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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Body art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethiopian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Language</span> 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id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gender roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Cultura de Etiopía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_l%27%C3%89thiopie" title="Culture de l'Éthiopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de l'Éthiopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopijos_kult%C5%ABra" title="Etiopijos kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etiopijos kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medhane_Alem_Cathedral,_Addis_Ababa" title="Medhane Alem Cathedral, Addis Ababa">Medhane Alem Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_coffee_ceremony_-_Addis_Ababa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian woman wearing a traditional <a href="/wiki/Habesha_kemis" title="Habesha kemis">Habesha kemis</a> dress, preparing coffee using a <a href="/wiki/Jebena" title="Jebena">Jebena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HagerFikirTheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/HagerFikirTheatre.jpg/220px-HagerFikirTheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/HagerFikirTheatre.jpg/330px-HagerFikirTheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/HagerFikirTheatre.jpg/440px-HagerFikirTheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hager_Fikir_Theatre" title="Hager Fikir Theatre">Hager Fikir Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Ethiopia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/225px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_lists_of_Ethiopia" title="Regnal lists of Ethiopia">regnal lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kingdom of Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a></li> <li>Italo-Ethiopian wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">1887–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ethiopia">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ethiopia">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Ethiopia">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Ethiopia" title="Radio in Ethiopia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ethiopia" title="Television in Ethiopia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Ethiopia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Ethiopia">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia" title="Portal:Ethiopia">Ethiopia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:Culture of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Culture of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Ethiopia</b> is diverse and generally structured along ethnolinguistic lines. The country's <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a>-speaking majority adhere to an amalgamation of traditions that were developed independently and through interaction with neighboring and far away civilizations, including other parts of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. By contrast, the nation's <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic communities</a> and other ethnolinguistic minorities tend to practice customs more closely linked with South Sudan or the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music of Ethiopia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Ethiopia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of the country's ethnic groups being associated with their own sounds. Some forms of traditional music are strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> from elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. In southeastern Ethiopia, in <a href="/wiki/Wollo_Oromo_people" title="Wollo Oromo people">Wollo</a>, a Muslim musical form called <i>manzuma</i> developed in 1907. Sung in <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> most notably in <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a> where Ethiopian Muslims reside.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ethiopian Highlands, traditional secular music is played by itinerant musicians called <i><a href="/wiki/Azmari" title="Azmari">azmari</a></i> (Zageth), who are regarded with both suspicion and respect in Ethiopian society.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chordophones">Chordophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chordophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_man_playing_krar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Seated_man_playing_krar.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="306" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Krar" title="Krar">krar</a></i> player.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the North, traditional string instruments include the <i><a href="/wiki/Masenqo" title="Masenqo">masenqo</a></i>, a one-string bowed <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Krar" title="Krar">krar</a></i> (also known as kirar), and a large ten-string lyre. The <i>dita</i> (a five-string lyre) and musical bows (including an unusual three-string variant) are among the <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophones</a> found in the south. Also "kebero" ( a drum) used by the religious group like the Orthodox's or other Christian religious group to praise what they believe in.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerophones">Aerophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aerophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Washint" title="Washint">washint</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> that is common throughout or in the highlands (Central and North). <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a>-like instruments include the ceremonial <i><a href="/wiki/Kakaki" title="Kakaki">malakat</a></i> used in some regions, and the <i>holdudwa</i> (animal horn; compare shofar) found mainly in the south. Embilta flutes have no finger holes, and produce only two tones, the fundamental and a fourth or fifth interval. These may be metal (generally found in the north) or bamboo (in the south). The Konso and other people in the south play fanta, or <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">pan flutes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idiophones">Idiophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Idiophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, liturgical