Dominion Astrophysical Observatory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>). </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, Saint-Gobain named the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Pellandini" title="Casa Pellandini">Casa Pellandini</a> “its sole representative and exclusive depositary throughout the Mexican Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910–1950:_Post_Industrial_Revolution"><span id="1910.E2.80.931950:_Post_Industrial_Revolution"></span>1910–1950: Post Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1910–1950: Post Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain experienced significant success in the early 20th century. In 1918, the company expanded its manufacturing to bottles, jars, tableware, and domestic glassware.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, Saint-Gobain extended its businesses to <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> manufacturing. Fibreglass was being used to create <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, industrial textiles, and building reinforcements. In 1937, the company founded <i>Isover</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> fibreglass insulation manufacturer. </p><p>During this period, the company developed three new glassmaking techniques and processes; first, a dipping technique used to coat car windows, which prevented the glass from shattering in the event of an accident. As a result of that technique, 10% of Saint-Gobain's 1920 sales came from the car industry, and 28% in 1930. Second, a few years later, another technique was developed that allowed glass to be shaped and bent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Finally, a process was developed to coat glass with aluminum, allowing it to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction">conductor</a>, and allowed the company to create products such as the ‘radiavers’ (French for “radiating glass”), a unique type of electric heater with the heating element encased in glass.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1970:_Pont-à-Mousson_merger"><span id="1950.E2.80.931970:_Pont-.C3.A0-Mousson_merger"></span>1950–1970: Pont-à-Mousson merger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950–1970: Pont-à-Mousson merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1950 and 1969, Saint-Gobain's sales rose at a rate of 10% per year. Its workforce grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 100,000 in 1969. By the end of the 1960s, Saint-Gobain had more than 150 subsidiaries under its control. </p><p>Glass and fibreglass sales benefited from the booming construction industry and the rise in mass consumption after the Second World War. Saint-Gobain's yearly glass production went from 3.5 million square metres (38 million square feet) in 1950 to 45 million square metres (480 million square feet) in 1969. In 1950, fibreglass only represented 4% of the company's turnover, but by 1969, this had grown to 20%. </p><p>Domestic sales in France accounted for only a fifth of the company's revenue. <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> were also important markets. </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel">Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel</a>, a French industrial group, made a <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> bid for Saint-Gobain. The company looked for a "<a href="/wiki/White_knight_(business)" title="White knight (business)">white knight</a>" to help fend off the bid. Multinational corporation <a href="/wiki/Suez_(company,_1997%E2%80%932008)" title="Suez (company, 1997–2008)">Suez</a> suggested that Saint-Gobain and Pont-à-Mousson (another French industrial group) should merge, to maintain independence from Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel. After the merger, <i>Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson</i>, later known simply by the name "Saint-Gobain", produced pipes in addition to glass and fibreglass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–1986:_Nationalisation"><span id="1971.E2.80.931986:_Nationalisation"></span>1971–1986: Nationalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1971–1986: Nationalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next fifteen years were a time of change and reorganization for the newly merged companies. In the 1970s, Western economies were suffering a sharp downturn. Saint-Gobain's financial performance was adversely affected by the economic and petrol crises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamon1999170_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamon1999170-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 and 1982, ten of France's top-performing companies were nationalized by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">socialist party</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> of France. By February 1982, Saint-Gobain was officially controlled by the state. However, the company did not last long as a government-owned corporation; it was re-privatized in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Laubier2015198-201_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Laubier2015198-201-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986–present:_Expansion"><span id="1986.E2.80.93present:_Expansion"></span>1986–present: Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1986–present: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Saint-Gobain once again became a private enterprise, control of the company quickly changed hands. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Beffa" title="Jean-Louis Beffa">Jean-Louis Beffa</a>, an engineer and graduate of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>. Beffa invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> and pushed strongly for the company to produce engineered materials, such as abrasives and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic materials">ceramics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Beffa, the company continued to expand internationally, setting up foreign factories, and acquiring many of its foreign competitors. In 1996 the company bought <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliet (page does not exist)">Poliet</a> (the French building and construction distribution group) and its subsidiaries, such as Point P. and Lapeyre. This expanded Saint-Gobain's product line into construction materials and their distribution. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Commercy" title="Commercy">Olivier Bluche</a> took the helm of Supply Chain Operations, quickly modernising the company's lengthy and dated processes. In October 2022, Saint-Gobain Films & Fabrics was renamed Saint-Gobain Composite Solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the company's India-arm acquired Twiga Fiberglass, a manufacturer of glass wool with production facilities located near Delhi and Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_structure">Company structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Company structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_office">Head office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Head office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company has its head office in Les Miroirs in <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SGHQ_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGHQ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 97-metre (318 ft) building served as the company head office since 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-SGHQ_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGHQ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg/220px-Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg/330px-Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg/440px-Sherry_Bottle_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Gobain <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> bottle factory at <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> (Spain)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeds_Ferry,_NH_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reeds_Ferry%2C_NH_04.jpg/220px-Reeds_Ferry%2C_NH_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reeds_Ferry%2C_NH_04.jpg/330px-Reeds_Ferry%2C_NH_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reeds_Ferry%2C_NH_04.jpg/440px-Reeds_Ferry%2C_NH_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, <a href="/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire" title="Merrimack, New Hampshire">Merrimack, New Hampshire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg/220px-Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg/330px-Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg/440px-Saint-Gobain_Performance_Plastics_Garden_Grove_California_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, <a href="/wiki/Garden_Grove,_California" title="Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove, California</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_Sectors">Business Sectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Business Sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain is organized into three major Sectors (% by 2014 Net Sales restated excluding Verallia): Building Distribution (49%), Construction Products (27.5%), Innovative Materials (23.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Building_distribution">Building distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Building distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain's Building Distribution (building supplies) division was created in 1996. Since then it has grown both internally and through acquisitions (in France with Point P. and Lapeyre, the UK with <a href="/wiki/Jewson" title="Jewson">Jewson</a> and Graham, in Germany, the Netherlands and Eastern Europe with Raab Karcher and in the Nordic Countries with Dahl). The division has 3,500 stores in 23 countries and employs 52,000 people worldwide. Its 2006 sales amounted to 17.6 billion euros. The divisions current subsidiaries are: </p> <ul><li>SGBD UK</li> <li>Raab Karcher</li> <li>Point P.</li> <li>Lapeyre</li> <li>Brødrene (Brothers) Dahl</li> <li>Norandex Distribution</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optimera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optimera (page does not exist)">Optimera</a>, with the 'Monter' DIY chain</li></ul> <p>On 1 March 2023, the UK business was divested and sold to <a href="/wiki/Stark_Group" title="Stark Group">Stark Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_products">Construction products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Construction products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Construction Products division is organized into the following business areas: </p><p>- Gypsum, which manufactures <a href="/wiki/Plasterboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasterboard">drywall</a><br /> - Insulation, which manufactures acoustic and thermal fibreglass and PIR insulation<br /> - Exterior Products, which manufactures roofing, interior and exterior products<br /> - Pipes, which manufactures cast-iron pipes for water transfer applications<br /> - Mortars, which manufactures <a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">expanded clay</a> lightweight aggregates. </p><p>The Construction Products division employs 45,000 people worldwide and in 2006 had sales revenues of 10.9 billion euros. </p><p>Companies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CertainTeed" title="CertainTeed">CertainTeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyproc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyproc">Gyproc</a></li> <li>Weber</li> <li>Celotex, based at <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Suffolk" title="Hadleigh, Suffolk">Hadleigh, Suffolk</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Innovative_materials">Innovative materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Innovative materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg/200px-Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg/300px-Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg/400px-Skywalk_grand_canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Skywalk" title="Grand Canyon Skywalk">Skywalk</a> built with SG glass, looking over the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Innovative Materials division conducts research into various areas of <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, energy, the environment, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> or particle filters. It operates centres in <a href="/wiki/Cavaillon" title="Cavaillon">Cavaillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northborough,_Massachusetts" title="Northborough, Massachusetts">Northborough, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, employing 