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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Saraf+kranial" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Saraf+kranial" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Saraf+kranial" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Saraf+kranial" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Embriologi:_Pembentukan_Rhombencephalon_sebagai_cikal_bakal_saraf_kranial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embriologi:_Pembentukan_Rhombencephalon_sebagai_cikal_bakal_saraf_kranial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Embriologi: Pembentukan Rhombencephalon sebagai cikal bakal saraf kranial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embriologi:_Pembentukan_Rhombencephalon_sebagai_cikal_bakal_saraf_kranial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nukleus_saraf_kranialis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nukleus_saraf_kranialis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nukleus saraf kranialis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nukleus_saraf_kranialis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi_Saraf_Kranialis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_Saraf_Kranialis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fungsi Saraf Kranialis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fungsi_Saraf_Kranialis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Fungsi Saraf Kranialis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_Saraf_Kranialis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menelan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menelan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Menelan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menelan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bicara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pertama_adalah_produksi_suara_melalui_suatu_fonasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertama_adalah_produksi_suara_melalui_suatu_fonasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Pertama adalah produksi suara melalui suatu fonasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertama_adalah_produksi_suara_melalui_suatu_fonasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kedua_adalah_membuat_suara_tersebut_dapat_dimengerti_melalui_sebuah_artikulasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kedua_adalah_membuat_suara_tersebut_dapat_dimengerti_melalui_sebuah_artikulasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Kedua adalah membuat suara tersebut dapat dimengerti melalui sebuah artikulasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kedua_adalah_membuat_suara_tersebut_dapat_dimengerti_melalui_sebuah_artikulasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terakhir_adalah_Pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terakhir_adalah_Pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Terakhir adalah <i>Pitch</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terakhir_adalah_Pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saraf-saraf_kranial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saraf-saraf_kranial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Saraf-saraf kranial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saraf-saraf_kranial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Saraf-saraf kranial</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Saraf-saraf_kranial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fungsi_Motoris_Saraf_Kranial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_Motoris_Saraf_Kranial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fungsi Motoris Saraf Kranial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_Motoris_Saraf_Kranial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi_Otonom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_Otonom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fungsi Otonom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_Otonom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi_Sensoris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_Sensoris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fungsi Sensoris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_Sensoris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saraf kranial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 62 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraniale_senuwees" title="Kraniale senuwees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kraniale senuwees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أعصاب قحفية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أعصاب قحفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99ll%C9%99_sinirl%C9%99ri" title="Kəllə sinirləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəllə sinirləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کلله سینیرلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلله سینیرلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Черепномозъчни нерви – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черепномозъчни нерви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="করোটিক স্নায়ু – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করোটিক স্নায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོད་རུས་དབང་རྩ་བཅུ་གཉིས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོད་རུས་དབང་རྩ་བཅུ་གཉིས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" title="Moždani živci – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moždani živci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parell_cranial" title="Parell cranial – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parell cranial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavov%C3%A9_nervy" title="Hlavové nervy – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlavové nervy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranienerve" title="Kranienerve – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kranienerve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnnerv" title="Hirnnerv – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirnnerv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Κρανιακά νεύρα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρανιακά νεύρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cranial nerves" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerba_nervo" title="Cerba nervo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerba nervo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_craneales" title="Pares craneales – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pares craneales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraniaaln%C3%A4rvid" title="Kraniaalnärvid – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kraniaalnärvid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerbio_kranial" title="Nerbio kranial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nerbio kranial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اعصاب مغزی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعصاب مغزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivohermo" title="Aivohermo – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivohermo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf_cr%C3%A2nien" title="Nerf crânien – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nerf crânien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ar%C3%B3ga_cr%C3%A1iniacha" title="Néaróga cráiniacha – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néaróga cráiniacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_cranial" title="Par cranial – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Par cranial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="עצבי הגולגולת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצבי הגולגולת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="कपालीय तंत्रिकाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कपालीय तंत्रिकाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozgovni_%C5%BEivci" title="Mozgovni živci – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mozgovni živci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyidegek" title="Agyidegek – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agyidegek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գլխուղեղային նյարդեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխուղեղային նյարդեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi_cranici" title="Nervi cranici – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nervi cranici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C" title="脳神経 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳神経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ми жүйкелері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми жүйкелері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD" title="뇌신경 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌신경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi_craniales" title="Nervi craniales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nervi craniales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galviniai_nervai" title="Galviniai nervai – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galviniai nervai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Мозочни нерви – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мозочни нерви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf_kranium" title="Saraf kranium – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saraf kranium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenzenuw" title="Hersenzenuw – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenzenuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernenerve" title="Hjernenerve – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjernenerve" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernenerve" title="Hjernenerve – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjernenerve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerwy_czaszkowe" title="Nerwy czaszkowe – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nerwy czaszkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo_craniano" title="Nervo craniano – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nervo craniano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv_cranian" title="Nerv cranian – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nerv cranian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Черепные нервы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черепные нервы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%A9_%D1%83%D2%A5%D1%83%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Төбө уҥуоҕун ниэрбэлэрэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төбө уҥуоҕун ниэрбэлэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" title="Moždani živci – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moždani živci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="කපාල ස්නායු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කපාල ස්නායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve" title="Cranial nerve – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cranial nerve" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavov%C3%BD_nerv" title="Hlavový nerv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlavový nerv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEganski_%C5%BEivec" title="Možganski živec – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Možganski živec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мождани живци – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мождани живци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranialnerv" title="Kranialnerv – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kranialnerv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மண்டை நரம்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மண்டை நரம்புகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కపాల నాడులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కపాల నాడులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ประสาทสมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประสาทสมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraniyal_sinir" title="Kraniyal sinir – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraniyal sinir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Черепні нерви – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Черепні нерви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_miya_nervlari" title="Bosh miya nervlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh miya nervlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2y_th%E1%BA%A7n_kinh_s%E1%BB%8D" title="Dây thần kinh sọ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dây thần kinh sọ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="脑神经 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑神经" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="脑神经 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脑神经" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1u-s%C3%AEn-keng" title="Náu-sîn-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Náu-sîn-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="腦神經 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腦神經" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saraf_kranial" title="Lihat halaman isi 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title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">artikel ini <b>perlu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merapikan_artikel" title="Wikipedia:Merapikan artikel">dirapikan</a></b> agar memenuhi <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_gaya" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya">standar Wikipedia</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit">kembangkan artikel</a> ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Wikifikasi" title="Bantuan:Wikifikasi">wikifikasi</a> atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Penghapusan_templat_pemeliharaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Penghapusan templat pemeliharaan">Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/50px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/75px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/100px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini <b>memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan untuk diagnosis diri dan tidak dapat menggantikan diagnosis medis. <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_medis" title="Wikipedia:Penyangkalan medis">Wikipedia tidak memberikan konsultasi medis</a>.</b> Jika Anda perlu bantuan atau hendak berobat, berkonsultasilah dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional.<b></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saraf kranial</b> (Latin: <i>nervii craniales</i>) adalah 12 pasang saraf pada manusia yang mencuat dari <a href="/wiki/Otak" title="Otak">otak</a>, berbeda dari saraf spinal yang mencuat dari <a href="/wiki/Sumsum_tulang_belakang" title="Sumsum tulang belakang">sumsum tulang belakang</a>. Saraf kranial merupakan bagian dari sistem saraf sadar. Dari 12 pasang saraf, 3 pasang memiliki jenis sensori (saraf I, II, VIII); 5 pasang jenis motorik (saraf III, IV, VI, XI, XII); dan 4 pasang jenis gabungan (saraf V, VII, IX, X). Pasangan saraf-saraf ini diberi nomor sesuai urutan dari depan hingga belakang, lazimnya menggunakan angka romawi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saraf kranial sendiri merupakan bagian dari sistem <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf_tepi" title="Sistem saraf tepi">saraf tepi</a> namun berlokasi di dekat <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf_pusat" title="Sistem saraf pusat">sistem saraf pusat</a> yakni kranium/tengkorak. Oleh karena itu, sering kali disalah klasifikasikan. Saraf-saraf ini terhubung dengan struktur yang ada di kepala dan leher manusia seperti mata, hidung, telinga, mulut, dan lidah. Pasangan I dan II mencuat dari otak besar, sementara yang lainnya mencuat dari batang otak. </p> <table style="margin: 6px 0em 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #AAA; float: right; padding:0.3em" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 0 5px; background: #CCF; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Saraf_Kranial" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraf Kranial">Saraf Kranial</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN I – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_olfaktori" title="Saraf olfaktori">Olfaktorius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN II – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_optik" title="Saraf optik">Optikus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN III – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_okulomotor" title="Saraf okulomotor">Okulomotor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN IV – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_troklearis" title="Saraf troklearis">Troklearis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN V – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_trigeminus" title="Saraf trigeminus">Trigeminus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN VI – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_abdusen" title="Saraf abdusen">Abdusen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN VII – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_fasialis" title="Saraf fasialis">Fasialis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN VIII – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_vestibulokoklearis" title="Saraf vestibulokoklearis">Vestibulokoklearis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN IX – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_glosofaringeal" title="Saraf glosofaringeal">Glosofaringeal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN X – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_vagus" title="Saraf