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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Barter rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barter_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imported_Chinese_cash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imported_Chinese_cash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Imported Chinese cash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imported_Chinese_cash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era_(1565–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era_(1565–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spanish era (1565–1898)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_era_(1565–1898)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stamped_Philippine_Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stamped Philippine Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stamped_Philippine_Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Gold_/_Silver_Bimetallic_Standard_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Gold_/_Silver_Bimetallic_Standard_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Philippine Gold / Silver Bimetallic Standard in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Gold_/_Silver_Bimetallic_Standard_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peso_Fuerte_Banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peso_Fuerte_Banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Peso Fuerte Banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peso_Fuerte_Banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulu_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulu_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sulu coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulu_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Philippine_Republic_(Revolutionary_period_1898–1899)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Philippine_Republic_(Revolutionary_period_1898–1899)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First Philippine Republic (Revolutionary period 1898–1899)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Philippine_Republic_(Revolutionary_period_1898–1899)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_colonial_period_(1901–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_colonial_period_(1901–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>American colonial period (1901–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_colonial_period_(1901–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_period_(1935–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_period_(1935–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commonwealth period (1935–1946)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commonwealth_period_(1935–1946)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commonwealth period (1935–1946) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_period_(1935–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"Mickey_Mouse_money"_(Fiat_peso)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Mickey_Mouse_money"_(Fiat_peso)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The "Mickey Mouse money" (Fiat peso)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Mickey_Mouse_money"_(Fiat_peso)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Guerilla_Pesos"_(Emergency_circulating_notes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Guerilla_Pesos"_(Emergency_circulating_notes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>"Guerilla Pesos" (Emergency circulating notes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Guerilla_Pesos"_(Emergency_circulating_notes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_currencies_(1946–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_currencies_(1946–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern currencies (1946–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_currencies_(1946–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern currencies (1946–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_currencies_(1946–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>English Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilipino_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilipino_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pilipino series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilipino_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ang Bagong Lipunan series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Design_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Design_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>New Design Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Design_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Generation_Currency_(current)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Generation_Currency_(current)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>New Generation Currency (current)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Generation_Currency_(current)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The History of Philippine Money</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numismatics" title="Category:Numismatics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">the study of currency</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/120px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/250px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_numismatics" title="Glossary of numismatics">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Forgery</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Category:Currencies of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Category:Currencies of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Category:Currencies of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_North_America" title="Category:Currencies of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_South_America" title="Category:Currencies of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Oceania" title="Category:Currencies of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">LETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time dollars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">Fictional currencies</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_currencies" title="List of proposed currencies">Proposed currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Historical currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_money" title="History of Thai money">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_currencies" title="Category:Medieval currencies">Medieval currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Production</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currency_designers" title="Category:Currency designers">Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(mint)" title="Coining (mint)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">Milling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_coinage" title="Hammered coinage">Hammering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_coinage" title="Cast coinage">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint-made_errors" title="Mint-made errors">Errors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Collection</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">Coin collecting</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">Commemorative coins</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_grading" title="Coin grading">Grading</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">Notaphily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_banknote" title="Commemorative banknote">Commemorative banknotes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jetons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">Scrips</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Scripophily" title="Scripophily">Scripophily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bonds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/20px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/40px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/17px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/26px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/34px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numismatics" title="Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numismatics" title="Template talk:Numismatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Philippine money</b> covers currency in use before the Hispanic era with gold Piloncitos and other commodities in circulation, as well as the adoption of the peso during the Hispanic era and afterwards. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> is ultimately derived from the Spanish peso or <a href="/wiki/Pieces_of_eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieces of eight">pieces of eight</a> brought over in large quantities by the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> of the 16th to 19th centuries. From the same Spanish peso or dollar is derived the various pesos of Latin America, the dollars of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Chinese yuan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines in 1521, the Filipinos had established trade relations with neighboring lands like <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and other settlements. Barter was a system of trading commonly practiced throughout the world and adopted by the Philippines. The inconvenience of the barter system led to the adoption of a specific medium of exchange – the <a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">cowry shells</a>. Cowries produced in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> became the most common and acceptable form of money through many centuries. </p><p>The Philippines is naturally rich in gold, making possible the availability of local gold coinage called <a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">piloncitos</a>. The original silver currency unit was the rupee or rupiah (known locally as salapi), brought over by trade with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The salapi continued under Spanish rule as a teston worth four reales or half a Spanish peso. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Philippine_history_(c._900_AD–1565)"><span id="Early_Philippine_history_.28c._900_AD.E2.80.931565.29"></span>Early Philippine history (c. 900 AD–1565)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Philippine history (c. 900 AD–1565)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">History of the Philippines (900–1565)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Piloncitos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Mint_Museum,_PI_Piloncitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg/250px-Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg/330px-Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg/500px-Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>A collection of <a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a> in Manila Mint Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a> were used in <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Rajahnate of Butuan</a> in present-day Philippines. Piloncitos are tiny engraved bead-like <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> bits unearthed in the Philippines. They are the first recognized coinage in the Philippines circulated between the 9th and 12th centuries. They emerged when increasing trade made barter inconvenient. </p><p>Piloncitos are so small—some are of the size of a corn kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams (0.0032 to 0.0935 oz) of fine gold. Large Piloncitos weigh almost 1 <a href="/wiki/Mace_(unit)" title="Mace (unit)">mace</a>, or 1/10th of a <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a>. Piloncitos have been excavated from <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and some areas in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. They have been found in large numbers in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> archeological sites leading to questions of origin. That gold was mined and worked here is evidenced by many Spanish accounts, like one in 1586 that said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“The people of this island (<a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>) are Hindu and very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them.”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barter_rings">Barter rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Barter rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg/250px-Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg/330px-Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg/500px-Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The gold currencies: (upper part) the Piloncitos and the <a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a> (lower part).</figcaption></figure> <p>The early Filipinos also traded along with the <a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a>, which is gold ring-like <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a>. These barter rings are bigger than a doughnut in size and are made of nearly pure gold.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imported_Chinese_cash">Imported Chinese cash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imported Chinese cash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_Ming,_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao,_Tian_(%E5%A4%A9)_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/China%2C_Ming%2C_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao%2C_Tian_%28%E5%A4%A9%29_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg/220px-China%2C_Ming%2C_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao%2C_Tian_%28%E5%A4%A9%29_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/China%2C_Ming%2C_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao%2C_Tian_%28%E5%A4%A9%29_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg/330px-China%2C_Ming%2C_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao%2C_Tian_%28%E5%A4%A9%29_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/China%2C_Ming%2C_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao%2C_Tian_%28%E5%A4%A9%29_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg/440px-China%2C_Ming%2C_Wan_Li_Tong_Bao%2C_Tian_%28%E5%A4%A9%29_and_other_Manila_Chopmarks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Wanli Tongbao coin with tiny chopmarks on the rims (notably Tian 天 on obverse left), believed to have been produced in Manila</figcaption></figure> <p>A relatively unknown chapter of Philippine numismatics is the importation and usage of bronze <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash</a> in Philippine markets. Like other Southeast Asian ports, the Chinese coinage flooded trading ports in the Philippine Islands starting as early as the 13th century and continuing into the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> period. </p><p>One issue of coinage, the Wanli Tongbao, which was issued during the <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli</a> period of the Ming Dynasty, frequently bear post-mint <a href="/wiki/Chop_marks_on_coins" title="Chop marks on coins">chopmarks</a> on the rims. These chopmarks have been attributed to Chinese merchants based in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> around the late 16th or early 17th century, making the so-called Manila Chopmarks on the Wanli coins the earliest chopmarks known.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_era_(1565–1898)"><span id="Spanish_era_.281565.E2.80.931898.29"></span>Spanish era (1565–1898)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish era (1565–1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_V_Coin_silver,_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Philip_V_Coin_silver%2C_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg/250px-Philip_V_Coin_silver%2C_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Philip_V_Coin_silver%2C_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg/330px-Philip_V_Coin_silver%2C_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Philip_V_Coin_silver%2C_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg/500px-Philip_V_Coin_silver%2C_8_Reales_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">columnario</a> peso imported from Spanish Latin America 1726–1770.