35,800 people. Overall, the division's sales are made up of at least 30% new products. In 2006, total sales revenue was 4.9 billion euros. Innovative Materials also manufactures glass products, including self-cleaning, electrochromic, low-emissivity and sun-shielding glass. It is active in 39 countries, targeting emerging economies, a market that now accounts for more than one-third of the division's sales. It employs a global workforce of 37,100 and in 2006 had sales revenues of 5.1 billion euros. This division is divided in two parts: </p><p>- Flat Glass subsidiaries : Saint-Gobain Glass, Glassolutions and Saint-Gobain Sekurit </p><p>- High Performance Materials : <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain_SEFPRO" title="Saint-Gobain SEFPRO">Saint-Gobain SEFPRO</a> Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Saint-Gobain Crystals, Saint-Gobain Norton, Saint-Gobain Quartz and Saint-Gobain Norpro </p><p>In 2006, Saint Gobain announced a JV, Avancis, with Shell to produce PV modules based on CIS film technology.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the company had entirely owned Avancis<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its two plants in Germany manufacturing thin CIS film modules for some time,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was sold to China National Building Materials Group Corporation (CNBM) in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_venturing">External venturing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External venturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain also has a division that focuses on connecting entrepreneurs, startups, and innovators to the 50+ bin Saint-Gobain called: NOVA External Venturing. The External Venturing unit has staff in Boston, Paris, and Shanghai interested in connecting with entrepreneurs working in advanced materials, construction products, and environmental sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisitions_and_sales">Acquisitions and sales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acquisitions and sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2005, Saint-Gobain purchased the British company <a href="/wiki/BPB_plc" title="BPB plc">BPB plc</a>, the world's largest manufacturer of plasterboard, for US$6.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2007, the company acquired Maxit Group, doubling the size of its Industrial Mortars business and adding the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">expanded clay aggregates</a> to its business portfolio. In 2012, the company acquired <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Electrochromics" title="SAGE Electrochromics">SAGE Electrochromics</a>, an innovative manufacturer of glass that tints on command.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year its BPB subsidiary purchased Celotex.<sup id="cite_ref-bick120_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bick120-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 Saint Gobain acquired UK-based Farécla Products, one of the largest polishing compound manufacturers in the world. In 2024, Saint-Gobain agreed to acquire Australian building materials maker <a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR Limited</a> for <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>4.5</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>billion (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2.95</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>billion).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company has also sold off various assets. Recently the company sold its cosmetic glass manufacturing business, including a plant in <a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Georgia" title="Newton County, Georgia">Newton County, Georgia, United States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2021, the company acquired GCP Applied Technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GCP and Saint-Gobain's CHRYSO were joined into the new Construction Chemicals division.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint-Gobain_Gyproc_Middle-East">Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle-East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle-East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle East began trading as Gyproc in 2005. In April 2010, the company's first plasterboard manufacturing plant opened on a seven-hectare site in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>. </p><p>Gyproc products have been used on some of the largest projects in the region, including the stations and main depot for Dubai Metro; Atlantis Hotel – Palm Jumeirah, Capital Gate – Abu Dhabi, Ferrari Experience – Abu Dhabi and Masdar Institute – Abu Dhabi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint-Gobain_in_India">Saint-Gobain in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Saint-Gobain in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain India Private Limited – Glass Business (formerly Saint-Gobain Glass India Limited) is a subsidiary of Saint Gobain that manufactures and markets solar control glass, fire-resistant glass and other various types of float glasses in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It has its manufacturing plant at <a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a>, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. </p><p>Saint-Gobain started its venture in India in 1996 by acquiring a majority stake of Grindwell Norton. Later in 2000, it started its own glass manufacturing unit at Sriperumbudur. In June 2011, Saint Gobain Glass India acquired Sezal Glass float-line business, based in the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India. The acquisition adds about 550 tons per day additional capacity, and the deal was inked at around US$150 million. In addition, Saint-Gobain Glass invested in <a href="/wiki/Bhiwadi" title="Bhiwadi">Bhiwadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> in 2014, which adds another 950 tons of glass per day. And recently in 2018, Saint-Gobain again invested in Sriperumbudur with 950-ton capacity, which results in the production of 3850 tons of glass per day from India.