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id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simko_Shikak_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simko_Shikak_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Simko Shikak revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simko_Shikak_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Charah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Charah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Battle of Charah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Charah-sublist" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83" title="سمكو آغا شكاك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمكو آغا شكاك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_%C5%9E%C9%99qaqi" title="Simko Şəqaqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simko Şəqaqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سیمیتقو شکاک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیمیتقو شکاک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko" title="Simko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Schikak" title="Simko Schikak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Simko Schikak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88" title="اسماعیل سیمیتقو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسماعیل سیمیتقو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Simko Shikak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simko Shikak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simko Shikak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simkoy%C3%AA_%C5%9Eikak" title="Simkoyê Şikak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Simkoyê Şikak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Simko Shikak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Simko Shikak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Шикаки, Симко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шикаки, Симко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سمکۆی شکاک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سمکۆی شکاک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Simko Shikak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simko" title="Simko – Turkish" lang="tr" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">Chieftain</a> and <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></div><div class="fn">Simko Shikak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Ku">سمکۆی شکاک <br /> Simkoyê Şikak</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Simko_Sikaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Simko_Sikaki.jpg/220px-Simko_Sikaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Simko_Sikaki.jpg/330px-Simko_Sikaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Simko_Sikaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ismail Agha Shikak</div><br />1887<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1887</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chehriq" title="Chehriq">Chehriq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urmia_County" title="Urmia County">Urmia County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1930-07-19</span>)</span>July 19, 1930 (aged 43)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Oshnavieh" title="Oshnavieh">Oshnavieh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Surprise <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Iranian Armed Forces">Imperial Iranian Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">Chieftain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shekak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekak">Shekak</a> tribe, and <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shekak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekak">Shekak</a> forces.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Cewer Agha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Abolished title</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shekak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekak">Shekak</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:85%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kurds" title="Category:Kurds">a series</a> on</span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:135%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">Kurdish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roj_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/150px-Roj_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/225px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/300px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurds" title="List of Kurds">List of Kurds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><b>Homeland</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Diaspora</a></b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Belgium" title="Kurds in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Kurds" title="Caucasian Kurds">Caucasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Armenia</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Azerbaijan" title="Kurds in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Georgia" title="Kurds in Georgia">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Denmark" title="Kurds in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Finland" title="Kurds in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece" title="Kurds in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Japan" title="Kurds in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Jordan" title="Kurds in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Lebanon" title="Kurds in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Norway" title="Kurds in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Palestine" title="Kurds in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chechen_Kurds" title="Chechen Kurds">Chechnya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Sweden" title="Kurds in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkmenistan" title="Kurds in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Ukraine" title="Kurds in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kurds in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kurdish_uprisings" title="Timeline of Kurdish uprisings">Timeline of Kurdish uprisings</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ancient</b><br /> </p> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Karduchian dynasties</span></dt> <dd><br /><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zabdicene" title="Zabdicene">Zabdicene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moxoene" title="Moxoene">Moxoene</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kayus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kayus">Kayusids</a></li></ul> <p><b>Medieval</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor" title="Shahrizor">Shahrizor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni" title="Mir Jafar Dasni">Mir Jafar Dasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishanids">Aishanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisam" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisam">Daisam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhabani">Hadhabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis" title="Principality of Bitlis">Badlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahdinan" title="Bahdinan">Badinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokryan">Mokryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koçgiri Rebellion">Koçgiri Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim Rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Ararat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Republic of Ararat">Kurdish Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish Republic of Lachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_historical_sites" title="List of Kurdish historical sites">Historical sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_philosophers" title="List of Kurdish philosophers">Kurdish philosophers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a></span></dt> <dd><br /></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_among_Kurds" title="Spread of Islam among Kurds">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurds" title="Template:Kurds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurds" title="Template talk:Kurds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Simko Shikak</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born 1887, was a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Shekak_(tribe)" title="Shekak (tribe)">Shekak</a> tribe. He was born into a prominent Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> family based in <a href="/wiki/Chihriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihriq">Chihriq</a> castle located near the <a href="/wiki/Barandouz_River" title="Barandouz River">Baranduz</a> river in the <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> region of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. By 1920, parts of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> located west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> were under his control.