CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>White-throated kingfisher - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2769d8f0-76af-4c34-a2af-dd601ccf21fb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"White-throated_kingfisher","wgTitle":"White-throated kingfisher","wgCurRevisionId":1231647082,"wgRevisionId":1231647082,"wgArticleId":568859,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Articles incorporating Cite DNB template","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs","IUCN Red List least concern species","Halcyon (genus)","Birds of the Middle East","Birds of Indomalaya","Symbols of West Bengal","Birds described in 1758", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"White-throated_kingfisher","wgRelevantArticleId":568859,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q735158","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg/1200px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg/800px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg/640px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="White-throated kingfisher - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-White-throated_kingfisher rootpage-White-throated_kingfisher skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=White-throated+kingfisher" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=White-throated+kingfisher" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=White-throated+kingfisher" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=White-throated+kingfisher" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feeding and diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated kingfisher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="قاوند أبيض الصدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاوند أبيض الصدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" title="Halcyon smyrnensis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Halcyon smyrnensis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1dimdik_bal%C4%B1q%C3%A7%C4%B1l" title="Qırmızıdimdik balıqçıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızıdimdik balıqçıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE" title="সাদাবুক মাছরাঙা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাদাবুক মাছরাঙা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Белогърдо земеродно рибарче – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белогърдо земеродно рибарче" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diredig_jave_gwenn" title="Diredig jave gwenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diredig jave gwenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alci%C3%B3_d%27Esmirna" title="Alció d'Esmirna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alció d'Esmirna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwak-bata" title="Uwak-bata – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uwak-bata" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysgotwr_bronwyn" title="Pysgotwr bronwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pysgotwr bronwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunliest" title="Braunliest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Braunliest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_naalzheehii_biz%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%82igaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tábąąh naalzheehii bizééʼ łigaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh naalzheehii bizééʼ łigaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" title="Halcyon smyrnensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Halcyon smyrnensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankgor%C4%9Da_arbalciono" title="Blankgorĝa arbalciono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blankgorĝa arbalciono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" title="Halcyon smyrnensis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Halcyon smyrnensis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ماهی‌خورک گلوسفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی‌خورک گلوسفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-chasseur_de_Smyrne" title="Martin-chasseur de Smyrne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin-chasseur de Smyrne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruid%C3%ADn_p%C3%ADbgheal" title="Cruidín píbgheal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruidín píbgheal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="श्वेतकण्ठ कौड़िल्ला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेतकण्ठ कौड़िल्ला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekakak_belukar" title="Cekakak belukar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cekakak belukar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkja%C3%BEyrill" title="Tyrkjaþyrill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkjaþyrill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" title="Halcyon smyrnensis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Halcyon smyrnensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%92_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%94" title="שלדג לבן-חזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלדג לבן-חזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna_halkap%C3%B3" title="Barna halkapó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barna halkapó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB" title="മീൻകൊത്തിച്ചാത്തൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മീൻകൊത്തിച്ചാത്തൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="खंड्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खंड्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="قاوند ابيض الصدر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قاوند ابيض الصدر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_Pekaka_Belukar" title="Burung Pekaka Belukar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung Pekaka Belukar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="ပိန်ညင်းရင်ဖြူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိန်ညင်းရင်ဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna-ijsvogel" title="Smyrna-ijsvogel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smyrna-ijsvogel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="सेतोकण्ठे माटीकोरे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेतोकण्ठे माटीकोरे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3" title="アオショウビン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アオショウビン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଧଳା ବେକିଆ ମାଛରଙ୍କା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଧଳା ବେକିଆ ମାଛରଙ୍କା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੱਡਾ ਮਛੇਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੱਡਾ ਮਛੇਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%B9%DB%92_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چٹے گاٹیوالا مچھی مار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چٹے گاٹیوالا مچھی مار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owiec_krasnodzioby" title="Łowiec krasnodzioby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łowiec krasnodzioby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martim-pescador-de-garganta-branca" title="Martim-pescador-de-garganta-branca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martim-pescador-de-garganta-branca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Красноклювая альциона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красноклювая альциона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrnakungsfiskare" title="Smyrnakungsfiskare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smyrnakungsfiskare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வெண்தொண்டை மீன்கொத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்தொண்டை மீன்கொத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_yal%C4%B1%C3%A7apk%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="İzmir yalıçapkını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzmir yalıçapkını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Альціон білогрудий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альціон білогрудий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_n%C3%A2u" title="Sả đầu nâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sả đầu nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" title="Halcyon smyrnensis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Halcyon smyrnensis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%83%B8%E7%BF%A1%E7%BF%A0" title="白胸翡翠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白胸翡翠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q735158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:White-throated_kingfisher" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/White-throated_kingfisher" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/White-throated_kingfisher" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&oldid=1231647082" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=White-throated_kingfisher&id=1231647082&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWhite-throated_kingfisher"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWhite-throated_kingfisher"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=White-throated_kingfisher&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q735158" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird from Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">White-throated kingfisher </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_kingfisher_(Halcyon_smyrnensis)_Galle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg/220px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg/330px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg/440px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>H. s. fusca</i> (Sri Lanka) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="W.B.Kingfisher.