music employs the senasel, a <a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">sistrum</a>. Additionally, the clergy will use prayer staffs, or <i>maqwamiya</i>, to maintain rhythm. Rural churches historically used a <i>dawal</i>, made from stone slabs or pieces of wood, in order to call the faithful to prayer. The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> use a small <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a> called a <i>qachel</i> as liturgical accompaniment, though qachel may also refer to a small bell. The toom, a <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophone</a>, is used among the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Majangir">Majangir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surma_people" title="Surma people">Surma</a>, and other Nilo-Saharan groups. Metal leg rattles are common throughout the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membranophones">Membranophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membranophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kebero (ከበሮ) is a large hand <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a> used in the Orthodox Christian liturgy. Smaller kebero drums may be used in secular celebrations. The <i>nagarit</i> (ነጋሪት), played with a curved stick, is usually found in a secular context such as royal functions or the announcement of proclamations, though it has a liturgical function among the Beta Israel. The Gurage and other southern peoples commonly play the <i>atamo</i>, a small hand drum sometimes made of clay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethiopia is a musically traditional country. Popular music is played, recorded and listened to, but most musicians also sing traditional songs, and most audiences choose to listen to both popular and traditional styles. A long-standing popular musical tradition in Ethiopia was that of brass bands, imported from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the form of forty Armenian orphans (Arba Lijoch)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>. This band, which arrived in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> on 6 September 1924, became the first official orchestra of Ethiopia. By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, large orchestras accompanied singers; the most prominent orchestras were the Army Band, Police Band, and Imperial Bodyguard Band. Most of these bands were trained by Europeans or Armenians. </p><p>From the 1950s to the 1970s, Ethiopian popular musicians included <a href="/wiki/Bizunesh_Bekele" title="Bizunesh Bekele">Bizunesh Bekele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmed" title="Mahmoud Ahmed">Mahmoud Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemayehu_Eshete" title="Alemayehu Eshete">Alemayehu Eshete</a>, Hirut Bekele, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Birra" title="Ali Birra">Ali Birra</a>, Ayalew Mesfin, <a href="/wiki/Kiros_Alemayehu" title="Kiros Alemayehu">Kiros Alemayehu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muluken_Melesse" title="Muluken Melesse">Muluken Melesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilahun_Gessesse" title="Tilahun Gessesse">Tilahun Gessesse</a>, while popular folk musicians included <a href="/wiki/Alemu_Aga" title="Alemu Aga">Alemu Aga</a>, Kassa Tessema, Ketema Makonnen, <a href="/wiki/Asnaketch_Worku" title="Asnaketch Worku">Asnaketch Worku</a>, and Mary Armede. Perhaps the most influential musician of the period, however, was Ethio-jazz innovator <a href="/wiki/Mulatu_Astatke" title="Mulatu Astatke">Mulatu Astatke</a>. Amha Records, Kaifa Records, and Philips-Ethiopia were prominent Ethiopian record labels during this era. Since 1997, <a href="/wiki/Buda_Musique" title="Buda Musique">Buda Musique</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89thiopiques" title="Éthiopiques">Éthiopiques</a></i> series has compiled many of these singles and albums on compact disc. </p><p>During the 1980s, the Derg controlled Ethiopia, and emigration became almost impossible. Musicians during this period included Ethio Stars, Wallias Band and Roha Band, though the singer <a href="/wiki/Neway_Debebe" title="Neway Debebe">Neway Debebe</a> was most popular. He helped to popularize the use of <a href="/wiki/Qene" title="Qene">Sem ena Worq</a> (wax and gold, a poetic form of double entendre) in music (previously only used in qiné, or poetry) that often enabled singers to criticize the government without upsetting the censors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krar,_Addis,_Ethiopia_(22696294168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Krar%2C_Addis%2C_Ethiopia_%2822696294168%29.jpg/220px-Krar%2C_Addis%2C_Ethiopia_%2822696294168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Krar%2C_Addis%2C_Ethiopia_%2822696294168%29.jpg/330px-Krar%2C_Addis%2C_Ethiopia_%2822696294168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Krar%2C_Addis%2C_Ethiopia_%2822696294168%29.jpg/440px-Krar%2C_Addis%2C_Ethiopia_%2822696294168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2174" data-file-height="3270" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian traditional musical instrument called kirar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_scene">Contemporary scene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary scene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aster_Aweke.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aster_Aweke.jpeg/220px-Aster_Aweke.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aster_Aweke.jpeg/330px-Aster_Aweke.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Aster_Aweke.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Popular Ethiopian singer <a href="/wiki/Aster_Aweke" title="Aster Aweke">Aster Aweke</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Popular musicians from Ethiopia include internationally renowned and recognized artists such as the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>–area expatriate <a href="/wiki/Aster_Aweke" title="Aster Aweke">Aster Aweke</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Weeknd" title="The Weeknd">The Weeknd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Afro" title="Teddy Afro">Teddy Afro</a>, who is often accredited with the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Rastafarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian">Rastafarian</a> styles into mainstream Ethiopian music.