CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Neolithic - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3aef3b3b-fa75-4402-a753-809f9616ec92","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Neolithic","wgTitle":"Neolithic","wgCurRevisionId":1259906595,"wgRevisionId":1259906595,"wgArticleId":21189,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles needing additional references from August 2015","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016", "Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles needing additional references from April 2021","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Neolithic","1860s neologisms","Historical eras","Holocene"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Neolithic","wgRelevantArticleId":21189,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Neolithic_Age","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Neolithic","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q36422","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/640px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Neolithic - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Neolithic rootpage-Neolithic skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neolithic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neolithic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neolithic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neolithic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periods_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Periods by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periods_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Periods by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periods_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southwest_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwest_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southwest Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwest_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Late Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertile_Crescent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertile_Crescent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Fertile Crescent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertile_Crescent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Southern Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Northeastern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwestern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwestern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Northwestern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwestern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>South and East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelter_and_sedentism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelter_and_sedentism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shelter and sedentism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelter_and_sedentism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithic_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithic_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lithic technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithic_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_early_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_early_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of early settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_early_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_cultures_and_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_cultures_and_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of cultures and sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_cultures_and_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparative chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neolithic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neolitikum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithikum" title="Neolithikum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neolithikum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="العصر الحجري الحديث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحجري الحديث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitico" title="Neolitico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Neolitico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Նոր Քարէ Դար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նոր Քարէ Դար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নৱপ্ৰস্তৰ যুগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADticu" title="Neolíticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neolíticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نئولیتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نئولیتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="নব্যপ্রস্তরযুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নব্যপ্রস্তরযুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-chio%CC%8Dh-kh%C3%AC_s%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Sin-chio̍h-khì sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-chio̍h-khì sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Неаліт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неаліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Нэаліт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэаліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiko" title="Neolitiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Neolitiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Новокаменна епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Новокаменна епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungstoazeit" title="Jungstoazeit – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jungstoazeit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Neolitik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtic" title="Neolític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neolític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliticu" title="Neoliticu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Neoliticu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_Newydd_y_Cerrig" title="Oes Newydd y Cerrig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes Newydd y Cerrig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_stenalder" title="Yngre stenalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yngre stenalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungsteinzeit" title="Jungsteinzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jungsteinzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliitikum" title="Neoliitikum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neoliitikum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νεολιθική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεολιθική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico" title="Neolítico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neolítico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiko" title="Neolitiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neolitiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitoa" title="Neolitoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neolitoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="دوران نوسنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوران نوسنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique" title="Néolithique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néolithique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neolitikum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoiliteach" title="Neoiliteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neoiliteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_%C3%99r_na_Cloiche" title="Linn Ùr na Cloiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Linn Ùr na Cloiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico" title="Neolítico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neolítico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="신석기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신석기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Նոր քարի դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր քարի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="नवपाषाण युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नवपाषाण युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mla%C4%91e_kameno_doba" title="Mlađe kameno doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mlađe kameno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiko" title="Neolitiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neolitiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neolitikum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDstein%C3%B6ld" title="Nýsteinöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýsteinöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitico" title="Neolitico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neolitico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התקופה הנאוליתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה הנאוליתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Neolitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97" title="ನವಶಿಲಾಯುಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನವಶಿಲಾಯುಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ნეოლითი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეოლითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%AEt%C3%AEk" title="Neolîtîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neolîtîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitich" title="Neolitich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Neolitich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithicum" title="Neolithicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neolithicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C4%ABts" title="Neolīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neolīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongsteenz%C3%A4it" title="Jongsteenzäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jongsteenzäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitas" title="Neolitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neolitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithicum" title="Neolithicum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neolithicum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitica" title="Neolitica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Neolitica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajk%C5%91korszak" title="Újkőkorszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újkőkorszak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Младо камено време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Младо камено време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B4litika" title="Neôlitika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Neôlitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="നവീനശിലായുഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നവീനശിലായുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiku" title="Neolitiku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Neolitiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ნეოლითი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეოლითი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="العصر الحجرى الحديث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العصر الحجرى الحديث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Neolitik" title="Zaman Neolitik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Neolitik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက်ခေတ်သစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ခေတ်သစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithicum" title="Neolithicum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neolithicum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithicum" title="Neolithicum – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neolithicum" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新石器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongstiantidj" title="Jongstiantidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jongstiantidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolittisk_tid" title="Neolittisk tid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neolittisk tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_steinalder" title="Yngre steinalder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yngre steinalder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitic" title="Neolitic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neolitic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਨਵ-ਪੱਥਰ ਯੁੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਵ-ਪੱਥਰ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%BE%DA%A9" title="نیولتھک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیولتھک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د ډبرو نوې دوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډبرو نوې دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico" title="Neolítico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neolítico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitic" title="Neolitic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neolitic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ACticu" title="Neolìticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Neolìticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neolithic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliti" title="Neoliti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neoliti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuliticu" title="Neuliticu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Neuliticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neolithic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neolitik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شارستانی نیۆلیسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارستانی نیۆلیسیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Неолит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неолит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neolit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Neolitikum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliittinen_kausi" title="Neoliittinen kausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neoliittinen kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neolitikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiko" title="Neolitiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neolitiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புதிய கற்காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புதிய கற்காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_ta%C5%9F_%C4%9Fas%C4%B1r" title="Yaña taş ğasır – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yaña taş ğasır" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="నవీన శిలా యుగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నవీన శిలా యుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ยุคหินใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคหินใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Даврони навсангӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даврони навсангӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilal%C4%B1_Ta%C5%9F_Devri" title="Cilalı Taş Devri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cilalı Taş Devri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Неоліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неоліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیا سنگی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیا سنگی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%89" title="يېڭى تاش قۇرال دەۋرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يېڭى تاش قۇرال دەۋرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%C3%A1_m%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Thời đại đồ đá mới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại đồ đá mới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E4%B8%96" title="新石世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新石世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithicum" title="Neolithicum – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Neolithicum" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiko" title="Neolitiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neolitiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新石器时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器時代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新石器時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arxo_Kemera_Cilayin" title="Çarxo Kemera Cilayin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çarxo Kemera Cilayin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新石器时代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Neolithic" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Neolithic" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Neolithic" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&oldid=1259906595" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Neolithic&id=1259906595&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeolithic"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeolithic"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Neolithic&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neolithic" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Neolithic" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36422" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Age&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Age">Neolithic Age</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological period, last part of the Stone Age</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Neolithic</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/330px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/495px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/660px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> housing in <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Final period of <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 10,000 BC to c. 2,000 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">before <i>Homo</i></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></dt> <dd> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Early <i>Homo sapiens</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#East_Asia" title="Bronze Age">East Asia</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> </i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template