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brands">Brands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain comprises several brands, including Saint-Gobain Glass, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, RIW, GCP Applied Technologies, Weber, British Gypsum, Decoustics, Glassolutions, Gyproc, Artex, Isover, Ecophon, Pasquill and PAM.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_record">Environmental record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint-Gobain had contaminated ground water supply with <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">PFAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">perfluorooctanoic acid</a> – a highly persistent contaminant) in multiple towns in southern <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, USA. Elevated levels of perfluorooctanoic acid were found in 2016, near the Saint-Gobain plant in <a href="/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire" title="Merrimack, New Hampshire">Merrimack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollution has been occurring for over 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-bg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint-Gobain deliberately and intentionally constructed a bypass stack to thwart environmental inspections and avoid PFAS removal. Despite this flagrant violation of their permit they were allowed to continue to operate. Former state representative and environmental scientist <a href="/wiki/Mindi_Messmer" title="Mindi Messmer">Mindi Messmer</a> has claimed links between exposure to Saint-Gobain’s PFAS emissions and kidney and renal pelvis cancer, testicular cancer, female breast cancer, prostate cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, high cholesterol, cardiovascular impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, Saint Gobain is involved in multimillion-dollar class-action lawsuits. Its former company lawyer was terminated after he repeatedly urged "the company to do more to address contamination from their plants in Merrimack; <a href="/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont" title="Bennington, Vermont">Bennington, Vermont</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hoosick_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoosick Falls">Hoosick Falls</a>, N.Y".<sup id="cite_ref-bg_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CFS_23-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFS_23_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFS_23_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFS_23_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFS_23_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFS_23_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFS_23_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saint-gobain.com/sites/saint-gobain.com/files/media/document/comptes_conso_31-12-2023_eng.pdf">"Consolidated Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Saint-Gobain. 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidated+Financial+Statements&rft.pub=Saint-Gobain&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-gobain.com%2Fsites%2Fsaint-gobain.com%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Fcomptes_conso_31-12-2023_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glassofvenice.com/murano_glass_history.php">"History of Murano Glass | History of Venetian Glass-making | Glass of Venice"</a>. <i>www.glassofvenice.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.glassofvenice.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Murano+Glass+%7C+History+of+Venetian+Glass-making+%7C+Glass+of+Venice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glassofvenice.com%2Fmurano_glass_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott Payson Usher, "Colbert and Governmental Control of Industry in Seventeenth Century France" in <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i> <b>16</b>.11 (November 1934:237-240).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mosquito.fr/demo/verrefenetre/pages/p402_02_hamon.htm">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2015">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Receveur général des tailles en la Généralité d'Orléans</i>. Nicolas du Noyer had other financial irons in the fire. In 1666, a plea was brought against him and a partner requesting the dismantling of a tile factory they were constructing at Popincourt, Étampes. (Corpus Bibliographique Étampois: <i>Arrests d'Ancien Régime</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpusetampois.com/cbe-arrests.html">on-line</a>). Du Noyer married Marie Le Normand. Their son, Nicolas du Noyer, was treasurer to the Marechal of Flanders and Hainaut.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren C. Scoville, <i>Capitalism and French Glassmaking, 1640-1789</i> (University of California Publications in Economics) 2006:28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scovill 2006:28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.saint-gobain.com/ressource/xviie/1692/1692-une-manufacture-sinstalle-dans-le-village-de-saint-gobain-en-picardie">"1692 : une manufacture s'installe dans le village de Saint-Gobain, en Picardie"</a>. <i>SAINT-GOBAIN ARCHIVES</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAINT-GOBAIN+ARCHIVES&rft.atitle=1692+%3A+une+manufacture+s%27installe+dans+le+village+de+Saint-Gobain%2C+en+Picardie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.saint-gobain.com%2Fressource%2Fxviie%2F1692%2F1692-une-manufacture-sinstalle-dans-le-village-de-saint-gobain-en-picardie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuridantBercé1999" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buridant, Jérôme; Bercé, Yves-Marie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496165004"><i>Les espaces forestiers laonnois : début XVIIe-début XIXe siècle : hommes, environnement et paysages à l'époque pré-industrielle</i></a> (Thesis) (in French). Université Paris-Sorbonne. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496165004">496165004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+espaces+forestiers+laonnois+%3A+d%C3%A9but+XVIIe-d%C3%A9but+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle+%3A+hommes%2C+environnement+et+paysages+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+pr%C3%A9-industrielle&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496165004&rft.aulast=Buridant&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=Berc%C3%A9%2C+Yves-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F496165004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aK8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA104"><i>Annales Des Mines</i></a> (in French). 