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, music from <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> has become popular in Ethiopia and among exiles, especially in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. One of the biggest new trends, however, has been the rise of <a href="/wiki/Bolel" title="Bolel">bolel</a>, a sort of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>-like music, played by sarcastic azmari playing in parts of Addis Ababa, especially Yohannès Sefer and Kazentchis. Bolel musicians include Tigist Assefa, Tedje and Admassou Abate. </p><p>Other popular performers include Tewodros Tadesse, Neway Debebe, Ephrem Tamiru, Tadesse Alemu, Hamelmal Abate, Martha Ashagari, Yohannes Berhanu, <a href="/wiki/Kuku_Sebsebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuku Sebsebe">Kuku Sebsebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aster_Aweke" title="Aster Aweke">Aster Aweke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manalemosh_Dibo" title="Manalemosh Dibo">Manalemosh Dibo</a>. Neway was very popular among the youth of the 1980s and early 1990s with such songs as "Yetekemt Abeba," "Metekatun Ateye," "Safsaf," and "Gedam," among others. Abatte Barihun has exemplified all four main <a href="/wiki/Qenet" title="Qenet">qenets</a> on his 2005 album Ras Deshen. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89thiopiques" title="Éthiopiques">Éthiopiques</a></i> producer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Falceto" title="Francis Falceto">Francis Falceto</a> criticizes contemporary Ethiopian music for eschewing traditional instruments and ensemble playing in favor of one-man bands using <a href="/wiki/Synthesizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesizers">synthesizers</a>. Harvard University professor Kay Kaufman Shelemay, on the other hand, maintains that there is genuine creativity in the contemporary music scene. She further points out that Ethiopian music is not alone in shifting to electronically produced music, a point that Falceto acknowledges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different types of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> dances, each unique to the diverse regions of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1964 ethnographic study, a Hungarian sociologist visiting Ethiopia recorded one hundred and fifty variations of Ethiopian dance using videos and photos.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study postulates that <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> dances can be divided into three forms: group dances, dances divided by gender, and coupled dances.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In group dances, men and women gather and dance in ways that are not partnered or gender-specific. One such example is the traditional Amhara dance, eskista.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dances that have gender-specific movements include certain Oromo dances like the dances of Shewa/Tulama region in which men tend to have more stiff, jilted moves that mimic riding into war and emphasize physical power whereas women step to the same beat, but with an emphasis on technical and delicate neck movements. In most traditional Ethiopian dances, women tend to dance in ways that emphasize the movement of their neck and hair through the momentum of the bounce of their steps. Ethiopian dances usually involve short, repetitive movements of the legs, neck and shoulders. The speed and intensity of these movements varies depending on the rhythms being played.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third category of dance is the coupled dances. These dances involve partnership between a man and a woman, and often involve direct physical contact or a physical closeness that is coupled with complementary dance moves that create a sort of back and forth between the partners. One of the most popular coupled dances in Ethiopian traditional dance is the 'shagoyee' dance which originates from the Harerghe region of the Oromo ethnic group. In this dance, the male partner stands close and places his hands on the woman's shoulders and guides her from side to side, while the woman bends at the waist, twists, and fluidly swings her hair in the direction that her partner pushes her. Another popular coupled dance is called Awris, a playful traditional dance of the Tigre ethnic group. In this dance, the woman holds her arms near her chest, as if she is cradling a child, and glides around her partner while ducking and acting coy, while the partner gracefully leaps from one leg to the other and makes a motion of catching her. </p><p>As mentioned above, one of the most well-known traditional dances of Ethiopia is the <a href="/wiki/Eskista" title="Eskista">eskista</a>, a dance that originates from the Amhara ethnic group. It is a shoulder-focused dance that involves the movement of the head, chest and neck as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eskista" title="Eskista">eskista</a> is known for its distinct use of vertical, sagittal, and diagonal shoulder movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men and women use similar movements in this dance, and instead of partnership often has a competitive nature in how dancers mirror each other. Traditionally, the dance has been said to mimic rattlesnake shedding its skin due to the rapid and intensely controlled shaking of the upper body. Some forms of eskista also mimic a bird-like style that emphasizes both stiff and fluid neck movements which is characteristic of the Ethiopian dances in most parts of the country. On the contrary, the southern parts of Ethiopia tend to have dances that are more focused on foot and hip movements. For example, the Gurage region is known for its dances that incorporate a running-like motion in which the feet rapidly step in front of the other while staying in place. The Wolayta people are also known for their uniquely southern dance that focuses on the controlled toss of the waist and hips as the feet are held widely apart for a strong base. These different dances are an important part of the cultural expression of the Ethiopian people and their histories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg/220px-Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg/330px-Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg/440px-Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Habesha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha people">Habesha</a> women in urban wear</figcaption></figure> <p>In some central and northern areas, women's traditional clothes are often made from cloth called <i>shemma</i>. It is basically cotton cloth about 90 cm wide, woven in long strips which are then sewn together. Sometimes shiny threads are woven into the fabric for an elegant effect. It takes about two to three weeks to make enough cloth for one dress. The bottom of the garment or shirt may be ornamented with patterns. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg/220px-Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg/330px-Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg/440px-Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamar_people" title="Hamar people">Hamar</a> women wearing their traditional attire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habesha_Dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Habesha_Dress.jpg/220px-Habesha_Dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Habesha_Dress.jpg/330px-Habesha_Dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Habesha_Dress.jpg/440px-Habesha_Dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Men wear pants and a knee-length shirt with a white collar, and perhaps a sweater. They also frequently wear knee-high socks, while women might not wear socks at all. Men as well as women wear shawls, the <i><a href="/wiki/Netela" title="Netela">netela</a></i>. The shawls are worn in a different style for different occasions. When going to church, women cover their hair with them and pull the upper ends of the shawl about their shoulders reproducing a cross (<i>meskelya</i>), with the shiny threads appearing at the edge. During funerals, the shawl is worn so the shiny threads appear at the bottom (<i>madegdeg</i>). Women's dresses are called <i><a href="/wiki/Habesha_kemis" title="Habesha kemis">habesha kemis</a></i>, and are often made from the shemma cloth. The dresses are usually white with some color above the lower hem. <a href="/wiki/Bracelets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracelets">Bracelets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necklaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Necklaces">necklaces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> are worn on arms and feet to complete the look. A variety of designer dinner dresses combining traditional fabric with modern style are now worn by some ladies in the cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_art">Body art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Body art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2021, a public exhibition titled <i>The Wax and Gold of Hairstyles in Ethiopia</i>, presenting historical photographs and modern drawings of traditional hairstyles was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Addis Ababa Museum">Addis Ababa Museum</a>. This exhibition aims to invite the interested public to discover documentary photographs of people and their hairstyles taken by German <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> during their field trips to southern Ethiopia between 1934 and 1971. These photographs and their original captions had been made available by the <a href="/wiki/Frobenius_Institute" title="Frobenius Institute">Frobenius Institute</a> for anthropological research of the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">University of Frankfurt</a> in Germany, as well as other institutions and scholars from Ethiopia and Germany. In June 2022, the exhibition was transferred to the city of <a href="/wiki/Jinka" title="Jinka">Jinka</a> for permanent display.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photographs and accompanying information of these forms of <a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">body art</a> in Ethiopia was also published online, with an exhibition catalog for free download.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethiopian_cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethiopian cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethcofcerm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethcofcerm.jpg/200px-Ethcofcerm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethcofcerm.jpg/300px-Ethcofcerm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethcofcerm.jpg/400px-Ethcofcerm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>An Ethiopian woman preparing Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee ceremony">traditional ceremony</a>. She roasts, crushes and brews the coffee on the spot.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a> consists of various <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> side dishes and entrees, often prepared as a <i><a href="/wiki/Wat_(food)" title="Wat (food)">wat</a></i> or thick stew like <a href="/wiki/Wat_(food)" title="Wat (food)">doro wot</a>; a very popular traditional stew made out of chicken and egg. One or more servings of wat are placed upon a piece of <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a>, a large sourdough flatbread, which is 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter and made out of fermented <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a> flour. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera (always with the right hand) to scoop up the entrees and side dishes. Traditional Ethiopian food does not use any <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> (aside from fish), as most Ethiopians have historically adhered to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, all of which prohibit eating pork and shellfish. Additionally, throughout a given year, Orthodox Christians observe numerous <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasts</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>), during which food is prepared without any meat or <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>. Another dish served in Ethiopia is <a href="/wiki/Doro_wat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doro wat">Doro wat</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a> stew with <a href="/wiki/Hard_boiled_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard boiled eggs">hard boiled eggs</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_cuisine_fusion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian food prepared all in one</figcaption></figure> <p>A common ceremony of the culture is <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">coffee ceremony</a>. Unlike most countries, coffee is served in presence of social gathering, in family, friend or neighborhood level. There are three rounds of coffee drinking: the first one called "awol" (<a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: <span lang="ti">ኣዎል</span>), the