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id="toc-C._arabica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._arabica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>C. arabica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._arabica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C._canephora_(syn._C._robusta)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._canephora_(syn._C._robusta)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>C. canephora</i> (syn. <i>C. robusta</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._canephora_(syn._C._robusta)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of coffee varieties</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1vov%C3%A9_odr%C5%AFdy" title="Kávové odrůdy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kávové odrůdy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Kafe_landare_motak" title="Zerrenda:Kafe landare motak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrenda:Kafe landare motak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_de_caf%C3%A9ier" title="Liste de variétés de caféier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste de variétés de caféier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenis-jenis_kopi" title="Jenis-jenis kopi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jenis-jenis kopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="കാപ്പി ഇനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാപ്പി ഇനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Разновидности кофейного дерева – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разновидности кофейного дерева" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahve_%C3%A7e%C5%9Fitleri_listesi" title="Kahve çeşitleri listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahve çeşitleri listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Різновиди кавового дерева – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різновиди кавового дерева" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoffeaArabica_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CoffeaArabica_02.jpg/500px-CoffeaArabica_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CoffeaArabica_02.jpg/750px-CoffeaArabica_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CoffeaArabica_02.jpg/1000px-CoffeaArabica_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7128" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>List and origin of arabica varieties <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CoffeaArabica_01.tif">TIF</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coffee varieties</b> are the diverse subspecies derived through <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coffee_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee plant">coffee plants</a>. While there is tremendous variability encountered in both wild and cultivated coffee plants, there are a few varieties and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> that are commercially important due to various unique and inherent traits such as disease resistance and fruit yield. These unique traits are what producers use to select breeds when developing crops. Therefore, at a micro level, breed selection is critical to the success of a producer and is one of the key components of cup quality.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a macro level, the viability of the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry">coffee industry</a> as a whole is dependent upon breed selection. Already, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> produced originates from producers using selected breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, breed selection is an important aspect of sustainability within coffee production.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is considerable confusion as to which term to use when speaking about coffee subspecies. For the sake of clarity, within this article the terms will be used in accordance with loose guidelines put forth by the <a href="/wiki/Specialty_Coffee_Association_of_America" title="Specialty Coffee Association of America">Specialty Coffee Association of America</a>: </p> <blockquote><p><b>Variety:</b> This rank of taxa delineates differences between plants that are smaller than in subspecies but larger than forms. A variety retains most of the characteristics of the species, but differs in some way.<br /> <b>Cultivar:</b> Any variety produced by horticultural or agricultural techniques and not normally found in natural populations; a cultivated variety. Most of the varieties we know in specialty coffee are really cultivars. Bourbon and Typica are some of the most widely known cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Put simply: In this article, varieties are naturally occurring subspecies, and cultivars are cultivated subspecies. In addition, a third term, "breed" will be used as an umbrella term to simplify discussions in which the nuances between the terms 'variety' and 'cultivar' have no bearing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the end of the 19th century, arabica was indeed the exclusive producer of all coffee in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> but the first documented outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Hemileia_vastatrix#Further" title="Hemileia vastatrix">coffee leaf rust</a> (CLR) disease decimated crops around the world, prompting many farmers to explore alternative crops.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some countries almost completely replaced coffee production with alternative crops, Indonesia began introducing <a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">robusta</a>, which has both a high yield in fruit and a high level of resistance to CLR. Unfortunately, robusta also produces lower quality coffee. During the first half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> pioneered systematic breeding designs on robusta coffee, which would become "exemplary to all subsequent breeding programmes of robusta coffee in India and Africa."<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> This knowledge of robusta is critical for modern coffee breeding because robusta is the main source of pest and disease traits not found in arabica.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the mid-1900s, arabica coffee breeding involved simple line selection with an emphasis mostly on favorable adaptation to local growing conditions, fruit yield, and cup quality. But in the late 1970s and 1980s, various countries started breeding programs designed to create cultivars resistant to CLR.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> The intensity of these later breeding programs was a direct response to the serious threat CLR posed to crops. The results of these and other breeding programs have produced a number of important cultivars worth mentioning (see <a href="#Arabica_Varieties_and_Cultivars">list</a> below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_criteria">Selection criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Farmers have designed standards for crops they would cultivate.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–59">: 56–59 </span></sup> Recent advances in breeding techniques have provided farmers with higher-yielding breeds<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> with better disease resistance and better cup quality—all traits critical to the success of a producer. Below are some traits a producer may use to select breeds for crop development. </p><p><b>Cup quality</b> refers to how well the seed or fruit itself tastes. This is considered the trait of the most importance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Yield</b> is the measure of the amount of fruit produced by a given breed. It is usually expressed as kilograms or tonnes per hectare per year, assuming conventional plant densities of 1,100 - 1,400 trees per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> High yield is one of the prime objectives of producers, and breeding specifically to achieve higher yield is a relatively new trend.