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doubloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Doubloon.jpg/250px-Doubloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Doubloon.jpg/330px-Doubloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Doubloon.jpg/500px-Doubloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Spanish gold onza or 8 <a href="/wiki/Escudo" title="Escudo">escudo</a> coin imported from Spanish Latin America and valued at 16 silver pesos.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg/220px-PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg/330px-PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg/440px-PHL_-_50_centimos_alfonso_xii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Silver 50-centimo coin issued 1864 until the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg/220px-PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg/330px-PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg/440px-PHL_-_50_centimos_isabel_ii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Silver 50 centimo Isabel II issued 1864</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a></div> <p>The Spanish silver peso worth eight reales was first introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan#Voyage_of_circumnavigation" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan expedition</a> of 1521 and brought in large quantities by the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> after the 1565 conquest of the Philippines. The local salapi continued under Spanish rule as a half-peso coin. Additionally, Spanish gold onzas or eight-<a href="/wiki/Escudo" title="Escudo">escudo</a> coins were also introduced with identical weight to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a> but valued at 16 silver pesos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver_Cobs_and_Columnarios">Silver Cobs and Columnarios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Silver Cobs and Columnarios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest silver coins brought in by the galleons from Mexico and other Spanish colonies were in the form of roughly-cut cobs or <i><a href="/wiki/Macuquina" title="Macuquina">macuquinas</a></i>. These coins usually bore a cross on one side and the Spanish royal coat-of-arms on the other. Locals called these crudely-made coins "hilis-<a href="/wiki/Kalamay" title="Kalamay">kalamay</a>" due to its resemblance to flattened rice cakes. These were replaced starting 1726 by machine-minted coins called <a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnarios</a> (pillar dollars) or dos mundos (two worlds) containing 27.07 grams (0.955 oz) of 0.917 fine silver (revised to 0.903 fine in 1771). </p><p>These pillar dollars circulated extensively not only in the Philippines but all over the world in the 18th and 19th centuries due to its beauty of design, consistency of weight and fineness, universal recognition among merchants worldwide, and a serrated edge which prevented the clipping away of the precious metal. From the same Spanish peso or dollar is derived the various pesos of Latin America, the dollars of the US and Hong Kong, as well as the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractional_currency_and_Cuartos">Fractional currency and Cuartos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fractional currency and Cuartos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silver coins were minted in denominations of 8 real (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>$1</span>) and 4, 2, 1 and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> real. Gold coins came in denominations of 8 escudos (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001160000000000000♠"></span>$16</span>) and 4, 2, 1 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> escudos. Small change was also made by cutting a whole <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>$1</span> coin, most commonly into eight wedges each worth one <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">Spanish real</a>. </p><p>Locally produced crude copper or bronze coins called cuartos or barrillas were also struck in the Philippines by order of the Spanish government. From this came the Filipino words “kwarta” (synonymous to money in general) and “barya” (small change). In 1837, an order was issued that 20 such cuartos be counted as one real (hence, 160 cuartos to a peso). </p><p>The discontinuation in the 19th century of officially minted copper cuartos was alleviated in part by counterfeit two-cuarto coins (worth 80 to a peso) made by Igorot copper miners in the Cordilleras and accepted in circulation by the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stamped_Philippine_Currency">Stamped Philippine Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stamped Philippine Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early part of the 19th century, most of the Spanish colonies in Central and South America revolted and declared independence from Spain. They issued silver coins bearing revolutionary slogans and symbols which reached the Philippines. The Spanish government officials in the islands were fearful that the seditious markings would incite Filipinos to rebellion. Thus they removed the inscriptions by counter stamping the coins with the word F7 or YII.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A currency system derived from coins imported from Spain, China and neighboring countries was fraught with various difficulties. Money came in different coinages, and fractional currency in addition to the real and the cuarto also existed. Peso coins with Spanish or Mexican designs are also easily imported and exported overseas, occasionally emptying government and private coffers. Money has nearly always been scarce in Manila, and when it was abundant it was shipped to the provinces. An 1857 decree requiring the keeping of accounts in pesos and centimos (worth 1/100 of a peso) was of little help to the situation given the existence of copper cuartos worth 160 to a peso. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Gold_/_Silver_Bimetallic_Standard_in_the_19th_century"><span id="Philippine_Gold_.2F_Silver_Bimetallic_Standard_in_the_19th_century"></span>Philippine Gold / Silver Bimetallic Standard in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philippine Gold / Silver Bimetallic Standard in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish gold onza (or 8-<a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">escudo</a> coin) was of identical weight to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a> but was officially valued at 16 silver pesos, thus putting the peso on a <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic</a> standard with a gold/silver ratio of 16. Its divergence with the value of gold in international trade featured prominently in the continued monetary crises of the 19th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a> of 1848-1855 meant the gold onza, officially valued at 16 pesos, fetched only about 15 pesos internationally, and it in fact suffered as much as a 33% discount when paid to Chinese merchants who consistently count in silver pesos. As the Spanish government continued to receive these gold onzas as 16 pesos, there eventually came a time when silver pesos became scarce and only gold 16-peso coins remained in circulation. </p><p>In order to remedy this damage in the monetary situation, Queen Isabella II issued a decree in 1857 ordering the founding of the Casa de Moneda de Manila in the Philippines in order to coin gold 1-, 2- and 4-peso coins according to Spanish standards (the 4-peso coin being 6.766 grams (0.2387 oz) of 0.875 gold). The first gold coins were minted in 1861. In the same year, a royal decree ordered the minting of 50-, 20- and 10-centimo silver coins out of Latin American coins also according to Spanish standards (with 100 centimos containing 25.98 grams (0.916 oz) of 0.900 silver). The price of silver has since gone down and the first silver coins were minted in 1864. </p><p>The relative abundance of gold in the Philippines then came to an end with the adoption of the British <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> now American <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Standard">Gold Standard</a> in most of Europe after 1871 and the subsequent climb in the international gold/silver ratio above 16.