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led Kurdish farmers into battle and defeated the Iranian army on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian government had him assassinated in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simko took part in the massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khoy" title="Khoy">Khoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instigated the massacre of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2></div> <p>His family was from the 'Awdo'i clan of the Shekak tribe. The Shekak played a prominent role in local politics, occupying the districts of <a href="/wiki/Sumay-ye_Beradust_District" title="Sumay-ye Beradust District">Somay, Baradost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatur" title="Qatur">Qotur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chehriq" title="Chehriq">Chahriq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, Ja'far Agha, served as a frontier commissioner and a brigand. On order of the governor-general in 1905, he was killed in Tabriz.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_life">Political life</h3></div> <p>After the murder of Ja'far Agha, Simko became the head of Shikak forces. In May 1914, he attended a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BCrrezzak_Bedir_Khan" title="Abdürrezzak Bedir Khan">Abdürrezzak Bedir Khan</a> who at the time was a Kurdish politician supported by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian government was trying to assassinate him like the other members of his family. In 1919, Mukarram ul-Molk, the governor of Azerbaijan devised a plot to kill Simko by sending him a present with a bomb hidden in it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simko was also in contact with Kurdish revolutionaries such as Seyyed Taha Gilani (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Sheikh Ubeydullah">Sheikh Ubeydullah</a> who had revolted against Iran in the 1880s). Seyyed Taha was a Kurdish nationalist who was conducting propaganda among the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iranian Kurds</a> for the union of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a> in an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a> he organized the massacre in <a href="/wiki/Haftevan" title="Haftevan">Haftevan</a> in February 1915 during which 700–800 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> were murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simko_Shikak_revolt">Simko Shikak revolt</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">Simko Shikak revolt</a></div> <p>In March 1918, under the pretext of meeting for the purpose of cooperation, Simko arranged the assassination of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" title="Shimun XIX Benyamin">Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin</a>, ambushing him and his 150 guards, as Mar Shimun was entering his carriage. The patriarchal ring was stolen at this time and the body of the patriarch was only recovered hours later, according to the eye-witness account of Daniel d-Malik Ismael.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Charah">Battle of Charah</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charah" title="Battle of Charah">Battle of Charah</a></div> <p>On March 16 after the murder of Mar Shimun, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_volunteers" title="Assyrian volunteers">Assyrians</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Khoshaba" title="Malik Khoshaba">Malik Khoshaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Petros Elia of Baz</a> attacked Simkos' fortress in Charah in which Simko was decisively defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By summer 1918, Simko had established his authority in the region west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, government in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> tried to reach an agreement with Simko on the basis of limited Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simko had organized a strong Kurdish army which was much stronger than Iranian government forces. Since the central government could not control his activities, he continued to expand the area under his control and by 1922, cities of <a href="/wiki/Baneh" title="Baneh">Baneh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardasht,_West_Azerbaijan" title="Sardasht, West Azerbaijan">Sardasht</a> were under his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_sari_Taj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of sari Taj (page does not exist)">battle of sari Taj</a> in 1922, Simko's forces could not resist the Iranian Army's onslaught in the region of <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> and were finally defeated and the castle of Chari was occupied. The strength of the Iranian Army force dispatched against Simko was 10,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%8C_%DB%B8_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B5%DB%B5%D8%8C_%DB%B2%DB%B8_%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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/></a><figcaption>Simko Shikak</figcaption></figure><p> Simko's revolts are seen by some as an attempt by a powerful tribal chief to establish his personal authority over the central government throughout the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although elements of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a> were present in this movement, historians agree these were hardly articulate enough to justify a claim that recognition of Kurdish identity was a major issue in Simko's movement.<sup id="cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lacked any kind of administrative organization and Simko was primarily interested in <a href="/wiki/Plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Plunder">plunder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Government</a> forces and non-Kurds were not the only ones to suffer in the attacks, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a> was also robbed and assaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simko's men do not appear to have felt any sense of unity or solidarity with fellow Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of <a href="/wiki/Kurdology" title="Kurdology">Kurdologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Garnik_Asatrian" title="Garnik Asatrian">Garnik Asatrian</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the recent period of Kurdish history, a crucial point is defining the nature of the rebellions from the end of the 19th and up to the 20th century―from <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah">Sheikh Ubaydullah’s revolt</a> to Simko’s (Simitko) mutiny. The overall labelling of these events as manifestations of the Kurdish national-liberation struggle against Turkish or Iranian suppressors is an essential element of the Kurdish identity-makers’ ideology. (...) With the Kurdish conglomeration, as I said above, far from being a homogeneous entity―either ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (...)