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Presentation of Self </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presentation_of_Self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asylums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asylums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Asylums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asylums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_in_Public_Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_in_Public_Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Behavior in Public Places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior_in_Public_Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Stigma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Interaction Ritual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_Interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_Interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Strategic Interaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_Interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Frame Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Frame_Analyses_of_Talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Frame_Analyses_of_Talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 The Frame Analyses of Talk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Frame_Analyses_of_Talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_Advertisements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_Advertisements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Gender Advertisements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_Advertisements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_Talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_Talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Forms of Talk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_Talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Erving Goffman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إرفنغ غوفمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرفنغ غوفمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rvinq_Hofman" title="İrvinq Hofman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrvinq Hofman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="اروینق قافمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اروینق قافمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Έρβινγκ Γκόφμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρβινγκ Γκόφμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="اروینگ گافمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروینگ گافمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99_%EA%B3%A0%ED%94%84%EB%A8%BC" title="어빙 고프먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어빙 고프먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="इरविंग गोफमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरविंग गोफमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ארווינג גופמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארווינג גופמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эрвин Гофман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрвин Гофман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92rvings_Gofmanis" title="Ērvings Gofmanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērvings Gofmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="എർവിംഗ് ഗോഫ്മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എർവിംഗ് ഗോഫ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارفنج جوفمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارفنج جوفمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アーヴィング・ゴッフマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーヴィング・ゴッフマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="اروینګ ګافمن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اروینګ ګافمن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гофман, Ирвинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гофман, Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ервинг Гофман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ервинг 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sociologist, writer, and academic (1922–1982)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Goffman" redirects here. For others with the same surname, see <a href="/wiki/Goffman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Goffman (disambiguation)">Goffman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Erving Goffman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Erving_Goffman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Erving_Goffman.jpg/220px-Erving_Goffman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Erving_Goffman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1922-06-11)11 June 1922 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mannville,_Alberta" title="Mannville, Alberta">Mannville, Alberta</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 1982(1982-11-19) (aged 60) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Canadian</li> <li>American</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._A." class="mw-redirect" title="M. A.">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">Total institution</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic interactionist">symbolic interactionist</a> concepts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" title="Dramaturgy (sociology)">Dramaturgy</a></li> <li>Interaction Ritual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigma (sociology)">Stigma</a></li> <li>Sign vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_signs" title="Tie signs">Tie signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Angelica Schuyler Choate-Goffman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Sankoff" title="Gillian Sankoff">Gillian Sankoff</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Thomas Goffman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Goffman" title="Alice Goffman">Alice Goffman</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Bay" title="Frances Bay">Frances Bay</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Fellow, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, 1969; Guggenheim Fellowship, 1977; Cooley-Mead Award, 1979; Mead Award, 1983</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Abolition_of_Involuntary_Mental_Hospitalization" title="American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization">American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediastudies.press/communication-conduct-in-an-island-community">Communication Conduct in an Island Community</a>  (1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._Lloyd_Warner" title="W. Lloyd Warner">W. Lloyd Warner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Strauss" title="Anselm Strauss">Anselm Strauss</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Lofland_(sociologist)" title="John Lofland (sociologist)">John Lofland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sacks" title="Harvey Sacks">Harvey Sacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schegloff" title="Emanuel Schegloff">Emanuel Schegloff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eviatar_Zerubavel" title="Eviatar Zerubavel">Eviatar Zerubavel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982) was a Canadian-born American <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">social psychologist</a>, and writer, considered by some "the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-fm34-1">[1]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Higher_Education_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Higher Education Guide">The Times Higher Education Guide</a> listed him as the sixth most-cited author of books in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Themostcited-2">[2]</a> Goffman was the 73rd president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>. His best-known contribution to <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> is his study of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic interaction">symbolic interaction</a>. This took the form of <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" title="Dramaturgy (sociology)">dramaturgical analysis</a>, beginning with his 1956 book <a href="/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life" title="The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a>. Goffman's other major works include <a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums</a> (1961), Stigma (1963), Interaction Ritual (1967), Frame Analysis (1974), and Forms of Talk (1981). His major areas of study included the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_everyday_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of everyday life">sociology of everyday life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction">social construction</a> of self, social organization (<a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing</a>) of experience, and particular elements of social life such as <a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmas</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> Goffman was born 11 June 1922, in <a href="/wiki/Mannville,_Alberta" title="Mannville, Alberta">Mannville, Alberta</a>, Canada, to Max Goffman and Anne Goffman, née Averbach.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-22-4">[4]</a> He was from a family of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Jews">Ukrainian Jews</a> who had emigrated to Canada at the turn of the century.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a> He had an older sister, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Bay" title="Frances Bay">Frances Bay</a>, who became an actress.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-22-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syme2011-5">[5]</a> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Dauphin,_Manitoba" title="Dauphin, Manitoba">Dauphin, Manitoba</a>, where his father operated a successful tailoring business.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-22-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns-9-6">[6]</a> From 1937 Goffman attended St. John's Technical High School in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, where his family had moved that year. In 1939 he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>, majoring in chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-22-4">[4]</a> He interrupted his studies and moved to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> to work in the film industry for the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/John_Grierson" title="John Grierson">John Grierson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-9-6">[6]</a> Later he developed an interest in sociology. Also during this time, he met the renowned North American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wrong" title="Dennis Wrong">Dennis Wrong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a> Their meeting motivated Goffman to leave the University of Manitoba and enroll at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/C._W._M._Hart" title="C. W. M. Hart">C. W. M. Hart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a>, graduating in 1945 with a BA in sociology and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a> Later he moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he received an MA (1949) and PhD (1953) in sociology.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a> For his doctoral dissertation, from December 1949 to May 1951 he lived and collected <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> data on the island of <a href="/wiki/Unst" title="Unst">Unst</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a> Goffman's dissertation, entitled Communication Conduct in an Island Community (1953), was completed under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/W._Lloyd_Warner" title="W. Lloyd Warner">W. Lloyd Warner</a>, Donald Horton, and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Strauss" title="Anselm Strauss">Anselm Strauss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phddissertation-8">[8]</a> In 1952 Goffman married Angelica Schuyler Choate (nicknamed Sky); in 1953, their son Thomas was born. Angelica experienced mental illness and died by suicide in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Outside his academic career, Goffman was known for his interest, and relative success, in the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> and gambling. At one point, in pursuit of his hobbies and ethnographic studies, he became a <a href="/wiki/Pit_boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit boss">pit boss</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a> casino.