talk:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg/300px-Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg/450px-Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg/600px-Irish_National_heritage_Park_Ferrycarrig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3358912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Neolithic farmstead, <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Heritage_Park" title="Irish National Heritage Park">Irish National Heritage Park</a>. The Neolithic saw the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of agriculture">invention of agriculture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Neolithic</b> or <b>New Stone Age</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νέος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">néos</i></span> 'new' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λίθος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">líthos</i></span> 'stone') is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological period">archaeological period</a>, the final division of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (c. 10,000 BC to c. 2,000 BC). It saw the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts of the world. This "Neolithic package" included the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">introduction of farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domestication of animals</a>, and change from a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> lifestyle to one of <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">settlement</a>. The term 'Neolithic' was coined by <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Sir John Lubbock</a> in 1865 as a refinement of the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neolithic began about 12,000 years ago, when farming appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and later in other parts of the world. It lasted in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> until the transitional period of the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (Copper Age) from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BC), marked by the development of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. </p><p>In other places, the Neolithic followed the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (Middle Stone Age) and then lasted until later. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, the Neolithic lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Protodynastic Period of Egypt">Protodynastic period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-KSnPG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSnPG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, it lasted until circa 2000 BC with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">pre-Shang</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it did in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/440px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/660px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/880px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Approximate centers of origin of agriculture in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (12,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP) and the New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern North America (4,000–3,000 BP).<sup id="cite_ref-DiamondandBellwood2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiamondandBellwood2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a>, the Neolithic started in around 10,200 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, arising from the <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a>, when pioneering use of wild <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> evolved into early <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>. The Natufian period or "proto-Neolithic" lasted from 12,500 to 9,500 BC, and is taken to overlap with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) of 10,200–8800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> (about 10,000 BC) are thought to have forced people to develop farming. </p><p>The founder crops of the Fertile Crescent were <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a>, bitter vetch, and flax. Among the other major crop domesticated were rice, millet, maize (corn), and potatoes. Crops were usually domesticated in a single location and ancestral wild species are still found.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978012805247100006X">[1]</a> </p><p><br /> Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included <a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, and the keeping of <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">dogs</a>. By about 8000 BC, it included domesticated <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat#History" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated pig">pigs</a>. </p><p>Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a> did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Southeast Asia</a>, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures, which arose completely independently of those in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Southwest Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Early Japanese</a> societies and other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> cultures used pottery <i>before</i> developing agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods_by_region">Periods by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periods by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwest_Asia">Southwest Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southwest Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Neolithic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:21.9em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Prehistoric Southwest Asia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Southwest_Asia_timeline" title="Template:Prehistoric Southwest Asia timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Southwest_Asia_timeline" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Southwest Asia timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Southwest_Asia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Southwest Asia timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:36em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">5000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">6000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">7000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">8000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">9000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">10000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">11000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">12000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">13000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">14000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">15000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">16000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">17000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">18000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">19000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">20000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">21000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">22000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">23000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">24000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">25000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">26000 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:16em;height:36em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.364em;height:1.636em;left:0.000em;width:16.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.818em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">↓ <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Historic</a> ↓</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:31.909em;height:2.455em;left:0.000em;width:16.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.227em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.727em;height:8.182em;left:0.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.091em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.636em;height:22.091em;left:0.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.045em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.636em;left:0.000em;width:16.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.818em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">↑ <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> ↑</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.455em;height:2.455em;left:8.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.227em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.727em;height:5.727em;left:8.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.864em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.000em;height:5.727em;left:8.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.864em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Late_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Epipalaeolithic">Late</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.455em;height:6.545em;left:8.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Epipalaeolithic">Middle</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.636em;height:9.818em;left:8.000em;width:8.