―the basic component of the national doctrine of the Kurdish identity-makers has always remained the idea of the unified image of one nation, endowed respectively with one language and one culture. The chimerical idea of this imagined unity has become further the fundament of Kurdish identity-making, resulting in the creation of fantastic ethnic and cultural prehistory, perversion of historical facts, falsification of linguistic data, etc. </p></blockquote><p> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>'s military victory over Simko and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribal leaders initiated a repressive era toward non-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Persian</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a nationalistic perspective, Simko's revolt is described as an attempt to build a Kurdish tribal alliance in support of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kamal Soleimani, Simko Shikak can be located "within the confines of Kurdish ethno-nationalism".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the political scientist Hamid Ahmadi:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though Reza Shah’s armed confrontation with tribal leaders in different parts of Iran was interpreted as an example of ethnic conflict and ethnic suppression by the Iranian state, the fact is that it was more a conflict between the modern state and traditional socio-political structure of pre-modern era and had less to do with the question of ethnicity and ethnic conflict. While some <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> political activists (see Nābdel 1977) and ethno-nationalist intellectuals of different Iranian groups (Ghassemlou 1965; Hosseinbor 1984; Asgharzadeh 2007) have introduced this confrontation as a result of Reza Shah’s ethnocentric policies, no valid documents have been presented to prove this argument. Recent documentary studies (Borzū’ī 1999; Zand-Moqaddam 1992; Jalālī 2001) convincingly show that Reza Shah’s confrontation with Baluch <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan_Baloch" title="Dost Mohammad Khan Baloch">Dust Mohammad Khan</a>, Kurdish Simko and Arab <a href="/wiki/Khaz%CA%BDal_Ibn_Jabir" title="Khazʽal Ibn Jabir">Sheikh Khaz‘al</a> have merely been the manifestation of state-tribe antagonism and nothing else. (...) While the Kurdish ethno-nationalist authors and commentators have tried to construct the image of a nationalist hero out of him, the local Kurdish primary sources reflect just the opposite, showing he was widely hated by many ordinary and peasant Kurds who suffered his brutal suppression of Kurdish settlements and villages.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin">Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jafarabad_(1921)" title="Battle of Jafarabad (1921)">Battle of Jafarabad (1921)</a></li> <li>Simko Shikak raid on Mahabad</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">سمکۆی شکاک</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Simkoyê Şikak</i></span>. Birth name: Ismail Agha Shikak.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan", <i>Eurasian Geography and Economics</i>, pp. 271-299, No.4, Vol.43, 2002. p.283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. O'Leary, J. McGarry,<i>The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 355 pp., <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1973-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1973-2">0-8122-1973-2</a> (see p.7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question in Perspective<i>, World Affairs, pp. 197-205, No.4, Vol. 166, Spring 2004. (see p.203)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Joseph, "The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters With Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Power (Studies in Christian Mission) (Hardcover)", BRILL, 2000. p. 147: "Simko and his men had escaped to Khoi where they took part in the massacre of Assyrians</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_T.O’Shea2004" class="citation book cs1">Maria T.O’Shea (2004). <i>Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan</i>. New York. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94766-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94766-9"><bdi>0-415-94766-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trapped+Between+the+Map+and+Reality%3A+Geography+and+Perceptions+of+Kurdistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-94766-9&rft.au=Maria+T.O%E2%80%99Shea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel, <i>E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936</i>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4">90-04-08265-4</a>, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserAndersonBayraktarSchmutz2019" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (2019-07-11). <i>The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-241-7"><bdi>978-1-78831-241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Ottomans%3A+The+Genocide+of+1915+and+the+Politics+of+Turkish+Nationalism&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.isbn=978-1-78831-241-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Margaret+Lavinia&rft.au=Bayraktar%2C+Seyhan&rft.au=Schmutz%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandren2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Handren, Dilan (2009-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdmania.com/simko_agha_aufstieg.html">"The Rebellion of Simko Agha"</a>. <i>Kurdmania</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kurdmania&rft.atitle=The+Rebellion+of+Simko+Agha&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.aulast=Handren&rft.aufirst=Dilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdmania.com%2Fsimko_agha_aufstieg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Kashani-Sabet,<i>Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804-1946</i>, 328 pp., I.B. Tauris, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-270-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-270-8">1-85043-270-8</a> p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gaunt" title="David Gaunt">Gaunt, David</a> (2006). <i>Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I</i>. Gorgias Press. pp. 81, 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0"><bdi>978-1-59333-301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacres%2C+Resistance%2C+Protectors%3A+Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Eastern+Anatolia+During+World+War+I&rft.pages=81%2C+83-84&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-301-0&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsmavan_Donzel1993" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, M. Th.; van Donzel, E. (1993). <i>E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th.&rft.au=van+Donzel%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Shea, Maria T. (2004). <i>Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415947669" title="Special:BookSources/0415947669"><bdi>0415947669</bdi></a>. <q>Simko later arranged the assassination of Mar Shamon, the Assyrian patriarch in March 1918, under the pretext of a meeting to discuss cooperation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trapped+Between+the+Map+and+Reality%3A+Geography+and+Perceptions+of+Kurdistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0415947669&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Maria+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2002). <i>Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression</i> (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786413751" title="Special:BookSources/0786413751"><bdi>0786413751</bdi></a>. <q>Simko, their leader in Iran, had invited Mar Shimon for conference in Kuhnehshahr, west of Salmas, kissed him—and then treacherously murdered the Nestorian patriarch and his men</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+History+of+Struggle+and+Self-Expression&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0786413751&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmael2020" class="citation book cs1">Ismael, Yaqou D'Malik (2020-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKgKEAAAQBAJ"><i>Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945</i></a>. Ramon Michael. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrians+and+Two+World+Wars%3A+Assyrians+from+1914+to+1945&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Ramon+Michael&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Yaqou+D%27Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjKgKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Elphinston, <i>The Kurdish Question</i>, International Affairs, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 91-103, 1946. p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebarzan.com/hirankurds.htm"><i>The Kurds in Iran</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093107/http://www.ebarzan.com/hirankurds.