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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why | Human Genetics </title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Human Genetics - Y chromosome (ChrY), the male-specific sex chromosome, has been considered as a genetic wasteland. Aging-related mosaic loss of ChrY (LOY) has been known for more than half a..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="439"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Human Genetics 2020 139:4"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2020-02-04"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Y chromosome (ChrY), the male-specific sex chromosome, has been considered as a genetic wasteland. Aging-related mosaic loss of ChrY (LOY) has been known for more than half a century, but it was constantly considered as a neutral karyotype related to normal aging. These views have been challenged with genome-wide association studies identifying mosaic LOY in human somatic cells is the most commonly acquired mutation in male’s genome and is associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease. These previously undescribed clinical significances deeply modify our perception on ChrY and open up a range of new questions. Here, we review the latest advances in our knowledge of the biological origins and clinical consequences of mosaic LOY. We highlight the association of mosaic LOY to pathogenic conditions and evaluate the cause-and-consequence relationships between mosaic LOY and pathogenesis. The known risk factors of mosaic LOY including age, genetic variants, ChrY structural aberrations and environmental stressors are discussed. In light of evidence from pioneering and more recent studies, we propose the micronucleation hypothesis and centromere-dysfunction and telomere-attrition models to explain how mosaic LOY occurs and why ChrY is prone to lose. We believe it is importantly and timely to extend mosaic LOY research from epidemiological associations to mechanistic studies. In this regard, we outline important gaps&nbsp;and assess several future directions from a biological and clinical perspective. An improved understanding of mosaic LOY will open new pathways to modify and increase healthy aging in males."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-1203"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Human Genetics"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2020-02-04"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="139"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="4"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="421"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="446"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Human Genetics"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Hum Genet"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-1203"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="139"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/04"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2020/02/04"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="421"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="446"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Review"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w"/> <meta name="size" content="542390"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Y chromosome (ChrY), the male-specific sex chromosome, has been considered as a genetic wasteland. Aging-related mosaic loss of ChrY (LOY) has been known f"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Guo, Xihan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dai, Xueqin"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhou, Tao"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wang, Han"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ni, Juan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Xue, Jinglun"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wang, Xu"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Human Genetics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Molecular Medicine"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Gene Function"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Metabolic Diseases"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Ther; citation_title=Targeted deletion of an entire chromosome using CRISPR/Cas9; citation_author=F Adikusuma, N Williams, F Grutzner, J Hughes, P Thomas; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1736; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.021; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; 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Aging-related mosaic loss of ChrY (LOY) has been known for more than half a century, but it was constantly considered as a neutral karyotype related to normal aging. These views have been challenged with genome-wide association studies identifying mosaic LOY in human somatic cells is the most commonly acquired mutation in male’s genome and is associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease. These previously undescribed clinical significances deeply modify our perception on ChrY and open up a range of new questions. Here, we review the latest advances in our knowledge of the biological origins and clinical consequences of mosaic LOY. We highlight the association of mosaic LOY to pathogenic conditions and evaluate the cause-and-consequence relationships between mosaic LOY and pathogenesis. The known risk factors of mosaic LOY including age, genetic variants, ChrY structural aberrations and environmental stressors are discussed. In light of evidence from pioneering and more recent studies, we propose the micronucleation hypothesis and centromere-dysfunction and telomere-attrition models to explain how mosaic LOY occurs and why ChrY is prone to lose. We believe it is importantly and timely to extend mosaic LOY research from epidemiological associations to mechanistic studies. In this regard, we outline important gaps and assess several future directions from a biological and clinical perspective. An improved understanding of mosaic LOY will open new pathways to modify and increase healthy aging in males."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" 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Aging-related mosaic loss of ChrY (LOY) has been known for more than half a century, but it was constantly considered as a neutral karyotype related to normal aging. These views have been challenged with genome-wide association studies identifying mosaic LOY in human somatic cells is the most commonly acquired mutation in male’s genome and is associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease. These previously undescribed clinical significances deeply modify our perception on ChrY and open up a range of new questions. Here, we review the latest advances in our knowledge of the biological origins and clinical consequences of mosaic LOY. We highlight the association of mosaic LOY to pathogenic conditions and evaluate the cause-and-consequence relationships between mosaic LOY and pathogenesis. The known risk factors of mosaic LOY including age, genetic variants, ChrY structural aberrations and environmental stressors are discussed. In light of evidence from pioneering and more recent studies, we propose the micronucleation hypothesis and centromere-dysfunction and telomere-attrition models to explain how mosaic LOY occurs and why ChrY is prone to lose. We believe it is importantly and timely to extend mosaic LOY research from epidemiological associations to mechanistic studies. In this regard, we outline important gaps and assess several future directions from a biological and clinical perspective. An improved understanding of mosaic LOY