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Resistance to diseases</b> has become a dominant factor in not only natural selection but also of breeding new cultivars. Breeding for disease resistance has been mainly restricted to <a href="/wiki/Hemileia_vastatrix" title="Hemileia vastatrix">CLR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_kahawae" title="Colletotrichum kahawae">coffee berry disease</a> (CBD) but also includes other diseases of locality.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> </p><p><b>Resistance to pests</b> is not normally a trait developed by breeding, but is rather a trait selected from among breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> Certain breeds of coffee have been found to be resistant to <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf_miner" title="Leaf miner">leaf miner</a>. As with diseases, robusta has been found to be the more resistant species compared to arabica. </p><p>For those who wish to grow coffee as a houseplant, and for growers who want plants that utilize the least amount of space (and therefore money) while still producing the greatest yield, <b>small size</b> of an individual plant is preferred. </p><p>The <b>amount of caffeine</b> matters to many, as caffeine has stimulating effects, but is detrimental in excessive amounts. </p><p>The <b>maturation rate</b> is the time that is required before a new plant will start producing fruit. An early maturation rate is desired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C._arabica"><i>C. arabica</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: C. arabica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea arabica</a></div> <p>According to The International Trade Centre, Arabica coffee accounted for roughly 61 per cent of the world's coffee production between 2004 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be higher if Arabica were not as susceptible to disease as it is.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coffee from the species <i>C. arabica</i> has many different varieties, each with unique characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C._canephora_(syn._C._robusta)"><span id="C._canephora_.28syn._C._robusta.29"></span><i>C. canephora</i> (syn. <i>C. robusta</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: C. canephora (syn. C. robusta)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffea_canephora" title="Coffea canephora">Coffea canephora</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canephora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canephora.jpg/200px-Canephora.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canephora.jpg/300px-Canephora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canephora.jpg/400px-Canephora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Unroasted coffee beans of the Robusta variety (<i>Coffea canephora</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnam is the world's largest Robusta producer, with Robusta accounting for 97% of Vietnam's coffee output.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not separate varieties of bean, unusual and very expensive <a href="/wiki/Coffea_canephora" title="Coffea canephora">robustas</a> are the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">kopi luwak</a> and the Philippine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kap%C3%A9ng_Alamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapéng Alamid (page does not exist)">Kapéng Alamid</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahawa_Kubing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahawa Kubing (page does not exist)">Kahawa Kubing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cayon_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beans are collected from the droppings of the <a href="/wiki/Common_palm_civet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common palm civet">common palm civet</a>, whose digestive processes give it a distinctive flavor. </p><p>In the Philippines, a notable Robusta variety is <a href="/wiki/Kahawa_S%C5%ABg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahawa Sūg">Kahawa Sūg</a>, also known as the "Sulu coffee". It has been produced in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu archipelago">Sulu archipelago</a> since the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNBueno_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNBueno-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montemayor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montemayor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_species">Other species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not as commercially viable as Arabica or Robusta,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other species of coffee exist and contain unique varieties. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Kapeng_barako" title="Kapeng barako">Kapeng barako</a> or Café Baraco</i>, (English: <span lang="en">Barako coffee</span>), a <i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">Liberica</a></i> variety grown in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, particularly in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>. It was introduced during the period of Spanish colonization and the Philippines quickly rose to become the 4th largest producer of coffee in the early 19th century. Production was cut short, however, due to "coffee rust" infestation.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Coffea charrieriana</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>-free coffee found in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists from <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a> rediscovered <a href="/wiki/Coffea_stenophylla" title="Coffea stenophylla">Coffea stenophylla</a> in Sierra Leone. Previously <a href="/wiki/Stenophylla" title="Stenophylla">stenophylla</a> had not been seen in the wild since 1954, but in December 2018 Professor Jeremy Haggar, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greenwich" title="University of Greenwich">University of Greenwich</a>, and Dr Aaron Davis of Kew Gardens travelled to the forests of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> to seek it out.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stenophylla can grow at higher temperatures than Arabica and has a better flavour profile than Robusta.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some varieties are hybrids of the above species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_cultivars">List of cultivars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Species </th> <th>Region(s) </th> <th>Comments </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arusha </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)" title="Mount Meru (Tanzania)">Mount Meru</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>either a Typica variety or a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> Mission. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benguet_coffee" title="Benguet coffee">Benguet</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>Typica variety grown in <a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Luzon)" title="Cordillera Central (Luzon)">Cordillera</a> highlands of the northern Philippines since 1875. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-slowfoodbenguet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slowfoodbenguet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pack_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pack-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bergendal, Sidikalang </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Both are Typica varieties that survived the <a href="/wiki/Hemileia_vastatrix" title="Hemileia vastatrix">leaf rust</a> outbreak of the 1880s; most of the other Typica in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> was destroyed. </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bernardina </td> <td>C. <i>arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>A variety discovered in Finca Los Bellotos, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> by Sofia and Fernando Alberto Pacas. It was first thought to be <a href="/wiki/Geisha_(coffee)" title="Geisha (coffee)">Geisha</a> because of its aromatic profile. After studying its phenotype characteristics and DNA testing, however, it was determined to be a new, unclassified variety genetically similar to varieties found in the <a href="/wiki/Agaro" title="Agaro">Agaro</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)" title="Blue Mountains (Jamaica)">Blue Mountains</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. Also grown in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (where it is known as PNG Gold) and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (where it is known as Boyo). </td> <td>A unique mutation of Typica, known to have some resistance to <a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_kahawae" title="Colletotrichum kahawae">coffee berry disease</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. </td> <td>Around 1708, the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> planted coffee on the island of Bourbon (now called <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>) in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, all probably from the same parent stock—the plant the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> gave them. Unsurprisingly, it mutated slightly and was planted throughout <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in the late 1800s and eventually spread through <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. It was not possible to achieve the same level of flavour as when in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, however, due to Réunion's volcanic earth and the soil properties. <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> produces 20–30% more fruit than Typica strains.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catuai </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>This is a hybrid of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundo_Novo_Coffee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundo Novo Coffee (page does not exist)">Mundo Novo</a> and Caturra bred in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in the late 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-coffeeresearch.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coffeeresearch.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catimor </td> <td>Interspecific hybrid </td> <td>Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>This is cross between Timor coffee and Caturra coffee. It was created in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-coffeeresearch.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coffeeresearch.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, this cultivar goes by the name Cauvery.<sup id="cite_ref-indiacoffee.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiacoffee.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caturra </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td> <td>Developed from two cultivars that originated by natural mutation of Bourbon Red, originally a tall coffee shrub, found in the <a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Capara%C3%B3" title="Serra do Caparaó">Serra do Caparaó</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It produces a higher yield than Bourbon, due to the plant being shorter and with less distance between the branches, matures more quickly, and is more disease resistant than older, traditional arabica varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its mutation is not unique; it led to the formation of the Pacas variety in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (from Bourbon) and the Villa Sarchi in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (from Bourbon). Genetically it is very similar to Bourbon although it produces a poorer cup quality, mainly due to the variety yielding more.<sup id="cite_ref-coffeeresearch.org_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coffeeresearch.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Charrier</a> </td> <td><i>C. charrieriana</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td>This is a newly found species from <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. It has gained some press recently due to its caffeine-free nature. Not yet grown commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Harar">Harar</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>From the region of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar, Ethiopia</a>. Known for its complex, fruity flavor that resembles a dry red wine. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Sidamo_(coffee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Sidamo (coffee)">Sidamo</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_Province" title="Sidamo Province">Sidamo</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a>) region of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> as well. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yirgacheffe </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Yirgachefe_(woreda)" title="Yirgachefe (woreda)">Yirgachefe district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gedeo_Zone" title="Gedeo Zone">Gedeo Zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_People%27s_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region">Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>French Mission </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> Mission is actually <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> that was planted in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> by French Missionaries around 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-crf.co.ke_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf.co.ke-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geisha_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Geisha coffee">Geisha</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Geisha or Gesha variety, grown in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Boquete,_Chiriqu%C3%AD" title="Boquete, Chiriquí">Boquete</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriquí Province, Panama</a>, highly sought after at auction, achieving high prices. Originally from the village of <a href="/wiki/Gesha" title="Gesha">Gesha, Ethiopia</a>. It was planted in the 1950s as a rust-resistant crop and rediscovered in the early 2000s. The most expensive varietal at coffee auctions, fetching US$350.25 in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breaking its own record as the most expensive coffee in the world at US$803.00 /lb of Natural (processed) Geisha in the "Best of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>" auctions in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Bonifieur" title="Guadeloupe Bonifieur">Bonifieur</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> </td> <td>It was used to help improve the quality of other types of coffees and some experts consider it to be one of the best types of coffee in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td>Grown on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Hualalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualalai">Hualalai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kona_District,_Hawaii" title="Kona District, Hawaii">Kona District</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Big Island of Hawaii</a>. Coffee was first introduced to the Islands by Chief Boki, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, in 1825. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Java coffee">Java</a> </td> <td>Interspecific hybrid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>From the <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">island of Java</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. This coffee was once so widely traded that "java" became a slang term for coffee. Java encompasses a regional style, not a cultivar of coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K7 </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Africa </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> selection of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> Mission Bourbon selected at Legelet Estate in <a href="/wiki/Muhoroni" title="Muhoroni">Muhoroni, Kenya</a>. Selected based on cupping trials. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogipe</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>Maragogipe ('y') is considered to be a natural mutation from Typica. It was first discovered near <a href="/wiki/Maragogipe" title="Maragogipe">Maragogipe</a>, in Brazil's state <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>. Maragogype is well known for producing big beans. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maracaturra </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>Maracaturra is a man-made hybrid plant between Caturra and <a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogype</a>.|It was first bred in order to capture the flavor profile of Maragogype with the higher yield and efficiency of the Caturra Varietal. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayagüez">Mayagüez</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Africa </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> cultivar grown in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Mocha"> <td>Mocha </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> coffee traded through the once major port of <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a>. Not to be confused with the preparation style (coffee with cocoa).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundo_Novo_Coffee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundo Novo Coffee (page does not exist)">Mundo Novo</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundo_Novo_Coffee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundo Novo Coffee (page does not exist)">Mundo Novo</a> is a hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> and Typica, crossed in the 1940s. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange, Yellow Bourbon </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>Red Bourbon and Orange Bourbon are types of Bourbon that have been selected from spontaneous mutation. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacamara </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>Pacamara is a hybrid between the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> mutation Pacas and <a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogype</a>. It was bred in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> in 1958 probably to achieve a Typica variety that produces larger beans. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacas </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>A natural mutation of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a> variety found in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> in 1949. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pache Colis </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>Pache Colis is a hybrid between Pache Comum and Caturra. This variety produces distinctly larger fruit and roughly textured foliage. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pache Comum </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Latin America </td> <td>Is a mutation of Typica first found in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Department,_Guatemala" title="Santa Rosa Department, Guatemala">Santa Rosa, Guatemala</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruiru 11 </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S795_coffee" title="S795 coffee">S795</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Probably the most commonly planted Arabica in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson_&_Pritchard_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson_&_Pritchard-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of <a href="/wiki/Cafe_mocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe mocha">mocca</a>. Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson_&_Pritchard_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson_&_Pritchard-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sagada_coffee" title="Sagada coffee">Sagada</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>Typica variety grown in <a href="/wiki/Sagada" title="Sagada">Sagada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Besao,_Mountain_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Besao, Mountain Province">Besao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Luzon)" title="Cordillera Central (Luzon)">Cordillera</a> highlands of the <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">northern Philippines</a> since the 1890s and early 1900s. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Anacio_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anacio-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malanes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malanes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Brazil Santos is usually used as a grading term for <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> coffee rather than a variety of Arabica. The name refers to the port in Brazil where coffee passed through, and was regarded as higher quality than "Brazilian coffee". Brazilian Santos is usually of the Bourbon variety. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sarchimor </td> <td>Interspecific hybrid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>A hybrid between the Costa Rican Villa Sarchi and the Timor variety. Because of its Timor parent, Sarchimor is quite resistant to leaf rust disease and stem borer. As well as <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, it is grown in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selection 9 (Sln 9) </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>A hybrid between the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> Tafarikela and the Timor variety.<sup id="cite_ref-indiacoffee.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiacoffee.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SL28 </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>A selection, by Scott Labs in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> Drought Resistant variety from northern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> in 1931.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SL34 </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>Selected by Scott Labs from the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> Mission variety grown in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. Selected for its superior cup quality (although inferior to SL28), but not resistant to CBD, CLR or BBC. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> Toraja Kalossi </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Actually the S795 varietal, grown at high altitudes on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Celebes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Kalossi is the small town in <a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">central Sulawesi</a> that serves as the collection point for the coffee and <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> is the mountainous area in which the coffee is grown. Sulawesi exhibits a rich, full body, well-balanced acidity and is multi-dimensional in character. Sulawesi itself is not a cultivar of coffee. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> Mandheling and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> Lintong </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Mandheling is named after the <a href="/wiki/Mandailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing">Mandailing</a> people located in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The name is the result of a misunderstanding by the first foreign purchaser of the variety, and no coffee is actually produced in the <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_Natal_Regency" title="Mandailing Natal Regency">"Mandailing region</a>". Lintong on the other hand, is named after the Lintong district, also located in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>. This is not a specific cultivar, but rather a region with a specific processing style. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr class="anchor" id="Arabusta"> <td>Timor, Arabusta </td> <td>Interspecific hybrid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Timor is not actually a variety of coffea arabica, but a hybrid of two species of coffee; coffea arabica and coffea canephora (also called Robusta). It was found on the <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">island of Timor</a> around the 1940s and it was cultivated because of its resistance to leaf rust (which most arabica coffee is susceptible to). It is called Hybrido de Timor in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and Tim Tim or Bor Bor in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Another hybrid between the two species is called Arabusta but generally only found in Africa. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Typica </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td>Worldwide </td> <td>Typica originated from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> stock, taken first to <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar, India</a>, and later to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>. It later made its way to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> colony at <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. Typica has genetically evolved to produce new characteristics, often considered new varietals: Criollo (<a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>), Arabigo (Americas), Kona (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>), Pluma Hidalgo (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>), Garundang (<a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>), Blue Mountain (<a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>), San Bernardo & San Ramon (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>), Kents & Chikmagalore(<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ukers_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukers-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bugishu </td> <td>Interspecific hybrid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>Although it mostly produces Robusta coffee, there is a quality Arabica bean grown there known as Bugishu around the <a href="/wiki/Sipi_Falls" title="Sipi Falls">Sipi Falls</a> area. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brutte </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Variety of coffee (arabica) Bred in 2014 in the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">south of India</a> in g.Madras, 1996 <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Grown at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, which in itself is a good indicator. Differ by more quantitative tannin to 14–15% and trigonelline 1.5–1.7%. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Starmaya_coffee" title="Starmaya coffee">Starmaya</a> </td> <td><i>C. arabica</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td>First F1 hybrid coffee tree able to be propagated by seed. Is resistant to rust and has a very good cup quality potential at high altitudes. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Georget-Marie_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georget-Marie-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coffee_varieties&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOberthürLäderachPohlan2012" class="citation book cs1">Oberthür, Thomas; Läderach, Pete; Pohlan, H.A. Jürgen (2012). <i>Specialty Coffee: Managing Quality</i> (1st ed.). International Plant Nutrition Institute. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9834450311" title="Special:BookSources/978-9834450311"><bdi>978-9834450311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specialty+Coffee%3A+Managing+Quality&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Plant+Nutrition+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9834450311&rft.aulast=Oberth%C3%BCr&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=L%C3%A4derach%2C+Pete&rft.au=Pohlan%2C+H.A.+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWintgens2012" class="citation book cs1">Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2012). <i>Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production</i> (Second ed.). Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-33253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-33253-3"><bdi>978-3-527-33253-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+Growing%2C+Processing%2C+Sustainable+Production&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+VerlangGmbH+%26+Co.+KGaA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-527-33253-3&rft.aulast=Wintgens&rft.aufirst=Jean+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJainPriyadarshan2008" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Shri Mohan; Priyadarshan, P.M. 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Springer. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387711997" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387711997"><bdi>978-0387711997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breeding+Plantation+Tree+Crops%3A+Tropical+Species&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0387711997&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Shri+Mohan&rft.au=Priyadarshan%2C+P.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scaa.org/?page=resources&d=a-botanists-guide-to-specialty-coffee">"Specialty Coffee Association of America"</a>. <i>scaa.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314233856/http://scaa.org/?page=resources&d=a-botanists-guide-to-specialty-coffee">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scaa.org&rft.atitle=Specialty+Coffee+Association+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scaa.org%2F%3Fpage%3Dresources%26d%3Da-botanists-guide-to-specialty-coffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CliffordWillson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffordWillson_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCliffordWillson1985" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). <i>Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage</i>. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87055-491-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87055-491-3"><bdi>0-87055-491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+Botany%2C+Biochemistry+and+Production+of+Beans+and+Beverage&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=The+AVI+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87055-491-3&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=M.N.&rft.au=Willson%2C+K.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, J.M.; Bigger, M.; Hillocks, R.J. (2007). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+News&rft.atitle=US+shows+interest+in+VN+coffee&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2FEconomy%2FBusiness%2F200464%2FUS-shows-interest-in-VN-coffee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cayon-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cayon_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCayon2017" class="citation news cs1">Cayon, Manuel (21 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/pick-red-farm-group-in-armm-gets-coffee-purchase-order-from-urc/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pick red' farm group in ARMM gets coffee purchase order from URC"</a>. <i>BusinessMirror</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182559/https://businessmirror.com.ph/pick-red-farm-group-in-armm-gets-coffee-purchase-order-from-urc/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=%27Pick+red%27+farm+group+in+ARMM+gets+coffee+purchase+order+from+URC&rft.date=2017-05-21&rft.aulast=Cayon&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2Fpick-red-farm-group-in-armm-gets-coffee-purchase-order-from-urc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNBueno-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNNBueno_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBueno2016" class="citation news cs1">Bueno, Anna (11 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221090536/http://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2016/11/11/sulu-coffee.html">"The untold heritage of Sulu's fascinating coffee culture"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2016/11/11/sulu-coffee.