<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sallaz2009-10">[10]</a> In 1981 Goffman married <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Sankoff" title="Gillian Sankoff">Gillian Sankoff</a>. The following year, their daughter <a href="/wiki/Alice_Goffman" title="Alice Goffman">Alice</a> was born.<a href="#cite_note-fm37-11">[11]</a> In 1982 Goffman died in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, on 19 November, of <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm37-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turner1982-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.6-13">[13]</a> His daughter is also a sociologist.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> The research Goffman did on Unst inspired him to write his first major work, <a href="/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life" title="The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a> (1956).<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliottTurner2001-94-15">[15]</a> After graduating from the University of Chicago, in 1954–57 he was an assistant to the athletic director at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Mental_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Mental Health">National Institute for Mental Health</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a> Participant observation done there led to his essays on <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> and total institutions which came to form his second book, <a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates</a> (1961).<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a> In 1958 Goffman became a faculty member in the sociology department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, first as a visiting professor, then from 1962 as a full professor.<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a> In 1968 he moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, receiving the Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and Anthropology,<a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a> due largely to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a>, a former colleague at Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1969 he became a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2002-3-17">[17]</a> In 1970 Goffman became a cofounder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Abolition_of_Involuntary_Mental_Hospitalization" title="American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization">American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization</a><a href="#cite_note-FischerBrodsky1978-18">[18]</a> and coauthored its Platform Statement.<a href="#cite_note-Szasz1971-19">[19]</a> In 1971 he published Relations in Public, in which he tied together many of his ideas about everyday life, seen from a <a href="/wiki/Sociological_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological perspective">sociological perspective</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm37-11">[11]</a> Another major book of his, Frame Analysis, came out in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-fm37-11">[11]</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> for 1977–78.<a href="#cite_note-Sallaz2009-10">[10]</a> In 1979, Goffman received the Cooley-Mead Award for Distinguished Scholarship, from the Section on Social Psychology of the American Sociological Association.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He was elected the 73rd president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>, serving in 1981–82, but was unable to deliver the presidential address in person due to progressing illness.<a href="#cite_note-fm37-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Sociological_Association:_Erving_Manual_Goffman-21">[21]</a> Posthumously, in 1983, Goffman received the Mead Award from the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction.<a href="#cite_note-Denzin2008-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Goffman was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blumer" title="Herbert Blumer">Herbert Blumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Everett Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Alfred Schütz">Alfred Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Lloyd_Warner" title="W. Lloyd Warner">W. Lloyd Warner</a>. Hughes was the "most influential of his teachers" according to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Burns_(sociologist)" title="Tom Burns (sociologist)">Tom Burns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm34-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns-11-23">[23]</a> Gary Alan Fine and Philip Manning have said that Goffman never engaged in serious dialogue with other theorists,<a href="#cite_note-fm34-1">[1]</a> but his work has influenced and been discussed by numerous contemporary sociologists, including <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a> Though Goffman is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic interaction">symbolic interaction</a> school of sociological thought, he did not see himself as a representative of it, and so Fine and Manning conclude that he "does not easily fit within a specific school of sociological thought".<a href="#cite_note-fm34-1">[1]</a> His ideas are also "difficult to reduce to a number of key themes"; his work can be broadly described as developing "a comparative, qualitative sociology that aimed to produce generalizations about human behavior".<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm42-25">[25]</a> Goffman made substantial advances in the study of <a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-to-face interaction">face-to-face interaction</a>, elaborated the "<a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" title="Dramaturgy (sociology)">dramaturgical approach</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Human_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human interaction">human interaction</a>, and developed numerous concepts that have had a massive influence, particularly in the field of the <a href="/wiki/Micro-sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-sociology">micro-sociology</a> of everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Highmore2002-26">[26]</a> Much of his work was about the organization of everyday behavior, a concept he termed "interaction order".<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm51-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm52-28">[28]</a> He contributed to the sociological concept of <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">frame analysis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> (the concept of strategic interaction), and to the study of interactions and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a> With regard to the latter, he argued that the activity of speaking must be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social</a> rather than a linguistic construct.<a href="#cite_note-fm55-30">[30]</a> From a methodological perspective, Goffman often employed qualitative approaches, specifically <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>, most famously in his study of social aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>, in particular the functioning of total institutions.<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a> Overall, his contributions are valued as an attempt to create a theory that bridges the <a href="/wiki/Agency_and_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency and structure">agency-and-structure</a> divide—for popularizing <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic interaction">symbolic interaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">conversation analysis</a>, ethnographic studies, and the study and importance of individual interactions.<a href="#cite_note-fm56-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm57-32">[32]</a> His influence extended far beyond sociology: for example, his work provided the assumptions of much current research in language and social interaction within the discipline of communication.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Goffman introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nonperson_treatment" title="Nonperson treatment">nonperson treatment</a> as a level of social interaction. Goffman defined "impression management" as a person's attempts to present an acceptable image to those around them, verbally or nonverbally.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> This definition is based on Goffman's idea that people see themselves as others view them, so they attempt to see themselves as if they are outside looking in.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> Goffman was also dedicated to discovering the subtle ways humans present acceptable images by concealing information that may conflict with the images for a particular situation, such as concealing tattoos when applying for a job in which tattoos would be inappropriate, or hiding a bizarre obsession such as collecting/interacting with dolls, which society may see as abnormal. Goffman broke from <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blumer" title="Herbert Blumer">Herbert Blumer</a> in that while he did not reject the way people perceive themselves, he was more interested in the actual physical proximity or the "interaction order" that molds the self.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> In other words, Goffman believed that impression management can be achieved only if the audience is in sync with a person's self-perception. If the audience disagrees with the image someone is presenting then their self-presentation is interrupted. People present images of themselves based on how society thinks they should act in a particular situation. This decision how to act is based on the concept of definition of the situation. Definitions are all predetermined and people choose how they will act by choosing the proper behavior for the situation they are in. Goffman also draws from <a href="/wiki/W._I._Thomas" title="W. I. Thomas">William Thomas</a> for this concept. Thomas believed that people are born into a particular social class and that the definitions of the situations they will encounter have already been defined for them.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> For instance. when an individual from an upper-class background goes to a black-tie affair, the definition of the situation is that they must mind their manners and act according to their class. In 2007 by The Times Higher Education Guide listed Goffman as the sixth most-cited author in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, and ahead of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Themostcited-2">[2]</a> His popularity with the general public has been attributed to his writing style, described as "sardonic, satiric, jokey",<a href="#cite_note-fm57-32">[32]</a> and as "ironic and self-consciously literary",<a href="#cite_note-fm45-35">[35]</a> and to its being more accessible than that of most academics.<a href="#cite_note-Stolley2005-36">[36]</a> His style has also been influential in academia, and is credited with popularizing a less formal style in academic publications.<a href="#cite_note-fm57-32">[32]</a> Interestingly, if he is rightly so credited, he may by this means have contributed to a remodelling of the norms of academic behaviour, particularly of communicative action, arguably liberating intellectuals from social restraints unnatural to some of them. His students included Carol Brooks Gardner, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodwin_(semiotician)" title="Charles Goodwin (semiotician)">Charles Goodwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Harness_Goodwin" title="Marjorie Harness Goodwin">Marjorie Harness Goodwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lofland_(sociologist)" title="John Lofland (sociologist)">John Lofland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_T._Marx" title="Gary T. Marx">Gary T. Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sacks" title="Harvey Sacks">Harvey Sacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schegloff" title="Emanuel Schegloff">Emanuel Schegloff</a>, David Sudnow and <a href="/wiki/Eviatar_Zerubavel" title="Eviatar Zerubavel">Eviatar Zerubavel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm34-1">[1]</a> Despite his influence, according to Fine and Manning there are "remarkably few scholars who are continuing his work", nor has there been a "Goffman school"; thus his impact on <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> has been simultaneously "great and modest".