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class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hypernova rootpage-Hypernova skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Hoppa till innehållet</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Huvudmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Hypernova" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Hypernova" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Hypernova" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Hypernova" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypernova</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 44 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9" title="مستعر مفرط العظمة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستعر مفرط العظمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="অধিনবতারা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অধিনবতারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Гиперçĕнĕ çăлтăр – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гиперçĕнĕ çăлтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Υπερνόβα – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερνόβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernoba" title="Hipernoba – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipernoba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فرانواختر – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانواختر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="극초신성 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극초신성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipernova" title="Ipernova – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipernova" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="היפרנובה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפרנובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipern%C3%B3va" title="Hipernóva – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hipernóva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хипернова – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипернова" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5" title="ഹൈപ്പർനോവ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈപ്പർനോവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC" title="ဟိုက်ပါနိုဗာ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ပါနိုဗာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="極超新星 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="極超新星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipernova_Yulduz" title="Gipernova Yulduz – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipernova Yulduz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernowa" title="Hipernowa – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipernowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernova" title="Hipernova – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipernova" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipernov%C4%83" title="Hipernovă – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipernovă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гиперновая звезда – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиперновая звезда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypernova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="ไฮเปอร์โนวา – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮเปอร์โนวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r52055987">.mw-parser-output .vectortoccolours{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-collapse:separate;padding:5px;font-size:95%}</style> <div class="floatright"> <table class="vectortoccolours" style="margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; width:260px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#F2E0CE; padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px; font-size:larger;">Hypernova </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:100% !important; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:EtaCarinae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EtaCarinae.jpg/225px-EtaCarinae.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EtaCarinae.jpg/338px-EtaCarinae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EtaCarinae.jpg/450px-EtaCarinae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <center>Stjärnan <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a> är en möjlig framtida hypernova.</center> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Huvudtyp:</b> Kataklysmisk variabel</li> <li><b>Förkortning:</b> SN 1c-BL<sup id="cite_ref-otero_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otero-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GCVS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCVS-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Karaktäristika:</b> En extremt <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energirik</a> variant av <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a><sup id="cite_ref-first_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Bildas:</b> ... genom att en mycket stor stjärna kollapsar eller genom sammansmältning av svarta hål, neutronstjärnor eller ett svart hål och en neutronstjärna<sup id="cite_ref-Instability_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instability-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Antal:</b> Mycket sällsynta, kanske 1 på 100 000 supernovautbrott<sup id="cite_ref-statistik_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>En <b>hypernova</b> är en extremt <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energirik</a> variant av en <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-first_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orsaken till hypernovor vet man inte. Precis som supernovor bildas hypernovor av olika anledningar.<sup id="cite_ref-another_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-another-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-third_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De skulle kunna skapas när mycket stora <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rna" title="Stjärna">stjärnor</a> kollapsar vid slutet av sin existens<sup id="cite_ref-Massive_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massive-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller vid sammansmältning mellan <a href="/wiki/Svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Svart hål">svarta hål</a>, mellan <a href="/wiki/Neutronstj%C3%A4rna" title="Neutronstjärna">neutronstjärnor</a> eller mellan ett svart hål och en neutronstjärna.