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href="#Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless postalveolar fricative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_postalveolarer_Frikativ" title="Stimmloser postalveolarer Frikativ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stimmloser postalveolarer Frikativ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لثوي غاري احتكاكي مهموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لثوي غاري احتكاكي مهموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_postalveolar_xorda" title="Fricativa postalveolar xorda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fricativa postalveolar xorda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="অঘোষ পশ্চাদ্দন্তমূলীয় উষ্মধ্বনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঘোষ পশ্চাদ্দন্তমূলীয় উষ্মধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng_kok-g%C3%BBn_chhat-im" title="Chheng kok-gûn chhat-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng kok-gûn chhat-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Беззвучна задвенечна шипяща проходна съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беззвучна задвенечна шипяща проходна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzenn_drek-logigo%C3%B9_divouezh" title="Ruzenn drek-logigoù divouezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruzenn drek-logigoù divouezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_postalveolar_sorda" title="Fricativa postalveolar sorda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fricativa postalveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezn%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_postalveol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_frikativa" title="Neznělá postalveolární frikativa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neznělá postalveolární frikativa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_postalveolarer_Frikativ" title="Stimmloser postalveolarer Frikativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmloser postalveolarer Frikativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_postalveolar_sorda" title="Fricativa postalveolar sorda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fricativa postalveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igurzkari_hobiosteko_ahoskabe" title="Igurzkari hobiosteko ahoskabe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Igurzkari hobiosteko ahoskabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سایشی پس‌لثوی بی‌واک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایشی پس‌لثوی بی‌واک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_fricative_palato-alv%C3%A9olaire_sourde" title="Consonne fricative palato-alvéolaire sourde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne fricative palato-alvéolaire sourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1_%ED%9B%84%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD_%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="무성 후치경 마찰음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성 후치경 마찰음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="अघोष पश्वर्त्स्य संघर्षी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अघोष पश्वर्त्स्य संघर्षी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezvu%C4%8Dni_postalveolarni_frikativ" title="Bezvučni postalveolarni frikativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bezvučni postalveolarni frikativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surda_pos-alveolara_frikativa" title="Surda pos-alveolara frikativa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Surda pos-alveolara frikativa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_geser_pasca_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser pasca rongga-gigi nirsuara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan geser pasca rongga-gigi nirsuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_postalveolare_sorda" title="Fricativa postalveolare sorda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fricativa postalveolare sorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7,_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="עיצור בתר-מכתשי, חוכך שורק, אטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור בתר-מכתשי, חוכך שורק, אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumloeaze_p%C3%B3salveolaire_sibilant" title="Stumloeaze pósalveolaire sibilant – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stumloeaze pósalveolaire sibilant" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Безвучна преднонепчено-венечна шушкава согласка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Безвучна преднонепчено-венечна шушкава согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geseran_belakang_gusi_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran belakang gusi tak bersuara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geseran belakang gusi tak bersuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemloze_postalveolaire_fricatief" title="Stemloze postalveolaire fricatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stemloze postalveolaire fricatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%A3%B0%E5%BE%8C%E9%83%A8%E6%AD%AF%E8%8C%8E%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="無声後部歯茎摩擦音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無声後部歯茎摩擦音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_zadzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa zadziąsłowa bezdźwięczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa zadziąsłowa bezdźwięczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_p%C3%B3s-alveolar_surda" title="Fricativa pós-alveolar surda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fricativa pós-alveolar surda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_fricativ%C4%83_postalveolar%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană fricativă postalveolară surdă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană fricativă postalveolară surdă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Глухой постальвеолярный сибилянт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глухой постальвеолярный сибилянт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Безвучни тврди фрикатив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Безвучни тврди фрикатив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soinniton_postalveolaarinen_frikatiivi" title="Soinniton postalveolaarinen frikatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soinniton postalveolaarinen frikatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%B6s_postalveolar_frikativa" title="Tonlös postalveolar frikativa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonlös postalveolar frikativa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Глухий заясенний фрикативний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глухий заясенний фрикативний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregadiva_postalveo%C5%82are_sorda" title="Fregadiva postalveołare sorda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fregadiva postalveołare sorda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨ʃ⟩ in IPA</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the palato-alveolar consonant. For the retroflex consonant, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">Voiceless retroflex fricative</a>. For the alveolo-palatal consonant, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</a>.</div> <p>A <b>voiceless postalveolar fricative</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> sound used in some <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">spoken</a> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> uses the term <i>voiceless postalveolar fricative</i> only for the sound <a href="#Voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ʃ ]</span></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it also describes the <a href="#Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative">voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̠̊˔]</span>, for which there are significant perceptual differences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative">Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless postalveolar fricative</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">134</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#643;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+0283</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>S</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠱ (braille pattern dots-156) U+2831"><img alt="⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/25px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/38px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/50px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:0; border:0; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFFE6; border:0;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td class="center" style="background: transparent; border:0;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg/150px-IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg/225px-IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg/300px-IPA_Unicode_0x0283.