<a href="#cite_note-fm56-31">[31]</a> Fine and Manning attribute the lack of subsequent Goffman-style research and writing to the nature of his style, which they consider very difficult to duplicate (even "mimic-proof"), and also to his subjects' not being widely valued in the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-fm35-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm56-31">[31]</a> Of his style, Fine and Manning remark that he tends to be seen either as a scholar whose style is difficult to reproduce, and therefore daunting to those who might wish to emulate it, or as a scholar whose work was transitional, bridging the work of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago school</a> and that of contemporary sociologists, and thus of less interest to sociologists than the classics of either of those groups.<a href="#cite_note-fm42-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm56-31">[31]</a> Of his subjects, Fine and Manning observe that the topic of behavior in public places is often stigmatized as trivial and unworthy of serious scholarly attention.<a href="#cite_note-fm56-31">[31]</a> Nonetheless, Fine and Manning note that Goffman is "the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-fm58-37">[37]</a> Elliott and Turner see him as "a revered figure—an outlaw theorist who came to exemplify the best of the sociological imagination", and "perhaps the first postmodern sociological theorist".<a href="#cite_note-ElliottTurner2001-94-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early works">edit</a>]</div> Goffman's early works consist of his graduate writings of 1949–53.<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a> His master's thesis was a survey of audience responses to a radio soap opera, <a href="/wiki/Big_Sister_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sister (radio)">Big Sister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a> One of its most important elements was a critique of his research methodology—of experimental logic and of <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate analysis">variable analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm44-38">[38]</a> Other writings from the period include Symbols of Class Status (1951) and On Cooling the Mark Out (1952).<a href="#cite_note-fm44-38">[38]</a> His doctoral dissertation, Communication Conduct in an Island Community (1953), presented a model of communication strategies in <a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-to-face interaction">face-to-face interaction</a>, and focused on how everyday <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> affect public projections of self.<a href="#cite_note-fm45-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm44-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presentation_of_Self">Presentation of Self</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presentation of Self">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life" title="The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a></div> Goffman's <a href="/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life" title="The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a> was published in 1956, with a revised edition in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-ElliottTurner2001-94-15">[15]</a> He had developed the book's core ideas from his doctoral dissertation.<a href="#cite_note-fm45-35">[35]</a> It was Goffman's first and most famous book,<a href="#cite_note-ElliottTurner2001-94-15">[15]</a> for which he received the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>'s 1961 MacIver Award.<a href="#cite_note-smith9-39">[39]</a> Goffman describes the <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theatrical</a> performances that occur in face-to-face interactions.<a href="#cite_note-smith3334-40">[40]</a> He holds that when someone comes in contact with another person, he attempts to control or guide the impression the other person will form of him, by altering his own setting, appearance and manner. At the same time, the second person attempts to form an impression of, and obtain information about, the first person.<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.35-41">[41]</a> Goffman also believes that participants in social interactions engage in certain practices to avoid embarrassing themselves or others. Society is not homogeneous; we must act differently in different settings. This recognition led Goffman to his dramaturgical analysis. He saw a connection between the kinds of "acts" that people put on in their daily lives and theatrical performances. In a social interaction, as in a theatrical performance, there is an onstage area where actors (people) appear before the audience; this is where positive self-concepts and desired impressions are offered. But there is also a backstage—a hidden, private area where people can be themselves and drop their societal <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">roles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm45-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sociological_Theory-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm46-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asylums">Asylums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asylums">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums (book)</a></div> Goffman is sometimes credited with having coined the term "total institution", though Fine and Manning note that he had heard it in lectures by Everett Hughes in reference to any institution in which people are treated alike and in which behavior is regulated.<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.152-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm36-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-HolzmanNewman2007-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2009-46">[46]</a> Regardless of whether Goffman coined the term, he popularized it with his 1961 book Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.<a href="#cite_note-Tonry2011-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extracts-48">[48]</a> The book has been described as "ethnography of the concept of the total institution".<a href="#cite_note-fm49-49">[49]</a> It was one of the first sociological examinations of the social situation of mental patients in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a> and a major contribution to understanding of social aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm43-24">[24]</a> The book comprises four essays: "Characteristics of Total Institutions" (1957); "The Moral Career of the Mental Patient" (1959); "The Underlife of a Public Institution: A Study of Ways of Making Out in a Mental Hospital"; and "The Medical Model and Mental Hospitalization: Some Notes on the Vicissitudes of the Tinkering Trades".<a href="#cite_note-Burns-viii-51">[51]</a> The first three focus on the experiences of patients; the last, on professional-client interactions.<a href="#cite_note-fm49-49">[49]</a> Goffman is mainly concerned with the details of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric hospitalization">psychiatric hospitalization</a> and the nature and effects of the process he calls "institutionalization".<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-52">[52]</a> He describes how institutionalization socializes people into the role of a good patient, someone "dull, harmless and inconspicuous"—a condition that in turn reinforces notions of <a href="/wiki/Chronicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicity">chronicity</a> in severe mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-Lester-53">[53]</a> Total institutions greatly affect people's interactions; yet even in such places, people find ways to redefine their roles and reclaim their identities.<a href="#cite_note-HolzmanNewman2007-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums</a> has been credited with helping catalyze the reform of <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> systems in a number of countries, leading to reductions in the numbers of large mental hospitals and of the people locked up in them.<a href="#cite_note-fm57-32">[32]</a> It was also influential in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">anti-psychiatry</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-smith9-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.9-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior_in_Public_Places">Behavior in Public Places</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Behavior in Public Places">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Behavior_in_Public_Places" title="Behavior in Public Places">Behavior in Public Places</a> (1963), Goffman again focuses on everyday public interactions. He draws distinctions between several types of public gatherings ("gatherings", "situations", "social occasions") and types of audiences (acquainted versus unacquainted).<a href="#cite_note-fm52-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigma">Stigma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stigma">edit</a>]</div> Goffman's book <a href="/wiki/Stigma:_Notes_on_the_Management_of_Spoiled_Identity" title="Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity">Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity</a> (1963) examines how, to protect their identities when they depart from approved standards of behavior or appearance, people manage impressions of themselves, mainly through concealment. <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Stigma</a> pertains to the shame a person may feel when he or she fails to meet other people's standards, and to the fear of being discredited—which causes the person not to reveal his or her shortcomings. Thus a person with a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">criminal record</a> may simply withhold that information for fear of judgment by whoever that person happens to encounter.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2006-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_Ritual">Interaction Ritual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interaction Ritual">edit</a>]</div> Goffman's <a href="/wiki/Interaction_Ritual:_Essays_on_Face-to-Face_Behavior" title="Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior">Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior</a> is a collection of six essays. The first four were originally published in the 1950s, the fifth in 1964, and the last was written for the collection. They include "On Face-work" (1955); "The Nature of Deference and Demeanor" (1956); "Embarrassment and Social Organization" (1956); "Alienation from Interaction" (1957); "Mental Symptoms and Public Order" (1964); and "Where the Action Is".<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.37-56">[56]</a> The first essay, "On Face-work", discusses the concept of <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">face</a>, which is the positive self-image a person holds when interacting with others. Goffman believes that <a href="/wiki/Face_negotiation_theory" title="Face negotiation theory">face</a> "as a sociological construct of interaction is neither inherent in nor a permanent aspect of the person".<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.37-56">[56]</a> Once someone offers a positive self-image of him- or herself to others, they feel a need to maintain and live up to that image. Inconsistency in how a person projects him- or herself in society risks embarrassment and discredit. So people remain guarded to ensure that they do not show themselves to others in an unfavorable light.<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.37-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_Interaction">Strategic Interaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Strategic Interaction">edit</a>]</div> Goffman's book Strategic Interaction (1969) is his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>. It discusses the compatibility of game theory with the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">the Chicago School of sociology</a> and with the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a>. It is one of his few works that clearly engage with that perspective. Goffman's view on game theory was shaped by the works of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a>. Goffman presents reality as a form of game, and discusses its rules and the various moves that players can make (the "unwitting", the "naive", the "covering", the "uncovering", and the "counter-uncovering") while trying to get or hide an information.