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.909em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Early_Epipalaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Epipalaeolithic">Early</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:20.75em">Axis scale is years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/200px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/300px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/400px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, cultures identified as Neolithic began appearing in the 10th <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early development occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a>) and from there spread eastwards and westwards. Neolithic cultures are also attested in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and northern Mesopotamia by around 8000 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Anatolian Neolithic farmers</a> derived a significant portion of their ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers" title="Anatolian hunter-gatherers">Anatolian hunter-gatherers</a> (AHG), suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by <a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">demic diffusion</a> into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Pottery Neolithic A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Urfa_man.jpg/170px-Urfa_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Urfa_man.jpg/255px-Urfa_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Urfa_man.jpg/340px-Urfa_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Urfa_Man" title="Urfa Man">Urfa Man</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-RJC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Archaeology_and_Mosaic_Museum" title="Şanlıurfa Archaeology and Mosaic Museum">Şanlıurfa Archaeology and Mosaic Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began around 10,000 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temple area in southeastern Turkey at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, dated to around 9500 BC, may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, as evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity, and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least seven stone circles, covering 25 acres (10 ha), contain limestone pillars carved with animals, insects, and birds. Stone tools were used by perhaps as many as hundreds of people to create the pillars, which might have supported roofs. Other early PPNA sites dating to around 9500–9000 BC have been found in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, notably in <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gilgal_I" title="Gilgal I">Gilgal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Ain_Mallaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Mallaha">Ain Mallaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oren,_archeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oren, archeological site">Nahal Oren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh" title="Kfar HaHoresh">Kfar HaHoresh</a>); and in <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The start of Neolithic 1 overlaps the <a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a> periods to some degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The major advance of Neolithic 1 was true farming. In the proto-Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Natufian" class="mw-redirect" title="Natufian">Natufian</a> cultures, wild cereals were harvested, and perhaps early seed selection and re-seeding occurred. The grain was ground into flour. <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">Emmer wheat</a> was domesticated, and animals were herded and domesticated (<a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, remains of <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a> were discovered in a house in Jericho dated to 9400 BC. The figs are of a mutant variety that cannot be pollinated by insects, and therefore the trees can only reproduce from cuttings. This evidence suggests that figs were the first cultivated crop and mark the invention of the technology of farming. This occurred centuries before the first cultivation of grains.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settlements became more permanent, with circular houses, much like those of the Natufians, with single rooms. However, these houses were for the first time made of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>. The settlement had a surrounding stone wall and perhaps a stone tower (as in Jericho). The wall served as protection from nearby groups, as protection from floods, or to keep animals penned. Some of the enclosures also suggest grain and meat storage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Pottery Neolithic B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolitico_B,_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile,_da_tell_fakhariyah,_alabastro,_bitume_e_pietra,_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Neolitico_B%2C_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile%2C_da_tell_fakhariyah%2C_alabastro%2C_bitume_e_pietra%2C_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg/220px-Neolitico_B%2C_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile%2C_da_tell_fakhariyah%2C_alabastro%2C_bitume_e_pietra%2C_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Neolitico_B%2C_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile%2C_da_tell_fakhariyah%2C_alabastro%2C_bitume_e_pietra%2C_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg/330px-Neolitico_B%2C_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile%2C_da_tell_fakhariyah%2C_alabastro%2C_bitume_e_pietra%2C_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Neolitico_B%2C_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile%2C_da_tell_fakhariyah%2C_alabastro%2C_bitume_e_pietra%2C_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg/440px-Neolitico_B%2C_fugurine_maschile_e_femminile%2C_da_tell_fakhariyah%2C_alabastro%2C_bitume_e_pietra%2C_9000-7000_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Female and male figurines; 9000–7000 BC; <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> and stone inlays; from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Fekheriye" title="Tell Fekheriye">Tell Fekheriye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>); <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">University of Chicago Oriental Institute</a> (USA)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8800 BC according to the <a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a> in the Levant (<a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a>, West Bank).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants called <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a> was found in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7250 BC to approximately 5000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settlements have rectangular mud-brick houses where the family lived together in single or multiple rooms. Burial findings suggest an <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor cult">ancestor cult</a> where people <a href="/wiki/Plastered_human_skulls" title="Plastered human skulls">preserved skulls</a> of the dead, which were plastered with mud to make facial features. The rest of the corpse could have been left outside the settlement to decay until only the bones were left, then the bones were buried inside the settlement underneath the floor or between houses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Pottery Neolithic C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a></div> <p>Work at the site of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> has indicated a later <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Juris_Zarins" title="Juris Zarins">Juris Zarins</a> has proposed that a Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex developed in the period from the climatic crisis of 6200 BC, partly as a result of an increasing emphasis in PPNB cultures upon domesticated animals, and a fusion with <a href="/wiki/Harifian" class="mw-redirect" title="Harifian">Harifian</a> hunter gatherers in the Southern Levant, with affiliate connections with the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Cultures practicing this lifestyle spread down the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> shoreline and moved east from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> into southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Neolithic">Late Neolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a></div> <p>The Late Neolithic began around 6,400 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then distinctive cultures emerged, with pottery like the <a href="/wiki/Halafian" class="mw-redirect" title="Halafian">Halafian</a> (Turkey, Syria, Northern Mesopotamia) and <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> (Southern Mesopotamia). This period has been further divided into <b>PNA</b> (Pottery Neolithic A) and <b>PNB</b> (Pottery Neolithic B) at some sites.