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:W.B.Kingfisher.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/W.B.Kingfisher.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/W.B.Kingfisher.ogg/W.B.Kingfisher.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Call</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Halcyon" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">Alcedinidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" title="Tree kingfisher">Halcyoninae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(genus)" title="Halcyon (genus)"><i>Halcyon</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>H. smyrnensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG/220px-White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG/330px-White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG/440px-White-throated_Kingfisher_Range.JPG 2x" data-file-width="9360" data-file-height="3899" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#C6514A; color:#C6514A;">    </span> distribution</span> (includes <i>gularis</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Alcedo smyrnensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>white-throated kingfisher</b> (<i><b>Halcyon smyrnensis</b></i>) also known as the <b>white-breasted kingfisher</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" title="Tree kingfisher">tree kingfisher</a>, widely distributed in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> east through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a> is a resident over much of its range, although some populations may make short distance movements. It can often be found well away from water where it feeds on a wide range of prey that includes small <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. During the breeding season they call loudly in the mornings from prominent perches including the tops of buildings in urban areas or on wires. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The white-throated kingfisher is one of the many birds that were first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758 in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>. He coined the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> <i>Alcedo smyrnensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus cited <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Albin" title="Eleazar Albin">Eleazar Albin</a>'s <i>Natural History of Birds</i> published in 1738 that included a description and a plate of the "Smirna Kingfisher".<sup id="cite_ref-albin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albin's specimen was preserved in alcohol and had been collected by the botanist <a href="/wiki/William_Sherard" title="William Sherard">William Sherard</a> who served as the British Consul at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> between 1703 and 1716.<sup id="cite_ref-albin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present genus <i>Halcyon</i> was introduced by the English naturalist and artist <a href="/wiki/William_John_Swainson" title="William John Swainson">William John Swainson</a> in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Alcyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone">Halcyon</a></i> is a name for a bird in Greek mythology generally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a>. The specific epithet <i>smyrnensis</i> is an adjective for the city of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> in Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognised:<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>H. s. smyrnensis</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) – south Turkey to north east Egypt, Iraq to northwest India</li> <li><i>H. s. fusca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pieter_Boddaert" title="Pieter Boddaert">Boddaert</a>, 1783) – west India and Sri Lanka</li> <li><i>H. s. perpulchra</i> <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Madar%C3%A1sz" title="Gyula Madarász">Madarász</a>, 1904 – Bhutan to east India, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula and west Java</li> <li><i>H. s. saturatior</i> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume" title="Allan Octavian Hume">Hume</a>, 1874 – <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a></li> <li><i>H. s. fokiensis</i> Laubmann & Götz, 1926 – south and east China, Taiwan and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brown-breasted_kingfisher" title="Brown-breasted kingfisher">brown-breasted kingfisher</a> (<i>H. gularis</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is usually now considered as a separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for this treatment was provided by a molecular study published in 2017 that found that <i>H. s. gularis</i> was more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Javan_kingfisher" title="Javan kingfisher">Javan kingfisher</a> (<i>H. cyanoventris</i>) than it was to the white-throated kingfisher.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were split as distinct species by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> and <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> in 2014, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union" title="International Ornithologists' Union">International Ornithological Congress</a> followed suit in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The races <i>H. s. perpulchra</i> and <i>H. s. fokiensis</i> are sometimes included in <i>H. s. fusca</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local names include Baluchistan: <i>aspi chidok</i>; Sindhi: <i>dalel</i>; Hindi: <i>kilkila</i>, <i>kourilla</i>; Himachal Pradesh: <i>neela machhrala</i>; Punjabi: <i>wadda machhera</i>; Bengali: <i>sandabuk machhranga</i>; Assamese: <i>māsorokā, মাছৰোকা</i>; Cachar: <i>dao natu gophu</i>; Gujarati: <i>kalkaliyo</i>, <i>safedchati kalkaliyo</i>; Marathi: <i>khundya</i>; Tamil: <i>vichuli</i>; Telugu: <i>lakmuka</i>, <i>buchegadu</i>; Malayalam: <i>ponman</i>; Kannada: Minchulli(ಮಿಂಚುಳ್ಳಿ),<i>rajamatsi</i>; Sinhalese: <i>pilihuduwa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg/220px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg/330px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg/440px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_-_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg/220px-White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg/330px-White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg/440px-White-throated_Kingfisher_AMSM5820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam, India">Assam, India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This is a large kingfisher, 27–28 cm (10.6–11.0 in) in length. The adult has a bright blue back, wings and tail. Its head, shoulders, flanks and lower belly are chestnut, and the throat and breast are white. The large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the white-throated kingfisher is rapid and direct, the short rounded wings whirring. In flight, large white patches are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult.<sup id="cite_ref-fry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This species forms a superspecies with <i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_cyanoventris" class="mw-redirect" title="Halcyon cyanoventris">Halcyon cyanoventris</a></i> and most major works recognize four geographic races. They vary clinally in size, the shades of blue on the mantle which is more greenish in <i>smyrnensis</i> and <i>fusca</i> and more blue or purplish in <i>saturatior</i>. <i>H. s. gularis</i> of the Philippines has only the neck and throat white. It is sometimes treated as a distinct species, <i>H. gularis.</i> Race <i>fusca</i> is found in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka and is slightly smaller, bluer and with a darker brown underside than the nominate race found in northwestern India. Race <i>saturatior</i> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> and is larger with darker brown underparts. Race <i>perpulchra</i> (not always recognized) is found in northeastern India and is smaller than <i>fusca</i> with paler underparts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albinism has been noted on occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The white-throated kingfisher is a common species in a variety of habitats, mostly open country in the plains (but has been seen at 7500 ft in the Himalayas<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with trees, wires or other perches. The range of the species is expanding. </p><p>This kingfisher is widespread and populations are not threatened. Average density of 4.58 individuals per km<sup>2</sup>. has been noted in the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg/220px-White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg/330px-White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg/440px-White-throated-Kingfisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4679" data-file-height="3119" /></a><figcaption> Couple of White-throated-Kingfisher</figcaption></figure> <p>The white-throated kingfisher begins breeding at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoons</a>. Males perch on prominent high posts in their territory and call in the early morning. The tail may be flicked now and in its courtship display the wings are stiffly flicked open for a second or two exposing the white wing mirrors. They also raise their bill high and display the white throat and front. The female in invitation makes a rapid and prolonged <i>kit-kit-kit...