<a href="#cite_note-fm47-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_Analysis">Frame Analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Frame Analysis">edit</a>]</div> Goffman credited <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> for creating the idea of framing and psychological frames. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (1974) is Goffman's attempt to explain how conceptual <a href="/wiki/Frame_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (sociology)">frames</a> – ways to organize experience – structure an individual's perception of society.<a href="#cite_note-fm53-58">[58]</a> This book is thus about the organization of experience rather than the organization of society. A frame is a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives that organize experiences and guide the actions of individuals, groups and societies. <a href="/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">Frame analysis</a>, then, is the study of the organization of social experience. To illustrate the concept of the frame, Goffman gives the example of a <a href="/wiki/Picture_frame" title="Picture frame">picture frame</a>: a person uses the frame (which represents structure) to hold together his picture (which represents the content) of what he is experiencing in his life.<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.39-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm54-60">[60]</a> The most basic frames are called primary frameworks. A primary framework takes an individual's experience or an aspect of a scene that would originally be meaningless and makes it meaningful. One type of primary framework is a natural framework, which identifies situations in the natural world and is completely <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">biophysical</a>, with no human influences. The other type of framework is a social framework, which explains events and connects them to humans. An example of a natural framework is the weather, and an example of a social framework is a <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> who <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather forecast">predicts the weather</a>. Focusing on the social frameworks, Goffman seeks to "construct a general statement regarding the structure, or form, of experiences individuals have at any moment of their social life".<a href="#cite_note-fm54-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.40-61">[61]</a> Goffman saw this book as his <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>, but it was not as popular as his earlier works.<a href="#cite_note-fm37-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm53-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Frame_Analyses_of_Talk">The Frame Analyses of Talk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Frame Analyses of Talk">edit</a>]</div> In Frame Analysis, Erving Goffman provides a platform for understanding and interpreting the interaction between individuals engaging speech communication. In the chapter "The Frame Analyses of Talk," the focus is put on how words are exchanged and what is being said, specifically in informal talk or conversation. The concept of framing is introduced through an exploration of why misunderstandings occur in these basic, everyday conversations. He argues that they are more errors in verbal framing than anything else. The types of frames Goffman is considering are discussed in previous <a href="/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">sections</a> of the book, "fabrications, keyings, frame breaks, misframing, and, of course, frame disputes."<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a> That a frame can assume so many forms is the basis of his analyses, "these framings are subject to a multitude of different transformations − the warrant for a frame analysis in the first place."<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a> Goffman's key idea is that most conversation is simply a replaying of a strip – what he describes as a personal experience or event. When we talk with others, the speaker's goal is often always the same, to provide "evidence for the fairness or unfairness of his current situation and other grounds for sympathy, approval, exoneration, understanding, or amusement. And what his listeners are primarily obliged to do is to show some kind of audience appreciation."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Essentially, through interaction, we are only looking to be heard, not inspire any kind of action but simply to know that someone listened and understood. This is why often a simple head nod or grunt is accepted as an appropriate response in conversation. Goffman explains that the way a conversation is keyed is critical to understanding the intent behind many utterances in everyday speech. Key is probably best understood as the tone of the dialogue which can change numerous times during an interaction. Signaling a change in key is one way that framing often takes place, "special brackets will have to be introduced should he want to say something in a relatively serious way: "Kidding aside," "Now, I'm really serious about this,"<a href="#cite_note-:1-64">[64]</a> and other such tags become necessary as a means of momentarily down keying the flow of words."<a href="#cite_note-:1-64">[64]</a> Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauman" title="Richard Bauman">Richard Bauman</a> builds heavily on Goffman's work, specifically on the idea of key, in his work pertaining to an analysis of the performance frame. Bauman details that a performance is dependent on it being properly keyed, without this, the display will not be successful. His work on performance analyses is deeply indebted to what Goffman establishes here in "Frame Analyses." Context is one other element to framing that is essential. "The participants will be bound by norms of good manners: through frequency and length of turns at talk, through topics avoided, through circumspection in regard to references about self, through attention offered eagerly or begrudgingly-through all these means, rank and social relationship will be given their due."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Certain things can and will be said in one scenario that would never be uttered in another. An awareness of these social framings is critical, just as is an awareness of the audience. Depending on who you're speaking with (a teacher, a child, a loved one, a friend, a pet, etc.) you will curve your speech to fit the frame of what your intended audience is expecting. Goffman uses the metaphor of conversation being a stage play.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> A play's tone will shift throughout the performance due to the actions taken by the actors; this is similar to how a discussion is keyed – based on what either person says or does over the course of an interaction, the key will change accordingly. The parallels go further, though. Goffman also claims that a speaker details a drama more often than they provide information. They invite the listener to empathize and, as was explained above, they are often not meant to be stirred to take action, but rather to show appreciation; during a play this generally takes the form of applause.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Other similarities include engaging in the suspense the speaker is attempting to create. In both scenarios, you must put aside the knowledge that the performers know the outcome of the event being relayed and, in a sense, play along. This is integral to his stance as he explains "the argument that much of talk consists of replayings and that these make no sense unless some form of storyteller's suspense can be maintained shows the close relevance of frame-indeed, the close relevance of dramaturgy-for the organization of talk."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Lastly, because the replaying of strips is not extemporaneous, but rather preformulated, it is yet another parallel between a stage production and conversation. All of these things work in concert to provide a foundation of how talk is framed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_Advertisements">Gender Advertisements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gender Advertisements">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Gender_Advertisements" title="Gender Advertisements">Gender Advertisements</a>, Goffman analyzes how gender is represented in the advertising to which all individuals are commonly exposed.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-69">[69]</a> In her 2001 work Measuring Up: How Advertising Affects Self-Image, Vickie Rutledge Shields stated that the work was "unique at the time for employing a method now being labeled 'semiotic content analysis'" and that it "[provided] the base for textual analyses ... such as poststructuralist and psychoanalytic approaches".<a href="#cite_note-VRS-70">[70]</a> She also noted that feminist scholars like <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a> "[built] their highly persuasive and widely circulated findings on the nature of gender in advertising on Goffman's original categories".<a href="#cite_note-VRS-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_Talk">Forms of Talk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Forms of Talk">edit</a>]</div> Goffman's book, Forms of Talk (1981), includes five essays: "Replies and Responses" (1976); "Response Cries" (1978); "Footing" (1979); "The Lecture" (1976); and "Radio Talk" (1981).<a href="#cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.41-71">[71]</a> Each essay addresses both verbal and <a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-verbal communication">non-verbal communication</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolinguistic">sociolinguistic</a> model. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the study of <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">talk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helm,_David_Page_154-72">[72]</a> In the introduction, Goffman identifies three themes that recur throughout the text: "<a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritualization</a>, participation framework, and embedding".<a href="#cite_note-philadelphia-73">[73]</a> The first essay, "Replies and Responses", concerns "<a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">conversational</a> dialogue" and the way people respond during a conversation, both verbally and non-verbally.<a href="#cite_note-philadelphia2-74">[74]</a> The second essay, "Response Cries", considers the use of utterances and their social implications in different social contexts. Specifically, Goffman discusses "<a href="/wiki/Self-talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-talk">self-talk</a>" (talking to no one in particular) and its role in social situations. Next, in "Footing", Goffman addresses the way that footing, or alignment, can shift during a conversation.<a href="#cite_note-Helm,_David_Page_154-72">[72]</a> The fourth essay, "The Lecture", originally an oral presentation, describes different types and methods of lecture. Lastly, in "Radio Talk", Goffman describes the types and forms of talk used in <a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">radio programming</a> and the effect they have on listeners.<a href="#cite_note-Helm,_David_Page_154-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions">Positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Positions">edit</a>]</div> In his career, Goffman worked at the: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, Department of Social Anthropology and Social Sciences Research Centre: researcher, 1949-52;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Division of Social Sciences, Chicago: assistant, 1952–53; resident associate, 1953–54;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>: visiting scientist, 1954–57;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>: assistant professor, 1957–59; professor, 1959–62; professor of sociology, 1962–68;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology, 1969–82.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1959: <a href="/wiki/The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life" title="The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</a>. University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013571-8">978-0-14-013571-8</a>. Anchor Books edition</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates</a>. New York, Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013739-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013739-2">978-0-14-013739-2</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encounters:_Two_Studies_in_the_Sociology_of_Interaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (page does not exist)">Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction</a> – Fun in Games & Role Distance. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill.</li> <li>1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavior_in_Public_Places:_Notes_on_the_Social_Organization_of_Gatherings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings (page does not exist)">Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings</a>. The Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-911940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-911940-2">978-0-02-911940-2</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Stigma:_Notes_on_the_Management_of_Spoiled_Identity" title="Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity">Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity</a>. Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62244-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62244-2">978-0-671-62244-2</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Interaction_Ritual:_Essays_on_Face-to-Face_Behavior" title="Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior">Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior</a>. Anchor Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70631-3">978-0-394-70631-3</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Interaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Interaction (page does not exist)">Strategic Interaction</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02804-4">978-0-345-02804-4</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Where_the_action_is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Where the action is (page does not exist)">Where the action is</a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-0079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-0079-8">978-0-7139-0079-8</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relations_in_Public:_Microstudies_of_the_Public_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order (page does not exist)">Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order</a>. New York: Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131957-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131957-0">978-0-06-131957-0</a> (includes discussion of "<a href="/wiki/Tie_Signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie Signs">Tie Signs</a>")</li> <li>1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_analysis:_An_essay_on_the_organization_of_experience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience (page does not exist)">Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience</a>. London: Harper and Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090372-5">978-0-06-090372-5</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Gender_Advertisements" title="Gender Advertisements">Gender Advertisements</a>. Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-132076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-132076-7">978-0-06-132076-7</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forms_of_Talk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forms of Talk (page does not exist)">Forms of Talk</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7790-6">978-0-8122-7790-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Basaglia" title="Franco Basaglia">Franco Basaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_inattention" title="Civil inattention">Civil inattention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">Deinstitutionalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Radical_Therapist" title="The Radical Therapist">The Radical Therapist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fm34-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fm34_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm34_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm34_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm34_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm34_1-4">e</a> Fine and Manning (2003), p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Themostcited-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Themostcited_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Themostcited_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=405956&sectioncode=26">"The most cited authors of books in the humanities"</a>. Times Higher Education. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+most+cited+authors+of+books+in+the+humanities&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D405956%26sectioncode%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fm35-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm35_3-8">i</a> Fine and Manning (2003), p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2002-22-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2002-22_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2002-22_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2002-22_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2002-22_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Smith2002" class="citation book cs1">Greg Smith (1 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxB8yh-p8AgC&pg=PA22">Goffman and Social Organization: Studies of a Sociological Legacy</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-01900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-01900-9"><bdi>978-0-203-01900-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goffman+and+Social+Organization%3A+Studies+of+a+Sociological+Legacy&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-203-01900-9&rft.au=Greg+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxB8yh-p8AgC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syme2011-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Syme2011_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Leonard_Syme2011" class="citation book cs1">S. Leonard Syme (27 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFvolo6OaB8C&pg=PA28">Memoir of A Useless Boy</a>. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4653-3958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4653-3958-4"><bdi>978-1-4653-3958-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+A+Useless+Boy&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4653-3958-4&rft.au=S.+Leonard+Syme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFvolo6OaB8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-9-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns-9_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns-9_6-1">b</a> Burns (2002), p.9. </li> <li id="cite_note-fm36-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm36_7-8">i</a> Fine and Manning (2003), p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-phddissertation-8"><a href="#cite_ref-phddissertation_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffman1953" class="citation thesis cs1">Goffman, Erving (1953). Communication Conduct in an Island Community (PhD). University of Chicago. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/155524888">155524888</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/302075487">302075487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Communication+Conduct+in+an+Island+Community&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F155524888&rft.aulast=Goffman&rft.aufirst=Erving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shalin, Dmitri N. (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/goffman_archives/83/">"Goffman's Self-Ethnographies [Goffman Archives]"</a>. Bios Sociologicus: The Erving Goffman Archives: 1–54. Retrieved 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bios+Sociologicus%3A+The+Erving+Goffman+Archives&rft.atitle=Goffman%27s+Self-Ethnographies+%5BGoffman+Archives%5D&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.aulast=Shalin&rft.aufirst=Dmitri+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalscholarship.unlv.edu%2Fgoffman_archives%2F83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sallaz2009-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sallaz2009_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sallaz2009_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Sallaz2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Sallaz (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ILx4FHPQ4C&pg=PA263">The Labor of Luck: Casino Capitalism in the United States and South Africa</a>. University of California Press. pp. 262–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94465-7"><bdi>978-0-520-94465-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labor+of+Luck%3A+Casino+Capitalism+in+the+United+States+and+South+Africa&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94465-7&rft.au=Jeff+Sallaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-ILx4FHPQ4C%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fm37-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fm37_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm37_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm37_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm37_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm37_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm37_11-5">f</a> Fine and Manning (2003), p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner1982-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner1982_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Turner1982" class="citation book cs1">Roland Turner (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekoYAAAAIAAJ">The Annual Obituary</a>. St. Martin's. p. 550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-03877-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-03877-9"><bdi>978-0-312-03877-9</bdi></a>. 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(2008). Goffman, Erving. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (vol. 5, pp. 2001−2003). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelrouthEdles2008" class="citation book cs1">Appelrouth, Scott; Edles, Laura Desfor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalcontemp0000appe">Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings</a> (1st ed.). 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Taylor & Francis. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-97786-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-97786-6"><bdi>978-0-203-97786-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lev+Vygotsky%3A+Revolutionary+Scientist&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft.isbn=978-0-203-97786-6&rft.au=Lois+Holzman&rft.au=Fred+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5vTC4ke8A8C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2009-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2009_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_J._Taylor2009" class="citation book cs1">Steven J. 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Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Up%3A+How+Advertising+Affects+Self-Image&rft.pages=35-39&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3631-6&rft.aulast=Rutledge+Shields&rft.aufirst=Vickie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpm4x1bNw7kC%26q%3D%2522Gender%2BAdvertisements%2522%2BGoffman%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.41-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Goffman's_Legacy_2003_pg.41_71-0">^</a> Trevino (2003), p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Helm,_David_Page_154-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helm,_David_Page_154_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm,_David_Page_154_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm,_David_Page_154_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm,_David1982" class="citation journal cs1">Helm, David (1982). "Talk's Form: Comments on Goffman's Forms of Talk". Human Studies. 5 (2): 147–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02127674">10.1007/bf02127674</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20008837">20008837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145556978">145556978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Studies&rft.atitle=Talk%27s+Form%3A+Comments+on+Goffman%27s+Forms+of+Talk.