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+untold+heritage+of+Sulu%27s+fascinating+coffee+culture&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.aulast=Bueno&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Flife%2Fleisure%2Ffood%2F2016%2F11%2F11%2Fsulu-coffee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montemayor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montemayor_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontemayor2007" class="citation book cs1">Montemayor, Michael Schuck (2007). <i>Captain Herman Leopold Schück : the saga of a German sea captain in 19th century Sulu-Sulawesi seas</i>. University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715424851" title="Special:BookSources/9789715424851"><bdi>9789715424851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Herman+Leopold+Sch%C3%BCck+%3A+the+saga+of+a+German+sea+captain+in+19th+century+Sulu-Sulawesi+seas&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789715424851&rft.aulast=Montemayor&rft.aufirst=Michael+Schuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Case_of_San_Jose,_Batangas_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBACONGUIS" class="citation web cs1">BACONGUIS, DR ROWENA T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saber.eastasiaforum.org/testing/eaber/sites/default/files/documents/PIDS_Baconguis_2007.pdf">"The Case of San Jose, Batangas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>East Asia Forum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613154231/http://saber.eastasiaforum.org/testing/eaber/sites/default/files/documents/PIDS_Baconguis_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+San+Jose%2C+Batangas&rft.aulast=BACONGUIS&rft.aufirst=DR+ROWENA+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaber.eastasiaforum.org%2Ftesting%2Feaber%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FPIDS_Baconguis_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoffelenNoirotCouturonAnthony2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stoffelen, Piet; Noirot, Michel; Couturon, Emmanuel; Anthony, François (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2008.00845.x">"A new caffeine-free coffee from Cameroon"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>158</b>: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2008.00845.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00845.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+new+caffeine-free+coffee+from+Cameroon&rft.volume=158&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2008.00845.x&rft.aulast=Stoffelen&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft.au=Noirot%2C+Michel&rft.au=Couturon%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2008.00845.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudgard2021" class="citation news cs1">Rudgard, Olivia (19 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/environment/2021/04/19/rediscovered-lost-coffee-plant-could-make-arabica-has-bean/">"Rediscovered, the lost coffee plant that could make arabica a has-bean"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/environment/2021/04/19/rediscovered-lost-coffee-plant-could-make-arabica-has-bean/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rediscovered%2C+the+lost+coffee+plant+that+could+make+arabica+a+has-bean&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Rudgard&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2F04%2F19%2Frediscovered-lost-coffee-plant-could-make-arabica-has-bean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagazineFox" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Fox, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rediscovered-coffee-species-boosts-crops-climate-resilience-without-sacrificing-taste-180977558/">"Rediscovered Coffee Species Boosts Crop's Climate Resilience Without Sacrificing Taste"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513092938/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rediscovered-coffee-species-boosts-crops-climate-resilience-without-sacrificing-taste-180977558/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Rediscovered+Coffee+Species+Boosts+Crop%27s+Climate+Resilience+Without+Sacrificing+Taste&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Fox%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Frediscovered-coffee-species-boosts-crops-climate-resilience-without-sacrificing-taste-180977558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasumbukoBryngelssonMneneySalomon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Masumbuko, Linus I.; Bryngelsson, Tomas; Mneney, Emmarold E.; Salomon, Björn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5223.1999.01690.x">"Genetic diversity in Tanzanian Arabica coffee using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers"</a>. <i>Hereditas</i>. <b>139</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5223.1999.01690.x">10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.01690.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14641474">14641474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hereditas&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+in+Tanzanian+Arabica+coffee+using+random+amplified+polymorphic+DNA+%28RAPD%29+markers&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1601-5223.1999.01690.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14641474&rft.aulast=Masumbuko&rft.aufirst=Linus+I.&rft.au=Bryngelsson%2C+Tomas&rft.au=Mneney%2C+Emmarold+E.&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1601-5223.1999.01690.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slowfoodbenguet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slowfoodbenguet_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/benguet-coffee/">"Benguet Coffee"</a>. <i>Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230440/https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/benguet-coffee/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slow+Food+Foundation+for+Biodiversity&rft.atitle=Benguet+Coffee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazioneslowfood.com%2Fen%2Fark-of-taste-slow-food%2Fbenguet-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pack-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pack_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_F._Pack1905" class="citation book cs1">William F. Pack (1905). "Coffee Culture in the Province of Benguet". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coffee+Culture+in+the+Province+of+Benguet&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Philippine+Islands%3A+Taken+Under+the+Direction+of+the+Philippine+Commission+in+the+Year+1903&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft.au=William+F.+Pack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqkJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLécolierBesseCharrierTchakaloff2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lécolier, Aurélie; Besse, Pascale; Charrier, André; Tchakaloff, Thierry-Nicolas; Noirot, Michel (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specialty+Coffee+varieties%3A+Caturra+varietal+name+origin%2C+definition+-+Don+Evelio+Coffee+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donevelio.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F43885124-specialty-coffee-varietals-caturra-an-exotic-name-from-an-exotic-place-in-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311224127/http://www.coffeeglossary.net/C/caturra.html">"Coffeeglossary.net"</a>. <i>coffeeglossary.net</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=auction.stoneworks.com&rft.atitle=2013+Best+of+Panama+Coffee+Auction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauction.stoneworks.com%2FPA2013%2Ffinal_results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailycoffeenews.com/2018/07/20/natural-geisha-breaks-best-of-panama-auction-record-at-803-per-pound/">"Natural Geisha Breaks Best of Panama Auction Record at $803 Per Pound"</a>. <i>Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine</i>. 2018-07-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920085905/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2018/07/20/natural-geisha-breaks-best-of-panama-auction-record-at-803-per-pound/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Coffee+News+by+Roast+Magazine&rft.atitle=Natural+Geisha+Breaks+Best+of+Panama+Auction+Record+at+%24803+Per+Pound&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailycoffeenews.com%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2Fnatural-geisha-breaks-best-of-panama-auction-record-at-803-per-pound%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Isle of Gadeloupe Tourist Board</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021046/http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/world_coffee_characteristics_11.htm">"Die genussvolle Welt des Kaffee's"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/world_coffee_characteristics_11.htm">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+genussvolle+Welt+des+Kaffee%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coffee-beans-arabica.com%2Finfo%2Fworld_coffee_characteristics_11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Kinro (2003). A cup of aloha: the Kona coffee epic. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Coffee+News&rft.atitle=The+Coffee+Roaster%27s+Complete+Guide+to+Coffee+Varieties+and+Cultivars&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=Kornman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailycoffeenews.com%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2Fthe-coffee-roasters-complete-guide-to-coffee-varieties-and-cultivars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Coffee Anomalies: Maragogipe (Elephant Beans) - CoffeeReview.com". coffeereview.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sca.coffee/research/coffee-plants-of-the-world">"Coffee Plants of the World"</a>. <i>Specialty Coffee Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514231431/https://sca.coffee/research/coffee-plants-of-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Specialty+Coffee+Association&rft.atitle=Coffee+Plants+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsca.coffee%2Fresearch%2Fcoffee-plants-of-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neilson_&_Pritchard-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson_&_Pritchard_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson_&_Pritchard_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeilsonPritchard2009" class="citation book cs1">Neilson, Jeff; Pritchard, Bill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCWby8NT24C&pg=PA124"><i>Value chain struggles: institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India</i></a>. 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"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Perspective: Lessons from the American Episcopal Missions in Sagada, Northern Philippines". In Servaes, Jan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0txDQAAQBAJ"><i>Sustainable Development Goals in the Asian Context</i></a>. Springer. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811028151" title="Special:BookSources/9789811028151"><bdi>9789811028151</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144111/https://books.google.com/books?id=c0txDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kapi+Tako&rft.atitle=History+of+Coffee+in+the+Cordillera&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.aulast=Malanes&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Midori&rft.au=Tacloy%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkapitako.jimdo.com%2F2016%2F10%2F10%2Fhistory-of-coffee-in-the-cordillera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gichimu, Bernard. (2012). Batian Coffee; Its Merits and Demand Trends.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeilson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Neilson, Jeffrey (2013). 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(2016). Sumatran coffee on the boil. Coffee and Cocoa International. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimase, James & Thagana, W & Kirubi, D & Gichuru, E & Gichimu, Bernard. (2019). GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ARABUSTA COFFEE HYBRIDS AND THEIR PARENTAL GENOTYPES USING MOLECULAR MARKERS. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 15. 31-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWintgens2012" class="citation book cs1">Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2012). <i>Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production</i> (Second ed.). Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Starmaya%3A+The+First+Arabica+F1+Coffee+Hybrid+Produced+Using+Genetic+male-sterility&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1344&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6818232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31695719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2019.01344&rft.aulast=Georget&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Marie%2C+Lison&rft.au=Alpizar%2C+Edgardo&rft.au=Courtel%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Bordeaux%2C+M%C3%A9lanie&rft.au=Hidalgo%2C+Jose+Martin&rft.au=Marraccini%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Breitler%2C+Jean-christophe&rft.au=D%C3%A9champ%2C+Eveline&rft.au=Poncon%2C+Cl%C3%A9ment&rft.au=Etienne%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Benoit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6818232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+coffee+varieties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coffee" title="Template:Coffee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coffee" title="Template talk:Coffee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coffee512" class="hrecipe fn ingredient" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_coffee" title="Economics of coffee">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee" title="Fair trade coffee">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coffee_Day" title="International Coffee Day">International Coffee Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-origin_coffee" title="Single-origin coffee">Single-origin coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">Third-wave coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">Coffee production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">Organic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Coffee roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wastewater" title="Coffee wastewater">Coffee wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">Home roasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Species</a> and <br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Arabica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benguet_coffee" title="Benguet coffee">Benguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Bonifieur" title="Guadeloupe Bonifieur">Bonifieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha_(coffee)" title="Geisha (coffee)">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaturra_coffee" title="Maracaturra coffee">Maracaturra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai_coffee" title="Molokai coffee">Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S795_coffee" title="S795 coffee">S795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagada_coffee" title="Sagada coffee">Sagada</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Charrieriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">Liberica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapeng_barako" title="Kapeng barako">Barako</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_racemosa" title="Coffea racemosa">Racemosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">Robusta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahawa_Sug" title="Kahawa Sug">Sulu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">Coffee bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furan-2-ylmethanethiol" title="Furan-2-ylmethanethiol">Furan-2-ylmethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahweol" title="Kahweol">Kahweol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_preparation" title="Coffee preparation">Preparation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroPress" title="AeroPress">AeroPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebena" title="Jebena">Jebena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewed_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewed coffee">Brewed coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemex_Coffeemaker" title="Chemex Coffeemaker">Chemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorreador" title="Chorreador">Chorreador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee" title="Cold brew coffee">Cold brew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_cold_brew_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro cold