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further aggravated by an 1876 decree confirming the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a> as legal tender in the Philippines and exchangeable with the gold onza for 16 pesos. The climb in the gold onza's overseas value above 16 pesos soon made importing Mexican dollars in exchange for gold coins a profitable venture. While the Governor General attempted in 1877 to stem the outflow of gold by limiting the legal tender status of Mexican silver, by 1884 gold coin had entirely disappeared. </p><p>The 19th century therefore ended with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> still officially on a bimetallic standard equal to either the silver <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a> (weighing 27.07 grams (0.955 oz) of 0.903 fine or 0.786-troy-ounce (0.862 oz; 24.4 g) of XAG) or 1/16th the gold onza (weighing 1.6915 grams (0.05967 oz) of 0.875 fine or 0.0476-troy-ounce (0.0522 oz; 1.48 g) XAU). The gold peso, however, has since increased in value to approx. two silver pesos. Furthermore, the fineness of Philippine fractional silver coins was reduced from 0.900 to 0.835 and worsened the quality of the local currency, and the introduction of Alfonsino silver coins in 1897 did little to improve the peso's exchange value. Such Mexican and Spanish-Filipino coins remained in circulation until they were demonetized after the introduction of the new US-Philippine peso in 1903. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peso_Fuerte_Banknotes">Peso Fuerte Banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peso Fuerte Banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first paper money circulated in the Philippines was the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_fuerte" title="Philippine peso fuerte">Philippine peso fuerte</a> issued in 1851 by the country's first bank, the Banco Español-Filipino. Being bimetallic and convertible to either silver pesos or gold onzas, its volume of 1,800,000 pesos was small relative to about 40,000,000 silver pesos in circulation at the end of the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulu_coins">Sulu coins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sulu coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> in the southernmost islands engaged actively in barter trade with the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Han people">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Bornean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molucas" class="mw-redirect" title="Molucas">Moluccan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> traders. The Sultans issued coins of their own as early as the 5th century. Coins of Sultan Azimud Din that exist today are of base metal Tin, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> bearing <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Arabic</a> inscriptions and dated 1148 AH corresponding to the year 1735 in the Christian era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Philippine_Republic_(Revolutionary_period_1898–1899)"><span id="First_Philippine_Republic_.28Revolutionary_period_1898.E2.80.931899.29"></span>First Philippine Republic (Revolutionary period 1898–1899)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First Philippine Republic (Revolutionary period 1898–1899)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_Peso_Republica_Filipina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Un_Peso_Republica_Filipina.jpg/250px-Un_Peso_Republica_Filipina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Un_Peso_Republica_Filipina.jpg/330px-Un_Peso_Republica_Filipina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Un_Peso_Republica_Filipina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>The one <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Peso" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Peso">Peso</a> note of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Republic" title="Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a> of 1898 under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued currency backed by the country's natural resources. Two types of two-centavo copper coins were struck at the Malolos arsenal and one and two peso paper notes hand signed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Pedro Paterno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Limjap" title="Mariano Limjap">Mariano Limjap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telesforo_Chuidian" title="Telesforo Chuidian">Telesforo Chuidian</a> were printed and freely circulated. These were withdrawn from circulation and declared illegal currency after the surrender of General Aguinaldo to the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_colonial_period_(1901–1946)"><span id="American_colonial_period_.281901.E2.80.931946.29"></span>American colonial period (1901–1946)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American colonial period (1901–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipinas_(PI)_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_(s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Filipinas_%28PI%29_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_%28s%29.jpg/220px-Filipinas_%28PI%29_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_%28s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Filipinas_%28PI%29_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_%28s%29.jpg/330px-Filipinas_%28PI%29_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_%28s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Filipinas_%28PI%29_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_%28s%29.jpg/440px-Filipinas_%28PI%29_50_Centavos_Silver_Coin_1918_%28s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>US Administration 50 centavos silver coin minted in San Francisco in 1918.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_(Series_1905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_%28Series_1905%29.jpg/250px-Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_%28Series_1905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_%28Series_1905%29.jpg/330px-Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_%28Series_1905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_%28Series_1905%29.jpg/500px-Philippine_100_peso_Silver_Certificate_%28Series_1905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>US Administration 100 peso bill.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the United States took control of the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the Philippine Coinage Act of 1903, established the unit of currency to be a theoretical gold peso (not coined) consisting of 12.9 grains of gold 0.900 fine (0.0241875 XAU), equivalent to ₱2,640 as of December 22, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unit was equivalent to exactly half the value of a U.S. dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its peg to gold was maintained until the gold content of the US dollar was reduced in 1934. Its peg of ₱2 to the US dollar was maintained until independence in 1946. </p><p>The act provided for the coinage and issuance of Philippine silver pesos substantially of the weight and fineness as the Mexican peso, which should be of the value of 50 cents gold and redeemable in gold at the insular treasury, and which was intended to be the sole circulating medium among the people. The act also provided for the coinage of subsidiary and minor coins and for the issuance of silver certificates in denominations of not less than 2 nor more than 10 pesos (maximum denomination increased to 500 pesos in 1906). </p><p>It also provided for the creation of a gold-standard fund to maintain the parity of the coins so authorized to be issued and authorized the insular government to issue temporary certificates of indebtedness bearing interest at a rate not to exceed 4 per cent per annum, payable not more than one year from date of issue, to an amount which should not at any one time exceed 10 million dollars or 20 million pesos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonwealth_period_(1935–1946)"><span id="Commonwealth_period_.281935.