</i> call. The nest is a tunnel (50 cm long, but a nest with a 3-foot tunnel has been noted<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in an earth bank. The nest building begins with both birds flying into a suitable mud wall until an indentation is made where they can find a perch hold. They subsequently perch and continue digging the nest with their bills. Nest tunnels in a haystack have also been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single clutch of 4–7 round white <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> is typical. The eggs take 20–22 days to hatch while the chicks fledge in 19 days.<sup id="cite_ref-hbk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding_and_diet">Feeding and diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feeding and diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It perches conspicuously on wires or other exposed perches within its territory, and is a frequent sight in south Asia. This species mainly hunts large crustaceans,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> insects, earthworms,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rodents, lizards,<sup id="cite_ref-White-throated_Kingfisher_swallowing_lizard_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-throated_Kingfisher_swallowing_lizard-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White-Throated_Kingfisher_eating_a_Lizard_-_Birds_of_Israel_(video)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-Throated_Kingfisher_eating_a_Lizard_-_Birds_of_Israel_(video)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White-throated_kingfisher_feeding_on_a_skink_near_Gurgaon,_India_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-throated_kingfisher_feeding_on_a_skink_near_Gurgaon,_India-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> snakes, fish and frogs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predation of small birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_white-eye" title="Indian white-eye">Indian white-eye</a>, chick of a <a href="/wiki/Red-wattled_lapwing" title="Red-wattled lapwing">red-wattled lapwing</a>, sparrows and munias have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-hbk_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freak_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freak-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young are fed mostly on invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In captivity, it has been noted that it rarely drinks water although bathing regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_kingfisher_(Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="breaking the fish's spine"><img alt="breaking the fish's spine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_1.jpg/270px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_1.jpg/405px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_1.jpg/540px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">breaking the fish's spine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_kingfisher_(Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="repositioned in beak"><img alt="repositioned in beak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_3.jpg/270px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_3.jpg/405px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_3.jpg/540px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">repositioned in beak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_kingfisher_(Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="released and moved through 90 degrees."><img alt="released and moved through 90 degrees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_4.jpg/270px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_4.jpg/405px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_4.jpg/540px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">released and moved through 90 degrees.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White-throated_kingfisher_(Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca)_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="swallowing head first"><img alt="swallowing head first" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_5.jpg/270px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_5.jpg/405px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_5.jpg/540px-White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis_fusca%29_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">swallowing head first</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movements">Movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birds have sometimes been seen attracted to lights at night, especially during the monsoon season, suggesting that they are partly migratory.<sup id="cite_ref-hbk_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a powerful bill and rapid flight, these kingfishers have few predators when healthy and rare cases of predation by a <a href="/wiki/Black_kite" title="Black kite">black kite</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Jungle_crow" title="Jungle crow">jungle crow</a> may be of sick or injured birds.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual found dead with its beak embedded into the wood of a tree has been suggested as an accident during rapid pursuit of prey, possibly an <a href="/wiki/Indian_white-eye" title="Indian white-eye">Indian white-eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freak_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freak-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few parasites have been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1800s these birds were hunted for their bright feathers that were used to adorn hats.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the State bird of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2017" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22725846/119289544">"<i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T22725846A119289544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725846A119289544.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725846A119289544.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Halcyon+smyrnensis&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T22725846A119289544&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725846A119289544.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22725846%2F119289544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727021"><i>Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. v.1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Natur%C3%A6+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Peters" title="James L. Peters">Peters, James Lee</a>, ed. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480207"><i>Check-list of Birds of the World</i></a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Check-list+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F14480207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-albin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-albin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbinDerham1738" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Albin" title="Eleazar Albin">Albin, Eleazar</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">Derham, William</a> (1738). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41130982"><i>A natural history of birds : illustrated with a hundred and one copper plates, curiously engraven from the life</i></a>. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 26, Plate 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+natural+history+of+birds+%3A+illustrated+with+a+hundred+and+one+copper+plates%2C+curiously+engraven+from+the+life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26%2C+Plate+27&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author+and+sold+by+William+Innys&rft.date=1738&rft.aulast=Albin&rft.aufirst=Eleazar&rft.au=Derham%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F41130982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sherard, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sherard,_William">"Sherard, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sherard%2C+William&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainson1821" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_John_Swainson" title="William John Swainson">Swainson, William John</a> (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29156540"><i>Zoological illustrations</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; and W. Wood. Plate 27 text.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoological+illustrations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Plate+27+text&rft.pub=Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy%3B+and+W.