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>voiceless palato-alveolar fricative</b> or <b>voiceless domed postalveolar fricative</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> sound used in many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, including English. In English, it is usually spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span>, as in <i>ship</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg/220px-Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg/330px-Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg/440px-Palatoalveolar_fricative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Postalveolar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ]</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The symbol in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represents this sound is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> ʃ </span>⟩, the letter <a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">esh</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pitman" title="Isaac Pitman">Isaac Pitman</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral symbol</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨∫⟩</span>). The equivalent <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a> symbol is <code>S</code>. </p><p>An alternative symbol is <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a>⟩</span>, an <i>s</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> or <i>háček</i>, which is used in the <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist phonetic notation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic" title="Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a> transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the <a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a> and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finno-Samic_languages" title="Finno-Samic languages">Finno-Samic</a>, North American and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a <a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">groove</a> in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a></i>, that is, domed (partially <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>) <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> </td> <td><span title="Kabardian-language text"><span lang="kbd-Cyrl"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script"><b>ш</b>ыд</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃəd]</span> </td> <td>'donkey' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </td> <td><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet"><b>sh</b>tëpi</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃtəˈpi]</span> </td> <td>'house' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet"><b>شَ</b>مْس</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cd\/Ar-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3.ogg\/Ar-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u0283ams]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-\u0634\u0645\u0633.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ar-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3.ogg/Ar-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃams]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3.ogg" title="File:Ar-شمس.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'sun' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200918_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200918-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet"><b>շ</b>ուն</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/%C6%A9un.ogg\/%C6%A9un.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u0283un]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u01a9un.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/%C6%A9un.ogg/%C6%A9un.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃun]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:%C6%A9un.ogg" title="File:Ʃun.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'dog' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> </td> <td><i><b>sh</b>i</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃi]</span> </td> <td>'and' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> </td> <td><span title="Asturian-language text"><i lang="ast"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian alphabet"><b>x</b>era</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃeɾa]</span> </td> <td>'work' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> </td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet"><b>ş</b>eir</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃeiɾ]</span> </td> <td>'poem' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a> </td> <td><b>ܫ</b>ܒܬܐ <i><b>š</b>ebta</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃεbta]</span> </td> <td>'saturday' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> </td> <td><i><span title="Alekano-language text"><span lang="gah-Cyrl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:биш">би<b>ш</b></a> / bi<b>š</b></span></span></i> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/Ba-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88.ogg\/Ba-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[b\u02b2i\u0283]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ba-\u0431\u0438\u0448.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Ba-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88.ogg/Ba-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲiʃ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88.ogg" title="File:Ba-биш.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'five' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> </td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">kai<b>x</b>o</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kajʃ̺o]</span> </td> <td>'hello' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> </td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br"><b>ch</b>adenn</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃadɛ̃n]</span> </td> <td>'chain' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">юна<b>ш</b>ки</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[juˈnaʃki]</span> </td> <td>'heroically' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script"><b>ш</b>ура</a> / <i>şura</i> </td> <td>['ʃurə] </td> <td>'milk' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script"><b>ш</b>урă</a> </td> <td>['ʃurə] </td> <td>'white' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">ka<b>š</b>e</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkaʃɛ]</span> </td> <td>'mash' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199246_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199246-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography"><b>sj</b>abloon</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Nl-sjabloon.ogg\/Nl-sjabloon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u0283\u00e4\u02c8blo\u02d0n]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-sjabloon.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Nl-sjabloon.ogg/Nl-sjabloon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃäˈbloːn]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-sjabloon.ogg" title="File:Nl-sjabloon.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'template' </td> <td>May be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span> instead. See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"><b>sh</b>eep</a></i> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/En-us-sheep.ogg\/En-us-sheep.