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David McDowall, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Koohi-Kamali, "Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan" in <i>The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview</i>, ed. P.G. Kreyenbroek, and S. Sperl, 252 pp., Routledge, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07265-4">0-415-07265-4</a> pp. 175, 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Cronin, "Riza Shah and the disintegration of Bakhtiyari power in Iran, 1921-1934", <i>Iranian Studies</i>, Vol. 33, No. 3-4, pp. 349-376, Summer-Fall 2000 p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entessarkreysperl-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entessarkreysperl_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See:<br />* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntessar2010" class="citation book cs1">Entessar, Nader (2010). <i>Kurdish Politics in the Middle East</i>. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739140390" title="Special:BookSources/9780739140390"><bdi>9780739140390</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/430736528">430736528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F430736528&rft.isbn=9780739140390&rft.aulast=Entessar&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span><br />* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroekSperl1992" class="citation book cs1">Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/138"><i>The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview</i></a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/138">138–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415072656" title="Special:BookSources/9780415072656"><bdi>9780415072656</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24247652">24247652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Contemporary+Overview&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24247652&rft.isbn=9780415072656&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Sperl%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurds00pkre%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrian2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garnik_Asatrian" title="Garnik Asatrian">Asatrian, Garnik</a> (2009). "Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds". <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 65–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F160984909X12476379007846">10.1163/160984909X12476379007846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+the+Kurds&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-66&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F160984909X12476379007846&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf">"Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Land+and+Rebellion%3A+Kurdish+Separatism+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovernment.arts.cornell.edu%2Fassets%2Fpsac%2Fsp09%2FSmith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoleimani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Soleimani, Kamal (June 2017). "The Kurdish image in statist historiography: the case of Simko". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (6): 950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2017.1341409">10.1080/00263206.2017.1341409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148644922">148644922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+image+in+statist+historiography%3A+the+case+of+Simko&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=950&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2017.1341409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148644922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soleimani&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2013). "Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View". <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 84–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20130106">10.1163/1573384X-20130106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Political+Elites+and+the+Question+of+Ethnicity+and+Democracy+in+Iran%3A+A+Critical+View&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-85&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20130106&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimko+Shikak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093049/http://ebarzan.com/Simkioyesikak.htm">72nd Anniversary of Simko</a>, 2002 <span class="languageicon">(in Kurdish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sayfo_(Assyrian_genocide)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sayfo" title="Template:Sayfo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sayfo" title="Template talk:Sayfo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sayfo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sayfo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sayfo_(Assyrian_genocide)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></i> (Assyrian genocide)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midyat" title="Midyat">Midyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genocide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Ottoman_occupation_of_Urmia" title="Sayfo">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haftevan" title="Haftevan">Haftevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Hakkari" title="Sayfo">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Bitlis" title="Sayfo">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">Near East Foundation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_victims" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toma_Audo" title="Toma Audo">Toma Audo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoun_Hanna_Haydo" title="Shamoun Hanna Haydo">Shamoun Hanna Haydo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_Michael_Malke" title="Flavianus Michael Malke">Flavianus Michael Malke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Melki" title="Leonard Melki">Leonard Melki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_Sher" title="Addai Sher">Addai Sher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_Yousif" title="Ashur Yousif">Ashur Yousif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Iwardo" title="Defence of Iwardo">Defence of Iwardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Azakh" title="Defense of Azakh">Defense of Azakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid" title="Mehmed Reshid">Mehmed Reshid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96mer_Naji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ömer Naji (page does not exist)">Ömer Naji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simko Shikak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Feyzi_Pirin%C3%A7%C3%A7iz%C3%A2de" title="Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde">Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87etes" class="mw-redirect" title="Çetes">Çetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">May 1915 Triple Entente declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(Bryce_and_Toynbee_book)" title="Blue Book (Bryce and Toynbee book)">Blue Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_documentation_of_the_Assyrian_genocide" title="Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide">Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Pearl" title="The Hidden Pearl">The Hidden Pearl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Assyrians" title="The Last Assyrians">The Last Assyrians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrians in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7145424481886831240">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1081653337">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simko_Shikak&oldid=1255764561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simko_Shikak&oldid=1255764561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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