second "tona" (ቶና) and the third "baraka" (ባርካ). The tradition of coffee legend goes back to Kaldi, a <a href="/wiki/Goatherd" title="Goatherd">goat herder</a> from <a href="/wiki/Keffa_Zone" title="Keffa Zone">Keffa Zone</a> who noticed his goat was caught up with <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a> after they eat shrub that stimulate them to dance uncontrollably with rampant. After holding berries, he was advised exhibit to priests in nearby monastery. One monk called the generosity of Kaldi "the Devil work" and tossed to the fire, generating aromatic odor. The legend told that Kaldi lived in 850 CE, commonly associated with belief of starting coffee cultivation in Ethiopia in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Ethiopia">Sports in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg/220px-Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg/330px-Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg/440px-Kenenisa_Bekele_Berlin_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Famous Ethiopian athlete <a href="/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele" title="Kenenisa Bekele">Kenenisa Bekele</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a> is Ethiopia's most successful sport, in which they have won many medals in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Ethiopia. Despite lack of success by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team" title="Ethiopia national football team">national team</a>, it is supported by a significant part of the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ethiopia">Media of Ethiopia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> are under the control of the Ethiopian government. There are nine radio broadcast stations, eight AM and one shortwave, licensed to operate. The major radio broadcasting stations (all AM) are <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ethiopia" title="Radio Ethiopia">Radio Ethiopia</a>, Radio Torch (pirate), Radio Voice of One Free Ethiopia, and the Voice of the Revolution of Tigray. Television viewing has increased over the years and today there are a number of channels streamed via satellite television, such as Fana TV, EBS, Gospel TV, ETV 57 (government-owned), Kana TV, OMN, DM TV, and many more. In keeping with government policy, radio broadcasts occur in a variety of languages. Print media, because of high poverty levels, low literacy rates, and poor distribution outside of the capital, serve only a small portion of the population. Major daily newspapers include <i><a href="/wiki/Addis_Zemen_(newspaper)" title="Addis Zemen (newspaper)">Addis Zemen</a></i>, the <i>Daily Monitor</i>, and the <i>Ethiopian Herald</i>. There is also a small but lively film industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 111.43616934065px; border-left-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 92.847705921099px; border-left-color:Teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Teal"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 74.689854347446px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 58.885695883206px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 42.975796103049px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 27.356904308224px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1.3195454929415px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:93.764649929724px 34.759033697104px 0 0; border-top-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:73.325534622256px 67.995337872242px 0 0; border-top-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 61.713047639714px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a> as of 2007 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Census_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Census-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> (33.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> (29.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (6.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> (5.86%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidamo</a> (4.04%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Welaytta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Welaytta language">Welaytta</a> (2.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage</a> (2.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> (1.74%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Teal; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a> (1.70%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gray; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamo language">Gamo</a> (1.45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (11.64%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, there are ninety individual languages spoken in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the population in the country speaks <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara people</a>. Other regional languages, spoken by their respective ethnic include <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray language">Tigrinya</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray people">Tigray people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromiffa</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo people</a>, Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's population. Other Afro-Asiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw languages</a>, as well as the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Gurage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage language">Gurage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e language">Silt'e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a> tongues.