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8\u0283i\u02d0p]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-sheep.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/En-us-sheep.ogg/En-us-sheep.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃiːp]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-sheep.ogg" title="File:En-us-sheep.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'sheep' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> </td> <td><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography"><b>ŝ</b>elko</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃelko]</span> </td> <td>'suspenders' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> </td> <td><span title="Faroese-language text"><i lang="fo"><b>sj</b>úkrahús</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʉukrahʉus]</span> </td> <td>'hospital' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography"><b>ch</b>er</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Fr-cher.ogg\/Fr-cher.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u0283\u025b\u0281]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-cher.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Fr-cher.ogg/Fr-cher.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɛʁ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-cher.ogg" title="File:Fr-cher.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'expensive' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">French phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography"><b>š</b>ekki</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃekːi]</span> </td> <td>'check' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> </td> <td><span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">via<b>x</b>e</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbjaʃe]</span> </td> <td>'trip' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet"><b>შ</b>არი</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃɑɾi]</span> </td> <td>'quibbling' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-MangoldPA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangoldPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography"><b>sch</b>ön</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃøːn]</span> </td> <td>'beautiful' </td> <td>Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.<sup id="cite_ref-MangoldPA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangoldPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard German phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a> </td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">α<b>σσι</b>ήμια</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐˈʃːimɲɐ]</span> </td> <td>'ugliness' </td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek#Alphabets" title="Pontic Greek"><b>ςς</b>ον</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃo̞n]</span> </td> <td>'snow' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet"><b>שָׁ</b>לוֹם</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/He-Shalom.ogg\/He-Shalom.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u0283a\u02c8lom]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Shalom.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/He-Shalom.ogg/He-Shalom.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃaˈlom]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Shalom.ogg" title="File:He-Shalom.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td>'peace' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari"><b>श</b>क</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃək]</span> </td> <td>'doubt' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography"><b>s</b>ó</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃoː]</span> </td> <td>'salt' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography"><b>si</b>ák</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃak]</span> </td> <td>'I' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography"><b>s</b>í</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃiː]</span> </td> <td>'she' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </td> <td>Marked accents of <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography"><b>s</b>ali</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃäːli]</span> </td> <td>'you go up' </td> <td>Apical non-labialized; may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s̺ʲ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> in standard Italian. See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">fa<b>sc</b>e</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfäʃːe]</span> </td> <td>'bands' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> </td> <td><span title="Kabardian-language text"><span lang="kbd-Cyrl"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script"><b>ш</b>ыд</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɛd]</span> </td> <td>'donkey' </td> <td>Contrasts with a <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> form </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a></td> <td><span title="Kabyle-language text"><i lang="kab"><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet"><b>c</b>iwer</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃiwər]</span></td> <td>'to consult'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Kashubian-language text"><i lang="csb"><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet" title="Kashubian alphabet">na<b>sz</b></a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[naʃ]</span> </td> <td>'our' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets"><b>ш</b>а<b>ш</b></a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets"><b>ş</b>a<b>ş</b></a></i> </td> <td>[ʃаʃ] </td> <td>'hair' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> </td> <td><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish alphabet"><b>ş</b>ev</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɛv]</span> </td> <td>'night' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </td> <td><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian alphabet"><b>š</b>alle</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃalːe]</span> </td> <td>'scarf' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a> </td> <td><span title="Lillooet-language text"><i lang="lil"><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language"><b>s</b>tswúw̓ecw</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃtʃwuˀwəxʷ]</span> </td> <td>'creek' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect" title="Maastrichtian dialect">Maastrichtian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999156_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999156-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li"><b>sj</b>at</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɑ̽t]</span> </td> <td>'darling' </td> <td>Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a> </td> <td><span title="Lingala-language text"><i lang="ln"><a href="/wiki/African_reference_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="African reference alphabet"><b>sh</b>akú</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃakú]</span> </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Grey_parrot" title="Grey parrot">grey parrot</a>' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </td> <td><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography"><b>š</b>arvas</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃɐrˑvɐs]</span> </td> <td>'armor' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> </td> <td><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet"><b>ш</b>то</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃtɔ]</span> </td> <td>'what' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </td> <td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet"><b>sy</b>arikat</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃarikat]</span> </td> <td>'company' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> </td> <td><span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet"><b>x</b>′jismek?</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃjɪsmɛk]</span> </td> <td>'what is your name?' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> </td> <td><span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari"><b>श</b>ब्द</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃəbd̪ə]</span> </td> <td>'word' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> </td> <td>Yucatec </td> <td><i>ko'o<b>x</b></i> </td> <td>[koʔoʃ] </td> <td>'let's go' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mopan_language" title="Mopan language">Mopan</a> </td> <td><span title="Mopán Maya-language text"><i lang="mop">ka<b>x</b></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑːʃ]</span> </td> <td>'chicken' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mpade_language" title="Mpade language">Mpade</a> </td> <td><span title="Mpade-language text"><i lang="mpi"><b>sh</b>a</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃa]</span> </td> <td>'cow' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a> </td> <td><span title="Southern Ohlone-language text"><i lang="css">raṭma<b>š</b>te</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾɑʈmɑʃtɛ]</span> </td> <td>'having acne' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap"><b>s</b>cugnizzo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃkuˈɲːitt͡sə]</span> </td> <td>'urchin' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a> </td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">mai<b>ss</b>ant</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[meˈʃɔ̃]</span> </td> <td>'bad' </td> <td rowspan="3">See <a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> </td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">mai<b>sh</b>ant</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maˈʃan]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a> </td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc"><b>s</b>on</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃũ]</span> </td> <td>'his' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/Persian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian script"><b>ش</b>اه</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɒːh]</span> </td> <td>'king' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Istebna" title="Gmina Istebna">Gmina Istebna</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography"><b>si</b>ano</a></i></span> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃän̪ɔ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="5">'hay' </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> merge into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> in these dialects. In standard Polish, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">voiceless retroflex sibilant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian dialect">Lubawa dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian dialect">Malbork dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian dialect">Ostróda dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian dialect">Warmia dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography"><b>x</b>amã</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɐˈmɐ̃]</span> </td> <td>'shaman' </td> <td>Also described as alveolo-palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva200332_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva200332-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuimarães2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuimarães2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa"><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi"><b>ਸ਼ੇ</b>ਰ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃeːɾ]</span> </td> <td>'lion' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> </td> <td><span title="Romani-language text"><i lang="rom"><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">de<b>š</b></a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[deʃ]</span> </td> <td>'ten' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet"><b>ș</b>efi</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃefʲ]</span> </td> <td>'bosses' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation"><b>š</b>í<b>š</b></a></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃiʃ]</span> </td> <td>'mush' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet"><b>s</b>einn</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃeiɲ]</span> </td> <td>'sing' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> </td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh"><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet"><b>š</b>kola</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃkôːla]</span> </td> <td>'school' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Istebna" title="Gmina Istebna">Gmina Istebna</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dąbrowska_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dąbrowska-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (November 2013)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">These dialects merge <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jablunkov" title="Jablunkov">Jablunkov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dąbrowska_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dąbrowska-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (December 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </td> <td><i><b>š</b>kola</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃkɔla]</span> </td> <td>'school' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet"><b>š</b>ola</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃóːlà]</span> </td> <td>'school' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> </td> <td><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so"><b>sh</b>an</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃan]</span> </td> <td>'five' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">e<b>ch</b>ador</a></i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/Echador_Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant_Northern_Latin_Spanish.wav\/Echador_Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant_Northern_Latin_Spanish.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[e\u031e\u0283\u00e4\u02c8\u00f0o\u031e\u027e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Echador Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Northern Latin Spanish.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Echador_Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant_Northern_Latin_Spanish.wav/Echador_Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant_Northern_Latin_Spanish.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞ʃäˈðo̞ɾ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Echador_Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant_Northern_Latin_Spanish.wav" title="File:Echador Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Northern Latin Spanish.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">'boastful' </td> <td rowspan="6">Corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span> in other dialects. See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography"><b>ch</b>ocolate</a></i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃo̞ko̞ˈläte̞]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">'chocolate' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a> </td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">a<b>y</b>er</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äˈʃe̞ɾ]</span> </td> <td>'yesterday' </td> <td>May be voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> instead. See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sranan Tongo language">Sranantongo</a> </td> <td><b>sy</b>ène </td> <td>[ˈʃɛne] </td> <td>'blunder, disappointment' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> </td> <td><b>sh</b>ule </td> <td>[ʃule] </td> <td>'school' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td>Västerbotten dialect<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindgren1919p._245_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindgren1919p._245-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>sjwår </td> <td>[ˈʃwoːr] </td> <td>'difficult' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography"><b>siy</b>a</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃa]</span> </td> <td>'he/she' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɔʃ]</span> </td> <td>'language' </td> <td>Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a> </td> <td><span title="Tunica-language text"><i