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Commonwealth period (1935–1946)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commonwealth period (1935–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil1944fivecent.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phil1944fivecent.JPG/220px-Phil1944fivecent.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phil1944fivecent.JPG/330px-Phil1944fivecent.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phil1944fivecent.JPG/440px-Phil1944fivecent.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>1944 Philippines five Centavo coin</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Philippines became a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(United_States_insular_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth (United States insular area)">U.S. Commonwealth</a> in 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">coat of arms of the Philippine Commonwealth</a> were adopted and replaced the arms of the US Territories on the reverse of coins while the obverse remained unchanged. This seal is composed of a much smaller eagle with its wings pointed up, perched over a shield with peaked corners, above a scroll reading "Commonwealth of the Philippines". It is a much busier pattern, and widely considered less attractive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Mickey_Mouse_money"_(Fiat_peso)"><span id="The_.22Mickey_Mouse_money.22_.28Fiat_peso.29"></span>The "Mickey Mouse money" (Fiat peso)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The "Mickey Mouse money" (Fiat peso)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHI-114-Japanese_Government_(Philippines)-500_Pesos_(1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PHI-114-Japanese_Government_%28Philippines%29-500_Pesos_%281944%29.jpg/220px-PHI-114-Japanese_Government_%28Philippines%29-500_Pesos_%281944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PHI-114-Japanese_Government_%28Philippines%29-500_Pesos_%281944%29.jpg/330px-PHI-114-Japanese_Government_%28Philippines%29-500_Pesos_%281944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PHI-114-Japanese_Government_%28Philippines%29-500_Pesos_%281944%29.jpg/440px-PHI-114-Japanese_Government_%28Philippines%29-500_Pesos_%281944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4015" /></a><figcaption>The peso issued by the Japanese government nicknamed as "The <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> money".</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the occupying Japanese government-issued <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">fiat currency</a> in several denominations; this is known as the <i>Japanese government-issued Philippine fiat peso</i> (see also <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_money" title="Japanese invasion money">Japanese invasion money</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> outlawed possession of guerrilla currency, and declared a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on the issuance of money, so that anyone found to possess guerrilla notes could be arrested. Some Filipinos called the fiat peso "<a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> money". Many survivors of the war <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> tell stories of going to the market laden with suitcases or "<i>bayóng</i>" (native bags made of woven coconut or <i><a href="/wiki/Corypha" title="Corypha">buri</a></i> leaf strips) overflowing with the Japanese-issued bills. According to one witness, 75 "Mickey Mouse" pesos, or about 35 U.S. dollars at that time, could buy one duck egg.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, a box of matches cost more than 100 <i>Mickey Mouse</i> pesos.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Guerilla_Pesos"_(Emergency_circulating_notes)"><span id=".22Guerilla_Pesos.22_.28Emergency_circulating_notes.29"></span>"Guerilla Pesos" (Emergency circulating notes)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Guerilla Pesos" (Emergency circulating notes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note,_Apayo,_Philippines,_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum,_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note%2C_Apayo%2C_Philippines%2C_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg/250px-5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note%2C_Apayo%2C_Philippines%2C_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note%2C_Apayo%2C_Philippines%2C_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg/330px-5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note%2C_Apayo%2C_Philippines%2C_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note%2C_Apayo%2C_Philippines%2C_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg/500px-5_centavo_emergency_circulating_note%2C_Apayo%2C_Philippines%2C_during_the_Japanese_occupation_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>5 centavo emergency circulating note, Apayo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Emergency_circulating_notes" title="Emergency circulating notes">Emergency circulating notes</a> were currency printed by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Government in exile</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. These "guerrilla pesos" were printed by local government units and banks using crude inks and materials. Due to the inferior quality of these bills, they were easily mutilated. The Japanese-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> outlawed possession of guerrilla currency and declared a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on the issuance of money and anyone found to possess guerrilla notes could be arrested or even executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_currencies_(1946–present)"><span id="Modern_currencies_.281946.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern currencies (1946–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern currencies (1946–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Series">English Series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P2_English_series_(Obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/P2_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/220px-P2_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/P2_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/330px-P2_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/P2_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/440px-P2_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The two peso note of the <i>English series</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1_English_series_(Obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/P1_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/250px-P1_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/P1_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/330px-P1_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/P1_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg/500px-P1_English_series_%28Obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>The one peso note of the <i>English series</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English Series were Philippine banknotes that circulated from 1951 to 1971. It was the only banknote series of the Philippine peso to use <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as its language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilipino_series">Pilipino series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pilipino series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pilipino_Series" title="Pilipino Series">Pilipino Series</a> banknotes is the name used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">banknotes</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central Bank of the Philippines</a> from 1969 to 1973, during the term of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. It was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_Series" title="Ang Bagong Lipunan Series">Ang Bagong Lipunan Series</a> of banknotes, to which it shared a similar design. The lowest denomination of the series is 1-<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">piso</a> and the highest is 100-<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">piso</a>. This series represented a radical change from the <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso#English_series" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">English series</a>. The bills underwent Filipinization and a design change. After the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_%E2%84%96_1081" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation № 1081">Proclamation № 1081</a> on September 23, 1972, the Central Bank demonetized the existing banknotes (both the <i>English</i> and <i>Pilipino series</i>) on March 1, 1974, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 378.