vagus">Vagus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN XI – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_aksesorius" title="Saraf aksesorius">Aksesorius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;">CN XII – <a href="/wiki/Saraf_hipoglossus" title="Saraf hipoglossus">Hipoglossus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>Kotak ini: </span><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Cranial_nerves_short" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Cranial nerves short"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Cranial_nerves_short&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Cranial nerves short (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cranial_nerves_short&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embriologi:_Pembentukan_Rhombencephalon_sebagai_cikal_bakal_saraf_kranial">Embriologi: Pembentukan Rhombencephalon sebagai cikal bakal saraf kranial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Embriologi: Pembentukan Rhombencephalon sebagai cikal bakal saraf kranial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Embriologi: Pembentukan Rhombencephalon sebagai cikal bakal saraf kranial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhombencephalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhombencephalon (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhombencephalon</a></i> tersusun atas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myelencephalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myelencephalon (halaman belum tersedia)">myelencephalon</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metencephalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metencephalon (halaman belum tersedia)">metencephalon</a></i>. <i>Myelencephalon</i> berada di bagian belakang dan membentuk <i><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a></i>. Sedangkan <i>metencephalon</i> berawal dari lekukan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pons (halaman belum tersedia)">pons</a></i> sampai ke <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmus_rhombencephalic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmus rhombencephalic (halaman belum tersedia)">isthmus rhombencephalic</a></i>, dan merupakan cikal <i>bakal pons</i> dan <i>cerebellum</i>(<a href="/wiki/Otak_kecil" title="Otak kecil">otak kecil</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lempeng_basal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lempeng basal (halaman belum tersedia)">Lempeng basal</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alar (halaman belum tersedia)">alar</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio">embrio</a> terbagi menjadi 3-4 kolom sel di mana kolom sel ini merupakan dasar dari pengembangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleus_kranial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleus kranial (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleus kranial</a> dan juga saraf kranialis. Pada minggu ke-6 setelah <a href="/wiki/Fertilisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisasi">fertilisasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_olfaktorius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf olfaktorius (halaman belum tersedia)">saraf olfaktorius</a>(I) berkembang dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuron_bipolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuron bipolar (halaman belum tersedia)">neuron bipolar</a> di barisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitel_olfactory_pit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitel olfactory pit (halaman belum tersedia)">epitel olfactory pit</a>, saraf inilah yang membuat kita dapat membau. Pada waktu yang sama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_optikus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf optikus (halaman belum tersedia)">saraf optikus</a>(II) berkembang dari <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> ke arah <a href="/wiki/Otak" title="Otak">otak</a>. Saraf inilah yang membantu kita untuk terhubung dengan dunial luar secara visual. Saraf <a href="/wiki/Okulomotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Okulomotor">okulomotor</a>(III) dan <a href="/wiki/Troklearis" class="mw-redirect" title="Troklearis">troklearis</a>(IV) berkembang dari <a href="/wiki/Otak_tengah" title="Otak tengah">otak tengah</a>, sedangkan saraf <a href="/wiki/Abdusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdusen">abdusen</a>(VI) terbentuk di pons, ketiganya kemudian bermigrasi untuk mensarafi otot-otot ekstrinsik mata. Adapun saraf <a href="/wiki/Trigeminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeminus">trigeminus</a>(V) yang terdiri dari 2 jenis yakni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensoris (halaman belum tersedia)">sensoris</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motoris (halaman belum tersedia)">motoris</a>. Bagian sensorisnya berkembang menjadi 3 bagian utama yang kemudian bermigrasi ke tepi untuk menyediakan persarafan sensoris di <a href="/wiki/Gigi" title="Gigi">gigi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membran_mukosa_kavitas_oronasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membran mukosa kavitas oronasal (halaman belum tersedia)">membran mukosa kavitas oronasal</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit">kulit</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepala" title="Kepala">kepala</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wajah" title="Wajah">wajah</a>. Saraf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigeminus_motoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigeminus motoris (halaman belum tersedia)">trigeminus motoris</a> berperan dalam persarafan mastication. Berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Saraf_fasialis" title="Saraf fasialis">saraf fasialis</a>(VII) yang berkerja pada otot wajah sehingga memungkinkan kita ber<a