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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life habits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_habits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life habits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aquaculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culture methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mussel-inspired_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mussel-inspired_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mussel-inspired materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mussel-inspired_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mussels_and_nutrient_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mussels_and_nutrient_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mussels and nutrient mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mussels_and_nutrient_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freshwater_mussels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_mussels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Freshwater mussels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_mussels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_highlights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_highlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Nutrition highlights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_highlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel" title="Mossel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mossel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بلح البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلح البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midiya_(molyusk)" title="Midiya (molyusk) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Midiya (molyusk)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskl" title="Meskl – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meskl" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclos" title="Musclos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Musclos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="صدف سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدف سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%BAilic%C3%ADn" title="Diúilicín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diúilicín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feusgan" title="Feusgan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Feusgan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinnani_vo_Xinnaneo" title="Xinnani vo Xinnaneo – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Xinnani vo Xinnaneo" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B4%EC%B9%98%EB%A5%98" title="담치류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="담치류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="सीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaung_(moluska)" title="Kedaung (moluska) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedaung (moluska)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kupang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%B2%9D" title="ムール貝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムール貝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexilh%C3%A3o" title="Mexilhão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mexilhão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhje" title="Midhje – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Midhje" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mussel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="சிப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trai_(%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt)" title="Trai (động vật) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trai (động vật)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AD%94%E8%B2%BD%E8%B2%9D" title="無孔貽貝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無孔貽貝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13042834#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of bivalve mollusc</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Mussel </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CornishMussels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bed of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CornishMussels.JPG/220px-CornishMussels.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CornishMussels.JPG/330px-CornishMussels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CornishMussels.JPG/440px-CornishMussels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section">A bed of blue mussels, <i><a href="/wiki/Mytilus_edulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytilus edulis">Mytilus edulis</a></i>, in the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bivalvia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Subclasses </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pteriomorphia" title="Pteriomorphia">Pteriomorphia</a> (marine mussels)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Palaeoheterodonta" title="Palaeoheterodonta">Palaeoheterodonta</a> (freshwater mussels)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Heterodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodonta">Heterodonta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussels</a>) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Mussel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> used for members of several families of <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, from saltwater and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_bivalve" title="Freshwater bivalve">freshwater</a> habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. </p><p>The word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family <a href="/wiki/Mytilidae" title="Mytilidae">Mytilidae</a>, most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong <a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssal threads</a> ("beard") to a firm substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species (in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bathymodiolus" title="Bathymodiolus">Bathymodiolus</a></i>) have colonised <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> associated with deep ocean ridges. </p><p>In most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. The external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacreous</a>. </p><p>The common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">freshwater pearl mussels</a>. Freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in a different <a href="/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (biology)">subclass</a> of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance. </p><p>Freshwater <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebra mussels">zebra mussels</a> and their relatives in the family <a href="/wiki/Dreissenidae" title="Dreissenidae">Dreissenidae</a> are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many <i>Mytilus</i> species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner, using a byssus. They are classified with the <a href="/wiki/Heterodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodonta">Heterodonta</a>, the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_anatomy">General anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miesmuscheln-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Miesmuscheln-2.jpg/220px-Miesmuscheln-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Miesmuscheln-2.jpg/330px-Miesmuscheln-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Miesmuscheln-2.jpg/440px-Miesmuscheln-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption> Marine <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">blue mussel</a>, <i>Mytilus edulis</i>, showing some of the inner anatomy. The white posterior adductor muscle is visible in the upper image, and has been cut in the lower image to allow the valves to open fully.