1858. p. 104<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Saint-Gobain<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Communiqué de presse du groupe Saint-Gobain. 17 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-gobain.com/files/Cdp_PCR_FR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saint-gabain.com&rft.atitle=Saint-Gobain+finalise+aux+Etats-Unis+l%27acquisition+de+Phoenix+Coating+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-gobain.com%2Ffiles%2FCdp_PCR_FR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saint-gobain-films--fabrics-rebranding-as-saint-gobain-composite-solutions-301651137.html">"Saint-Gobain Films & Fabrics Rebranding as Saint-Gobain Composite Solutions"</a> (Press release). 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint-Gobain+Films+%26+Fabrics+Rebranding+as+Saint-Gobain+Composite+Solutions&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fsaint-gobain-films--fabrics-rebranding-as-saint-gobain-composite-solutions-301651137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/saint-gobain-completes-400-cr-acquisition-of-twiga-fiberglass/article66796095.ece">"Saint-Gobain completes ₹400-cr acquisition of Twiga Fiberglass"</a>. 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint-Gobain+completes+%E2%82%B9400-cr+acquisition+of+Twiga+Fiberglass&rft.date=2023-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fcompanies%2Fsaint-gobain-completes-400-cr-acquisition-of-twiga-fiberglass%2Farticle66796095.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-gobain.com/en/legal-notice">Legal notice</a>." Saint-Gobain. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGHQ-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGHQ_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGHQ_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/reportage/les-sieges-sociaux-des-entreprises-du-cac-40/saint-gobain-les-miroirs-des-verriers.shtml">Saint-Gobain : les miroirs des verriers</a>." <i>Le Journal du Net</i>. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/12/08/saint-gobain-veut-racheter-sika_4536260_3234.html#9SejvQizuRPeysum.99">"Saint-Gobain prend le contrôle de Sika"</a>. <i>le Monde</i>. 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EETimes&rft.atitle=Saint-Gobain+buys+Shell%27s+stake+in+Avancis+JV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Felectronics-news%2F4196030%2FSaint-Gobain-buys-Shell-s-stake-in-Avancis-JV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502184924/http://www.avancis.de/en/company/avancis-locations/">"CIS photovoltaics, CIGS, manufacturer of CIS solar modules – AVANCIS"</a>. <i>avancis.de</i>. 29 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avancis.de/en/company/avancis-locations/">the original</a> on 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avancis.de&rft.atitle=CIS+photovoltaics%2C+CIGS%2C+manufacturer+of+CIS+solar+modules+%E2%80%93+AVANCIS&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avancis.de%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Favancis-locations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avancis.de/en/company/at-a-glance/">"AVANCIS, the avant-garde of photovoltaics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVANCIS%2C+the+avant-garde+of+photovoltaics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avancis.de%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Fat-a-glance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.saint-gobain.com/en/nova">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507081427/http://www.saint-gobain.com/en/nova">Archived</a> 7 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4444686.stm">"BPB accepts bid from French firm"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BPB+accepts+bid+from+French+firm&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4444686.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sageglass.com/article/sage-electrochromics-become-wholly-owned-subsidiary-saint-gobain">"SAGE Electrochromics to become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Saint-Gobain | SageGlass"</a>. <i>www.sageglass.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sageglass.com&rft.atitle=SAGE+Electrochromics+to+become+a+wholly-owned+subsidiary+of+Saint-Gobain+%7C+SageGlass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sageglass.com%2Farticle%2Fsage-electrochromics-become-wholly-owned-subsidiary-saint-gobain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bick120-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bick120_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore-BickAkborIstephan2024" class="citation book cs1">Moore-Bick, Martin; Akbor, Ali; Istephan, Thouria (4 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/66d817ba9084b18b95709f85/CCS0923434692-004_GTI_Phase_2_Volume_2_BOOKMARKED.pdf"><i>The Grenfell Tower Inquiry: Phase 2 Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. His Majesty’s Stationery Office. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5286-5080-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5286-5080-9"><bdi>978-1-5286-5080-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grenfell+Tower+Inquiry%3A+Phase+2+Report&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=His+Majesty%E2%80%99s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft.isbn=978-1-5286-5080-9&rft.aulast=Moore-Bick&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Akbor%2C+Ali&rft.au=Istephan%2C+Thouria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F66d817ba9084b18b95709f85%2FCCS0923434692-004_GTI_Phase_2_Volume_2_BOOKMARKED.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/frances-saint-gobain-strikes-agreement-buy-australias-csr-2024-02-26/">"France's Saint-Gobain strikes agreement to buy Australia's CSR"</a>. Reuters. 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France%27s+Saint-Gobain+strikes+agreement+to+buy+Australia%27s+CSR&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fdeals%2Ffrances-saint-gobain-strikes-agreement-buy-australias-csr-2024-02-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/press-release/22471532/gcp-gcp-acquired-by-saintgobain">"GCP Acquired By Saint-Gobain"</a>. <i>For Construction Pros</i>. 