href="/wiki/Ekspresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspresi">ekspresi</a> sedih ataupun senang. Saraf yang ke 8 adalah saraf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibulokoklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestibulokoklear (halaman belum tersedia)">vestibulokoklear</a>(VIII) di mana saraf ini akan mensarafi organ keseimbangan dan pendengaran kita. Selanjutnya ada saraf <a href="/wiki/Glosofaringeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glosofaringeal">glosofaringeal</a> (IX) yang memiliki fungsi sensoris di daerah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orofaring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orofaring (halaman belum tersedia)">orofaring</a>. Ada juga saraf <a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">vagus</a> (X) yang menyediakan persarafan sensoris <a href="/wiki/Membran" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Membran">membran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mukosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukosa">mukosa</a> dari jalur pencernaan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_motorik_parasimpatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf motorik parasimpatis (halaman belum tersedia)">saraf motorik parasimpatis</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung">jantung</a> dan jalur pencernaan. Kedua dari bawah ada Saraf <a href="/wiki/Aksesorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksesorius">aksesorius</a>(XI) yang terbagi menjadi dua, kranialis dan spinalis. Saraf asesoris kranialis (XIc) berjalan bersamaan dengan saraf vagus (X) menuju otot <a href="/wiki/Faring" title="Faring">faring</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laring" title="Laring">laring</a>. Sedangkan saraf asesoris spinalis (XIs) mensarafi <a href="/wiki/Otot" title="Otot">otot</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapezius (halaman belum tersedia)">trapezius</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sternomastoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sternomastoid (halaman belum tersedia)">sternomastoid</a>. Terakhir ada saraf <a href="/wiki/Hipoglossus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipoglossus">hipoglossus</a> (XII) yang mensarafi otot <a href="/wiki/Lidah" title="Lidah">lidah</a> sehingga memungkinkan kita untuk menggerakkan lidah dengan leluasa.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nukleus_saraf_kranialis">Nukleus saraf kranialis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Nukleus saraf kranialis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nukleus saraf kranialis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setelah membicarakan sarafnya, ada baiknya kita juga mengetahui dari mana saraf tersebut berasal yaitu <a href="/wiki/Nukleus" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nukleus">nukleus</a> saraf kranialis yang terletak di <a href="/wiki/Batang_otak" title="Batang otak">batang otak</a>. Sel saraf motorik dari saraf kranialis yang berada di batang otak merupakan bagian dari LMN, sedangkan bagian UMNnya diperankan oleh sel saraf motor kortikal. Yang luar biasa dari nukleus saraf kranialis adalah persarafannya yang berasal dari serat saraf dari 2 sisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemisfer_otak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemisfer otak (halaman belum tersedia)">hemisfer otak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungsi_Saraf_Kranialis">Fungsi Saraf Kranialis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi Saraf Kranialis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi Saraf Kranialis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saraf Kranial, merupakan saraf yang secara letak berada di dekat otak dan terbagi menjadi 12 pasang saraf. Ke-12 saraf tersebut melewati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_kranium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang kranium (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang kranium</a> sehingga saraf-saraf ini lazim disebut saraf kranial. Nama dari saraf-saraf tersebut berasal dari urutan letak mereka mulai dari atas ke bawah. Fungsi utama dari saraf-saraf ini adalah mengatur segala fungsi organ-organ yang berada di daerah kepala mulai dari kesadaran, fungsi ber<a href="/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi">komunikasi</a>, fungsi mengunyah, hingga fungsi menelan. Saraf kranial memiliki 3 macam fungsi yakni motorik, sensoris, dan otonom dan berbeda pada masing-masing saraf.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salah satu fungsi saraf kranialis adalah fungsinya yang memungkinkan kita untuk menelan dan berbicara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menelan">Menelan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Menelan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Menelan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketika makanan atau minuman melewati bagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior (halaman belum tersedia)">posterior</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Lidah" title="Lidah">lidah</a>, otot yang disarafi oleh saraf vagus (X) dan <a href="/wiki/Glosofaringeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glosofaringeal">glosofaringeal</a> (IX) akan mendorongnya ke bawah belakang menuju hipofaring, kemudian melewati sfingter cricofaringeal menuju <a href="/wiki/Esofagus" title="Esofagus">esofagus</a>. Bagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasofaring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasofaring (halaman belum tersedia)">Nasofaring</a> ditutupi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otot_palatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otot palatum (halaman belum tersedia)">otot palatum</a> yang disarafi oleh saraf vagus dan <a href="/wiki/Trigeminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeminus">trigeminus</a> (X, Vc), sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuba_eustachius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuba eustachius (halaman belum tersedia)">tuba eustachius</a> terbuka (X). Lubang laring menyempit seiring dengan elevasi dari seluruh tulang laring oleh semua otot yang menempel pada tulang yang berasal dari atas serta terbukanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfingter_cricofaringeal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfingter cricofaringeal (halaman belum tersedia)">sfingter cricofaringeal</a> (X). Otot lidah yang disarafi oleh saraf <a href="/wiki/Hipoglossus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipoglossus">hipoglossus</a>(XII) juga berperan penting dalam proses ini. Sebagian besar otot faring disarafi secara satu arah melalui saraf <a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">vagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicara">Bicara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Bicara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bicara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proses pertuturan nyatanya melewati berbagai proses hingga terbentuknya sebuah kalimat yang utuh.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pertama_adalah_produksi_suara_melalui_suatu_fonasi">Pertama adalah produksi suara melalui suatu fonasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pertama adalah produksi suara melalui suatu fonasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pertama adalah produksi suara melalui suatu fonasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saat fonasi <a href="/wiki/Pita_suara" title="Pita suara">pita suara</a> membuat celah sempit yang memungkinkan udara secara langsung untuk bisa menghasilkan suara seperti halnya pada suling, ataupun pipa organ. Otot yang menggerakkan pita suara disarafi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_laryngeal_recurrent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf laryngeal recurrent (halaman belum tersedia)">saraf laryngeal recurrent</a> yang merupakan bagian dari saraf vagus (X).<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kedua_adalah_membuat_suara_tersebut_dapat_dimengerti_melalui_sebuah_artikulasi">Kedua adalah membuat suara tersebut dapat dimengerti melalui sebuah artikulasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kedua adalah membuat suara tersebut dapat dimengerti melalui sebuah artikulasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kedua adalah membuat suara tersebut dapat dimengerti melalui sebuah artikulasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otot_faringeal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otot faringeal (halaman belum tersedia)">Otot faringeal</a> (X), lidah (XII), otot eksresi wajah (VII), gerakan <a href="/wiki/Mandibula" title="Mandibula">mandibula</a> (Vc) dan <a href="/wiki/Palatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatum">palatum</a>(X, V) semuanya berperan dalam mengubah suara yang tanpa arti menjadi lebih bisa dimengerti.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terakhir_adalah_Pitch">Terakhir adalah <i>Pitch</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Terakhir adalah Pitch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Terakhir adalah Pitch"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitch (halaman belum tersedia)">Pitch</a> dimodulasi secara umum melalui penegangan otot <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cricothyroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cricothyroid (halaman belum tersedia)">cricothyroid</a></i> dan pengenduran pita suara. Semua gerakan dari pita suara dikontrol oleh nukleus ambiguus melalaui saraf laringeal superior dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recurrent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recurrent (halaman belum tersedia)">recurrent</a></i> (X). <a href="/wiki/Lesi" title="Lesi">Lesi</a> pada nukleus ini dapat berujung terhadap kelainan proses menelan dan berbicara yang lazim disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulbar (halaman belum tersedia)">bulbar</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudobulbar_palsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudobulbar palsy (halaman belum tersedia)">pseudobulbar palsy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saraf-saraf_kranial">Saraf-saraf kranial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Saraf-saraf kranial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Saraf-saraf kranial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/449px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="449" height="535" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/674px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/898px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nomor</th> <th>Nama</th> <th>Jenis</th> <th>Fungsi </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraf_olfaktori" title="Saraf olfaktori">Olfaktorius</a></td> <td>Sensori</td> <td>Menerima rangsang dari hidung dan menghantarkannya ke otak untuk diproses sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sensasi" title="Sensasi">sensasi</a> bau </td></tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraf_optik" title="Saraf optik">Optikus</a></td> <td>Sensori</td> <td>Menerima rangsang dari mata dan menghantarkannya ke otak untuk diproses sebagai persepsi visual </td></tr> <tr> <td>III</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Okulomotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Okulomotor">Okulomotor</a></td> <td>Motorik</td> <td>Menggerakkan sebagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otot_mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otot mata (halaman belum tersedia)">otot mata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Troklearis" class="mw-redirect" title="Troklearis">Troklearis</a></td> <td>Motorik</td> <td>Menggerakkan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Otot" title="Otot">otot</a> mata </td></tr> <tr> <td>V</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trigeminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeminus">Trigeminus</a></td> <td>Gabungan</td> <td>Sensori: Menerima rangsangan dari wajah untuk diproses di otak sebagai sentuhan <br /> Motorik: Menggerakkan <a href="/wiki/Rahang" title="Rahang">rahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VI</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdusen">Abdusen</a></td> <td>Motorik</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Abduksi</a> mata </td></tr> <tr> <td>VII</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fasialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasialis">Fasialis</a></td> <td>Gabungan</td> <td>Sensorik: Menerima rangsang dari bagian anterior lidah untuk diproses di otak sebagai sensasi rasa<br />Motorik: Mengendalikan otot wajah untuk menciptakan ekspresi wajah<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIII</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestibulokoklearis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibulokoklearis">Vestibulokoklearis</a></td> <td>Sensori</td> <td>Sensori <a href="/wiki/Sistem_vestibular" title="Sistem vestibular">sistem vestibular</a>: Mengendalikan keseimbangan <br /> Sensori koklea: Menerima rangsang untuk diproses di otak sebagai suara </td></tr> <tr> <td>IX</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glosofaringeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glosofaringeal">Glosofaringeal</a></td> <td>Gabungan</td> <td>Sensori: Menerima rangsang dari bagian posterior lidah untuk diproses di otak sebagai sensasi rasa<br />Motorik: Mengendalikan organ-organ dalam </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">Vagus</a></td> <td>Gabungan</td> <td>Sensori: Menerima rangsang dari organ dalam <br /> Motorik: Mengendalikan organ-organ dalam </td></tr> <tr> <td>XI</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aksesorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksesorius">Aksesorius</a></td> <td>Motorik</td> <td>Mengendalikan pergerakan kepala </td></tr> <tr> <td>XII</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipoglossus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipoglossus">Hipoglossus</a></td> <td>Motorik</td> <td>Mengendalikan pergerakan lidah </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungsi_Motoris_Saraf_Kranial">Fungsi Motoris Saraf Kranial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi Motoris Saraf Kranial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi Motoris Saraf Kranial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>• Fungsi somatis motorik dari saraf kranial diperankan oleh saraf III, IV, VI, XII: – Otot ekstrinsik okular yang menggerakkan bola mata dan <a href="/wiki/Kelopak_mata" title="Kelopak mata">kelopak mata</a> bagian ataas disarafi oleh saraf oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI). – Otot lidah dipersarafi oleh saraf hipoglosus (XII). • Branchiomotor: V, VII, IX, X, XI. Lima lengkungan brakialis terdiri atas tonjolan meesoderm yang melewati bagian ventral–dorsal pada kedua sisi embrio. Perlu diperhatikan, penomeran saraf tersebut berasal dari urutan letak dilihat dari atas ke bawah. Masing-masing lekungan brakialis membentuk struktur tulang, otot, saraf, dan arteri. Sehingga otot pada setiap lengkungan brakialis disarafi oleh saraf yang berada pada lengkungan yang sama. Baik saraf somatis maupun branchiomotor, memilik akson dibagian sistem saraf tepi yang berjalan dari badan sel di nukleus motorik batang otak menunju otot yang dituju tanpa adanya gangguan yang berarti.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungsi_Otonom">Fungsi Otonom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi Otonom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi Otonom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serat parasimpatis yang berasal dari otak hanya melalui empat saraf kranial: III, VII, IX dan X, mereka menuju tempat persarafannya di percabang saraf V. Keempat saraf kranial tersebut mensarafi otot silier dan iris dari bola mata, serta <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_liur" title="Kelenjar liur">kelenjar ludah</a>, lakrimal/air mata, hidung dan kelenjar palatal. Pengaturan saraf-saraf parasimpatis ini melalui 2 sel saraf tepi yang terpisah ganglion yaitu sel saraf (neuron) pra-dan postganglionik. Badan sel neuron preganglionik berada di nuklus parasimpatis di batang otak, dan aksonnya bersinaps dengan neuron postganglionik di ganglia parasimpatis perifer.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungsi_Sensoris">Fungsi Sensoris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi Sensoris" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi Sensoris"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saraf kranialis yang mengirimkan serat sensorik (selain saraf I, II, VIII) adalah saraf trigeminus (V), fasialis (VII), glosofaringeal (IX) dan vagus (X). Serat sensoris saraf kranialis secara umum terbagi menjadi 2 jenis yakni somatis dan visceral. </p><p>1.Saraf sensoris somatik (somatosensori): </p><p>Saraf somatosensori di saraf kranial menyampaikan impuls rasa sakit, suhu, sentuhan dan sensasi proprioseptif dari kulit kulit kepala, wajah, pipi, rongga mulut, gigi dan gusi, rongga hidung dan sinus, serta sendi temporomandibular dan ototnya. Saraf kranialis trigeminus sejatinya merupakan saraf kranialis somatosensoris. Karena semua saraf kranialis lainnya yang bersifat somatosensori harus melalui inti sensorik dari saraf trigeminus, terlepas dari serat mana yang dilalui saraf tersebut untuk masuk ke batang otak.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2.Saraf sensoris viseral </p><p>Serabut saraf sensoris visceral terdiri atas saraf perasa, saraf dari saluran pencernaan kecuali gigi, rongga mulut, dan gusi, dan serat dari kemoreseptor dan thoracoabdominal viseral. Semua serabut saraf kranial sensoris viseral melewati inti dari saluran soliter, terlepas dari serat mana yang dilalui saraf tersebut untuk masuk ke batang otak.