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/300px--3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="3D_flight_around_a_µCT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1440" data-height="810" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv/3D_flight_around_a_%C2%B5CT_scan_of_a_Mytilus_covered_with_Balanidae.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Flight around a 3D-<a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">rendering</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">μCT</a>-scan of a young <a href="/wiki/Mytilus_(bivalve)" title="Mytilus (bivalve)">Mytilus</a> that is almost completely covered with <a href="/wiki/Balanidae" title="Balanidae">Balanidae</a> (barnacles). Resolution of the scan is 29 μm/<a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mussel's external shell is composed of two hinged halves or "valves". The valves are joined on the outside by a ligament, and are closed when necessary by strong internal muscles (anterior and posterior adductor muscles). Mussel shells carry out a variety of functions, including support for soft tissues, protection from predators and protection against desiccation. </p><p>The shell has three layers. In the pearly mussels there is an inner iridescent layer of <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a> (mother-of-pearl) composed of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, which is continuously secreted by the mantle; the prismatic layer, a middle layer of chalky white crystals of calcium carbonate in a protein matrix; and the <a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">periostracum</a>, an outer pigmented layer resembling a skin. The periostracum is composed of a protein called <a href="/wiki/Conchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchin">conchin</a>, and its function is to protect the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids (especially important in freshwater forms where the decay of leaf materials produces acids). </p><p>Like most bivalves, mussels have a large organ called a <a href="/wiki/Foot_(mollusc)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (mollusc)">foot</a>. In freshwater mussels, the foot is large, muscular, and generally hatchet-shaped. It is used to pull the animal through the substrate (typically sand, gravel, or silt) in which it lies partially buried. It does this by repeatedly advancing the foot through the substrate, expanding the end so it serves as an anchor, and then pulling the rest of the animal with its shell forward. It also serves as a fleshy anchor when the animal is stationary. </p><p>In marine mussels, the foot is smaller, tongue-like in shape, with a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit. In this pit, a viscous secretion is exuded, entering the groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water. This forms extremely tough, strong, elastic, byssal threads that secure the mussel to its substrate allowing it to remain <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(motility)" title="Sessility (motility)">sessile</a> in areas of high flow.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The byssal thread is also sometimes used by mussels as a defensive measure, to tether predatory molluscs, such as <a href="/wiki/Dog_whelk" title="Dog whelk">dog whelks</a>, that invade mussel beds, immobilising them and thus starving them to death. </p><p>In cooking, the <a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssus</a> of the mussel is known as the "beard" and is removed during preparation, often after cooking when the mussel has opened. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_habits">Life habits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life habits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg/220px-Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg/330px-Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg/440px-Mytilus_with_byssus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption> A <i>Mytilus</i> with its <a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssus</a> clearly showing, at <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Beach,_San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Beach, San Francisco, California">Ocean Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starfishmussel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Starfishmussel.jpg/220px-Starfishmussel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Starfishmussel.jpg/330px-Starfishmussel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Starfishmussel.jpg/440px-Starfishmussel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sea_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea star">sea star</a> consuming a mussel in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both marine and freshwater mussels are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeders" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeders">filter feeders</a>; they feed on <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and other microscopic sea creatures which are free-floating in seawater. A mussel draws water in through its <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">incurrent siphon</a>. The water is then brought into the branchial chamber by the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> for ciliary-mucus feeding. The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon. The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth, where digestion begins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201226–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201226–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marine mussels are usually found <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">clumping</a> together on wave-washed rocks, each attached to the rock by its byssus. The clumping habit helps hold the mussels firm against the force of the waves. At low tide mussels in the middle of a clump will undergo less water loss because of water capture by the other mussels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both marine and freshwater mussels are <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoristic</a>, with separate male and female individuals. In marine mussels, fertilization occurs outside the body, with a larval stage that drifts for three weeks to six months, before settling on a hard surface as a young mussel. There, it is capable of moving slowly by means of attaching and detaching byssal threads to attain a better life position. </p><p>Freshwater mussels reproduce sexually. <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">Sperm</a> is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon. After fertilization, the <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">eggs</a> develop into a larval stage called a <a href="/wiki/Glochidium" title="Glochidium">glochidium</a> (plural glochidia), which temporarily parasitizes fish, attaching themselves to the fish's fins or gills. Prior to their release, the glochidia grow in the gills of the host fish where they are constantly flushed with oxygen-rich water. In some species, release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel's mantle flaps, which are shaped like minnows or other prey, an example of <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">aggressive mimicry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haag_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glochidia are generally species-specific, and will only live if they find the correct fish host. Once the larval mussels attach to the fish, the fish body reacts to cover them with cells forming a <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</a>, where the glochidia remain for two to five weeks (depending on temperature). They grow, break free from the host, and drop to the bottom of the water to begin an independent life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201241–42_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201241–42-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marine mussels are eaten by humans, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, seabirds, and by numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a> marine <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Muricidae" title="Muricidae">Muricidae</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dog_whelk" title="Dog whelk">dog whelk</a>, <i>Nucella lapillus</i>. Freshwater mussels are eaten by <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, ducks, <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a>, humans, and geese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussels_on_rock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mussels_on_rock.JPG/160px-Mussels_on_rock.