Right to Health – WMA – The World Medical Association

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target=''>Partners</a></li></ul> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li>  <li class='level-1 '> <a href='https://www.wma.net/junior-doctors/' target='_self' class='level-1-heading'>Junior Doctors</a> <div class='level-2'> <div class='container'> <div class='row'> <hr /> <div class='col-md-12 col-lg-12'>  <div class='row'>  <div class='col-md-12 col-lg-4 no-children '><span class='icon no-child'> </span><a href='https://www.wma.net/junior-doctors/about-us/' target='_self' class='level-2-heading heading'>About Us</a><hr/> </div> <div class='col-md-12 col-lg-4 no-children '><span class='icon no-child'> </span><a href='https://www.wma.net/junior-doctors/membership/' target='_self' class='level-2-heading heading'>Membership</a><hr/> </div> <div class='col-md-12 col-lg-4 no-children '><span class='icon no-child'> </span><a href='https://www.wma.net/junior-doctors/publications/' target='_self' class='level-2-heading heading'>Publications</a><hr/> </div> </div>  <div class='row'>  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class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"><ul class='social-icons'><li><a target='_blank' class='social' href='https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/right-to-health/&text=Right to Health&via='><i class='fa fa-twitter' aria-hidden='true'></i></a></li><li><a target='_blank' class='social' href='http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/right-to-health/'><i class='fa fa-linkedin' aria-hidden='true'></i></a></li><li><a target='_blank' class='social' href='http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wma.net%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fhuman-rights%2Fright-to-health%2F'><i class='fa fa-facebook' aria-hidden='true'></i></a></li><li><a target='_blank' class='social' href='mailto:?subject=Right to Health&body=Right to Healthhttps://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/right-to-health/'><i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true'></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div class='col-sm-6 col-md-2 text-sm-left col-font-change no-padding'><ul id='font-change-list'><li><a href='#' class='icon-font' id='decrfont'><img src='https://www.wma.net/wp-content/themes/med/assets/img/icon/Decrease_Font.png'/></a></li><li><a href='#' class='icon-font' id='incrfont'><img src='https://www.wma.net/wp-content/themes/med/assets/img/icon/Increase_Font.png'/></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="row row-main-content"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <header> <h1 class="page-header">Right to Health</h1> <p class="page-summary">Right to Health: An Inclusive Right for All</p> </header> <hr class="yellow-hr" /> <div class="row main-content-area"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8"><p>The World Medical Association (WMA) is committed to protecting and promoting the right to health in an inclusive manner. This includes essential aspects such as the availability of quality and affordable health services, safe environment and working conditions, adequate housing and nutritious food.</p> <h2>The Right to Health: A Human Right Enshrined in International Human Rights Law</h2> <p>The right to health was first articulated in the <a href="http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WHO Constitution</a> (1946) which states that: “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being…”. The preamble of the Constitution defines health as: “.. a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.</p> <p>The 1948 <a href="http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> mentioned health as part of the right to an adequate standard of living (article 25). It was again recognised as a human right in 1966 in the <a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, Article 12:</p> <blockquote><p>“1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.</p> <p>2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for:</p> <p style="text-align: left">(a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child;</p> <p style="text-align: left">(b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;</p> <p style="text-align: left">(c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases;</p> <p style="text-align: left">(d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness.”</p> </blockquote> <p>The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, a body composed of independent experts in charge of monitoring the implementation of the Covenant, provided a <a href="http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1AVC1NkPsgUedPlF1vfPMJ2c7ey6PAz2qaojTzDJmC0y%2b9t%2bsAtGDNzdEqA6SuP2r0w%2f6sVBGTpvTSCbiOr4XVFTqhQY65auTFbQRPWNDxL" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">broad interpretation of article 12 of the Covenant</a> (General Comments No.2014):</p> <blockquote><p>The right to health is an inclusive right, extending not only to timely and appropriate health care, but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and reproductive health (Paragraph 11).</p></blockquote> <p>The right to health is relevant to all States: every State has ratified at least one international human rights treaty that recognises the right to health.</p> <h2>Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health</h2> <p>In 2002, the Human Rights Council created the mandate of the <a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Health/Pages/OverviewMandate.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health</a>. Special Rapporteurs are independent experts appointed by the Human Rights Council to examine and report back on a country situation or a specific human rights theme. The Council appointed <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Health/Pages/Tlaleng-Mofokeng.aspx">Dr. Tlaleng Mofokeng</a> as Special Rapporteur on the right to health in July 2020. Ms. Mofokeng is a medical doctor with expertise advocating for universal health access, HIV care, youth friendly services and family planning..</p> <p>There are other <a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/ListofIssues.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">UN Special Procedures</a> that have a direct or indirect link to health. The rights covered include (without being exhaustive): the right to education, the right to water and sanitation, the right to food or the right to adequate housing. Similarly, for populations particularly exposed to human rights abuses, a special rapporteur is appointed. This is the case for women, children, migrants, persons with disabilities and LGBT people.