+Wood&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Swainson&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F29156540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i></a>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n185">185</a>, 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185%2C+358&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHelm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ioc_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDonsker2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/">"Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers"</a>. <i>World Bird List Version 7.2</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bird+List+Version+7.2&rft.atitle=Rollers%2C+ground+rollers+%26+kingfishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fbow%2Frollers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_HoyoCollarKirwan2017" class="citation web cs1">del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbw.com/node/55804">"White-throated Kingfisher (<i>Halcyon gularis</i>)"</a></span>. <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive</i>. Lynx Edicions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World+Alive&rft.atitle=White-throated+Kingfisher+%28Halcyon+gularis%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=del+Hoyo&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Collar%2C+N.&rft.au=Kirwan%2C+G.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbw.com%2Fnode%2F55804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collar, Nigel J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c211d4d4fa51a4c897b3a4b/1545674062184/Greater-Flameback.pdf">"Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forktail_(journal)" title="Forktail (journal)">Forktail</a></i>. <b>27</b>: 29–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forktail&rft.atitle=Species+limits+in+some+Philippine+birds+including+the+Greater+Flameback+Chrysocolaptes+lucidus&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Collar&rft.aufirst=Nigel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87%2Ft%2F5c211d4d4fa51a4c897b3a4b%2F1545674062184%2FGreater-Flameback.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenMcCulloughMauck_IIISmith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen, M.J.; McCullough, J.M.; Mauck III, W.M.; Smith, B.T.; Moyle, R.G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjbi.13139">"A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands"</a>. <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjbi.13139">10.1111/jbi.13139</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=A+phylogeny+of+kingfishers+reveals+an+Indomalayan+origin+and+elevated+rates+of+diversification+on+oceanic+islands&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjbi.13139&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=McCullough%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Mauck+III%2C+W.M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+B.T.&rft.au=Moyle%2C+R.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjbi.13139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14344/IOC.ML.12.1">"IOC World Bird List 12.1"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Datasets</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14344%2Fioc.ml.12.1">10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+Datasets&rft.atitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+12.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14344%2Fioc.ml.12.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14344%2FIOC.ML.12.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodallKirwan2017" class="citation web cs1">Woodall, P.F.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbw.com/node/55748">"White-breasted Kingfisher (<i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>)"</a></span>. <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive</i>. Lynx Edicions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World+Alive&rft.atitle=White-breasted+Kingfisher+%28Halcyon+smyrnensis%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rft.au=Kirwan%2C+G.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbw.com%2Fnode%2F55748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1998" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401015111/http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20%281%29.pdf">"Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Buceros</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 53–109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20(1).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buceros&rft.atitle=Vernacular+Names+of+the+Birds+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-109&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnhsenvis.nic.in%2Fpdf%2Fvol%25203%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fry-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fry_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryFryHarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Fry, C. H.; Fry, K.; Harris, A. (1992). <i>Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers</i>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 143–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8028-7"><bdi>978-0-7136-8028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingfishers%2C+Bee-eaters%2C+and+Rollers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-8028-7&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft.au=Fry%2C+K.&rft.au=Harris%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenAnderton2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen" title="Pamela C. Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela C.</a>; Anderton, John C. (2012). <i>Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide</i>. Vol. 2: Attributes and Status (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. pp. 264–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-87-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-87-3"><bdi>978-84-96553-87-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+South+Asia.+The+Ripley+Guide&rft.place=Washington+D.C.+and+Barcelona&rft.pages=264-265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-84-96553-87-3&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Pamela+C.&rft.au=Anderton%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunawardana,_J.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gunawardana, J. (1993). "Description of an albino White-breasted Kingfisher (<i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>)". <i>Ceylon Bird Club Notes</i> (June): 56–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ceylon+Bird+Club+Notes&rft.atitle=Description+of+an+albino+White-breasted+Kingfisher+%28Halcyon+smyrnensis%29&rft.issue=June&rft.pages=56-57&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Gunawardana%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhacher,_Lavkumar_J1970" class="citation journal cs1">Khacher, Lavkumar J (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47819907">"Notes on the White-eye (<i>Zosterops palpebrosa</i>) and Whitebreasted Kingfisher (<i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+White-eye+%28Zosterops+palpebrosa%29+and+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+%28Halcyon+smyrnensis%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Khacher%2C+Lavkumar+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F47819907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReza,_A.H.M.A.Feeroz,_M.M.Islam,_M.A.Kabir,_M.M.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Reza, A.H.M.A.; Feeroz, M.M.; Islam, M.A. & Kabir, M.M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildreza.com/publications_files/Reza%20etal%2003_Kingfisher%20Density%20in%20Sbans.pdf">"Status and density of kingfishers (family: Alcedinidae, Halcyonidae and Cerylidae) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bangladesh Journal of Life Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 55–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh+Journal+of+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Status+and+density+of+kingfishers+%28family%3A+Alcedinidae%2C+Halcyonidae+and+Cerylidae%29+in+the+Sundarbans+mangrove+forest%2C+Bangladesh&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-60&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Reza%2C+A.H.M.A.&rft.au=Feeroz%2C+M.M.&rft.au=Islam%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Kabir%2C+M.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildreza.com%2Fpublications_files%2FReza%2520etal%252003_Kingfisher%2520Density%2520in%2520Sbans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw,_SC1925" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satya_Churn_Law" title="Satya Churn Law">Law, SC</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47561886">"Nesting habits of the Indian Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis fusca</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 477–478.