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mussels_on_rock.JPG/240px-Mussels_on_rock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mussels_on_rock.JPG/320px-Mussels_on_rock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4502" /></a><figcaption>Mussels completely covering rocks in the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning Province">Liaoning Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marine mussels are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones. </p><p>Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vents">hydrothermal vents</a>. The South African white mussel exceptionally does not bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes. </p><p>Freshwater mussels inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg/220px-Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg/330px-Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg/440px-Mussel_dredgers_at_Carlingford_harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_174327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Mussel <a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">dredgers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, China accounted for 40% of the global mussel catch according to a <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> study.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Europe, where mussels have been cultivated for centuries, Spain remained the industry leader. Aquaculture of mussels in North America began in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the northeast and northwest have significant mussel aquaculture operations, where <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (blue mussel) is most commonly grown. While the mussel industry in the US has increased, in North America, 80% of cultured mussels are produced in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>, an estimated 2.9 million pounds of mussels were harvested in 2010, valued at roughly $4.3M.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand, <i><a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">Perna canaliculus</a></i> (the New Zealand green-lipped mussel), industry produces over 140,000 metric tons (150,000 short tons) annually and in 2009 was valued in excess of NZ$250 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_methods">Culture methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Freshwater mussels are used as host animals for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater pearl">freshwater pearls</a>. Some species of marine mussel, including the <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">blue mussel</a> (<i>Mytilus edulis</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_green-lipped_mussel" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand green-lipped mussel">New Zealand green-lipped mussel</a> (<i>Perna canaliculus</i>), are also cultivated as a source of food.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg/75px-Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg/113px-Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg/150px-Bouchots_DSC04101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption><i>Bouchots</i> are marine pilings for growing mussels, here shown at an agricultural fair.</figcaption></figure><p>In some areas of the world, mussel farmers collect naturally occurring marine mussel seed for transfer to more appropriate growing areas, however, most North American mussel farmers rely on hatchery-produced seed.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growers typically purchase seed after it has set (about 1mm in size) or after it has been nursed in upwellers for 3-6 additional weeks and is 2-3mm.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seed is then typically reared in a nursery environment, where it is transferred to a material with a suitable surface for later relocation to the growing area. After about three months in the nursery, mussel seed is "socked" (placed in a tube-like mesh material) and hung on longlines or rafts for grow-out. Within a few days, the mussels migrate to the outside of the sock for better access food sources in the water column. Mussels grow quickly and are usually ready for harvest in less than two years. Unlike other cultured bivalves, mussels use byssus threads (beard) to attach themselves to any firm substrate, which makes them suitable for a number of culture methods. </p><p>There are a variety of techniques for growing mussels. </p> <ul><li><b>Bouchot culture:</b> Intertidal growth technique, or bouchot technique: pilings, known in French as bouchots, are planted at sea; ropes, on which the mussels grow, are tied in a spiral on the pilings; some mesh netting prevents the mussels from falling away. This method needs an extended tidal zone.</li> <li><b>On-bottom culture:</b> On-bottom culture is based on the principle of transferring mussel seed (spat) from areas where they have settled naturally to areas where they can be placed in lower densities to increase growth rates, facilitate harvest, and control predation (Mussel farmers must remove predators and macroalgae during the growth cycle).<sup id="cite_ref-Mytilus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mytilus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Raft culture:</b> Raft culture is a commonly used method throughout the world. Lines of rope mesh socks are seeded with young mussels and suspended vertically from a raft. The specific length of the socks depends on depth and food availability.</li> <li><b>Longline culture (rope culture):</b> Mussels are cultivated extensively in New Zealand, where the most common method is to attach mussels to ropes which are hung from a rope back-bone supported by large plastic floats. The most common species cultivated in New Zealand is the New Zealand green-lipped mussel. Longline culture is the most recent development for mussel culture<sup id="cite_ref-Mytilus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mytilus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are often used as an alternative to raft culture in areas that are more exposed to high wave energy. A long-line is suspended by a series of small anchored floats and ropes or socks of mussels are then suspended vertically from the line.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MusselsKotorBay2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longline mussel farm in Bay of Kotor, Montenegro"><img alt="Longline mussel farm in Bay of Kotor, Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MusselsKotorBay2.jpg/300px-MusselsKotorBay2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MusselsKotorBay2.jpg/451px-MusselsKotorBay2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MusselsKotorBay2.jpg/600px-MusselsKotorBay2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Longline mussel farm in <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abucay,Bataanjf3721_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo raft used for mussel breeding and propagation (Abucay, Bataan, Philippines)"><img alt="Bamboo raft used for mussel breeding and propagation (Abucay, Bataan, Philippines)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG/300px-Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG/451px-Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG/600px-Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> raft used for mussel breeding and propagation (<a href="/wiki/Abucay,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abucay, Bataan">Abucay, Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/400px--Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="267" height="150" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm/Mussel_farming_in_NZ.