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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria | Biological Trace Element Research</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biological Trace Element Research - The present study assessed the human health risk of metals in selected drinks from Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Fifteen different brands of drinks (alcoholic,..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12011-020-02029-7/MediaObjects/12011_2020_2029_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12011"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Biological Trace Element Research 2020 197:2"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2020-01-17"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The present study assessed the human health risk of metals in selected drinks from Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Fifteen different brands of drinks (alcoholic, non-alcoholic, herbal and non-herbal) were purchased from notable markets in Abeokuta between June and August, 2018. A total of sixty drink samples were analysed for metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Human health risks were assessed for cancer risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic indices of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Results showed acidic medium for most of the samples ranging from 3.12 ± 0.29 to 6.14 ± 0.17. The highest concentrations of Fe (5.53 ± 2.81&nbsp;mg/L) and Mn (6.63 ± 8.33&nbsp;mg/L) were found in Kunnu and Zobo, respectively. The HQ and HI values of Cu in bottled water indicated non-carcinogenic adverse effects, while the CR of Co in bottled water and bitters demonstrated carcinogenic effects. Regular monitoring of metals in drinks from the study area is recommended."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1559-0720"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Biological Trace Element Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2020-01-17"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="197"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="2"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="694"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="707"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Biological Trace Element Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Biol Trace Elem Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer US"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1559-0720"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="197"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/10"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2020/01/17"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="694"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="707"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta name="size" content="338044"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The present study assessed the human health risk of metals in selected drinks from Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Fifteen different brands of drinks (alco"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Taiwo, Adewale Matthew"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Aigbodion, Cynthia Odion"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ojekunle, Oluwaseyi Zacchaeus"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Akinhanmi, Temilade Fola"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biochemistry, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biotechnology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nutrition"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Oncology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Zhejiang Univ Sci; citation_title=Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops; citation_author=E-U Islam, X-E Yang, Z-L He, Q Mahmood; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1-13; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Izah SC, Aseiba ER, Orutugu LA (2015) Microbial quality of polythene packaged sliced fruits sold in major markets of Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria. 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Accessed: 09/05/2019"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cancer Epidemiol; citation_title=Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries; citation_author=E Jedy-Agba, MP Curado, O Ogunbiyi, E Oga, T Fabowale, F Igbinoba, CA Adebamowo; citation_volume=36; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=271-278; citation_id=CR83"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Taiwo, Adewale Matthew"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="taiwoam@funaab.edu.ng"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aigbodion, Cynthia Odion"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ojekunle, Oluwaseyi Zacchaeus"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Akinhanmi, Temilade Fola"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2020/10/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria - Biological Trace Element Research"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The present study assessed the human health risk of metals in selected drinks from Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Fifteen different brands of drinks (alcoholic, non-alcoholic, herbal and non-herbal) were purchased from notable markets in Abeokuta between June and August, 2018. A total of sixty drink samples were analysed for metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Human health risks were assessed for cancer risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic indices of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Results showed acidic medium for most of the samples ranging from 3.12 ± 0.29 to 6.14 ± 0.17. The highest concentrations of Fe (5.53 ± 2.81 mg/L) and Mn (6.63 ± 8.33 mg/L) were found in Kunnu and Zobo, respectively. The HQ and HI values of Cu in bottled water indicated non-carcinogenic adverse effects, while the CR of Co in bottled water and bitters demonstrated carcinogenic effects. 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Fifteen different brands of drinks (alcoholic, non-alcoholic, herbal and non-herbal) were purchased from notable markets in Abeokuta between June and August, 2018. A total of sixty drink samples were analysed for metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Human health risks were assessed for cancer risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic indices of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Results showed acidic medium for most of the samples ranging from 3.12 ± 0.29 to 6.14 ± 0.17. The highest concentrations of Fe (5.53 ± 2.81 mg/L) and Mn (6.63 ± 8.33 mg/L) were found in Kunnu and Zobo, respectively. The HQ and HI values of Cu in bottled water indicated non-carcinogenic adverse effects, while the CR of Co in bottled water and bitters demonstrated carcinogenic effects. 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</li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2020-01-17">17 January 2020</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 197</span>, pages 694–707, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2020</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite 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</section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Adewale_Matthew-Taiwo-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Adewale_Matthew-Taiwo-Aff1" data-author-search="Taiwo, Adewale Matthew" data-corresp-id="c1">Adewale Matthew Taiwo<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-9488"><span 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</ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The present study assessed the human health risk of metals in selected drinks from Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Fifteen different brands of drinks (alcoholic, non-alcoholic, herbal and non-herbal) were purchased from notable markets in Abeokuta between June and August, 2018. A total of sixty drink samples were analysed for metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Human health risks were assessed for cancer risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic indices of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Results showed acidic medium for most of the samples ranging from 3.12 ± 0.29 to 6.14 ± 0.17. The highest concentrations of Fe (5.53 ± 2.81 mg/L) and Mn (6.63 ± 8.33 mg/L) were found in Kunnu and Zobo, respectively. The HQ and HI values of Cu in bottled water indicated non-carcinogenic adverse effects, while the CR of Co in bottled water and bitters demonstrated carcinogenic effects. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Taiwo, A.M., Aigbodion, C.O., Ojekunle, O.Z. <i>et al.</i> Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Selected Drinks from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. <i>Biol Trace Elem Res</i> <b>197</b>, 694–707 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12011-020-02029-7?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li 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