will open new pathways to modify and increase healthy aging in males.","datePublished":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"421","pageEnd":"446","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w","keywords":["Human Genetics","Molecular Medicine","Gene Function","Metabolic Diseases"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig4_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w/MediaObjects/439_2020_2114_Fig5_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Human Genetics","issn":["1432-1203","0340-6717"],"volumeNumber":"139","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Xihan Guo","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-1640","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Normal University","address":{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Xueqin Dai","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","address":{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","address":{"name":"Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Tao Zhou","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Normal University","address":{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Han Wang","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Normal University","address":{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Juan Ni","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Normal University","address":{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Jinglun Xue","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy","address":{"name":"Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Taizhou, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Xu Wang","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Normal University","address":{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"wangxu@fudan.edu.cn","@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" 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class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Human Genetics</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/439/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/439/3" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Xihan-Guo-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Xihan-Guo-Aff1" data-author-search="Guo, Xihan">Xihan Guo</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-1640"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-1640</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Xueqin-Dai-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Xueqin-Dai-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Dai, Xueqin">Xueqin Dai</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tao-Zhou-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Tao-Zhou-Aff1" data-author-search="Zhou, Tao">Tao Zhou</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Han-Wang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Han-Wang-Aff1" data-author-search="Wang, Han">Han Wang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Juan-Ni-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Juan-Ni-Aff1" data-author-search="Ni, Juan">Juan Ni</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jinglun-Xue-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Jinglun-Xue-Aff4" data-author-search="Xue, Jinglun">Jinglun Xue</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Xu-Wang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Xu-Wang-Aff1" data-author-search="Wang, Xu" data-corresp-id="c1">Xu Wang<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p 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class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Y chromosome (ChrY), the male-specific sex chromosome, has been considered as a genetic wasteland. Aging-related mosaic loss of ChrY (LOY) has been known for more than half a century, but it was constantly considered as a neutral karyotype related to normal aging. These views have been challenged with genome-wide association studies identifying mosaic LOY in human somatic cells is the most commonly acquired mutation in male’s genome and is associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease. These previously undescribed clinical significances deeply modify our perception on ChrY and open up a range of new questions. Here, we review the latest advances in our knowledge of the biological origins and clinical consequences of mosaic LOY. We highlight the association of mosaic LOY to pathogenic conditions and evaluate the cause-and-consequence relationships between mosaic LOY and pathogenesis. The known risk factors of mosaic LOY including age, genetic variants, ChrY structural aberrations and environmental stressors are discussed. In light of evidence from pioneering and more recent studies, we propose the micronucleation hypothesis and centromere-dysfunction and telomere-attrition models to explain how mosaic LOY occurs and why ChrY is prone to lose. We believe it is importantly and timely to extend mosaic LOY research from epidemiological associations to mechanistic studies. In this regard, we outline important gaps and assess several future directions from a biological and clinical perspective. An improved understanding of mosaic LOY will open new pathways to modify and increase healthy aging in males.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D7c07fe30-ee9e-485b-aa9f-2ea87c36b61c" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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We apologize to our colleagues whose work we were unable to include because of space restrictions. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 31860301 to X.W. and 31900410 to X.G.).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="na1"><p>Xihan Guo and Xueqin Dai contributed equally to this work.</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Xihan Guo, Tao Zhou, Han Wang, Juan Ni & Xu Wang</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Xueqin Dai</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Xueqin Dai</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jinglun Xue</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Xihan-Guo-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Xihan Guo</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Xihan%20Guo" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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XG and XD reviewed the literature, designed the figures and drafted the manuscript, TZ, HW and JN contributed to the discussion. JX and XW contributed to editing. All authors read and approve the final manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:wangxu@fudan.edu.cn">Xu Wang</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Conflict of interest</h3> <p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher's Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Mosaic%20loss%20of%20human%20Y%20chromosome%3A%20what%2C%20how%20and%20why&author=Xihan%20Guo%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02114-w&copyright=Springer-Verlag%20GmbH%20Germany%2C%20part%20of%20Springer%20Nature&publication=0340-6717&publicationDate=2020-02-04&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Guo, X., Dai, X., Zhou, T. <i>et al.</i> Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why. <i>Hum Genet</i> <b>139</b>, 421–446 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2019-10-14">14 October 2019</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2020-01-06">06 January 2020</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2020-02-04">04 February 2020</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2020-04">April 2020</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span 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