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using a <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated submersible</a> to inspect mussel longlines in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest">Harvest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MusselsKotorBay3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MusselsKotorBay3.jpg/220px-MusselsKotorBay3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MusselsKotorBay3.jpg/330px-MusselsKotorBay3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MusselsKotorBay3.jpg/440px-MusselsKotorBay3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>Cleaning mussels in a mussel farm (<a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>In roughly 12–15 months, mussels reach marketable size (40mm) and are ready for harvest. Harvesting methods depend on the grow-out area and the rearing method being used. Dredges are currently used for on-bottom culture. Mussels grown on wooden poles can be harvested by hand or with a hydraulic powered system. For raft and longline culture, a platform is typically lowered under the mussel lines, which are then cut from the system and brought to the surface and dumped into containers on a nearby vessel. After harvest, mussels are typically placed in seawater tanks to rid them of impurities before marketing. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mussel-inspired_materials">Mussel-inspired materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mussel-inspired materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byssus threads secreted by the large <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> pen shell, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinna_nobilis" title="Pinna nobilis">Pinna nobilis</a></i>, which can be up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in length, have historically been made into cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinley_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byssus_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Byssus cloth">Byssus cloth</a> is a rare fabric, also known as <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">sea silk</a>, that is made using the byssus of pen shells as the fiber source.<sup id="cite_ref-Maeder_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maeder-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The byssus of <i><a href="/wiki/Atrina_pectinata" title="Atrina pectinata">Atrina pectinata</a></i>, a shell of the same family, has been used in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pinna_nobilis" title="Pinna nobilis">Pinna nobilis</a></i>, to weave sea silk.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byssal threads, used to anchor mussels to substrates, are now recognized as superior bonding agents. A number of studies have investigated <a href="/wiki/Mussel_adhesive_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussel adhesive protein">mussel "glues"</a> for industrial and surgical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, mussel adhesive proteins inspired the design of peptide mimics that were well studied for surface bioengineering of medical implants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-assembling mussel-inspired peptides were also shown to form functional nanostructures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a peptide derived from mussel foot protein-5, a key protein in mussel adhesion, displayed antibacterial properties and served as inspiration for the design of a new class of peptide-based antibacterial adhesive hydrogels, which are active against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into the construction of artificial tendons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_applications">Environmental applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmental applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mussels are widely used as bio-indicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. They are particularly useful since they are distributed worldwide and they are sessile. These characteristics ensure that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. Their population status or structure, physiology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en">behaviour</a> or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the status of the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transplanted caged mussel were used in a study to monitor heavy metal contamination in coastal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mussels_and_nutrient_mitigation">Mussels and nutrient mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mussels and nutrient mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marine nutrient bioextraction is the practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of reducing <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>. Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consume phytoplankton containing nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N) and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (P). On average, one live mussel is 1.0% N and 0.1% P.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindahl_et_al._24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindahl_et_al.-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the mussels are harvested and removed, these nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the form of seafood or mussel biomass, which can be used as an organic fertilizer or animal feed-additive. These <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> provided by mussels are of particular interest to those hoping to mitigate excess anthropogenic marine nutrients, particularly in eutrophic marine systems. While mussel aquaculture is actually promoted in some countries such as Sweden as a water management strategy to address coastal eutrophication,<sup id="cite_ref-Lindahl_et_al._24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindahl_et_al.-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation tool is still in its infancy in most parts of the world. Ongoing efforts in the Baltic Sea (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland) and Long Island Sound<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Puget Sound<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the U.S. are currently examining nutrient uptake, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impacts of mussel farming as a means to mitigate excess nutrients and complement traditional wastewater treatment programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_mussels">Freshwater mussels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freshwater mussels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of 511 species assessed globally, 44% of freshwater mussels listed on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> are classified at some level of threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-lopes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa in the United States and Canada, which are home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world, especially in the southeastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 297 known species, 213 (71.7%) taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 37 North American species were considered extinct in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-lopes_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of 16 recognized freshwater mussel species in Europe, 12 are considered threatened, with varying statuses from Near Threatened to Critically Endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-lopes_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8 species are protected by the European Union <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats Directive</a> across all annexes.