<sup id="cite_ref-Instability_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instability-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resultatet blir ett svart hål och två extremt energirika <a href="/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma">plasmastrålar</a> som vräks ut med nära <a href="/wiki/Ljusets_hastighet" title="Ljusets hastighet">ljusets hastighet</a>, från dess magnetiska poler. Plasmastrålarna sänder ut intensiv <a href="/wiki/Gammastr%C3%A5lning" title="Gammastrålning">gammastrålning</a> och kan vara en förklaring till <a href="/wiki/Gammablixt" title="Gammablixt">utbrott av gammastrålning</a> i rymden. Sådana utbrott observerades för första gången av den <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär">militära</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit">satelliten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellit)" title="Vela (satellit)">Vela</a></i> på <a href="/wiki/1960-talet" title="1960-talet">1960-talet</a> och har studerats närmare sedan 1997. </p><p>Eftersom få stjärnor är så stora att de blir svarta hål, bör även antalet hypernovor vara litet. Några källor påstår att <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a><sup id="cite_ref-biggest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biggest-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tidning_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidning-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> på 7 500 ljusårs avstånd kan bli en hypernova inom en miljon år. Det finns vidare hypoteser om att energin som sänds ut från en hypernova tusentals <a href="/wiki/Ljus%C3%A5r" title="Ljusår">ljusår</a> bort skulle kunna förstöra allt liv på <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">jorden</a>, men en majoritet av <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapsmännen</a> håller inte med om detta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernova&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernova&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_hypernovor" title="Lista över hypernovor">Lista över hypernovor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammaburster" class="mw-redirect" title="Gammaburster">Gammaburster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernova&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernova&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-otero-1"><a href="#cite_ref-otero_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFOteroWatsonWils">Otero, S. A.; Watson, C.; Wils, P.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=about.vartypes">”Variable Star Type Designations in the VSX”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>AAVSOs hemsida</span></i>. American Association of Variable Star Observers<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=about.vartypes">http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=about.vartypes</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 februari 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Variable+Star+Type+Designations+in+the+VSX&rft.atitle=AAVSOs+hemsida&rft.aulast=Otero&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Otero%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Watson%2C+C.&rft.au=Wils%2C+P.&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Variable+Star+Observers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavso.org%2Fvsx%2Findex.php%3Fview%3Dabout.vartypes&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCVS-2"><a href="#cite_ref-GCVS_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sai.msu.su/groups/cluster/gcvs/gcvs/iii/vartype.txt">”Variability types, General Catalogue of Variable Stars”</a> (på engelska). Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moskva, Ryssland<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sai.msu.su/groups/cluster/gcvs/gcvs/iii/vartype.txt">http://www.sai.msu.su/groups/cluster/gcvs/gcvs/iii/vartype.txt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 februari 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Variability+types%2C+General+Catalogue+of+Variable+Stars&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sternberg+Astronomical+Institute%2C+Moskva%2C+Ryssland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sai.msu.su%2Fgroups%2Fcluster%2Fgcvs%2Fgcvs%2Fiii%2Fvartype.txt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-first_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHamuy,_M.;_Deng,_J.;_Mazzali,_P._A.;_Morrell,_N._I.;_Phillips,_M._M.;_Roth,_M.;_Gonzalez,_S.;_Thomas-Osip,_J.;_Krzeminski,_W.;_Contreras,_C.;_Maza,_J.;_González,_L.;_Huerta,_L.;_Folatelli,_G._N.;_Chornock,_R.;_Filippenko,_A._V.;_Persson,_S._E.;_Freedman,_W._L.;_Koviak,_K.;_Suntzeff,_N._B.;_Krisciunas,_K.2009">Hamuy, M.; Deng, J.; Mazzali, P. A.; Morrell, N. I.; Phillips, M. M.; Roth, M.; Gonzalez, S.; Thomas-Osip, J.; Krzeminski, W.; Contreras, C.; Maza, J.; González, L.; Huerta, L.; Folatelli, G. N.; Chornock, R.; Filippenko, A. V.; Persson, S. E.; Freedman, W. L.; Koviak, K.; Suntzeff, N. B.; Krisciunas, K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/703/2/1612/pdf/0004-637X_703_2_1612.pdf">”Supernova 2003bg: The First Type IIb Hypernova”</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> (The American Astronomical Society) 703 (2): sid. 1612-1623<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/703/2/1612/pdf/0004-637X_703_2_1612.pdf">http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/703/2/1612/pdf/0004-637X_703_2_1612.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1968Ap%26SS...2...96F&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf">”Supernovae Explosions Induced by Pair-Production Instability”</a>. <i>Astrophysics and Space Science</i> (NASA Astrophysics) 2 (1): sid. 96–114<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1968Ap%26SS...2...96F&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf">http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1968Ap%26SS...2...96F&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supernovae+Explosions+Induced+by+Pair-Production+Instability&rft.jtitle=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science&rft.aulast=Fraley%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Fraley%2C+G.+S.&rft.date=1968&rft.volume=2+%281%29&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B96%E2%80%93114&rft.pub=NASA+Astrophysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3F1968Ap%2526SS...2...96F%26data_type%3DPDF_HIGH%26whole_paper%3DYES%26type%3DPRINTER%26filetype%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistik-5"><a href="#cite_ref-statistik_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosmologika.net/Stars/Hypernovor.html">”Hypernovor”</a>. <i><span>Kosmologika</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kosmologika.net/Stars/Hypernovor.html">http://www.kosmologika.net/Stars/Hypernovor.