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the unissued banknotes were sent back to the <a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> plant in London for overprinting the watermark area with the words "ANG BAGONG LIPUNAN" and an oval geometric safety design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_series">Ang Bagong Lipunan series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ang Bagong Lipunan series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_Series" title="Ang Bagong Lipunan Series">Ang Bagong Lipunan Series</a></i> (literally, ”The <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos#Martial_Law_and_the_New_Society" title="Ferdinand Marcos">New Society</a> Series") is the name used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">banknotes</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central Bank of the Philippines</a> from 1973 to 1985. It was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/New_Design_series" title="New Design series">New Design series</a> of banknotes. The lowest denomination of the series is 2-<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">piso</a> and the highest is 100-<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">piso</a>. After the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_%E2%84%96_1081" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation № 1081">Proclamation № 1081</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> on September 23, 1972, the Central Bank was to demonetize the existing banknotes in 1974, pursuant to Presidential Decree 378. All the unissued <a href="/wiki/Pilipino_Series" title="Pilipino Series">Pilipino Series</a> banknotes (except the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_one_peso_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine one peso note">one peso</a> banknote) were sent back to the <a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> for overprinting the watermark area with the words "ANG BAGONG LIPUNAN" and an oval geometric safety design. The one peso note was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_two_peso_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine two peso note">two peso note</a>, which features the same elements of the demonetized "Pilipino" series one peso note. On September 7, 1978, the Security Printing Plant in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> was inaugurated to produce the banknotes. And a minor change of its BSP seal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Design_Series">New Design Series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Design Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg/250px-NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg/330px-NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg/500px-NDS_obverse_20_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>The 20 peso note of the <i>New Design/BSP series (NDS/BSP)</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Design_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="New Design Series">New Design Series</a></i> (NDS) (also known as the <i>BSP Series</i> after the establishment of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) was the name used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">banknotes</a> of the Philippine peso issued from 1985 to 2013 and the <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Coins of the Philippine peso">coins</a> of the Philippine peso issued from 1995 to 2017. The coins were minted and issued from c. December 1995 to November 30, 2017, and remain legal tender as of 2023. It was succeeded by the <i>New Generation Currency Series</i> (NGC) Series issued on December 16, 2010, for banknotes and November 30, 2017, for coins. </p><p>The NDS banknotes were printed until 2013 (but 5-peso notes were printed until 1995, 10-peso notes until 2001, 20 and 1000 peso notes until 2012, and 50, 100, 200 and 500 peso notes until 2013), were legal tender until December 31, 2015, and could be exchanged with newer notes until the series' demonetization on January 3, 2018. Thus the NDS co-existed with NGC banknotes from December 16, 2010, to January 3, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-abs_dm_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs_dm_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Generation_Currency_(current)"><span id="New_Generation_Currency_.28current.29"></span>New Generation Currency (current)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New Generation Currency (current)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Currency_Series" title="New Generation Currency Series">New Generation Currency Series</a></div> <p>The New Generation Currency (NGC) project started in 2007 with a formal conceptualization process<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which was a result of the meeting of the minds<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of people with diverse backgrounds and ideas: central bankers, artists, technocrats, historians, communication experts, and currency printers to further enhance security features and to improve durability. The NGC project took three years during which the thematic content, designs, and security features were discussed and evaluated by the BSP's Numismatic Committee (Num Com) in consultation with the Monetary Board (MB) and, subsequently, with the approval of the BSP Governor and the President of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The members of the numismatic committee included Bangko Sentral Deputy Governor Diwa Guinigundo and Dr <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a>, chairman of the National Historical Institute. The new banknotes' designs, by Studio 5 Designs and Design Systemat, feature famous Filipinos and iconic natural wonders. Philippine national symbols will be depicted on coins. The BSP started releasing the initial batch of new banknotes, and the new designs were released to the public on December 16, 2010: three years after the project was started. The word "Pilipino" used in the bills was rendered in <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1046610773">.mw-parser-output .script-baybayin{font-family:"Tagalog Stylized","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Noto Sans Tagalog","Noto Sans Hanunoo",Code2000}</style><span class="script-baybayin">ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ</span>). The font used for lettering in the banknotes is <a href="/wiki/Myriad_(typeface)" title="Myriad (typeface)">Myriad</a>, while the numerals are set in the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_(typeface)" title="Twentieth Century (typeface)">Twentieth Century font</a>. The series was approved by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Presidents</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> and her immediate successor <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, making this the only banknote series to be approved by two presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.gov.ph/bspnotes/hist_curr.asp">"Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas: History of Philippine Money"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangko+Sentral+ng+Pilipinas%3A+History+of+Philippine+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsp.gov.ph%2Fbspnotes%2Fhist_curr.