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Nesting+habits+of+the+Indian+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+fusca&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=477-478&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Law%2C+SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F47561886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasubramanian,_P1992" class="citation journal cs1">Balasubramanian, P (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732572">"New nesting site of the Indian Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis fusca</i> (Boddaert)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=New+nesting+site+of+the+Indian+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+fusca+%28Boddaert%29&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Balasubramanian%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48732572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbk-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hbk_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbk_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbk_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli,_S.Ripley,_S.D.1983" class="citation book cs1">Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1983). <i>Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan</i>. Vol. 4 (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+birds+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=90-93&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Ali%2C+S.&rft.au=Ripley%2C+S.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalkar_SBLovalekar_RJJoshi_VV2009" class="citation journal cs1">Palkar SB; Lovalekar RJ; Joshi VV (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB4.3_PalkarETAL_WBKingfisher.pdf">"Breeding biology of White-breasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Birds</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 104–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Birds&rft.atitle=Breeding+biology+of+White-breasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104-105&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Palkar+SB&rft.au=Lovalekar+RJ&rft.au=Joshi+VV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianbirds.in%2Fpdfs%2FIB4.3_PalkarETAL_WBKingfisher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume,_AO1890" class="citation book cs1">Hume, AO (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia03humerich#page/14/mode/1up"><i>The nests and eggs of Indian birds</i></a>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 15–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nests+and+eggs+of+Indian+birds&rft.pages=15-19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=R+H+Porter%2C+London&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Hume%2C+AO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnestseggsofindia03humerich%23page%2F14%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTehsin,_Raza1995" class="citation journal cs1">Tehsin, Raza (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48613654">"Crab-eating by Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> (Linn.)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Crab-eating+by+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+%28Linn.%29&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Tehsin%2C+Raza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48613654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahya,_HSAYasmin,_Shahla1991" class="citation journal cs1">Yahya, HSA; Yasmin, Shahla (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48673890">"Earthworms in the dietary of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> (Linn.)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Earthworms+in+the+dietary+of+the+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+%28Linn.%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Yahya%2C+HSA&rft.au=Yasmin%2C+Shahla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48673890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-throated_Kingfisher_swallowing_lizard-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White-throated_Kingfisher_swallowing_lizard_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYC_Wee2008" class="citation web cs1">YC Wee (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://besgroup.org/2008/05/20/white-throated-kingfisher-swallowing-lizard/">"White-throated Kingfisher swallowing lizard"</a>. <i>Bird Ecology Study Group</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bird+Ecology+Study+Group&rft.atitle=White-throated+Kingfisher+swallowing+lizard&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.au=YC+Wee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbesgroup.org%2F2008%2F05%2F20%2Fwhite-throated-kingfisher-swallowing-lizard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-Throated_Kingfisher_eating_a_Lizard_-_Birds_of_Israel_(video)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White-Throated_Kingfisher_eating_a_Lizard_-_Birds_of_Israel_(video)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoni_Way2020" class="citation web cs1">Roni Way (11 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpgRz7WTBRA">"White-Throated Kingfisher eating a Lizard - Birds of Israel"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=White-Throated+Kingfisher+eating+a+Lizard+-+Birds+of+Israel&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft.au=Roni+Way&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGpgRz7WTBRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-throated_kingfisher_feeding_on_a_skink_near_Gurgaon,_India-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White-throated_kingfisher_feeding_on_a_skink_near_Gurgaon,_India_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/birding/comments/hs38pi/whitethroated_kingfisher_feeding_on_a_skink_near/">"White-throated kingfisher feeding on a skink near Gurgaon, India"</a>. <i>Reddit</i>. 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reddit&rft.atitle=White-throated+kingfisher+feeding+on+a+skink+near+Gurgaon%2C+India&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Fbirding%2Fcomments%2Fhs38pi%2Fwhitethroated_kingfisher_feeding_on_a_skink_near%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_T_JPriddy,_C1965" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, T J; Priddy, C (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47953525">"Food of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> (Linnaeus)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 152–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Food+of+the+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+%28Linnaeus%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152-153&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Roberts%2C+T+J&rft.au=Priddy%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F47953525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTehsin,_Raza1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tehsin, Raza (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48710849">"Feeding behaviour of Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> (Linnaeus)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>86</b> (3): 449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Feeding+behaviour+of+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+%28Linnaeus%29&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=449&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Tehsin%2C+Raza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48710849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen,_SN1944" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, SN (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48295130">"Food of the White-breasted Kingfisher (<i>Halcyon smyrnensis fusca</i>)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 475.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Food+of+the+White-breasted+Kingfisher+%28Halcyon+smyrnensis+fusca%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Sen%2C+SN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48295130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freak-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freak_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freak_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurandare,_Kiran_Vasant2008" class="citation journal cs1">Purandare, Kiran Vasant (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB4.1_Purandare_WBKingfisher.pdf">"Freak accidental death of a White-breasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Birds</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Birds&rft.atitle=Freak+accidental+death+of+a+White-breasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Purandare%2C+Kiran+Vasant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianbirds.in%2Fpdfs%2FIB4.1_Purandare_WBKingfisher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_NHK1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burton NHK (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011235205/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Burton-Kingfisher.pdf">"Notes on the diet of nestling White-throated Kingfishers <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> in Malaysia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forktail</i>. <b>14</b>: 79–80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Burton-Kingfisher.