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 september 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hypernovor&rft.atitle=Kosmologika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosmologika.net%2FStars%2FHypernovor.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-another-6"><a href="#cite_ref-another_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFIwamoto,_K.;_Nakamura,_T.;_Nomoto,_K._I.;_Mazzali,_P._A.;_Danziger,_I._J.;_Garnavich,_P.;_Kirshner,_R.;_Jha,_S.;_Balam,_D.;_Thorstensen,_J.2000">Iwamoto, K.; Nakamura, T.; Nomoto, K. I.; Mazzali, P. A.; Danziger, I. J.; Garnavich, P.; Kirshner, R.; Jha, S.; Balam, D.; Thorstensen, J. 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Läst 16 oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Peculiar+Type+Ic+Supernova+1997ef%3A+Another+Hypernova&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Iwamoto%2C+K.%3B+Nakamura%2C+T.%3B+Nomoto%2C+K.+I.%3B+Mazzali%2C+P.+A.%3B+Danziger%2C+I.+J.%3B+Garnavich%2C+P.%3B+Kirshner%2C+R.%3B+Jha%2C+S.%3B+Balam%2C+D.%3B+Thorstensen%2C+J.&rft.au=Iwamoto%2C+K.%3B+Nakamura%2C+T.%3B+Nomoto%2C+K.+I.%3B+Mazzali%2C+P.+A.%3B+Danziger%2C+I.+J.%3B+Garnavich%2C+P.%3B+Kirshner%2C+R.%3B+Jha%2C+S.%3B+Balam%2C+D.%3B+Thorstensen%2C+J.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=534+%282%29&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B660-669&rft.pub=The+American+Astronomical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F534%2F2%2F660%2Fpdf%2F0004-637X_534_2_660.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-third-7"><a href="#cite_ref-third_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMazzali,_P._A.;_Deng,_J.;_Maeda,_K.;_Nomoto,_K.;_Umeda,_H.;_Hatano,_K.;_Iwamoto,_K.;_Yoshii,_Y.;_Kobayashi,_Y.;_Minezaki,_T.;_Doi,_M.;_Enya,_K.;_Tomita,_H.;_Smartt,_S._J.;_Kinugasa,_K.;_Kawakita,_H.;_Ayani,_K.;_Kawabata,_T.;_Yamaoka,_H.;_Qiu,_Y._L.;_Motohara,_K.;_Gerardy,_C._L.;_Fesen,_R.;_Kawabata,_K._S.;_Iye,_M.;_Kashikawa,_N.;_Kosugi,_G.;_Ohyama,_Y.;_Takada-Hidai,_M.;_Zhao,_G.2002">Mazzali, P. 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C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224705/http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2009/13/pdf.pdf">”A Massive Hypergiant Star as the Progenitor of the Supernova SN 2005gl”</a>. <i>Nature</i> 458 (7240): sid. 865–867. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2009/13/pdf.pdf">originalet</a> den 3 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224705/http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2009/13/pdf.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224705/http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2009/13/pdf.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Massive+Hypergiant+Star+as+the+Progenitor+of+the+Supernova+SN+2005gl&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Gal-Yam%2C+A.%3B+Leonard%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Gal-Yam%2C+A.%3B+Leonard%2C+D.+C.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=458+%287240%29&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B865%E2%80%93867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160303224705%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fpubinfo%2Fpdf%2F2009%2F13%2Fpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biggest-9"><a href="#cite_ref-biggest_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFvan_Boekel,_R.;_Schöller,_M.;_Herbst,_T.">van Boekel, R.; Schöller, M.; Herbst, T. (<a href="/wiki/18_november" title="18 november">18 november</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0336/">”Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon”</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_Astronomical_Research_in_the_Southern_Hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere">European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere</a> (ESO)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0336/">http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0336/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Biggest+Star+in+Our+Galaxy+Sits+within+a+Rugby-Ball+Shaped+Cocoon&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=van+Boekel%2C+R.%3B+Sch%C3%B6ller%2C+M.%3B+Herbst%2C+T.&rft.au=van+Boekel%2C+R.%3B+Sch%C3%B6ller%2C+M.%3B+Herbst%2C+T.&rft.date=%5B%5B18+november%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5B2003%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BEuropean+Organisation+for+Astronomical+Research+in+the+Southern+Hemisphere%5D%5D+%28ESO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso0336%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tidning-10"><a href="#cite_ref-tidning_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFMilan">Milan, Wil (<a href="/wiki/7_mars" title="7 mars">7 mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html">”Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth”</a>. space.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html">http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/milan_eta_carinae_000307.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Possible+Hypernova+Could+Affect+Earth&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Milan&rft.aufirst=Wil&rft.au=Milan%2C+Wil&rft.date=%5B%5B7+mars%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5B2000%5D%5D&rft.pub=space.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fastronomy%2Fmilan_eta_carinae_000307.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hypernova"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Citat: "...What causes all this strange behavior in <i>Eta Carinae</i> is very simple: It’s enormous, more than 100 times the mass of our sun....at 7,500 light-years it’s still close enough to do some damage. However, the likely damage is not to humans directly, but to satellites and the upper atmosphere..."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernova&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernova&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosmologika.net/Stars/Hypernovor.html">Hypernova - på svenska</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030407075127.htm">Sciencedaily, 2003-04-07, It's A Nova … It's A Supernova … It's A HYPERNOVA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001017171804/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/astrobizarre_000928.html">28 September 2000, Astronomy Bizarre: What the Heck is a 'Hypernova'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/20may99.html">NASA, 20 may 99: Brighter than an Exploding Star, It's a Hypernova!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202003844/http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast21oct98_1.htm">NASA, October 21, 1998: When stars go hyper</a> ”En ny sorts nova slutar med en rejäl small”</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output 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