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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species | Parasitology Research </title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Parasitology Research - Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and filariasis. The..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7/MediaObjects/436_2011_2731_Fig1_HTML.jpg"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="436"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Parasitology Research 2011 110:5"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2011-12-06"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2011 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2011 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and filariasis. The continued use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in resistance in mosquitoes. Synthetic insecticides are toxic and affect the environment by contaminating soil, water, and air, and then natural products may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides because they are effective, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and safe to environment. Botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. Mentha spicata, an edible and medicinal plant, is chiefly distributed in Southeast Asia and South Asia. In the present study, the toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil (EO) and their major chemical constituents from Mentha spicata against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. The chemical composition of the leaf EO was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the EO of M. spicata contained 18 compounds. The major chemical components identified were carvone (48.60%), cis-carveol (21.30%), and limonene (11.30%). The EO had a significant toxic effect against early third-stage larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi with LC50 values of 62.62, 56.08, and 49.71&nbsp;ppm and LC90 values of 118.70, 110.28, and 100.99&nbsp;ppm, respectively. The three major pure constituents extracted from the M. spicata leaf EO were also tested individually against three mosquito larvae. The LC50 values of carvone, cis-carveol, and limonene appeared to be most effective against A. stephensi (LC50 19.33, 28.50, and 8.83&nbsp;ppm) followed by A. aegypti (LC50 23.69, 32.88, and 12.01&nbsp;ppm), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 25.47, 35.20, and 14.07&nbsp;ppm). The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents against C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-1955"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Parasitology Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2011-12-06"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="110"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="5"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="2023"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="2032"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2011 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Parasitology Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Parasitol Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-1955"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="110"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2012/05"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2011/12/06"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2023"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2032"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Paper"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta name="size" content="204923"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and "/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Govindarajan, M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sivakumar, R."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Rajeswari, M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yogalakshmi, K."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Medical Microbiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Microbiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Immunology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Parasitol Res; citation_title=Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera: Culicidae); citation_author=A Amer, H Mehlhorn; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=466-472; citation_doi=10.1007/s00436-006-0182-3; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Parasitol Res; citation_title=Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes; citation_author=A Amer, H Mehlhorn; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=478-490; citation_doi=10.1007/s00436-006-0184-1; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Indian J Malariol; citation_title=Repellent action of Cymbopogon martini martini Stapf var. 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Schimperi Briq. and Mentha spicata L. grown in Sudan; citation_author=YM Yonis, SM Beshir; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=539-541; citation_id=CR72"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhu L, Tian Y (2011) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Blumea densiflora essential oils against Anopheles anthropophagus: a malarial vector mosquito. Parasitol Res. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2388-2 "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Govindarajan, M."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="drgovind1979@gmail.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sivakumar, R."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rajeswari, M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yogalakshmi, K."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2012/05/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species - Parasitology Research"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and filariasis. The continued use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in resistance in mosquitoes. Synthetic insecticides are toxic and affect the environment by contaminating soil, water, and air, and then natural products may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides because they are effective, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and safe to environment. Botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. Mentha spicata, an edible and medicinal plant, is chiefly distributed in Southeast Asia and South Asia. In the present study, the toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil (EO) and their major chemical constituents from Mentha spicata against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. The chemical composition of the leaf EO was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the EO of M. spicata contained 18 compounds. The major chemical components identified were carvone (48.60%), cis-carveol (21.30%), and limonene (11.30%). The EO had a significant toxic effect against early third-stage larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi with LC50 values of 62.62, 56.08, and 49.71 ppm and LC90 values of 118.70, 110.28, and 100.99 ppm, respectively. The three major pure constituents extracted from the M. spicata leaf EO were also tested individually against three mosquito larvae. The LC50 values of carvone, cis-carveol, and limonene appeared to be most effective against A. stephensi (LC50 19.33, 28.50, and 8.83 ppm) followed by A. aegypti (LC50 23.69, 32.88, and 12.01 ppm), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 25.47, 35.20, and 14.07 ppm). The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents against C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7/MediaObjects/436_2011_2731_Fig1_HTML.jpg"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" 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The continued use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in resistance in mosquitoes. Synthetic insecticides are toxic and affect the environment by contaminating soil, water, and air, and then natural products may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides because they are effective, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and safe to environment. Botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. Mentha spicata, an edible and medicinal plant, is chiefly distributed in Southeast Asia and South Asia. In the present study, the toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil (EO) and their major chemical constituents from Mentha spicata against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. The chemical composition of the leaf EO was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the EO of M. spicata contained 18 compounds. The major chemical components identified were carvone (48.60%), cis-carveol (21.30%), and limonene (11.30%). The EO had a significant toxic effect against early third-stage larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi with LC50 values of 62.62, 56.08, and 49.71 ppm and LC90 values of 118.70, 110.28, and 100.99 ppm, respectively. The three major pure constituents extracted from the M. spicata leaf EO were also tested individually against three mosquito larvae. The LC50 values of carvone, cis-carveol, and limonene appeared to be most effective against A. stephensi (LC50 19.33, 28.50, and 8.83 ppm) followed by A. aegypti (LC50 23.69, 32.88, and 12.01 ppm), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 25.47, 35.20, and 14.07 ppm). The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents against C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi.","datePublished":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"2023","pageEnd":"2032","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7","keywords":["Limonene","Larvicidal Activity","Carvone","Repellent Activity","Synthetic Insecticide","Medical Microbiology","Microbiology","Immunology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7/MediaObjects/436_2011_2731_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7/MediaObjects/436_2011_2731_Fig2_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7/MediaObjects/436_2011_2731_Fig3_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7/MediaObjects/436_2011_2731_Fig4_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Parasitology Research","issn":["1432-1955","0932-0113"],"volumeNumber":"110","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer-Verlag","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"M. 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srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/436?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Parasitology Research</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/436/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/436/3" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Govindarajan-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Govindarajan-Aff1" data-author-search="Govindarajan, M." data-corresp-id="c1">M. Govindarajan<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-R_-Sivakumar-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-R_-Sivakumar-Aff1" data-author-search="Sivakumar, R.">R. Sivakumar</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Rajeswari-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Rajeswari-Aff1" data-author-search="Rajeswari, M.">M. Rajeswari</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-K_-Yogalakshmi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-K_-Yogalakshmi-Aff1" data-author-search="Yogalakshmi, K.">K. Yogalakshmi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>2451 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>6 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and filariasis. The continued use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in resistance in mosquitoes. Synthetic insecticides are toxic and affect the environment by contaminating soil, water, and air, and then natural products may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides because they are effective, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and safe to environment. Botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. <i>Mentha spicata</i>, an edible and medicinal plant, is chiefly distributed in Southeast Asia and South Asia. In the present study, the toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil (EO) and their major chemical constituents from <i>Mentha spicata</i> against <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, and <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>. The chemical composition of the leaf EO was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the EO of <i>M. spicata</i> contained 18 compounds. The major chemical components identified were carvone (48.60%), <i>cis</i>-carveol (21.30%), and limonene (11.30%). The EO had a significant toxic effect against early third-stage larvae of <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>A. aegypti</i>, and <i>A. stephensi</i> with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 62.62, 56.08, and 49.71 ppm and LC<sub>90</sub> values of 118.70, 110.28, and 100.99 ppm, respectively. The three major pure constituents extracted from the <i>M. spicata</i> leaf EO were also tested individually against three mosquito larvae. The LC<sub>50</sub> values of carvone, <i>cis</i>-carveol, and limonene appeared to be most effective against <i>A. stephensi</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> 19.33, 28.50, and 8.83 ppm) followed by <i>A. aegypti</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> 23.69, 32.88, and 12.01 ppm), and <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> 25.47, 35.20, and 14.07 ppm). The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents against <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>A. aegypti</i>, and <i>A. stephensi</i>.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D78d65529-2bbe-48f2-8d19-a4c23eb77726" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00436-011-2731-7%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D78d65529-2bbe-48f2-8d19-a4c23eb77726" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1432-1955"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2011"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2011"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="M. 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Parasitol Res. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2388-2" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00436-011-2388-2">10.1007/s00436-011-2388-2</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgments"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgments</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>The authors would like to thank Dr. (Mrs.) Selvi Sabhanayakam, Professor and Head of the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University for the laboratory facilities provided. We also acknowledge the cooperation of staff members of the VCRC (ICMR), Pondicherry.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamilnadu, India</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. Govindarajan, R. Sivakumar, M. Rajeswari & K. 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