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Census_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Census-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic languages</a> are spoken by Omotic ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions. Among these idioms are <a href="/wiki/Aari_language" title="Aari language">Aari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bench_language" title="Bench language">Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawro language">Dawro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dime_language" title="Dime language">Dime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizi language">Dizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamo language">Gamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gofa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gofa language">Gofa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maale_language" title="Maale language">Maale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamer_language" title="Hamer language">Hamer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolaytta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolaytta language">Wolaytta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Census_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Census-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Languages from the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> phylum are also spoken by the nation's <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> ethnic minorities, who are concentrated in the southwestern parts of the country. These tongues include <a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_language" title="Nyangatom language">Nyangatom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Surma language">Surma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Me%27en_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Me'en language">Me'en</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mursi_language" title="Mursi language">Mursi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2007Census_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007Census-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction in secondary schools. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromiffa, Somali or Tigrinya.<sup id="cite_ref-Llicuv_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Llicuv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all languages enjoy equal state recognition in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">1995 Constitution of Ethiopia</a>, Amharic is recognized as the official <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Federal Government</a>. The various <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">regions of Ethiopia</a> are free to determine their own working languages,<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Oromiffa, Somali and Tigrinya recognized as official working languages in their respective regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Llicuv_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Llicuv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>, Ethiopia's principal orthography is <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Ge'ez</a> or Ethiopic. Employed as an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> to transcribe the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox Church">Eritrean Orthodox Churches</a>. Unlike other regional languages, Amharic stands out as the sole language in the country with its own distinct alphabet and writing system, rooted in the ancient Ge'ez script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian philosophy</a> has been prolific since ancient times, though offset by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">Patristic</a> philosophy. The best known philosophical revival was in the early modern period figures such as <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zera Yacob</a> (1599–1692) and his student <a href="/wiki/Walda_Heywat" title="Walda Heywat">Walda Heywat</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Hatata" title="Hatata">Hatata</a></i> (<i>Inquiry</i>) in 1667 as an argument of <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/220px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/330px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/440px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a>, prolific religious author in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Ethiopian literature</a> traces back to the Aksumite period in the 4th century, most of which are religious motifs. In royal inscription, they employed both <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ge'ez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> language, but the latter was dismissed in 350 and the Amharic language rose up. Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia has ancient distinct languages, Ge'ez and Amharic which dominated political and educational aspects. In spite of the current political instability in the country instigates endangering cultural heritage of these works, some improvements are made for preservation in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ethiopian literary works mostly consisted of handwritten <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> (branna, or ብራና in Amharic). It is prepared by gathering parchment leaves and sewing to stick together. The codex size varies depending on volumes and preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable writing book is a protective <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a>, serving as written <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a>. Some of these were intended for magical purposes, for example <i>ketab</i> is used for magical defence. Scrolls typically produced by <i><a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">debtera</a></i>, non-ordained clergy experts on <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> and healings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg/150px-Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg/225px-Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg/300px-Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin in 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>In Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, most poets recount past events, social unrests, poverty and famine. <i><a href="/wiki/Qene" title="Qene">Qene</a></i> is the most used element of Ethiopian poetry – regarded as a form of Amharic poetry, though the term generally refers to any poems.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable poets are <a href="/wiki/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin" title="Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin">Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebede_Michael" title="Kebede Michael">Kebede Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Lemma" title="Mengistu Lemma">Mengistu Lemma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion in Ethiopia</a></div> <p>About 63% of the population adhere to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. About 34% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, with other religions covering another 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion-2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of faiths, Christianity (63%) and Islam (30%) are the two dominant religious affiliations in SSA.