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chalcolithic (Stone-Bronze) period began about 4500 BC, then the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> began about 3500 BC, replacing the Neolithic cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fertile_Crescent">Fertile Crescent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fertile Crescent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100923_amman37.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/20100923_amman37.JPG/220px-20100923_amman37.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/20100923_amman37.JPG/330px-20100923_amman37.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/20100923_amman37.JPG/440px-20100923_amman37.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%27Ain_Ghazal_Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ain Ghazal Statues">'Ain Ghazal Statues</a>, found at <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, are considered to be one of the earliest large-scale representations of the human form dating back to around 7250 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras,_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras%2C_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg/260px-Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras%2C_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras%2C_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg/390px-Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras%2C_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras%2C_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg/520px-Neolithic_wall_painting_in_Tell_Bouqras%2C_Deir_ez-Zor_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Bouqras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Bouqras">Tell Bouqras</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Museum" title="Deir ez-Zor Museum">Deir ez-Zor Museum</a>, Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 10,000 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA) appeared in the Fertile Crescent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 10,700–9400 BC a settlement was established in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a>, 10 miles (16 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. The settlement included two temples dating to 9650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-eduskrypt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eduskrypt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 9000 BC during the PPNA, one of the world's first towns, <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a>, appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone wall, may have contained a population of up to 2,000–3,000 people, and contained a massive stone tower.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 6400 BC the <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a> appeared in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia. </p><p>In 1981, a team of researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_l%27Orient_et_de_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée">Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cauvin" title="Jacques Cauvin">Jacques Cauvin</a> and Oliver Aurenche, divided Near East Neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-boustani_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boustani-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Stordeur" title="Danielle Stordeur">Danielle Stordeur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Frédéric Abbès">Frédéric Abbès</a> advanced this system with a division into five periods. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Natufian" class="mw-redirect" title="Natufian">Natufian</a> between 12,000 and 10,200 BC,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> between 10,200 and 8800 BC, <a href="/wiki/PPNA" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNA">PPNA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sultanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanian">Sultanian</a> (Jericho), <a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybetian</a>,</li> <li>Early PPNB (<i>PPNB ancien</i>) between 8800 and 7600 BC, middle PPNB (<i>PPNB moyen</i>) between 7600 and 6900 BC,</li> <li>Late PPNB (<i>PPNB récent</i>) between 7500 and 7000 BC,</li> <li>A PPNB (sometimes called PPNC) transitional stage (<i>PPNB final</i>) in which Halaf and <a href="/wiki/Dark_faced_burnished_ware" title="Dark faced burnished ware">dark faced burnished ware</a> begin to emerge between 6900 and 6400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>They also advanced the idea of a transitional stage between the PPNA and PPNB between 8800 and 8600 BC at sites like <a href="/wiki/Jerf_el_Ahmar" title="Jerf el Ahmar">Jerf el Ahmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exoriente_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exoriente-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Mesopotamia">Southern Mesopotamia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southern Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alluvial plains (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>). Low rainfall makes <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems necessary. <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> culture originated from 6200 BC. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeastern_Africa">Northeastern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northeastern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_cave_paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/African_cave_paintings.jpg/220px-African_cave_paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/African_cave_paintings.jpg/330px-African_cave_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/African_cave_paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Algerian cave paintings depicting hunting scenes</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of Neolithic culture in northeast Africa was found in the archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Bir_Kiseiba" title="Bir Kiseiba">Bir Kiseiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a> in what is now southwest Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestication of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> possibly as early as 6000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Barker" title="Graeme Barker">Graeme Barker</a> states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium BC in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwestern_Africa">Northwestern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northwestern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The neolithization of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Northwestern Africa</a> was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> (and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a>) migrants around 5500-5300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Early Neolithic period, farming was introduced by Europeans and was subsequently adopted by the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Neolithic period, an influx of ancestry from the Levant appeared in Northwestern Africa, coinciding with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for pottery, domestic cereals and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> is found in Morocco, specifically at <a href="/wiki/Kaf_El_Ghar" title="Kaf El Ghar">Kaf el-Ghar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Pastoral Neolithic">Pastoral Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a></div> <p>The <b>Pastoral Neolithic</b> was a period in Africa's <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> marking the beginning of food production on the continent following the <a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a>. In contrast to the Neolithic in other parts of the world, which saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a> societies, the first form of African food production was mobile <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ways of life centered on the herding and management of livestock. The term "Pastoral Neolithic" is used most often by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> to describe early pastoralist periods in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">eastern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</b> or SPN (formerly known as the <b>Stone Bowl Culture</b>) is a collection of ancient societies that appeared in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">Rift Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and surrounding areas during a time period known as the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Pastoral Neolithic">Pastoral Neolithic</a>. They were <a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Cushitic">South Cushitic</a> speaking pastoralists, who tended to bury their dead in cairns whilst their toolkit was characterized by stone bowls, pestles, grindstones and earthenware pots.