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=For+Construction+Pros&rft.atitle=GCP+Acquired+By+Saint-Gobain&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forconstructionpros.com%2Fconcrete%2Fpress-release%2F22471532%2Fgcp-gcp-acquired-by-saintgobain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ironpros.com/home/press-release/22867153/saintgobain-construction-chemicals-saintgobain-construction-chemicals-optimizes-customer-services">"Saint-Gobain Construction Chemicals Optimizes Customer Services"</a>. <i>IRONPROS</i>. 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRONPROS&rft.atitle=Saint-Gobain+Construction+Chemicals+Optimizes+Customer+Services&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ironpros.com%2Fhome%2Fpress-release%2F22867153%2Fsaintgobain-construction-chemicals-saintgobain-construction-chemicals-optimizes-customer-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2074431.ece">"Saint-Gobain seeks land to set up solar glass facility"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Saint-Gobain+seeks+land+to+set+up+solar+glass+facility&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fcompanies%2Farticle2074431.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&tkr=SGP:FP&sid=ah46INuz_BbU">"Saint-Gobain Announces the Acquisition of Sezal Glass Ltd's Float Glass Business in India"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Saint-Gobain+Announces+the+Acquisition+of+Sezal+Glass+Ltd%27s+Float+Glass+Business+in+India&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dconewsstory%26tkr%3DSGP%3AFP%26sid%3Dah46INuz_BbU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saint-gobain.com/en/group/our-main-brands">"Our brands"</a>. <i>Saint-Gobain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint-Gobain&rft.atitle=Our+brands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-gobain.com%2Fen%2Fgroup%2Four-main-brands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmur.com/article/saint-gobain-drinking-water-merrimack-pfoa/39751889">"Saint-Gobain agrees to permanently provide drinking water to parts of 5 towns"</a>. <i>WMUR</i>. 18 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WMUR&rft.atitle=Saint-Gobain+agrees+to+permanently+provide+drinking+water+to+parts+of+5+towns&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmur.com%2Farticle%2Fsaint-gobain-drinking-water-merrimack-pfoa%2F39751889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bg-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bg_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bg_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westobserver.com/news/united-states/thousands-of-people-in-new-hampshire-may-still-be-drinking-polluted-water-years-after-the-largest-contamination-in-state-history/">"Thousands of people in New Hampshire may still be drinking polluted water, years after the largest contamination in state history"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. 5 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+people+in+New+Hampshire+may+still+be+drinking+polluted+water%2C+years+after+the+largest+contamination+in+state+history&rft.date=2022-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestobserver.com%2Fnews%2Funited-states%2Fthousands-of-people-in-new-hampshire-may-still-be-drinking-polluted-water-years-after-the-largest-contamination-in-state-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/local-news/2021/11/30/leaders-advocates-call-on-state-to-close-saint-gobain-operations-in-merrimack/">"Leaders, advocates call on state to close Saint-Gobain operations in Merrimack"</a>. <i>Nashua Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nashua+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Leaders%2C+advocates+call+on+state+to+close+Saint-Gobain+operations+in+Merrimack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nashuatelegraph.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Fleaders-advocates-call-on-state-to-close-saint-gobain-operations-in-merrimack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Compagnie-de-SaintGobain-Company-History.html">Compagnie de Saint-Gobain – History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108111041/http://uk.reuters.com/article/heidelbergcement-stgobain-eu-idUKBFA00056920080304">Reuters article – Heidelberg Cement, Maxit Group Acquisition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamon1999" class="citation book cs1">Hamon, Maurice (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6ccvgAACAAJ"><i>From Sun to Earth 1665-1999: A History of Saint-Gobain</i></a>. JC Lattès.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sun+to+Earth+1665-1999%3A+A+History+of+Saint-Gobain&rft.pub=JC+Latt%C3%A8s&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hamon&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6ccvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Laubier2015" class="citation book cs1">de Laubier, Marie (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AO1yrgEACAAJ"><i>Saint-Gobain 1665-2015: Le Passé du futur</i></a>. Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-18477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-18477-1"><bdi>978-2-226-18477-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint-Gobain+1665-2015%3A+Le+Pass%C3%A9+du+futur&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=978-2-226-18477-1&rft.aulast=de+Laubier&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAO1yrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint-Gobain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://violationtracker.goodjobsfirst.org/parent/saint-gobain">List of fines, monetary settlements and costs such as supplementary environmental projects or consumer relief that Saint-Gobain has been compelled to undertake as part of settlements.