brew coffee">nitro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_coffee" title="Drip coffee">Drip coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">doppio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_drip" class="mw-redirect" title="French drip">French drip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlsbad_coffee_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsbad coffee maker">Karlsbad coffee maker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">Instant coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee syrup">Coffee syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockbox" title="Knockbox">Knockbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">Moka pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_flip_coffee_pot" title="Neapolitan flip coffee pot">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_coffee_maker" title="Vacuum coffee maker">Vacuum maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè Americano">Americano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaten_coffee" title="Beaten coffee">Beaten coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bica_(coffee)" title="Bica (coffee)">Bica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Russian" title="Black Russian">Black Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee" title="Vietnamese iced coffee">Cà phê sữa đá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">Café au lait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_cheirinho" title="Café com cheirinho">Café com cheirinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche" title="Café con leche">Café con leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_olla" title="Café de olla">Café de olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Touba" title="Café Touba">Café Touba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carajillo" title="Carajillo">Carajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cabinet" title="Coffee cabinet">Coffee cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortado" title="Cortado">Cortado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_espresso" title="Cuban espresso">Café Cubano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgona_coffee" title="Dalgona coffee">Dalgona coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_coffee" title="Egg coffee">Egg coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">Flat white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frappuccino" title="Frappuccino">Frappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o" title="Galão">Galão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Garoto" title="List of coffee drinks">Garoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gassosa_al_caff%C3%A8" title="Gassosa al caffè">Gassosa al caffè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">Iced coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_filter_coffee" title="Indian filter coffee">Indian filter coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsk" title="Karsk">Karsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_(drink)" title="Kopi (drink)">Kopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tubruk" title="Kopi tubruk">Kopi tubruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_coffee" title="Kurdish coffee">Kurdish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Latte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqueur_coffee" title="Liqueur coffee">Liqueur coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">Long black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagran_(drink)" title="Mazagran (drink)">Mazagran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretta_(coffee)" title="Moretta (coffee)">Moretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raf_coffee" title="Raf coffee">Raf coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Red_eye" title="List of coffee drinks">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheimer_Kaffee" title="Rüdesheimer Kaffee">Rüdesheimer Kaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenom coffee">Tenom coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coffee" title="White coffee">White coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Melange" title="Wiener Melange">Wiener Melange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bakery_caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bakery cafés">Bakery cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_companies" title="List of coffee companies">Coffee companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">Coffeehouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">Barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_barista" title="Bikini barista">Bikini barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeCon" title="CoffeeCon">CoffeeCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_Australia" title="Coffee culture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="Coffee culture in the former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">Coffee palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">Historical coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Barley coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycup" title="Barleycup">Barleycup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_(drink)" title="Caro (drink)">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_coffee" title="Cereal coffee">Cereal coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">Chicory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">Dandelion coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inka_(drink)" title="Inka (drink)">Inka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Maya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postum" title="Postum">Postum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qishr" title="Qishr">Qishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serving vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup" title="Coffee cup">Coffee cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">sleeve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse" title="Demitasse">Demitasse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse_spoon" title="Demitasse spoon">spoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasse_%C3%A0_caf%C3%A9" title="Tasse à café">Tasse à café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarf" title="Zarf">Zarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Barista_Championship" title="United States Barista Championship">United States Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Barista_Championship" title="World Barista Championship">World Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brewers_Cup" title="World Brewers Cup">World Brewers Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_doughnuts" title="Coffee and doughnuts">Coffee and doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_service" title="Coffee service">Coffee service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">Coffee leaf rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wars" title="Coffee wars">Coffee wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden%27s_coffee_experiment" title="Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment">Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_vending_machine" title="Coffee vending machine">Coffee vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">Used coffee grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_acid_coffee" title="Low acid coffee">Low acid coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/16px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/24px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/32px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coffee" title="Category:Coffee">Category: Coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed#Lists_of_animal_breeds" title="Breed">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li>Breeder <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder_(animal)" title="Breeder (animal)">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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varieties</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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