lang="tun-Latn"><b>š</b>íhkali</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃihkali]</span> </td> <td>'stone' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">güne<b>ş</b></a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]</span> </td> <td>'sun' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet"><b>ш</b>ахи</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['ʃɑxɪ]</span> </td> <td>'chess' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet"><b>ش</b>کریہ</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʊkˈriːaː]</span> </td> <td>'thank you' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet"><b>ش</b>ەھەر</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃæhær]</span> </td> <td>'city' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </td> <td><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">bo<b>sh</b></a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɒʃ]</span> </td> <td>'head' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> </td> <td><span title="Walloon-language text"><i lang="wa"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon alphabet">te<b>xh</b>ou</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɛʃu]</span> </td> <td>'knit fabric' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> </td> <td>Standard </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh alphabet"><b>si</b>arad</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃɑːrad]</span> </td> <td>'speak' </td> <td rowspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern dialects </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh alphabet">mi<b>s</b></a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[miːʃ]</span> </td> <td>'month' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> </td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language"><b>sj</b>ippe</a></i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃɪpə]</span> </td> <td>'soap' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a> </td> <td><span title="Lombard-language text"><i lang="lmo">fe<b>sci</b>a</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[feʃa]</span> </td> <td>'nuisance' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> </td> <td><span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">וויסנ<b>ש</b>אַפֿטלעכע</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɪsn̩ʃaftləχə]</span> </td> <td>'scientific' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yorùbá</a> </td> <td><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo"><b>ṣ</b>í</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃi]</span> </td> <td>'open' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilquiapan_Zapotec" title="Tilquiapan Zapotec">Tilquiapan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Tilquiapan Zapotec-language text"><i lang="zts"><b>x</b>ana</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃana]</span> </td> <td>'how?' </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a>, i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʷ]</span>, although this is usually not transcribed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Classical Latin</a> did not have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, though it does occur in most <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. For example, <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> in French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chanteur</i></span> "singer" is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chanteur</i></span> is descended from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cantare</i></span>, where <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. The <span class="nowrap">⟨sc⟩</span> in Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scientia</i></span> "science" was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sk/</span>, but has shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> in Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">scienza</i></span>. </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> had neither <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> nor <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span>, yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span> descends from a Proto-Germanic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sk/</span>. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈski.pɑ̃/</span>. The English word "ship" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃɪp/</span> has been pronounced without the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sk/</span> the longest, the word being descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> "<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">scip</i></span>" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃip/</span>, which already also had the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sk/</span> had once been present. </p><p>This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sk/</span> was actually already <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̠k]</span>, because a single <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> had already shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted fricative">s̠</a>]</span>. Furthermore, by <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s̠k/</span> had shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sx/</span>, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> experienced the shift. </p><p>Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a>]</span> phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a>, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> but a coronalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ç/</span>. However, the exact realization of Swedish <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɧ/</span> varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">sj-sound</a> for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. </p><p>The sound in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> denoted by <span class="nowrap">⟨ш⟩</span> is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually an <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">apical retroflex fricative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative">Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̠̊˔</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̝̊˗</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">151 414 402B 429</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>r\_-_0_r</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless postalveolar approximant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̠̊</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative</b> is a consonantal sound. As the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> places of articulation that are not <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɹ̠̊˔</span>⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Retracted" title="Relative articulation">retracted</a> constricted voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span>). The equivalent <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a> symbol is <code>r\_-_0_r</code>. </p><p>Some scholars also posit the <b>voiceless postalveolar approximant</b> distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɹ̠̊</span>⟩. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_2">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_2">Occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language </th> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010224_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010224-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Some dialects </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">আবার</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈäbäɹ̠̊]</span> </td> <td>'again' </td> <td>Apical; possible allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span> in the syllable coda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–241_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–241-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">c<b>r</b>ew</a></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɹ̠̊˔ʊu̯]</span> </td> <td>'crew' </td> <td>Only partially devoiced. It is a realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> after the word-initial fortis plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span>, unless they are preceded by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> within the same syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles" title="Index of phonetics articles">Index of phonetics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">Voiced postalveolar fricative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Cedilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibboleth#Origin" title="Shibboleth">Shibboleth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html">"IPA i-charts (2018)"</a>. <i>International Phonetic Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=IPA+i-charts+%282018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2FIPAcharts%2Finter_chart_2018%2FIPA_2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThelwall1990">Thelwall (1990)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200918-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200918_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDum-Tragut2009">Dum-Tragut (2009)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199246-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199246_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGussenhoven1992">Gussenhoven (1992)</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1993">Fougeron & Smith (1993)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006)</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MangoldPA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MangoldPA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MangoldPA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold (2005</a>:51)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreder" class="citation web cs1">Treder, Jerzy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102210548/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/">"Fonetyka i fonologia"</a>. Rastko. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/">the original</a> on 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fonetyka+i+fonologia&rft.pub=Rastko&rft.aulast=Treder&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.net%2Frastko-ka%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F227%2F26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999156-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999156_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGussenhovenAarts1999">Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGussenhovenAarts1999">Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999</a>:156). The authors state that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubiszKaraśKolis199562_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubiszKaraśKolis1995">Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedina2010">Medina (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade2000_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva200332-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva200332_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2003">Silva (2003)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuimarães2004-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuimarães2004_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuimarães2004">Guimarães (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dąbrowska-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dąbrowska_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dąbrowska_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowska2004">Dąbrowska (2004</a>:?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCottonSharp2001">Cotton & Sharp (2001</a>:15)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCottonSharp2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindgren1919p._245-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindgren1919p._245_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindgren1919p._245">Lindgren, 1919 & p. 245</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLindgren1919p._245 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2005">Ladefoged (2005</a>:168)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti (2003)</a>, p. 66.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995">Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrill2008">Merrill (2008)</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilke2004" class="citation journal cs1">Silke, Hamann (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf">"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Retroflex+fricatives+in+Slavic+languages&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Silke&rft.aufirst=Hamann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fon.hum.uva.nl%2Fsilke%2Farticles%2FHamann%25202004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010224-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010224_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2010">Khan (2010)</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2010">Khan (2010)</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–241-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–241_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2010" class="citation cs2">Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf">"Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>40</b> (2): 221–225, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000071">10.1017/S0025100310000071</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Bengali+%28Bangladeshi+Standard%29&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-225&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100310000071&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sameer+ud+Dowla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reed.edu%2Flinguistics%2Fkhan%2Fassets%2FKhan%25202010%2520Bengali%2520Bangladeshi%2520standard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepari1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canepari, Luciano (1992), <i>Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana</i> [<i>Handbook of Italian Pronunciation</i>] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-08-24624-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-08-24624-8"><bdi>88-08-24624-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+M%C2%AAPi+%E2%80%93+Manuale+di+pronuncia+italiana&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=88-08-24624-8&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottonSharp1988" class="citation cs2">Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89KX2RC6Gx0C"><i>Spanish in the Americas</i></a>, Georgetown University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-094-2"><bdi>978-0-87840-094-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-094-2&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Greet&rft.au=Sharp%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89KX2RC6Gx0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995" class="citation cs2">Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>25</b> (2): 90–94, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223">10.1017/S0025100300005223</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414876">249414876</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=European+Portuguese&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249414876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cruz-Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Madalena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowska2004" class="citation cs2">Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), <i>Język polski</i>, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7384-063-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-7384-063-X"><bdi>83-7384-063-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=wydawnictwo+Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=83-7384-063-X&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubiszKaraśKolis1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), <i>Dialekty i gwary polskie</i> (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-2140989-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-2140989-X"><bdi>83-2140989-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialekty+i+gwary+polskie&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wiedza+Powszechna&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=83-2140989-X&rft.aulast=Dubisz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Kara%C5%9B%2C+Halina&rft.au=Kolis%2C+Nijola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995" class="citation