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gobain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-gobain.com/en/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinci_SA" title="Vinci SA">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UniCredit" title="UniCredit">UniCredit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glass_makers_and_brands101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glass_makers_and_brands" title="Template:Glass makers and brands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_makers_and_brands" title="Template talk:Glass makers and brands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_makers_and_brands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass makers and brands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_makers_and_brands101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glass makers and brands</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current<br /> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Hocking" title="Anchor Hocking">Anchor Hocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_Holdings" title="Arc Holdings">Arc Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Group" title="Ardagh Group">Ardagh Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Glass_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Glass Co.">Asahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Glass_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Glass Foundry">Aurora Glass Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baccarat_(company)" title="Baccarat (company)">Baccarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barovier_%26_Toso" title="Barovier & Toso">Barovier & Toso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengo_Studio" title="Berengo Studio">Berengo Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenko_Glass_Company" title="Blenko Glass Company">Blenko Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodum" title="Bodum">Bodum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bormioli_Rocco" title="Bormioli Rocco">Bormioli Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosil" title="Borosil">Borosil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caithness_Glass" title="Caithness Glass">Caithness Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corning_Inc." title="Corning Inc.">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalex" title="Crystalex">Crystalex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartington_Crystal" title="Dartington Crystal">Dartington Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daum_(studio)" title="Daum (studio)">Daum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duralex" title="Duralex">Duralex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanavid" title="Fanavid">Fanavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenton_Art_Glass_Company" title="Fenton Art Glass Company">Fenton Art Glass Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozabad#Industry" title="Firozabad">Firozabad glass industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mayer_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Mayer & Co.">Franz Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyao_Group" title="Fuyao Group">Fuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glava" title="Glava">Glava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaverbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaverbel">Glaverbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Industries" title="Guardian Industries">Guardian Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeland_Glassverk" title="Hadeland Glassverk">Hadeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co." title="Hardman & Co.">Hardman & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_Glass_Factory" title="Holmegaard Glass Factory">Holmegaard Glassworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holophane" title="Holophane">Holophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Crystal" title="Kingdom of Crystal">Kingdom of Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Opalescent_Glass_Works" title="Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works">Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Boda" title="Kosta Boda">Kosta Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbey_Incorporated" title="Libbey Incorporated">Libbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuli_Gongfang" title="Liuli Gongfang">Liuli Gongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iittala" title="Iittala">Iittala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_Glass" title="Luoyang Glass">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Manville" title="Johns Manville">Johns Manville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannok" title="Mannok">Mannok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats_Jonasson" title="Mats Jonasson">Mats Jonasson Målerås</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moser_(glass_company)" title="Moser (glass company)">Moser Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosser_Glass" title="Mosser Glass">Mosser Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sheet_Glass" title="Nippon Sheet Glass">Nippon Sheet Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%BEbor_glassworks" title="Nižbor glassworks">Nižbor glassworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-I_Glass" title="O-I Glass">O-I Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohara_Corporation" title="Ohara Corporation">Ohara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrefors_glassworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Orrefors glassworks">Orrefors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Corning" title="Owens Corning">Owens Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauly_%26_C._%E2%80%93_Compagnia_Venezia_Murano" title="Pauly & C. – Compagnia Venezia Murano">Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Phong_Glass_Joint_Stock_Company" title="Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company">Phu Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preciosa_(corporation)" title="Preciosa (corporation)">Preciosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riedel_(glass_manufacturer)" title="Riedel (glass manufacturer)">Riedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_glassworks" title="Rona glassworks">Rona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brierley" title="Royal Brierley">Royal Brierley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint-Gobain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_(glass_manufacturer)" title="Saint-Louis (glass manufacturer)">Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguso" title="Seguso">Seguso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterlite_Technologies" title="Sterlite Technologies">Sterlite Optical Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_Glass_Works" title="Steuben Glass Works">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarovski" title="Swarovski">Swarovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Saint_Lambert" title="Val Saint Lambert">Val