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-157&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145556978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20008837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02127674&rft.au=Helm%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-philadelphia-73"><a href="#cite_ref-philadelphia_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErving_Goffman1981" class="citation book cs1">Erving Goffman (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formsoftalk00goff">Forms of talk</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formsoftalk00goff/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1112-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1112-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+talk&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1112-2&rft.au=Erving+Goffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformsoftalk00goff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-philadelphia2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-philadelphia2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErving_Goffman1981" class="citation book cs1">Erving Goffman (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formsoftalk00goff">Forms of talk</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formsoftalk00goff/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1112-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1112-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+talk&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1112-2&rft.au=Erving+Goffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformsoftalk00goff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1992" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Tom (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ervinggoffman0000burn">Erving Goffman</a>. London;New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06492-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06492-7"><bdi>978-0-415-06492-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman&rft.place=London%3BNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06492-7&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fervinggoffman0000burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2002" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfevbh7eiEMC">Erving Goffman</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-20550-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-20550-1"><bdi>978-0-203-20550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-20550-1&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfevbh7eiEMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliotRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Anthony; Ray, Larry J. (2003). Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21972-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21972-9"><bdi>978-0-631-21972-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Contemporary+Social+Theorists&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21972-9&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Ray%2C+Larry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineManning2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary A. Fine">Fine, Gary A.</a>; Manning, Philip (2003), "Erving Goffman", in <a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">Ritzer, George</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Major_Contemporary_Social_Theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists">The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists</a>, Malden, Massachusetts Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0595-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-0595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erving+Goffman&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+major+contemporary+social+theorists&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts+Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0595-8&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft.au=Manning%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Also available as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineManning2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary A. Fine">Fine, Gary A.</a>; Manning, Philip (2003). "Chapter 2. Erving Goffman". In Ritzer (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists. Wiley. pp. 34–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch3">10.1002/9780470999912.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99991-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99991-2"><bdi>978-0-470-99991-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+Erving+Goffman&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Major+Contemporary+Social+Theorists&rft.pages=34-62&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch3&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99991-2&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft.au=Manning%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Gary Alan; Smith, Gregory W. H. (2000). Erving Goffman. vol. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6863-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6863-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-6863-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman.+vol.+1%E2%80%934&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6863-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Gary+Alan&rft.au=Smith%2C+Gregory+W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Greg (2006). Erving Goffman ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00234-6"><bdi>978-0-203-00234-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-00234-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevino,_A._Javier2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Trevino" class="mw-redirect" title="Javier Trevino">Trevino, A. Javier</a> (2003). Goffman's Legacy. Lanham, Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1977-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-1977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goffman%27s+Legacy&rft.pub=Lanham%2C+Md.%3ARowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1977-0&rft.au=Trevino%2C+A.+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkin1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Winkin" title="Yves Winkin">Winkin, Yves</a> (1988). Portrait du sociologue Erving Goffman: Les moments et leurs hommes. Paris: Seuil/Minuit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2020099845" title="Special:BookSources/2020099845"><bdi>2020099845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+du+sociologue+Erving+Goffman%3A+Les+moments+et+leurs+hommes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil%2FMinuit&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2020099845&rft.aulast=Winkin&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkin2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Winkin" title="Yves Winkin">Winkin, Yves</a> (2022). D'Erving à Goffman: Une œuvre performée?. Paris: MkF éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-92305-89-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-92305-89-0"><bdi>979-10-92305-89-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%27Erving+%C3%A0+Goffman%3A+Une+%C5%93uvre+perform%C3%A9e%3F&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=MkF+%C3%A9ditions.&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-10-92305-89-0&rft.aulast=Winkin&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkinLeeds-Hurwitz,_Wendy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Winkin" title="Yves Winkin">Winkin, Yves</a>; Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy (2013). Erving Goffman: A critical introduction to media and communication theory. New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0993-5"><bdi>978-1-4331-0993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman%3A+A+critical+introduction+to+media+and+communication+theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0993-5&rft.aulast=Winkin&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Leeds-Hurwitz%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dirda, Michael (2010). "Waiting for Goffman", Lapham's Quarterly (Vol 3 No 4). ISSN 1935-7494</li> <li>Ditton, Jason (1980). The View of Goffman, New York:St. Martin's Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-84598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-84598-8">978-0-312-84598-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew,_PaulAnthony_J._Wootton1988" class="citation book cs1">Drew, Paul; Anthony J. Wootton (1988). Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0393-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0393-3"><bdi>978-0-7456-0393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman%3A+Exploring+the+Interaction+Order&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0393-3&rft.au=Drew%2C+Paul&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Wootton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffmanLemertBranaman1997" class="citation book cs1">Goffman, Erving; Lemert, Charles; Branaman, Ann (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goffmanreader0000goff">The Goffman reader</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-894-7"><bdi>978-1-55786-894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goffman+reader&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-894-7&rft.aulast=Goffman&rft.aufirst=Erving&rft.au=Lemert%2C+Charles&rft.au=Branaman%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoffmanreader0000goff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning,_Philip1992" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Philip (1992). Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2026-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-2026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman+and+Modern+Sociology&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2026-7&rft.au=Manning%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaab2019" class="citation book cs1">Raab, Jürgen (2019). Erving Goffman. From the Perspective of the New Sociology of Knowledge. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36451-6"><bdi>978-1-138-36451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erving+Goffman.+From+the+Perspective+of+the+New+Sociology+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-36451-6&rft.aulast=Raab&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheff,_Thomas_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Scheff, Thomas J. (2006). Goffman unbound!: a new paradigm for social science. Paradigm Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-195-0"><bdi>978-1-59451-195-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goffman+unbound%21%3A+a+new+paradigm+for+social+science&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59451-195-0&rft.au=Scheff%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven1993" class="citation journal cs1">Verhoeven, J (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922112035/https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/130760/2/Interview+with+Goffman+auto-archiving.pdf">"An interview with Erving Goffman"</a> (PDF). Research on Language and Social Interaction. 26 (3): 317–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327973rlsi2603_5">10.1207/s15327973rlsi2603_5</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/130760/2/Interview+with+Goffman+auto-archiving.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+on+Language+and+Social+Interaction&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+Erving+Goffman&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-348&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327973rlsi2603_5&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F130760%2F2%2FInterview%2Bwith%2BGoffman%2Bauto-archiving.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven1993" class="citation journal cs1">Verhoeven, J (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/130762">"Backstage with Erving Goffman: The context of the interview"</a>. Research on Language and Social Interaction. 26 (3): 307–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327973rlsi2603_4">10.1207/s15327973rlsi2603_4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+on+Language+and+Social+Interaction&rft.atitle=Backstage+with+Erving+Goffman%3A+The+context+of+the+interview&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-331&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327973rlsi2603_4&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F130762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErving+Goffman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" class="extiw" title="q:Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031133721/http://www.tau.ac.il/%7Ealgazi/mat/bib-goffman.htm">Algazi, Gadi. "Erving Goffman: A Bibliography,"</a> Department of History, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708045853/http://www.blackwood.org/Erving.htm">Brackwood, B. Diane. (1997). "Erving Goffman,"</a> Magill's Guide to 20th Century Authors. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/symb.83">Cavan, Sherri. "When Erving Goffman Was a Boy: The Formative Years of a Sociological Giant"</a> Symbolic Interaction v37 n1 pp. 41–70 (Feb. 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/goffman.htm">Dear Habermas (weekly journal), "Articles on Goffman,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111085521/http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/goffman.htm">Archived</a> 11 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Dominguez_Hills" title="California State University, Dominguez Hills">California State University, Dominguez Hills</a>. A listing of further reading and online resources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdclv.unlv.edu/ega/articles/delaney_eg_timeline_07-11.pdf">Delaney, Michael. "Erving Goffman: Professional and Personal Timeline,"</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nevada Las Vegas">University of Nevada Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/goffmanbio.html">Teuber, Andreas. "Erving Goffman Biography,"</a> <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdclv.unlv.edu/ega/index.html">"Erving Goffman Archives"</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nevada Las Vegas">University of Nevada Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009065733/http://www.tau.ac.il/~algazi/mat/Goffman--Cooling.htm">On Cooling the Mark Out: Some Aspects of Adaptation to Failure</a> (1952), Erving Goffman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediastudies.press/communication-conduct-in-an-island-community">Communication conduct in an island community</a> (1953), Erving Goffman</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Sociological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1906–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Giddings" title="Franklin Henry Giddings">Franklin Henry Giddings</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Woodbury_Small" title="Albion Woodbury Small">Albion Woodbury Small</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward Alsworth Ross</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Vincent" title="George Edgar Vincent">George Edgar Vincent</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Howard" title="George Elliott Howard">George Elliott Howard</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cooley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cooley">Charles Cooley</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Blackmar" title="Frank W. Blackmar">Frank W. Blackmar</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Dealey" title="James Q. Dealey">James Q. Dealey</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Hayes" title="Edward C. Hayes">Edward C. Hayes</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Lichtenberger" title="James P. Lichtenberger">James P. Lichtenberger</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_G._Weatherly" title="Ulysses G. Weatherly">Ulysses G. Weatherly</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Ellwood" title="Charles A. Ellwood">Charles A. Ellwood</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Robert E. Park</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gillin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis Gillin">John Lewis Gillin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._I._Thomas" title="W. I. Thomas">W. I. Thomas</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Gillette" title="John M. Gillette">John M. Gillette</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fielding_Ogburn" title="William Fielding Ogburn">William Fielding Ogburn</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Odum" title="Howard W. Odum">Howard W. Odum</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_S._Bogardus" title="Emory S. Bogardus">Emory S. Bogardus</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_L._Bernard" title="Luther L. Bernard">Luther L. Bernard</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Reuter" title="Edward B. Reuter">Edward B. Reuter</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Stuart_Chapin" title="F. Stuart Chapin">F. Stuart Chapin</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pratt_Fairchild" title="Henry Pratt Fairchild">Henry Pratt Fairchild</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Faris" title="Ellsworth Faris">Ellsworth Faris</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hankins" title="Frank H. Hankins">Frank H. Hankins</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sutherland" title="Edwin Sutherland">Edwin Sutherland</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_MacIver" title="Robert Morrison MacIver">Robert Morrison MacIver</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Queen" title="Stuart A. Queen">Stuart A. Queen</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Sanderson" title="Dwight Sanderson">Dwight Sanderson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Lundberg" title="George A. Lundberg">George A. Lundberg</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Vance" title="Rupert Vance">Rupert Bayless Vance</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Young" title="Kimball Young">Kimball Young</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cleveland_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Cleveland Taylor (page does not exist)">Carl Cleveland Taylor</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cleveland_Taylor" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Cleveland Taylor">de</a>] (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Franklin_Frazier" title="E. Franklin Frazier">E. Franklin Frazier</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_S._Cottrell_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard S. Cottrell Jr. (page does not exist)">Leonard S. Cottrell Jr.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Slater_Cottrell" class="extiw" title="de:Leonard Slater Cottrell">de</a>] (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Angell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Angell">Robert C. Angell</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Swaine_Thomas" title="Dorothy Swaine Thomas">Dorothy Swaine Thomas</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Stouffer" title="Samuel A. Stouffer">Samuel A. Stouffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Young_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Young (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Donald Young</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blumer" title="Herbert Blumer">Herbert Blumer</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Murphy_Williams" title="Robin Murphy Williams">Robin M. Williams Jr.</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Davis" title="Kingsley Davis">Kingsley Davis</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._L._Faris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. L. Faris (page does not exist)">Robert E. L. Faris</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Everett Hughes</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Homans" title="George C. Homans">George C. Homans</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_E._Moore" title="Wilbert E. Moore">Wilbert E. Moore</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Loomis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Loomis (page does not exist)">Charles P. Loomis</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hauser" title="Philip Hauser">Philip Hauser</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Marshall_Rose" title="Arnold Marshall Rose">Arnold Marshall Rose</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Turner" title="Ralph H. Turner">Ralph H. Turner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Reinhard Bendix</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sewell" title="William H. Sewell">William H. Sewell</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Goode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Goode (page does not exist)">William J. Goode</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Komarovsky" title="Mirra Komarovsky">Mirra Komarovsky</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blau" title="Peter Blau">Peter Blau</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Coser" title="Lewis A. Coser">Lewis A. Coser</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_McClung_Lee" title="Alfred McClung Lee">Alfred McClung Lee</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Yinger" title="John Milton Yinger">John Milton Yinger</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Hawley" title="Amos Hawley">Amos Hawley</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_M._Blalock_Jr." title="Hubert M. Blalock Jr.">Hubert M. Blalock Jr.</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Rossi" title="Peter H. Rossi">Peter H. Rossi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Foote_Whyte" title="William Foote Whyte">William Foote Whyte</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erving Goffman</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_S._Rossi" title="Alice S. Rossi">Alice S. Rossi</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Short_Jr." title="James F. Short Jr.">James F. Short Jr.</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_T._Erikson" title="Kai T. Erikson">Kai T. Erikson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_White_Riley" title="Matilda White Riley">Matilda White Riley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_L._Kohn" title="Melvin L. Kohn">Melvin L. Kohn</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Gans" title="Herbert J. Gans">Herbert J. Gans</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Huber" title="Joan Huber">Joan Huber</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lieberson" title="Stanley Lieberson">Stanley Lieberson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman" title="James Samuel Coleman">James Samuel Coleman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Gamson" title="William A. Gamson">William A. Gamson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_T._Hallinan" title="Maureen T. Hallinan">Maureen T. Hallinan</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Smelser" title="Neil Smelser">Neil Smelser</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Quadagno" title="Jill Quadagno">Jill Quadagno</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Massey" title="Douglas Massey">Douglas Massey</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Reskin" title="Barbara Reskin">Barbara Reskin</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Bielby" title="William T. Bielby">William T. Bielby</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Michael Burawoy</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Duster" title="Troy Duster">Troy Duster</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Fuchs_Epstein" title="Cynthia Fuchs Epstein">Cynthia Fuchs Epstein</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Frances Fox Piven</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_L._Kalleberg" title="Arne L. Kalleberg">Arne L. Kalleberg</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Nakano_Glenn" title="Evelyn Nakano Glenn">Evelyn Nakano Glenn</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_L._Ridgeway" title="Cecilia L. Ridgeway">Cecilia L. Ridgeway</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Milkman" title="Ruth Milkman">Ruth Milkman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Lamont" title="Michèle Lamont">Michèle Lamont</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Eduardo Bonilla-Silva</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Romero" title="Mary Romero">Mary Romero</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Williams_(sociologist)" title="Christine Williams (sociologist)">Christine Williams</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldon_Morris" title="Aldon Morris">Aldon Morris</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Menj%C3%ADvar" title="Cecilia Menjívar">Cecilia Menjívar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Carter" title="Prudence Carter">Prudence Carter</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-psychiatry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-psychiatry" title="Template:Anti-psychiatry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-psychiatry" title="Template