</p> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4"> <div id="sidebarAccordion" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true"><div class="card"><div class="card-header" role="tab" id="heading-0"><h4><a class="collapse" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#sidebarAccordion" href="#content-0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="content-0">WMA Policy Resources</a></h4></div><div id="content-0" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="heading-0"><div class="card-block"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-access-to-health-care/">Statement on Access to Health Care</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-water-and-health/">Statement on Water and Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-resolution-on-the-inclusion-of-medical-ethics-and-human-rights-in-the-curriculum-of-medical-schools-world-wide/">Resolution on the Inclusion of Medical Ethics and Human Rights in the Curriculum of Medical Schools Worldwide </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-oslo-on-social-determinants-of-health/">WMA Declaration of Oslo on Social Determinants of Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-on-discrimination-against-elderly-individuals-within-healthcare-settings/">WMA Declaration on Discrimination against Elderly Individuals within Healthcare Settings</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-resolution-on-human-rights-violations-against-uighur-people-in-china/">WMA Resolution on Human Rights Violations against Uighur people in China</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-council-resolution-on-human-rights-demonstrations-in-iran/">WMA Council Resolution on Human Rights Demonstrations in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-berlin-on-racism-in-medicine/">WMA Declaration of Berlin on Racism in Medicine</a></li> </ul> </div></div></div><div class="card"><div class="card-header" role="tab" id="heading-1"><h4><a class="collapse" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#sidebarAccordion" href="#content-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="content-1">Related Readings</a></h4></div><div id="content-1" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="heading-1"><div class="card-block"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WMAContribution-SRMentalHealthReport-June2017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WMA comments on the report of the Special Rapporteur on Health to the 35th session of the Human Rights Council</a> (June 2017)</li> <li><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Factsheet31.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fact Sheet no.31 on the right to health, </a>(OHCHR-WHO)</li> <li><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323/en/">Health and Human Rights,</a> WHO</li> <li><a href="http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Physicians for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="http://zerohivdiscrimination.com/">Tool Finder Zero Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sustainablehealthequity.org/">Sustainable Health Equity Movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/draft-4-GAP-comments-WMA-Nov2018.pdf">WMA comments on draft (4) WHO Action Plan on the health of refugees and migrants – November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="https://peaceandhealthblog.com/2017/09/18/forward-step/">Health federations call Ban Treaty a “significant forward step” toward elimination of nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/stocktaking_who.pdf">Proposed health component global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Letter-D.-Puras-August2020.pdf">Joint comments from the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) and the WMA on the Special Rapporteur on Health report A/HRC/44/48</a>, submitted to the 44th session of the UN Human Rights Council, 15 June – 3 July 2020.</li> <li><a href="https://www.ippnw.org/news/global-health-webinar"><span class="markse3dn3ddv" data-markjs="true" data-ogac="" data-ogab="" data-ogsc="" data-ogsb="">Global</span> <span class="marku6aizvl9y" data-markjs="true" data-ogac="" data-ogab="" data-ogsc="" data-ogsb="">health</span> webinar marking the entry into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a> – 21 January 2021</li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/TPNW-EIF-humanit-health-org-statement-Jan2021.pdf">Joint statement from International health and humanitarian organizations welcoming the entry into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>– 21 January 2021</li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Joint-Health-statement-Ukraine-March-2022.docx.pdf">Global medical and public health organizations call for immediate end to war in Ukraine and critical need to prevent nuclear escalation</a> – 10 March 2022</li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Joint-Health-Statement-1MSP-TPNW-2-May-2022-A4.pdf">Joint health federations statement for the 1st meeting of States Parties of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear War (TPNW)</a>, 21-23 June 2022, Vienna</li> <li><a href="https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Statement-on-health-equity.pdf">Statement on health equity</a> (September 2022)</li> <li><a href="https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/human-rights-court-rules-athlete-citing-yale-global-health-justice-partnership-brief">Human Rights Court Rules for Athlete, Citing Yale Global Health Justice Partnership Brief</a></li> </ul> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="clr30"></div> <div class="page-children"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 children-tile active"> <a class="children-tile-wrapper" href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/right-to-health/"> <div class="child-title"> <h3>Right to Health</h3> </div> <div class="child-summary">Right to Health: An Inclusive Right for All </div> <div class="child-link text-xs-right"> Learn More </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 children-tile "> <a class="children-tile-wrapper" href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/physicians-in-distress/"> <div class="child-title"> <h3>Physicians in Distress</h3> </div> <div class="child-summary">Supporting Physicians and Patients in Danger </div> <div class="child-link text-xs-right"> Learn More </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 children-tile "> <a class="children-tile-wrapper" href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/torture-prevention/"> <div class="child-title"> <h3>Torture Prevention</h3> </div> <div class="child-summary">Physicians: Key Actors in the Fight Against Torture </div> <div class="child-link text-xs-right"> Learn More </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 children-tile "> <a class="children-tile-wrapper" href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/women-and-health/"> <div class="child-title"> <h3>Women and Health</h3> </div> <div class="child-summary">A Woman's Right to the Highest Standard of Health </div> <div class="child-link text-xs-right"> Learn More </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 children-tile "> <a class="children-tile-wrapper" href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/human-rights/lgbt/"> <div class="child-title"> <h3>LGBT</h3> </div> <div class="child-summary">Health and Natural Variations of Human Sexuality </div> <div class="child-link text-xs-right"> Learn More </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="scrollToTop"> <small>Back to Top</small> <div 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Right to Health – WMA – The World Medical Association