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are approximately 85 known species in Africa, 102 in Central America, 74 in South America, 228 in Asia (with the highest species diversity in Southeast Asia), and 33 in Australasia. The species in these areas are not as well researched as in North America and Europe. Approximately 61% of freshwater mussels in Asia had not been assessed and conservation efforts were almost non-existent. No Asian mussels were protected internationally under legislation such as <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main factors contributing to the decline of freshwater mussels include destruction by dams, increased siltation, channel alteration and the introduction of invasive species such as the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_Mussel_farm-142455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Mussel farm, New Zealand.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_hoi_maeng_phu_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>The Asian green mussel, <i><a href="/wiki/Perna_viridis" title="Perna viridis">Perna viridis</a></i>, gathered in <a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi Province</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have used mussels as food for thousands of years. About 17 species are edible, of which the most commonly eaten are <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">Mytilus edulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mytilus_galloprovincialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytilus galloprovincialis">M. galloprovincialis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mytilus_trossulus" title="Mytilus trossulus">M. trossulus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">Perna canaliculus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-zeldes_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeldes-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although freshwater mussels are edible, today they are widely considered unpalatable and are rarely consumed. Freshwater mussels were once eaten extensively by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">native peoples</a> of North America and some still do today. </p><p>In the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, mussels were commonly served in diners and restaurants across the country. This was due to <a href="/wiki/Wartime_rationing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartime rationing">wartime rationing</a> and shortages of red meat, such as beef and pork. Mussels became a popular substitute for most meats (with the exception of poultry).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, mussels are consumed with <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a> (<i>mosselen met friet</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Moules-frites" title="Moules-frites">moules-frites</a></i>) or bread. In Belgium, mussels are sometimes served with fresh herbs and flavorful vegetables in a stock of butter and white wine. <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">Fries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian beer">Belgian beer</a> sometimes are accompaniments. A similar style of preparation is commonly found in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> where mussels are customarily served in restaurants with a side of dark bread in "months containing an R", that is between September and April. In the Netherlands, mussels are sometimes served fried in batter or <a href="/wiki/Breading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breading">breadcrumbs</a>, particularly at <a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">take-out</a> food outlets or informal settings. In France, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89clade_des_Moules#Charente-Maritime" class="mw-redirect" title="Éclade des Moules"><i>Éclade des Moules</i></a>, or, locally, <i>Terré de Moules</i>, is a mussel bake that can be found along the beaches of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>. </p><p>In Italy, mussels are mixed with other seafood; they are most commonly eaten steamed, sometimes with white wine, herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. In Spain, they are consumed mostly steamed, sometimes boiling white wine, onion and herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. They can also be eaten as <i>tigres</i>, a sort of <a href="/wiki/Croquette" title="Croquette">croquette</a> using the mussel meat, shrimps and other pieces of fish in a thick bechamel then breaded and fried in the clean mussel shell. They are used in other sort of dishes such as rices or soups or commonly eaten canned in a <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a> brine made of oil, vinegar, peppercorns, bay leaves and paprika. </p><p>In Turkey, mussels are either covered with flour and fried on skewers (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midye_tava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midye tava (page does not exist)">midye tava</a></i>), or filled with rice and served cold (<a href="/wiki/Stuffed_mussels" title="Stuffed mussels"><i>midye dolma</i></a>) and are usually consumed after alcohol (mostly <a href="/wiki/Raki_(alcoholic_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raki (alcoholic beverage)">raki</a> or beer). </p><p>They are used in Ireland boiled and seasoned with vinegar, with the "bray" or boiling water as a supplementary hot drink. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>, mussels are cooked in a broth of garlic and fermented black bean. In New Zealand, they are served in a chilli or garlic-based <a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette" title="Vinaigrette">vinaigrette</a>, processed into fritters and fried, or used as the base for a <a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">chowder</a>. </p><p>In Brazil, it is common to see mussels being cooked and served with olive oil, usually accompanied by onion, garlic and other herbs. The plate is very popular among tourists and low classes, probably because of the hot climate that favours mussels reproduction. </p><p>In India, mussels are popular in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. They are either prepared with <a href="/wiki/Moringa_oleifera" title="Moringa oleifera">drumsticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a> or other vegetables, or filled with rice and coconut paste with spices and served hot. Fried mussels ('Kadukka' കടുക്ക in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>) of north Kerala especially in <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> are a spicy, favored delicacy. In coastal <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Bearys</a> prepare special rice balls stuffed with spicy fried mussels and steamed, locally known as "pachilede pindi". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG/300px-Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG/450px-Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG/600px-Moules_frites_wth_rose_and_pastis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Moules-frites</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MullMoules_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scottish Mussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MullMoules_%282%29.jpg/220px-MullMoules_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MullMoules_%282%29.jpg/330px-MullMoules_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MullMoules_%282%29.jpg/440px-MullMoules_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Scottish mussels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussel_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mussel_dish.jpg/220px-Mussel_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mussel_dish.jpg/330px-Mussel_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mussel_dish.jpg/440px-Mussel_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>A mussel dish with cherry tomatoes and croutons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MusselsKotorBay1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MusselsKotorBay1.jpg/220px-MusselsKotorBay1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MusselsKotorBay1.jpg/330px-MusselsKotorBay1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MusselsKotorBay1.jpg/440px-MusselsKotorBay1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>Simple mussels roasting in a mussel farm (<a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Mussels can be smoked, boiled, steamed, roasted, barbecued or fried in butter or vegetable oil.