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tn7hAAAAMAAJ&q=report+of+the+philippine+commission+january+1900+part+ix+currency&pg=PR7">"Report of the Philippine commission to the President, January 31, 1900, page 142-149, Part IX: The Currency"</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Philippine+commission+to+the+President%2C+January+31%2C+1900%2C+page+142-149%2C+Part+IX%3A+The+Currency&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtn7hAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dreport%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bphilippine%2Bcommission%2Bjanuary%2B1900%2Bpart%2Bix%2Bcurrency%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span 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The Fundamental Laws of the Philippine Currency reform"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04rsmTi52nQC"><i>Modern Currency Reforms; A History and Discussion of Recent Currency Reforms in India, Porto Rico, Philippine Islands, Straits Settlements and Mexico</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-8800-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-8800-7"><bdi>978-1-4086-8800-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+The+Fundamental+Laws+of+the+Philippine+Currency+reform&rft.btitle=Modern+Currency+Reforms%3B+A+History+and+Discussion+of+Recent+Currency+Reforms+in+India%2C+Porto+Rico%2C+Philippine+Islands%2C+Straits+Settlements+and+Mexico&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4086-8800-7&rft.au=Edwin+Walter+Kemmerer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04rsmTi52nQC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes.com_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._Noe2005" class="citation news cs1">Barbara A. 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December 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Still+hanging+on+to+your+old+peso+bills%3F+Read+this&rft.pub=ABS-CBNnews.com&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fbusiness%2F12%2F29%2F14%2Fstill-hanging-your-old-peso-bills-read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.gov.ph/publications/media.asp?id=4259">BSP Extends the Period for the Exchange or Replacement of New Design Series Banknotes at Par with the New Generation Currency Banknotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a> press release, December 28, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.gov.ph/publications/media.asp?id=4322">BSP extends deadline for the exchange/replacement of old note series (NDS) at par with the new note series (NGC) until 30 June 2017</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a> (www.bsp.gov.ph). Retrieved on March 30, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Media_And_Research/Publications/BS10_A2.pdf">"The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' New Generation Currency Notes: Safeguarding the Integrity of the Philippine Currency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bsp.gov.ph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bangko+Sentral+ng+Pilipinas%27+New+Generation+Currency+Notes%3A+Safeguarding+the+Integrity+of+the+Philippine+Currency&rft.pub=Bsp.gov.ph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsp.gov.ph%2FMedia_And_Research%2FPublications%2FBS10_A2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.gov.ph/publications/media.asp?id=2296">"The New Generation Currency Program of the Philippines (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas)"</a>. Bsp.gov.ph. March 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Generation+Currency+Program+of+the+Philippines+%28Bangko+Sentral+ng+Pilipinas%29&rft.pub=Bsp.gov.ph&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsp.gov.ph%2Fpublications%2Fmedia.asp%3Fid%3D2296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/208501/cory-ninoy-together-again-on-new-500-peso-bill">Cory, Ninoy together again on new 500-peso bill</a>, Jam Sisante, GMANews.TV, December 16, 2010</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/40px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/60px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/Publications/FAQs/banknotes.pdf">Banknotes and Coins June 2010</a></i>, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bohol.ph/article34.html">Philippine Coins</a></i> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bohol.ph">Bohol.ph website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrause,_Chester_L.Clifford_Mishler1991" class="citation book cs1">Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins" title="Standard Catalog of World 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Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501" title="Special:BookSources/0873411501"><bdi>0873411501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Coins%3A+1801%E2%80%931991&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0873411501&rft.au=Krause%2C+Chester+L.&rft.au=Clifford+Mishler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPick,_Albert1994" class="citation book cs1">Pick, Albert (1994). Bruce, Colin R. II; Shafer, Neil (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money" title="Standard Catalog of World Paper Money">Standard Catalog of World Paper Money</a>: General Issues</i> (7th ed.). Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9"><bdi>0-87341-207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Paper+Money%3A+General+Issues&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87341-207-9&rft.au=Pick%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Philippine+money" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philippine_money&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilagalleontrade.webs.com">Virtual Museum of Spanish Philippine Coinage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204549/https://manilagalleontrade.webs.com/">Archived</a> April 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guerrilla-money.com/">Philippine Guerrilla and Emergency Notes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipinonumismatist.com">Philippine Coin News & Update</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philmoney.blogspot.com">Philippine Banknotes and Coins</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Philippine_peso229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_peso_history" title="Template:Philippine peso history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_peso_history" title="Template talk:Philippine peso history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_peso_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine peso history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Philippine_peso229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current<br />series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Coins of the Philippine peso">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_one-centavo_coin" title="Philippine one-centavo coin">1¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_five-centavo_coin" title="Philippine five-centavo coin">5¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_ten-centavo_coin" title="Philippine ten-centavo coin">10¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_twenty-five-centavo_coin" title="Philippine twenty-five-centavo coin">25¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_one-peso_coin" title="Philippine one-peso coin">₱1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_five-peso_coin" title="Philippine five-peso coin">₱5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_ten-peso_coin" title="Philippine ten-peso coin">₱10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_twenty-peso_coin" title="Philippine twenty-peso coin">₱20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_twenty-peso_note" title="Philippine twenty-peso note">₱20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_fifty-peso_note" title="Philippine fifty-peso note">₱50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_one_hundred-peso_note" title="Philippine one hundred-peso