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In rural and urban Ethiopia, the senior male of the household has the majority of authority. Men in the country side are in charge of tasks such as plowing, trading, building, and harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are more responsible for the domestic labor of the household such as cooking, collecting goods, and caring for the household. It is also not unusual to see women helping men with some tasks in the countryside. In the urban areas, traditional gender roles are less common, but the women are, more often than not, still in charge of domestic labor. In Ethiopia education is still stressed more for boys compared to girls and also given more leeway to social activities over girls, though enrollment rate for girls in education is on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays in Ethiopia</a></div> <p>There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">public holidays in Ethiopia</a>. Among these holidays are <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Studies">Ethiopian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_in_Ethiopia" title="Wedding customs in Ethiopia">Wedding customs in Ethiopia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imaginative-traveller.com/index.php?app=content&controller=article&id=54"><i>WORLD MUSIC IN FOCUS - 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festivals+%26+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioembassy.org.uk%2Ffact%2520file%2Fa-z%2Ffestivals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template talk:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_lists_of_Ethiopia" title="Regnal lists of Ethiopia">regnal lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kingdom of Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a></li> <li>Italo-Ethiopian wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">1887–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ethiopia" title="Geology of Ethiopia">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ethiopia" title="List of mountains in Ethiopia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia" title="List of rivers of Ethiopia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Ethiopia" title="List of lakes of Ethiopia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of volcanoes in Ethiopia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of earthquakes in Ethiopia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Flora of Ethiopia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia" title="Wildlife of Ethiopia">Fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Regions_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">Woredas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia" title="Wards of Ethiopia">Kebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Ethiopia" title="Constitutions of Ethiopia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ethiopia" title="List of presidents of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ethiopia)" title="Council of Ministers (Ethiopia)">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ethiopia" title="List of political parties in Ethiopia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ethiopia" title="Elections in Ethiopia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia" title="Foreign relations of Ethiopia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ethiopia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">National Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ethiopia" title="List of banks in Ethiopia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ethiopia" title="List of companies of Ethiopia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_development_policy_of_Ethiopia" title="Industrial development policy of Ethiopia">Industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ethiopia" title="Manufacturing in Ethiopia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ethiopia" title="Taxation in Ethiopia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ethiopia" title="Tourism in Ethiopia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Society of Ethiopia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Ethiopia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia" title="Healthcare in Ethiopia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Maternal health in Ethiopia">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ethiopia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia" title="Outline of Ethiopia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Angola" title="Culture of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Culture of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cameroon" title="Culture of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cape_Verde" title="Culture of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Djibouti" title="Culture of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Culture of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eritrea" title="Culture of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eswatini" title="Culture of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gabon" title="Culture of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Culture of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia" title="Culture of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Madagascar" title="Culture of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mozambique" title="Culture of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Namibia" title="Culture of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Niger" title="Culture of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Culture of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan" title="Culture of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tanzania" title="Culture of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia" title="Culture of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uganda" title="Culture of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland" title="Culture of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mayotte" title="Culture of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&oldid=1259441665">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ethiopia&oldid=1259441665</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Culture of Ethiopia">Culture of Ethiopia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden 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