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be used in soups, salads and sauces. As with all <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, except shrimp, mussels should be checked to ensure they are still alive just before they are cooked; enzymes quickly break down the meat and make them unpalatable or poisonous after dying or uncooked. Some mussels might contain toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple criterion is that live mussels, when in the air, will shut tightly when disturbed. Open, unresponsive mussels are dead, and must be discarded. Unusually heavy, wild-caught, closed mussels may be discarded as they may contain only mud or sand. (They can be tested by slightly opening the shell halves.) A thorough rinse in water and removal of "the beard" is suggested. Mussel shells usually open when cooked, revealing the cooked soft parts. Historically, it has been believed that after cooking all the mussels should have opened and those that have not are not safe to eat and should be discarded. However, according to marine biologist Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were "both adequately cooked and safe to eat."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although mussels are valued as food, mussel poisoning due to toxic planktonic organisms can be a danger along some coastlines. For instance, mussels should be avoided during the warmer months along the west coast of the United States. This poisoning is usually due to a bloom of <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> (red tides), which contain toxins. The dinoflagellates and their toxin are harmless to mussels, even when concentrated by the mussel's filter feeding, but the concentrated toxins cause serious illness if the mussels are consumed by humans, including <a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">paralytic shellfish poisoning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition_highlights">Nutrition highlights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nutrition highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Raw <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">blue mussels</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Serving size</td> <td>3 ounces (85 g) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Calories</a></td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></td> <td>10.1 g </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a></td> <td>3.1 g </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Fiber</a></td> <td>0.0 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a></td> <td>1.9 g </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a></td> <td>0.4 g </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td>243 mg </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Excellent source of: <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (44.8 μg), and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> (12 μg)</li> <li>Good source of: <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (1.6 mg), and <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> (42 μg)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Foods that are an "excellent source" of a particular nutrient provide 20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Recommended_daily_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended daily value">recommended daily value</a>. Foods that are a "good source" of a particular nutrient provide between 10 and 20% of the recommended daily value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/48px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/64px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">California mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_wedgemussel" title="Dwarf wedgemussel">Dwarf wedgemussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/mussel">"Mussel"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 22 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mussel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fmussel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaccaroWaite2001" class="citation journal cs1">Vaccaro, Eleonora; Waite, J. Herbert (2001-09-01). "Yield and Post-Yield Behavior of Mussel Byssal Thread: A Self-Healing Biomolecular Material". <i>Biomacromolecules</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">906–</span>911. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbm0100514">10.1021/bm0100514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-7797">1525-7797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710048">11710048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomacromolecules&rft.atitle=Yield+and+Post-Yield+Behavior+of+Mussel+Byssal+Thread%3A+A+Self-Healing+Biomolecular+Material&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E906-%3C%2Fspan%3E911&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.issn=1525-7797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11710048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbm0100514&rft.aulast=Vaccaro&rft.aufirst=Eleonora&rft.au=Waite%2C+J.+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201226–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201226–28_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaag2012">Haag 2012</a>, pp. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haag-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haag_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendell_R._Haag2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wendell R. Haag (2008). "Adaptations to Host Infection and Larval Parasitism in Unionoida". <i>Journal of the North American Benthological Society</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">370–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1899%2F07-093.1">10.1899/07-093.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North+American+Benthological+Society&rft.atitle=Adaptations+to+Host+Infection+and+Larval+Parasitism+in+Unionoida&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1899%2F07-093.1&rft.au=Wendell+R.+Haag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag201241–42-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag201241–42_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaag2012">Haag 2012</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/SQServlet?file=/usr/local/tomcat/FI/5.5.23/figis/webapps/figis/temp/hqp_30371.xml&outtype=html">China catches 0.77m tonnes of mussels in 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BC_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcsga.ca/about/industry-encyclopedia/mussels/">"Mussel Culture in British Columbia"</a>. BC Shellfish Growers Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mussel+Culture+in+British+Columbia&rft.pub=BC+Shellfish+Growers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcsga.ca%2Fabout%2Findustry-encyclopedia%2Fmussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalta2005" class="citation news cs1">Calta, Marialisa (August 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/travel/28foraging.html">"Mussels on Prince Edward Island"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mussels+on+Prince+Edward+Island&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.aulast=Calta&rft.aufirst=Marialisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Ftravel%2F28foraging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Economics,_Inc." class="citation web cs1">Northern Economics, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/Economic_Impact_of_Shellfish_Aquaculture_2013.pdf">"The Economic Impact of Shellfish Aquaculture in Washington, Oregon and California"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Impact+of+Shellfish+Aquaculture+in+Washington%2C+Oregon+and+California&rft.pub=Prepared+for+Pacific+Shellfish+Institute&rft.au=Northern+Economics%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacshell.org%2Fpdf%2FEconomic_Impact_of_Shellfish_Aquaculture_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mytilus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mytilus_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mytilus_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Mytilus_edulis/en">"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme, Mytilus edulis"</a>. 