note">₱100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_two_hundred-peso_note" title="Philippine two hundred-peso note">₱200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_five_hundred-peso_note" title="Philippine five hundred-peso note">₱500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_one_thousand-peso_note" title="Philippine one thousand-peso note">₱1000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete<br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Coins of the Philippine peso">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_half-centavo_coin" title="Philippine half-centavo coin"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_twenty-centavo_coin" title="Philippine twenty-centavo coin">20¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_fifty-centavo_coin" title="Philippine fifty-centavo coin">50¢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_two-peso_coin" title="Philippine two-peso coin">₱2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1¢</li> <li>5¢</li> <li>10¢</li> <li>20¢</li> <li>50¢</li> <li>₱<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_one-peso_note" title="Philippine one-peso note">₱1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_two-peso_note" title="Philippine two-peso note">₱2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_five-peso_note" title="Philippine five-peso note">₱5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_ten-peso_note" title="Philippine ten-peso note">₱10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Philippine money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Mint" title="Manila Mint">Manila Mint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">Sigay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Gold ring</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banknote and coin series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_real" title="Philippine real">Philippine real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_fuerte" title="Philippine peso fuerte">Philippine peso fuerte</a></li> <li>Revolutionary peso</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_government-issued_Philippine_peso" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government-issued Philippine peso">Japanese occupation note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_circulating_notes" title="Emergency circulating notes">Emergency circulating notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Series" title="English Series">English Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilipino_Series" title="Pilipino Series">Pilipino Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Bagong_Lipunan_Series" title="Ang Bagong Lipunan Series">Ang Bagong Lipunan Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_Fauna_Series" title="Flora and Fauna Series">Flora and Fauna Series/Improved Flora and Fauna Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Design_series" title="New Design series">New Design/BSP series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Currency_Series" title="New Generation Currency Series">New Generation Currency Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Polymer_Banknote_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="First Philippine Polymer Banknote Series">First Philippine Polymer Banknote Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coins_of_the_Philippines" title="Commemorative coins of the Philippines">Commemorative coins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_Philippines125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Economy of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Economy of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_Philippines125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monetary evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1973%E2%80%931986)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1973–1986)">Martial Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel%E2%80%93Langley_Agreement" title="Laurel–Langley Agreement">Laurel–Langley Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">NIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies" title="Tiger Cub Economies">Tiger Cub Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">Financial crisis of 2007–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_projects_in_the_Philippine_economy" title="Largest projects in the Philippine economy">Largest projects</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makati_skyline_j_0_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The skyline of Makati City"><img alt="The skyline of Makati City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makati_skyline_j_0_n.jpg/120px-Makati_skyline_j_0_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Makati_skyline_j_0_n.jpg/250px-Makati_skyline_j_0_n.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center"><img alt="ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg/100px-Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg/150px-Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg/200px-Abscbn_broadcast_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockwellcenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rockwell Center"><img alt="Rockwell Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rockwellcenter.jpg/100px-Rockwellcenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rockwellcenter.jpg/150px-Rockwellcenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rockwellcenter.jpg/200px-Rockwellcenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Philippines" title="Electricity sector in the Philippines">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_plants_in_the_Philippines" title="List of power plants in the Philippines">Power plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_Philippines" title="Gambling in the Philippines">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of radio stations in the Philippines">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Philippines" title="List of companies of the Philippines">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Super regions of the Philippines">North Luzon Agribusiness Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Super regions of the Philippines">Metro Luzon Urban Beltway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Super regions of the Philippines">Central Philippines Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Super regions of the Philippines">Mindanao Super Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Cyber_Corridor" title="Philippine Cyber Corridor">Cyber Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Filipino_millionaires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Filipino millionaires (page does not exist)">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Waterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipping_companies_in_the_Philippines" title="List of shipping companies in the Philippines">Shipping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Tax System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Internal_Revenue_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Internal Revenue (Philippines)">Bureau of Internal Revenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Philippines)" title="Department of Energy (Philippines)">Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Philippines)" title="Department of Finance (Philippines)">Department of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)">Department of Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_For_Economic_Reforms" title="Action For Economic Reforms">Action For Economic Reforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles600" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles600" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_typhoons" title="List of Philippine typhoons">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="LGBTQ rights in the Philippines">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_and_anthropology_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic and anthropology studies on Filipinos">Genetic and anthropology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" 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