talk:Anti-psychiatry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-psychiatry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-psychiatry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Psychiatry_Network" title="Critical Psychiatry Network">Critical psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_Voices_Movement" title="Hearing Voices Movement">Hearing Voices Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mental_disorders" title="History of mental disorders">History of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Involuntary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Mitchell_effect" title="Martha Mitchell effect">Martha Mitchell effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">Medical ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicalization" title="Medicalization">Medicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicalisation_of_sexuality" title="Medicalisation of sexuality">of sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model" title="Medical model">medical model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouthetic_counseling" title="Nouthetic counseling">Nouthetic counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_disintegration" title="Positive disintegration">Positive disintegration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_model" title="Recovery model">Recovery model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_therapy" title="Rhetoric of therapy">Rhetoric of therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment" title="Rosenhan experiment">Rosenhan experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help_groups_for_mental_health" title="Self-help groups for mental health">Self-help groups for mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_community" title="Therapeutic community">Therapeutic community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Abolition_of_Involuntary_Mental_Hospitalization" title="American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization">American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autism Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazelon_Center_for_Mental_Health_Law" title="Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law">Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Psychiatry_Network" title="Critical Psychiatry Network">Critical Psychiatry Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Rights_International" title="Disability Rights International">Disability Rights International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_Voices_Network" title="Hearing Voices Network">Hearing Voices Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus_Project" title="Icarus Project">Icarus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Disability_Alliance" title="International Disability Alliance">International Disability Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Disability_Coalition" title="Learning Disability Coalition">Learning Disability Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad Pride">Mad Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindFreedom_International" title="MindFreedom International">MindFreedom International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Empowerment_Center" title="National Empowerment Center">National Empowerment Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Psychology_Network" title="Radical Psychology Network">Radical Psychology Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_International" title="Rehabilitation International">Rehabilitation International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Rights_UK" title="Disability Rights UK">Royal Association for Disability Rights</a></li> <li>Paranoia Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(psychiatric_treatment)" title="Soteria (psychiatric treatment)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Patients%27_Collective" title="Socialist Patients' Collective">Socialist Patients' Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Users_and_Survivors_of_Psychiatry" title="World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry">World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Andre" title="Linda Andre">Linda Andre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Antonucci" title="Giorgio Antonucci">Giorgio Antonucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Basaglia" title="Franco Basaglia">Franco Basaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauretta_Bender" title="Lauretta Bender">Lauretta Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentall" title="Richard Bentall">Richard Bentall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Breggin" title="Peter Breggin">Peter Breggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Caplan" title="Paula Caplan">Paula Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Chabasinski" title="Ted Chabasinski">Ted Chabasinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Chamberlin" title="Judi Chamberlin">Judi Chamberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)" title="David Cooper (psychiatrist)">David Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Duff" title="Lyn Duff">Lyn Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Roy_Frank" title="Leonard Roy Frank">Leonard Roy Frank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erving Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gottstein" title="James Gottstein">James Gottstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._G%C3%B8tzsche" title="Peter C. Gøtzsche">Peter C. Gøtzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lehmann_(author)" title="Peter Lehmann (author)">Peter Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Mosher" title="Loren Mosher">Loren Mosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Moncrieff" title="Joanna Moncrieff">Joanna Moncrieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Oaks" title="David Oaks">David Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Packard" title="Elizabeth Packard">Elizabeth Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Altman_DuBrul" title="Sascha Altman DuBrul">Sascha Scatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smail_(psychologist)" title="David Smail (psychologist)">David Smail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ticktin" title="Stephen Ticktin">Stephen Ticktin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitaker_(author)" title="Robert Whitaker (author)">Robert Whitaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Against_Therapy" title="Against Therapy">Against Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_an_Epidemic" title="Anatomy of an Epidemic">Anatomy of an Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Therapies" title="Crazy Therapies">Crazy Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoring_the_Mind" title="Doctoring the Mind">Doctoring the Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Schizophrenia" title="Interpretation of Schizophrenia">Interpretation of Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_by_Oppression" title="Liberation by Oppression">Liberation by Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_in_America" title="Mad in America">Mad in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Psychology_Network" title="Radical Psychology Network">Radical Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gene_Illusion" title="The Gene Illusion">The Gene Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Mental_Illness" title="The Myth of Mental Illness">The Myth of Mental Illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Experience_and_The_Bird_of_Paradise" title="The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise">The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protest_Psychosis" title="The Protest Psychosis">The Protest Psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Radical_Therapist" title="The Radical Therapist">The Radical Therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We%27ve_Had_a_Hundred_Years_of_Psychotherapy_%E2%80%93_and_the_World%27s_Getting_Worse" title="We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse">We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Psychiatry portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Orwell_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orwell_Award_recipients" title="Template:Orwell Award recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orwell_Award_recipients" title="Template talk:Orwell Award recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orwell_Award_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orwell Award recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Orwell_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Wise_(journalist)" title="David Wise (journalist)">David Wise</a></li> <li>1976: Hugh Rank</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pincus" title="Walter Pincus">Walter Pincus</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Sissela_Bok" title="Sissela Bok">Sissela Bok</a></li> <li>1979: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erving Goffman</a></li> <li>1980: Sheila Harty</li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Bolinger" title="Dwight Bolinger">Dwight Bolinger</a></li> <li>1982: Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and <a href="/wiki/Rory_O%27Connor_(filmmaker)" title="Rory O'Connor (filmmaker)">Rory O'Connor</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Haig_Bosmajian" title="Haig Bosmajian">Haig Bosmajian</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Koppel" title="Ted Koppel">Ted Koppel</a></li> <li>1985: Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder</li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Barlett" title="Donald L. Barlett">Donald Barlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Steele" title="James B. Steele">James B. Steele</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li>1990: Charlotte Baecher, <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/David_A._Kessler" title="David A. Kessler">David A. Kessler</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Barlett" title="Donald L. Barlett">Donald L. Barlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Steele" title="James B. Steele">James Steele</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Alterman" title="Eric Alterman">Eric Alterman</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Garry Trudeau</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Lies_of_Our_Times" title="Lies of Our Times">Lies of Our Times</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/William_D._Lutz" title="William D. Lutz">William D. Lutz</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Schor" title="Juliet Schor">Juliet Schor</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Solomon" title="Norman Solomon">Norman Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alfie_Kohn" title="Alfie Kohn">Alfie Kohn</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Rampton" title="Sheldon Rampton">Sheldon Rampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stauber" title="John Stauber">John Stauber</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Press" title="Bill Press">Bill Press</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a> cast</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Steven_H._Miles" title="Steven H. Miles">Steven H. Miles</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gup" title="Ted Gup">Ted Gup</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Savage_(author)" title="Charlie Savage (author)">Charlie Savage</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a></li> <li>2011: F.S. Michaels</li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zuckerman" title="Peter Zuckerman">Peter Zuckerman</a> and Amanda Padoan</li> <li>2013: Paul L. Thomas</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></li> <li>2015: Anthony Cody</li> <li>2016: David Greenberg</li> <li>2017: Richard Sobel</li> <li>2018: Katie Watson</li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Lynch" title="Michael P. Lynch">Michael P. Lynch</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/April_Baker-Bell" title="April Baker-Bell">April Baker-Bell</a></li> <li>2021: Kristin Kobes Du Mez</li> <li>2022: David Chrisinger</li> <li>2023: Kisha Porcher and Shamaine Bertrand</li> <li>2024: Jessica Lander</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500278352">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/835503">Trove</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1588169">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118696076.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118696076">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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