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ABC Science. 2008-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mussel+myth+an+open+and+shut+case&rft.pub=ABC+Science&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2F2404364.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuello2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruello, Nick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frdc.com.au/Archived-Reports/FRDC%20Projects/2002-418-DLD.pdf#page=14"><i>Improving post harvest handling to add value to farmed mussels</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seafood Services Australia. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577695-12" title="Special:BookSources/0-9577695-12"><bdi>0-9577695-12</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+post+harvest+handling+to+add+value+to+farmed+mussels&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Seafood+Services+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9577695-12&rft.aulast=Ruello&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrdc.com.au%2FArchived-Reports%2FFRDC%2520Projects%2F2002-418-DLD.pdf%23page%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calorieking.com/foods/calories-in-shellfish-fresh-mussel-blue-raw_f-Y2lkPTM5MjQzJmJpZD0xJmZpZD02MjM1NiZlaWQ9MzU3ODkwMTc2JnBvcz0yJnBhcj0ma2V5PW11c3NlbA.html">"Calories in Mussel, raw | Nutrition, Carbohydrate and Calorie Counter"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Nutrition+Info+and+calories+in+Raw+Blue+Mussels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecipeofhealth.com%2Fnutrition-calories%2Fmussel-blue-3746rb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mussel-project.ua.edu/">The MUSSEL Project - Hosted by The University of Alabama and Funded by The National Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.molluscan-eye.com">molluSCAN-eye - Online biomonitoring project hosted by the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~ksc/MusselGenera.html">Freshwater Mussel Genera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/aqua/broc/aqwa/mussels/aqwamussel03.html">Methods of mussel farming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/miss/naturescience/mussindex.htm">Mississippi River Mussels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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aria-labelledby="Commercial_mollusks241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_molluscs" title="Template:Commercial molluscs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_molluscs" title="Template talk:Commercial molluscs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_molluscs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial molluscs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_mollusks241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commercial <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">Periwinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Buccinum undatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Bullacta exarata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kelletia kelletii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snails-Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/160px-Snails-Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/240px-Snails-Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/320px-Snails-Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land and freshwater gastropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_aperta" class="mw-redirect" title="Helix aperta">Helix aperta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cepaea_nemoralis" title="Cepaea nemoralis">Cepaea nemoralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otala_lactea" title="Otala lactea">Otala lactea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escargot" class="mw-redirect" title="Escargot">Escargot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-swimming marine <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_scallop" title="Queen scallop">Queen scallop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Argopecten irradians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infaunal bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell clam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercenaria_mercenaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaria mercenaria">Mercenaria mercenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">Austrovenus stutchburyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">Saxidomus nuttalli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Arctica islandica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spisula_solidissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisula solidissima">Spisula solidissima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies_ventricosa" title="Paphies ventricosa">Paphies ventricosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">Paphies australis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Ruditapes largillierti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessile bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">Pearl oyster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Pinctada maxima</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">Freshwater pearl mussel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Heliciculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clam digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallop dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugeye_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugeye (boat)">Oyster boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Pearl_farming" title="Pearl">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl diving">Pearl diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ama_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama divers">Ama divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">List of fishing topics by subject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aquaculture">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_mollusks135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edible_molluscs" title="Template talk:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_mollusks135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible mollusks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam" title="Atlantic jackknife clam">Atlantic jackknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_clam" title="Hard clam">Hard clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse clam">Horse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mactra_stultorum" title="Mactra stultorum">Mactra stultorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_truncata" title="Mya truncata">Blunt gaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Ocean quahog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_razor_clam" title="Pacific razor clam">Pacific razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">California butterclam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senilia_senilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Senilia senilis">Senilia senilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth clam">Smooth clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassula_aequilatera" title="Crassula aequilatera">Triangle shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerupis_philippinarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerupis philippinarum">Japanese littleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razor_shell" title="Razor shell">Razor clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pod_razor" title="Pod razor">Pod