cs2">Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ukrainian</i></a>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783929075083" title="Special:BookSources/9783929075083"><bdi>9783929075083</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukrainian&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783929075083&rft.aulast=Danyenko&rft.aufirst=Andrii&rft.au=Vakulenko%2C+Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUsbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDum-Tragut2009" class="citation cs2">Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), <i>Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian%3A+Modern+Eastern+Armenian&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dum-Tragut&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFougeronSmith1993" class="citation cs2">Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>23</b> (2): 73–76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=French&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249404451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fougeron&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rft.au=Smith%2C+Caroline+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimarães2004" class="citation cs2">Guimarães, Daniela (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projetoaspa.org/cristofaro/orientacao/ma/concluida/guimaraes_ma_2004.pdf"><i>Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seq%C3%BC%C3%AAncias+de+%28Sibilante+%2B+Africada+Alveopalatal%29+no+Portugu%C3%AAs+Falado+em+Belo+Horizonte&rft.place=Belo+Horizonte&rft.pub=Universidade+Federal+de+Minas+Gerais&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Guimar%C3%A3es&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projetoaspa.org%2Fcristofaro%2Forientacao%2Fma%2Fconcluida%2Fguimaraes_ma_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussenhoven1992" class="citation cs2">Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>22</b> (2): 45–47, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X">10.1017/S002510030000459X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243772965">243772965</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-47&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510030000459X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243772965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussenhovenAarts1999" class="citation cs2">———; Aarts, Flor (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf">"The dialect of Maastricht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>29</b> (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300006526">10.1017/S0025100300006526</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145782045">145782045</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+dialect+of+Maastricht&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-166&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300006526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145782045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Aarts%2C+Flor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgep.ruhosting.nl%2Fcarlos%2Fgussenhoven_aarts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (2005), <i>Vowels and Consonants</i> (2nd ed.), Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowels+and+Consonants&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangold2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Mangold" title="Max Mangold">Mangold, Max</a> (2005) [First published 1962], <i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i> (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04066-7"><bdi>978-3-411-04066-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Dudenverlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04066-7&rft.aulast=Mangold&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindgren1919" class="citation cs2">Lindgren, J.V. (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isof.se/download/18.317326fe17956889727205e4/1622024490149/Svenska%20landsm%C3%A5l%20och%20Svenskt%20folkliv_1919_2_h144.pdf"><i>Burträskmålets grammatik</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 245</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burtr%C3%A4skm%C3%A5lets+grammatik&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Lindgren&rft.aufirst=J.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isof.se%2Fdownload%2F18.317326fe17956889727205e4%2F1622024490149%2FSvenska%2520landsm%25C3%25A5l%2520och%2520Svenskt%2520folkliv_1919_2_h144.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000" class="citation cs2">Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), <i>The Phonology of Portuguese</i>, Oxford 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Phonetic Association</i>, <b>38</b> (1): 107–14, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344">10.1017/S0025100308003344</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Tilquiapan+Zapotec&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003344&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2004" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (2): 239–45, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768">10.1017/S0025100304001768</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=British+English%3A+Received+Pronunciation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-45&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001768&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004" class="citation cs2">Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (1): 117–21, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-21&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001628&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=d%27Arcangeli%2C+Luciana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShostedChikovani2006" class="citation cs2">Shosted, Ryan K; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf">"Standard Georgian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>36</b> (2): 255–64, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002659">10.1017/S0025100306002659</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Georgian&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-64&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002659&rft.aulast=Shosted&rft.aufirst=Ryan+K&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Vakhtang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FA7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF%2FS0025100306002659a.pdf%2Fstandard_georgian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2003" class="citation cs2">Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foneticaefonolog0000silv"><i>Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios</i></a></span> (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7244-102-6" title="Special:BookSources/85-7244-102-6"><bdi>85-7244-102-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fon%C3%A9tica+e+Fonologia+do+Portugu%C3%AAs%3A+Roteiro+de+Estudos+e+Guia+de+Exerc%C3%ADcios&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Contexto&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=85-7244-102-6&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Tha%C3%AFs+Crist%C3%B3faro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoneticaefonolog0000silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelwall1990" class="citation cs2">Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>20</b> (2): 37–41, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266">10.1017/S0025100300004266</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243640727">243640727</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Arabic&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243640727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thelwall&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+postalveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%CA%83">List of languages with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/PHOIBLE" title="PHOIBLE">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA 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