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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">802.3af</a>.</div> <p><b>IEEE 802.11af</b>, also referred to as <b>White-Fi</b> and <b>Super Wi-Fi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-80211afLekomtcev_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afLekomtcev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80211afFeng_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afFeng-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a wireless <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a> standard in the <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> family, that allows <a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless local area network">wireless local area network</a> (WLAN) operation in TV <a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">white space spectrum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> bands between 54 and 790 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard was approved in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-80211timeline_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">Cognitive radio</a> technology is used to transmit on unused portions of TV channel band allocations, with the standard taking measures to limit interference for primary users, such as analog TV, digital TV, and wireless microphones.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_layer">Physical layer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physical (PHY) layer in 802.11af is based on the <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a> (OFDM) scheme specified in <a href="/wiki/802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11ac">802.11ac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afLim_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afLim-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propagation path loss as well as the attenuation by materials such as brick and concrete is lower in the UHF and VHF bands than in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, which increases the possible range compared to 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency channels are 6 to 8 MHz wide, depending on the regulatory domain.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to four channels may be bonded in either one or two contiguous blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either <a href="/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_block_code" title="Space–time block code">space–time block code</a> (STBC) or <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO" title="Multi-user MIMO">multi-user</a> (MU-MIMO) operation.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_rates">Data rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Data rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afDraft_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afDraft-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With four spatial streams and four bonded channels, the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit/s in 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afDraft_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afDraft-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GI (Guard Interval) : Timing between symbols </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="13">Data rate per spatial stream (Mbit/s) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">MCS<br />index</th> <th rowspan="2">Modulation<br />type</th> <th rowspan="2">Coding<br />rate</th> <th colspan="2">6 and 7 MHz channels</th> <th colspan="2">8 MHz channels </th></tr> <tr> <th>6 μs GI</th> <th>3 μs GI</th> <th>4.5 μs GI</th> <th>2.25 μs GI </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>BPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>QPSK</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>10.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>16-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>14.4</td> <td>16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>2/3</td> <td>14.4</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>21.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>24.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>64-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>26.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>28.8</td> <td>32.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>256-QAM</td> <td>5/6</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>26.7</td> <td>32.0</td> <td>35.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectrum_regulation">Spectrum regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spectrum regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access points and stations determine their position using a satellite positioning system such as <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and use the Internet to query a <a href="/wiki/TV_White_Space_Database" title="TV White Space Database">geolocation database</a> (GDB) provided by a regional regulatory agency to discover which frequency channels are available for use at a given time and position.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) permits TV white space operation in 6 MHz channels between 54 and 698 MHz in <a href="/wiki/North_American_broadcast_television_frequencies#Current_Band_Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="North American broadcast television frequencies">TV channels</a> 2, 5, 6, 14–35, and 38–51, with the <a href="/wiki/TV_White_Space_Database" title="TV White Space Database">geolocation database</a> granting use for up to 48 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For mobile stations, allowed transmit power is fixed to 100 mW per 6 MHz channel, or 40 mW if an adjacent channel is in use by a primary user.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a> (ETSI) and <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> permit TV white space operation in 8 MHz channels between 490 and 790 MHz, with the GDB granting use for up to 2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allowed transmit power is dynamically set on a per-station basis, based on factors including the geographical distance to the next primary user in the given frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This closed-loop scheme requires each station to report its position after a timer has expired or it has moved 50 m or more, and to stop transmitting within 5 s when instructed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the open-loop scheme used by the FCC, the closed-loop scheme used by the ETSI and Ofcom is more granular and allows for a more efficient spectrum utilization.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afflores_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_802.11ah">Comparison with 802.11ah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with 802.11ah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">IEEE 802.11ah</a> is another WLAN standard for sub 1 GHz operation being developed by the IEEE.<sup id="cite_ref-80211timeline_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80211ahPAR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ahPAR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike 802.11af, it operates in unlicensed bands.<sup id="cite_ref-80211ahPAR_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ahPAR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main application is expected to be in sensor networks.<sup id="cite_ref-80211ah-daily-wireless_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211ah-daily-wireless-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_802.22">Comparison with 802.22</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with 802.22"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to 802.11af, the IEEE has standardized another white space cognitive radio standard, <a href="/wiki/802.22" class="mw-redirect" title="802.22">802.22</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afLekomtcev_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afLekomtcev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 802.11af is a wireless LAN standard designed for ranges up to 1 km, 802.22 is a <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">wireless regional area network</a> (WRAN) standard, for ranges up to 100 km.<sup id="cite_ref-80211afLekomtcev_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80211afLekomtcev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRAN_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRAN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coexistence between 802.22 and 802.11af standards can be implemented either in centralized or distributed manners <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and based on various coexistence techniques. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Wi-Fi" title="Super Wi-Fi">Super Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_White_Space_Database" title="TV White Space Database">Geolocation Database</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadcast TV&Radio(<a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a>) also uses OFDM in this band.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11af&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-80211afLekomtcev-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211afLekomtcev_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afLekomtcev_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afLekomtcev_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLekomtcevMaršálek2012" class="citation web cs1">Lekomtcev, Demain; Maršálek, Roman (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elektrorevue.cz/file.php?id=200000861-9a19f9b13f">"Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22 standards – physical layer 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enabling+Co-channel+Coexistence+of+802.22+and+802.11af+Systems+in+TV+White+Spaces&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Xiaojun+Feng&rft.au=Qian+Zhang&rft.au=Bo+Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.ust.hk%2F~xfeng%2Fdoc%2Fxfeng-ws-coexistence-ICC13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11af" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80211afflores-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80211afflores_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloresGuerraKnightlyEcclesine2013" class="citation web cs1">Flores, Adriana B.; Guerra, Ryan E.; Knightly, Edward W.; Ecclesine, Peter; Pandey, Santosh (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215071543/http://networks.rice.edu/files/2014/08/80211af.pdf">"IEEE 802.11af: A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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"Efficiency of Dynamic Frequency Selection Based Coexistence Mechanisms for TV White Space Enabled Cognitive Wireless Access Points". <i>IEEE Wireless Communications</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 69–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMWC.2012.6393520">10.1109/MWC.2012.6393520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3134504">3134504</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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