razor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensis" title="Ensis">Ensis</a></i> (razor genus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies" title="Paphies">Paphies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cockle" title="Common cockle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegillarca_granosa" title="Tegillarca granosa">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebidonax_deltoides" title="Plebidonax deltoides">Goolwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_cockle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney cockle">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinocardium" title="Dinocardium">Giant Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mussels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_mussel" title="Mediterranean mussel">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">New Zealand green-lipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_perna" title="Perna perna">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_viridis" title="Perna viridis">Asian/Philippine green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga_lithophaga" title="Lithophaga lithophaga"> Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilidae" title="Mytilidae">Mytilidae</a> (mussel family)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_lurida" title="Ostrea lurida">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_angasi" title="Ostrea angasi">Southern mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_edulis" title="Ostrea edulis">Colchester native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_oyster" title="Portuguese oyster">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">Windowpane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_oyster" title="Rock oyster">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney rock oyster">Sydney rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiostrea_chilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiostrea chilensis"><i>Ostra chilena</i>/Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillardeau_oysters" title="Gillardeau oysters">Gillardeau oysters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crassostrea" title="Crassostrea">Crassostrea</a></i> ("true oyster" genus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Atlantic bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Great/king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_novaezelandiae" title="Pecten novaezelandiae">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_purpuratus" title="Argopecten purpuratus">Peruvian calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuhopecten_yessoensis" title="Mizuhopecten yessoensis">Yesso</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni" title="Haliotis sorenseni">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens" title="Haliotis rufescens">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_fulgens" title="Haliotis fulgens">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">Blacklip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata" title="Haliotis laevigata">Greenlip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ormer" title="Green ormer">Green ormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">Pāua</a> (group of four species)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">South African abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas" title="Concholepas concholepas">Chilean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">Conches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobatus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobatus gigas">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo_pipus" title="Lentigo pipus">Elegant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium">Dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">Limpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_exarata" title="Cellana exarata">Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_talcosa" title="Cellana talcosa">Turtle/talc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_sandwicensis" title="Cellana sandwicensis">Yellow-foot opihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ulyssiponensis" title="Patella ulyssiponensis">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_vulgata" title="Patella vulgata">Common European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_caerulea" title="Patella caerulea">Rayed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ferruginea" title="Patella ferruginea">Ribbed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_rustica" title="Patella rustica">Rustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Littorinidae" title="Littorinidae">Periwinkles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrolittorina_antipodum" title="Austrolittorina antipodum">Banded</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Littorina_sitkana" title="Littorina sitkana">Littorina sitkana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busycotypus_canaliculatus" title="Busycotypus canaliculatus">Channeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kellet's</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobbed_whelk" title="Knobbed whelk">Knobbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulguropsis_spirata" title="Fulguropsis spirata">Pear whelk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum" title="Sinistrofulgur perversum">Lightning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">Other snails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibola_crenata" title="Amphibola crenata">Mud-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Korean mud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_giganteus" title="Chorus giganteus">Chorus giganteus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo">Bailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_lucorum" title="Helix lucorum">Helix lucorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">Freshwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_snail" title="Apple snail">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritidae" title="Neritidae">Nerites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkfish">Inkfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepiella_inermis" title="Sepiella inermis">Spineless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiadarium_kochi" title="Sepiadarium kochi">Bottletail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_octopus" title="Common octopus">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistoctopus_macropus" title="Callistoctopus macropus">Atlantic white-spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_cyanea" title="Octopus cyanea">Big blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_dofleini" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus dofleini">Pacific giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_megalocyathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus megalocyathus">Southern red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">Mimic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphioctopus_fangsiao" title="Amphioctopus fangsiao">Amphioctopus fangsiao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nototodarus_sloanii" title="Nototodarus sloanii">New Zealand arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_flying_squid" title="Japanese flying squid">Japanese flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_squid" title="Humboldt squid">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_flying_squid" title="Neon flying squid">Neon flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiton_magnificus" title="Chiton magnificus">Chiton magnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthopleura echinata">Acanthopleura echinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_granulata" title="Acanthopleura granulata">Acanthopleura granulata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Land snail farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia#Anatomy" title="Bivalvia">Bivalve anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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