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forktail&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+diet+of+nestling+White-throated+Kingfishers+Halcyon+smyrnensis+in+Malaysia&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=79-80&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Burton+NHK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientalbirdclub.org%2Fpublications%2Fforktail%2F14pdfs%2FBurton-Kingfisher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_EW1900–1901" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, EW (1900–1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30168831">"The White-breasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> in captivity"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 364–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+White-breasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+in+captivity&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=364-365&rft.date=1900%2F1901&rft.au=Harper%2C+EW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F30168831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan,_E1989" class="citation journal cs1">Narayanan, E (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48710845">"Pariah Kite <i>Milvus migrans</i> capturing Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>86</b> (3): 445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Pariah+Kite+Milvus+migrans+capturing+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48710845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasubramanian,_P.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Balasubramanian, P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48806837">"Behaviour of southern spotted owlet <i>Athene brama brama</i> (Temminck) and jungle crow (Temminck) and jungle crow <i>Corvus macrorhynchos</i> at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Behaviour+of+southern+spotted+owlet+Athene+brama+brama+%28Temminck%29+and+jungle+crow+%28Temminck%29+and+jungle+crow+Corvus+macrorhynchos+at+Point+Calimere%2C+Tamil+Nadu&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Balasubramanian%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48806837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandi,_A.P.De,_N.C.Majumdar,_G.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Nandi, A.P.; De, N.C.; Majumdar, G. (1985). "Records of two new nematodes (Acuariidae) parasitizing kingfishers (Coraciiformes) of West Bengal India". <i>Helminthologia</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 161–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helminthologia&rft.atitle=Records+of+two+new+nematodes+%28Acuariidae%29+parasitizing+kingfishers+%28Coraciiformes%29+of+West+Bengal+India&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-170&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Nandi%2C+A.P.&rft.au=De%2C+N.C.&rft.au=Majumdar%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood,_E.1878" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, E. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistorysp00lockiala"><i>Natural history, sport and travel</i></a>. W.H. Allen and Co. pp. 185–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+history%2C+sport+and+travel&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen+and+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Lockwood%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnaturalhistorysp00lockiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#wb">"Government of India webpage for National and State symbols"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#wb">the original</a> on 2013-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+India+webpage+for+National+and+State+symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowindia.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fnational_symbols.php%3Fid%3D16%23wb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramp1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cramp" title="Stanley Cramp">Cramp, Stanley</a>, ed. (1985). "<i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> White-breasted Kingfisher". <i>Handbook of the birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume IV: Terns to Woodpeckers</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 701–705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-857507-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-857507-6"><bdi>0-19-857507-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halcyon+smyrnensis+White-breasted+Kingfisher&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+birds+of+Europe+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa.+The+Birds+of+the+Western+Palearctic.+Volume+IV%3A+Terns+to+Woodpeckers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=701-705&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-19-857507-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanty,_Banalata2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mohanty, Banalata (2006). "Extracellular Accumulations in the Avian Pituitary Gland: Histochemical Analysis in Two Species of Indian Wild Birds". <i>Cells Tissues Organs</i>. <b>183</b> (2): 99–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095514">10.1159/000095514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17053326">17053326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27807234">27807234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells+Tissues+Organs&rft.atitle=Extracellular+Accumulations+in+the+Avian+Pituitary+Gland%3A+Histochemical+Analysis+in+Two+Species+of+Indian+Wild+Birds.&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-106&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27807234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17053326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000095514&rft.au=Mohanty%2C+Banalata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOommen,_MAndrews,_MI1996" class="citation journal cs1">Oommen, M; Andrews, MI (1996). "Awakening, roosting and vocalization behaviour of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis fusca</i> (Boddaert)". <i>Pavo</i>. <b>34</b> (1&2): 43–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pavo&rft.atitle=Awakening%2C+roosting+and+vocalization+behaviour+of+the+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher+Halcyon+smyrnensis+fusca+%28Boddaert%29.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1%262&rft.pages=43-46&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Oommen%2C+M&rft.au=Andrews%2C+MI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOommen,_MAndrews,_MI1993" class="citation book cs1">Oommen, M; Andrews, MI (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/BirdConservationStrategies/BirdConservationIndia#page/n204/mode/1up">"Breeding biology of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>"</a>. In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK (eds.). <i>Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond</i>. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 177–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breeding+biology+of+the+Whitebreasted+Kingfisher%2C+Halcyon+smyrnensis&rft.btitle=Bird+Conservation%3A+Strategies+for+the+Nineties+and+Beyond&rft.pages=177-180&rft.pub=Ornithological+Society+of+India%2C+Bangalore&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Oommen%2C+M&rft.au=Andrews%2C+MI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FBirdConservationStrategies%2FBirdConservationIndia%23page%2Fn204%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oommen, M; Andrews, MI (1998) Food and feeding habits of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i>. Chap. 19. In: Birds in Agricultural Ecosystem. (Eds: Dhindsa, MS; Rao, P Syamsunder; Parasharya, BM) Society for Applied Ornithology, Hyderabad, 132–136.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicehurst,_CB1927" class="citation journal cs1">Ticehurst, CB (1927). "Remarks on races of <i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i> and descriptions of two new subspecies – <i>Zosterops palpebrosa occidentis</i> and <i>Z.P. nilgiriensis</i>". <i>Bull. Brit. Orn. Club</i>. <b>47</b> (312): 87–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Brit.+Orn.+Club&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+races+of+Halcyon+smyrnensis+and+descriptions+of+two+new+subspecies+%E2%80%93+Zosterops+palpebrosa+occidentis+and+Z.P.+nilgiriensis&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=312&rft.pages=87-90&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Ticehurst%2C+CB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-throated+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halcyon_smyrnensis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Halcyon smyrnensis">Halcyon smyrnensis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Halcyon smyrnensis">Halcyon smyrnensis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/white-throated-kingfisher-halcyon-smyrnensis">White-throated kingfisher videos, photos & sounds</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/birds/Halcyon_smyrnensis.htm">Singapore birds</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tree_kingfishers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tree_kingfishers" title="Template:Tree kingfishers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tree_kingfishers" title="Template talk:Tree kingfishers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tree_kingfishers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tree kingfishers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tree_kingfishers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" title="Tree kingfisher">Tree kingfishers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Alcedinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcedinidae">Alcedinidae</a></li> <li>Subfamily: <a href="/wiki/Halcyoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halcyoninae">Halcyoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lacedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacedo">Lacedo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_kingfisher" title="Banded