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21998-cranial-nerves">"Cranial Nerves: Function, Anatomy and Location"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Cranial+Nerves%3A+Function%2C+Anatomy+and+Location&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fbody%2F21998-cranial-nerves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASaraf+kranial" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation book">Ben Greenstein, Ph.D.,Adam Greenstein,BSc (Hons) Mb, ChB (2000). <i>Color Atlas of Neuroscience</i>. Thieme. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3131081716" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-13-108171-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+of+Neuroscience&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ben+Greenstein%2C+Ph.D.%2CAdam+Greenstein%2CBSc+%28Hons%29+Mb%2C+ChB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASaraf+kranial" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlas2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation book">Walter J. Hendelman, M.D., C.M.B (2006). <i>Atlas of Functional Neuroanatomy</i>. Taylor & Francis Group. 978-0-8493-3084-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Functional+Neuroanatomy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Walter+J.+Hendelman%2C+M.D.%2C+C.M.B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASaraf+kranial" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation book">STANLEY MONKHOUSE MA, MB, BChir, PhD (2006). <i>Cranial Nerve Functional Anatomy</i>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13 978-0-511-13272-8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cranial+Nerve+Functional+Anatomy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=STANLEY+MONKHOUSE+MA%2C+MB%2C+BChir%2C+PhD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASaraf+kranial" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_kranial&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf">Sistem saraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">Neuron</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sistem_saraf" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible collapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sistem_saraf" title="Templat:Sistem saraf"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Sistem_saraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Sistem saraf (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sistem_saraf&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sistem_saraf" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf">Sistem saraf</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center>Struktur</center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto; padding:0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">Neuron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sel_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel glia">Sel glia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sistem_indra" title="Sistem indra">sistem indra</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center>Susunan</center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto; padding:0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf_pusat" title="Sistem saraf pusat">Sistem saraf pusat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Otak" title="Otak">Otak</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medulla_spinalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Medulla spinalis">Medulla spinalis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla oblongata</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf_tepi" title="Sistem saraf tepi">Sistem saraf tepi</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_saraf_sadar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem saraf sadar (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem saraf sadar</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_spinal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf spinal (halaman belum tersedia)">Saraf spinal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_saraf_tak_sadar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem saraf tak sadar (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem saraf tak sadar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_simpatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf simpatik (halaman belum tersedia)">Saraf simpatik</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_parasimpatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf parasimpatik (halaman belum tersedia)">Saraf parasimpatik</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmiter" title="Neurotransmiter">Neurotransmiter</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto; padding:0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetilkolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetilkolin (halaman belum tersedia)">Asetilkolin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adrenalin" title="Adrenalin">Adrenalin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalin" title="Noradrenalin">Noradrenalin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">Dopamin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Asam_gamma-aminobutirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Asam gamma-aminobutirat">GABA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025025-8">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119780812">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119780812">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85090902">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000180228&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568706">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph217726&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basis data ilmiah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.2.01.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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