Saint Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9rysthal" title="Vallérysthal">Vallérysthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Crystal" title="Waterford Crystal">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_%26_Co." title="Watts & Co.">Watts & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="World Kitchen">World Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi_Glass" title="Xinyi Glass">Xinyi Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiesel_Kristallglas" title="Zwiesel Kristallglas">Zwiesel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br /> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_glassmaking_companies" title="List of defunct glassmaking companies">List of defunct glassmaking companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glassmakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(glassmaker)" title="John Adams (glassmaker)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Atwater" title="Richard M. Atwater">Richard M. Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Carder" title="Frederick Carder">Frederick Carder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Wightman_Colburn" title="Irving Wightman Colburn">Irving Wightman Colburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crimmel" title="Henry Crimmel">Henry Crimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_family" title="Friedrich family">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._Heisey" title="A. H. Heisey">A. H. Heisey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deming_Jarves" title="Deming Jarves">Deming Jarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Libbey" title="Edward Libbey">Edward D. Libbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Marioni" title="Dante Marioni">Dante Marioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Neri" title="Antonio Neri">Antonio Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Owens" title="Michael Joseph Owens">Michael Joseph Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Pilkington" title="Alastair Pilkington">Alastair Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Poli" title="Flavio Poli">Flavio Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salviati_(glassmakers)" title="Salviati (glassmakers)">Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Stiegel" title="Henry William Stiegel">Henry William Stiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Donald_Stookey" title="S. Donald Stookey">S. Donald Stookey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Tagliapietra" title="Lino Tagliapietra">Lino Tagliapietra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._S._Turner" title="W. E. S. Turner">W. E. S. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Urbanowicz" title="Tomasz Urbanowicz">Tomasz Urbanowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Venini" title="Paolo Venini">Paolo Venini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Whitall" title="John M. Whitall">John M. Whitall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wistar_(glassmaker)" title="Caspar Wistar (glassmaker)">Caspar Wistar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trademarks<br /> and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">Activ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_glass" title="Bohemian glass">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Bomex/Duran/Endural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_glass" title="Burmese glass">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corelle" title="Corelle">Corelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorningWare" title="CorningWare">CorningWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Cranberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristallo" title="Cristallo">Cristallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragontrail" title="Dragontrail">Dragontrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favrile_glass" title="Favrile glass">Favrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-King" title="Fire-King">Fire-King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla_Glass" title="Gorilla Glass">Gorilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macor" title="Macor">Macor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murano_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Murano glass">Murano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaline_glass" title="Opaline glass">Opaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_glass" title="Peking glass">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrex" title="Pyrex">Pyrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_glassworks" title="Rona glassworks">Rona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenhead_Glass" title="Ravenhead Glass">Ravenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Kiriko_cut_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma Kiriko cut glass">Satsuma Kiriko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">Tiffany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_(cookware)" title="Visions (cookware)">Visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrite" title="Vitrite">Vitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrolite">Vitrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vycor" title="Vycor">Vycor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Crystal" title="Waterford Crystal">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q678565#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1857" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q678565#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4250413-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80150473">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120686457">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120686457">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2006332756&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manufactures des glaces & produits chimiques de Saint-Gobain, Chauny & Cirey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2006332757&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson (firma)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2006332761&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513688406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029223121">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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