kingfisher">Banded kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>L. pulchella</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kookaburra" title="Kookaburra">Dacelo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_kookaburra" title="Laughing kookaburra">Laughing kookaburra</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>D. novaeguineae</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-winged_kookaburra" title="Blue-winged kookaburra">Blue-winged kookaburra</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>D. leachii</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangled_kookaburra" title="Spangled kookaburra">Spangled kookaburra</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>D. tyro</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-bellied_kookaburra" title="Rufous-bellied kookaburra">Rufous-bellied kookaburra</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>D. gaudichaud</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clytoceyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Clytoceyx">Clytoceyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shovel-billed_kookaburra" title="Shovel-billed kookaburra">Shovel-billed kookaburra</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>C. rex</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cittura" class="mw-redirect" title="Cittura">Cittura</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilac_kingfisher" title="Lilac kingfisher">Lilac kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>C. cyanotis</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pelargopsis" title="Pelargopsis">Pelargopsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-winged_kingfisher" title="Brown-winged kingfisher">Brown-winged kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>P. amauroptera</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork-billed_kingfisher" title="Stork-billed kingfisher">Stork-billed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>P. capensis</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-billed_kingfisher" title="Great-billed kingfisher">Great-billed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>P. melanorhyncha</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(genus)" title="Halcyon (genus)">Halcyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_kingfisher" title="Ruddy kingfisher">Ruddy kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. coromanda</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate-backed_kingfisher" title="Chocolate-backed kingfisher">Chocolate-backed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. badia</i>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White-throated kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. smyrnensis</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_kingfisher" title="Grey-headed kingfisher">Grey-headed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. leucocephala</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-capped_kingfisher" title="Black-capped kingfisher">Black-capped kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. pileata</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_kingfisher" title="Javan kingfisher">Javan kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. cyanoventris</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_kingfisher" title="Woodland kingfisher">Woodland kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. senegalensis</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_kingfisher" title="Mangrove kingfisher">Mangrove kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. senegaloides</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-breasted_kingfisher" title="Blue-breasted kingfisher">Blue-breasted kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. malimbica</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-hooded_kingfisher" title="Brown-hooded kingfisher">Brown-hooded kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. albiventris</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_kingfisher" title="Striped kingfisher">Striped kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>H. chelicuti</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Todiramphus" title="Todiramphus">Todiramphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-black_kingfisher" title="Blue-black kingfisher">Blue-black kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. nigrocyaneus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchell%27s_kingfisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchell's kingfisher">Winchell's kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. winchelli)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-white_kingfisher" title="Blue-and-white kingfisher">Blue-and-white kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. diops)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazuli_kingfisher" title="Lazuli kingfisher">Lazuli kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. lazuli)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_kingfisher" title="Forest kingfisher">Forest kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. macleayii)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-mantled_kingfisher" title="White-mantled kingfisher">White-mantled kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. albonotatus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_kingfisher" title="Ultramarine kingfisher">Ultramarine kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. leucopygius)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_kingfisher" title="Vanuatu kingfisher">Vanuatu kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. farquhari)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-backed_kingfisher" title="Red-backed kingfisher">Red-backed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. pyrrhopygia)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-billed_kingfisher" title="Flat-billed kingfisher">Flat-billed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. recurvirostris)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_kingfisher" title="Guam kingfisher">Guam kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. cinnamominus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohnpei_kingfisher" title="Pohnpei kingfisher">Pohnpei kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. reichenbachii)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-capped_kingfisher" title="Rusty-capped kingfisher">Rusty-capped kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. pelewensis)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_kingfisher" title="Collared kingfisher">Collared kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. chloris)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_kingfisher" title="Pacific kingfisher">Pacific kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. sacer)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_kingfisher" title="Melanesian kingfisher">Melanesian kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. tristrami)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet_kingfisher" title="Islet kingfisher">Islet kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. colonus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_kingfisher" title="Mariana kingfisher">Mariana kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. albicilla)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torresian_kingfisher" title="Torresian kingfisher">Torresian kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. sordidus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombre_kingfisher" title="Sombre kingfisher">Sombre kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. funebris)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_kingfisher" title="Talaud kingfisher">Talaud kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. enigma)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_kingfisher" title="Beach kingfisher">Beach kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. saurophaga)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon-banded_kingfisher" title="Cinnamon-banded kingfisher">Cinnamon-banded kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. australasia)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_kingfisher" title="Sacred kingfisher">Sacred kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. sanctus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_kingfisher" title="Society kingfisher">Society kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. veneratus)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewing_kingfisher" title="Mewing kingfisher">Mewing kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. ruficollaris)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_kingfisher" title="Chattering kingfisher">Chattering kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. tuta)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_kingfisher" title="Marquesan kingfisher">Marquesan kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. godeffroyi)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_kingfisher" title="Mangareva kingfisher">Mangareva kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. gambieri)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niau_kingfisher" title="Niau kingfisher">Niau kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>(T. gertrudae)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caridonax" class="mw-redirect" title="Caridonax">Caridonax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_kingfisher" title="White-rumped kingfisher">White-rumped kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>C. fulgidus</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Melidora" class="mw-redirect" title="Melidora">Melidora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hook-billed_kingfisher" title="Hook-billed kingfisher">Hook-billed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>M. macrorrhina</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Actenoides" title="Actenoides">Actenoides</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moustached_kingfisher" title="Moustached kingfisher">Moustached kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>A. bougainvillei</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-collared_kingfisher" title="Rufous-collared kingfisher">Rufous-collared kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>A. concretus</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_wood_kingfisher" title="Spotted wood kingfisher">Spotted wood kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>A. lindsayi</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hombron%27s_kingfisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hombron's kingfisher">Hombron's kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>A. hombroni</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-backed_kingfisher" title="Green-backed kingfisher">Green-backed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>A. monachus</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaly-breasted_kingfisher" title="Scaly-breasted kingfisher">Scaly-breasted kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>A. princeps</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Syma" title="Syma">Syma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_kingfisher" title="Yellow-billed kingfisher">Yellow-billed kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>S. torotoro</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_kingfisher" title="Mountain kingfisher">Mountain kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>S. megarhyncha</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_kingfisher" title="Paradise kingfisher">Tanysiptera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_paradise_kingfisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Little paradise kingfisher">Little paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. hydrocharis</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_paradise_kingfisher" title="Common paradise kingfisher">Common paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. galatea</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofiau_paradise_kingfisher" title="Kofiau paradise kingfisher">Kofiau paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. ellioti</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_paradise_kingfisher" title="Biak paradise kingfisher">Biak paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. riedelii</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numfor_paradise_kingfisher" title="Numfor paradise kingfisher">Numfor paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. carolinae</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-breasted_paradise_kingfisher" title="Red-breasted paradise kingfisher">Red-breasted paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. nympha</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_paradise_kingfisher" title="Brown-headed paradise kingfisher">Brown-headed paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. danae</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff-breasted_paradise_kingfisher" title="Buff-breasted paradise kingfisher">Buff-breasted paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. sylvia</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-capped_paradise_kingfisher" title="Black-capped paradise kingfisher">Black-capped paradise kingfisher</a> <span class="nowrap">(<i>T. nigriceps</i>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>56 to 61 living species in 12 genera</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Halcyon smyrnensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735158" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q735158">Q735158</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_smyrnensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Halcyon smyrnensis">Halcyon smyrnensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Halcyon_smyrnensis/">Halcyon_smyrnensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/halcyon-smyrnensis/">halcyon-smyrnensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3EEE4BB4CEACA3FC">3EEE4BB4CEACA3FC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22725846">22725846</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=115073">115073</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whtkin2">whtkin2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6KY3J">6KY3J</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/whtkin2">whtkin2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1072">1072</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp8270.htm">8270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97080">97080</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/94a61c3c-1829-4d80-ad42-12772be2d9e2">94a61c3c-1829-4d80-ad42-12772be2d9e2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5228328">5228328</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/204519">204519</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10861544">10861544</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=554585">554585</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22725846">22725846</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000533339">NHMSYS0000533339</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1003843">1003843</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/71102/">71102</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1443780">1443780</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=704458">704458</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1443780">1443780</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Halcyon-smyrnensis">Halcyon-smyrnensis</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&oldid=1231647082">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&oldid=1231647082</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Halcyon_(genus)" title="Category:Halcyon (genus)">Halcyon (genus)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_of_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Birds of the Middle East">Birds of the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_of_Indomalaya" title="Category:Birds of Indomalaya">Birds of Indomalaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Symbols of West Bengal">Symbols of West Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_described_in_1758" title="Category:Birds described in 1758">Birds described in 1758</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_20%E2%80%9324_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 June 2024, at 13:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-throated_kingfisher&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7cdcdd678c-pb725","wgBackendResponseTime":239,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.459","walltime":"1.863","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11470,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":191401,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9145,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":182469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":24,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1643.627 1 -total"," 28.39% 466.667 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.30% 465.074 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 27.85% 457.719 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 19.25% 316.395 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 9.17% 150.680 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.54% 123.935 3 Template:Navbox"," 7.15% 117.485 1 Template:Cite_iucn"," 6.88% 113.125 1 Template:Halcyoninae"," 6.31% 103.660 12 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.047","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9956393,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","200","18.2"],["?","180","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","120","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","10.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","20","1.8"],["[others]","180","16.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-5wns4","timestamp":"20241124113640","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"White-throated kingfisher","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White-throated_kingfisher","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q735158","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q735158","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-01T06:57:10Z","dateModified":"2024-06-29T13:07:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/White-throated_kingfisher_%28Halcyon_smyrnensis%29_Galle.jpg","headline":"species of bird"}</script> </body> </html>