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose220_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose220-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through archaeology, historical linguistics and archaeogenetics, they conventionally have been identified with the area's first <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking settlers. Archaeological dating of livestock bones and burial cairns has also established the cultural complex as the earliest center of <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> and stone construction in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golemata_Majka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg/170px-Golemata_Majka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg/255px-Golemata_Majka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Female figure from <a href="/wiki/Tumba_Mad%C5%BEari" title="Tumba Madžari">Tumba Madžari</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European-late-neolithic-english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/220px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/330px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/440px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Map showing distribution of some of the main culture complexes in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/220px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/330px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/440px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, Scotland. Evidence of home furnishings (shelves)</figcaption></figure> <p>In southeast <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a> agrarian societies first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th millennium BC</a>, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasht%C3%ABmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vashtëmi (page does not exist)">Vashtëmi</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and dating back to 6500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of Western Europe in followed over the next two thousand years, but in some parts of Northwest Europe it is much later, lasting just under 3,000 years from c. 4500 BC–1700 BC. Recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> have confirmed that the spread of agriculture from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the migration of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">early farmers from Anatolia</a> about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Central Europe by around 5800 BC (<a href="/wiki/La_Hoguette#Archeology" title="La Hoguette">La Hoguette</a>). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the <a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to <a href="/wiki/K%C5%91r%C3%B6s_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kőrös culture">Starčevo-Körös</a> (Cris), <a href="/wiki/Linearbandkeramik" class="mw-redirect" title="Linearbandkeramik">Linearbandkeramik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča</a>. Through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration of peoples</a>, the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> may have created the earliest system of writing, the <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinča signs">Vinča signs</a>, though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented <a href="/wiki/Pictograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograms">pictograms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograms">ideograms</a> rather than a truly developed form of writing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a> built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> temple complexes of <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> on the Mediterranean island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gozo Island">Gozo</a> (in the Maltese archipelago) and of <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a> (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to around 3600 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum_of_%C4%A6al-Saflieni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni">Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paola,_Malta" title="Paola, Malta">Paola</a>, Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated around 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>, the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and shows a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to the Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, these islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> immigrants, a culture that <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a> to Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found there.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With some exceptions, population levels rose rapidly at the beginning of the Neolithic until they reached the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a population crash of "enormous magnitude" after 5000 BC, with levels remaining low during the next 1,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations began to rise after 3500 BC, with further dips and rises occurring between 3000 and 2500 BC but varying in date between regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time is the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a>, when populations collapsed across most of Europe, possibly caused by climatic conditions, plague, or mass migration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_East_Asia">South and East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South and East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a></div> <p>Settled life, encompassing the transition from foraging to farming and pastoralism, began in South Asia in the region of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, Pakistan, around 7,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-coningham-young-1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coningham-young-1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fisher1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dyson1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyson1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the site of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, Balochistan, presence can be documented of the domestication of wheat and barley, rapidly followed by that of goats, sheep, and cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright2009-p=44_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright2009-p=44-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> that the oldest (and first <i>Early Neolithic</i>) evidence for the drilling of teeth <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> (using <a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> tips) was found in Mehrgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-CoppaBondioli2006_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoppaBondioli2006-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South India, the Neolithic began by 6500 BC and lasted until around 1400 BC when the Megalithic transition period began. South Indian Neolithic is characterized by Ash mounds<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from 2500 BC in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> region, expanded later to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg/220px-Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg/330px-Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg/440px-Neolithic_Stone_Spades_%26_Axes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic artifacts from China</figcaption></figure> <p>In East Asia, the earliest sites include the <a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a> culture around 9500–9000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a> around 7500–6100 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a> around 7000–5000 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Beifudi_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Beifudi site">prehistoric Beifudi site</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yi_County,_Hebei" title="Yi County, Hebei">Yixian</a> in Hebei Province, China, contains relics of a culture contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> cultures of about 6000–5000 BC, Neolithic cultures east of the <a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihang Mountains</a>, filling in an archaeological gap between the two Northern Chinese cultures. The total excavated area is more than 1,200 square yards (1,000 m<sup>2</sup>; 0.10 ha), and the collection of Neolithic findings at the site encompasses two phases.<sup id="cite_ref-archdis_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archdis-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 3000 and 1900 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a> existed in the middle and lower <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> valley areas of northern China. Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, the population decreased sharply in most of the region and many of the larger centres were abandoned, possibly due to environmental change linked to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_Climatic_Optimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene Climatic Optimum">Holocene Climatic Optimum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 'Neolithic' (defined in this paragraph as using polished stone implements) remains a living tradition in small and extremely remote and inaccessible pockets of <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Papua (region)">West Papua</a>. Polished stone <a href="/wiki/Adzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Adzes">adze</a> and axes are used in the present day (as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) in areas where the availability of metal implements is limited. This is likely to cease altogether in the next few years as the older generation die off and steel blades and chainsaws prevail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Munam-ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munam-ri (page does not exist)">Munam-ri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goseong,_Gangwon" class="mw-redirect" title="Goseong, Gangwon">Goseong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Gangwon Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 BC. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. "In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> earrings, among other items in the area". The research team will perform <a href="/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry" title="Accelerator mass spectrometry">accelerator mass spectrometry</a> (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica</a>, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC in South America, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in North America, <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">different terms</a> are used such as <a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative stage</a> instead of mid-late Neolithic, <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic Era</a> instead of Early Neolithic, and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indian</a> for the preceding period.<sup id="cite_ref-W&P_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W&P-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 AD when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on <a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dryland farming</a> of corn (maize), and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSW_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSW-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later periods cities of considerable size developed, and some metallurgy by 700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, has generally been held not to have had a Neolithic period, with a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> lifestyle continuing until the arrival of Europeans. This view can be challenged in terms of the definition of agriculture, but "Neolithic" remains a rarely used and not very useful concept in discussing <a href="/wiki/Australian_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian prehistory">Australian prehistory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_characteristics">Cultural characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg/300px-Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg/450px-Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg/600px-Smac_Neolithikum_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Model of a <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> settlement, showing <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">longhouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">circular enclosures</a>, and fields</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MotherGoddessFertility.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/MotherGoddessFertility.JPG/150px-MotherGoddessFertility.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/MotherGoddessFertility.JPG/225px-MotherGoddessFertility.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/MotherGoddessFertility.JPG/300px-MotherGoddessFertility.JPG 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphic Neolithic ceramic figurine</figcaption></figure> <p>During most of the Neolithic age of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, people lived in small <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> composed of multiple bands or lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> of developed <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>, generally states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Preceramic Andes</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral-Supe Civilization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Formative Mesoamerica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaiʻi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_human_figurine_(Fertility_goddess)_Tappeh_Sarab,_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period,_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Clay_human_figurine_%28Fertility_goddess%29_Tappeh_Sarab%2C_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/150px-Clay_human_figurine_%28Fertility_goddess%29_Tappeh_Sarab%2C_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Clay_human_figurine_%28Fertility_goddess%29_Tappeh_Sarab%2C_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/225px-Clay_human_figurine_%28Fertility_goddess%29_Tappeh_Sarab%2C_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Clay_human_figurine_%28Fertility_goddess%29_Tappeh_Sarab%2C_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/300px-Clay_human_figurine_%28Fertility_goddess%29_Tappeh_Sarab%2C_Kermanshah_ca._7000-6100_BCE_Neolithic_period%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Clay human figurine (Fertility goddess) Tappeh Sarab, Kermanshah c. 7000–6100 BC, National Museum of Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domestication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large animals</a> (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Agriculture in Papua New Guinea">New Guinea</a> being a notable exception.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahn,_Paul_1996_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahn,_Paul_1996-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> reveal a lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, excavations in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> have revealed that early Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Linear_Ceramic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear Ceramic culture">Linear Ceramic cultures</a> ("<i>Linearbandkeramik</i>") were building large arrangements of <a href="/wiki/Circular_ditches" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular ditches">circular ditches</a> between 4800 and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mounds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henges" class="mw-redirect" title="Henges">henge</a>) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour – though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities. </p><p>There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at <i>Linearbandkeramik</i> sites along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> and an outer ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones, such as those found at the <a href="/wiki/Talheim_Death_Pit" title="Talheim Death Pit">Talheim Death Pit</a>, have been discovered and demonstrate that "...systematic violence between groups" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> groups with <a href="/wiki/Social_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rank">social rank</a> that are headed by a charismatic individual – either a '<a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">big man</a>' or a proto-<a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chief</a> – functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> of the European <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible exceptions to this include Iraq during the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> and England beginning in the Early Neolithic (4100–3000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">primitive communism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Genetic evidence indicates that a drop in Y-chromosomal diversity occurred during the Neolithic. Initially believed to be a result of high incidence of violence and high rates of male mortality, more recent analysis suggests that the reduced Y-chromosomal diversity is better explained by lineal fission and polygyny.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shelter_and_sedentism">Shelter and sedentism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shelter and sedentism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_house.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Neolithic_house.JPG/220px-Neolithic_house.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Neolithic_house.JPG/330px-Neolithic_house.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Neolithic_house.JPG/440px-Neolithic_house.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of Neolithic house in <a href="/wiki/Tuzla" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></div> <p>The shelter of early people changed dramatically from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> to the Neolithic era. In the Paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the Neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster.<sup id="cite_ref-firstcity_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstcity-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of agriculture made permanent houses far more common. At <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> 9,000 years ago, doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses.<sup id="cite_ref-firstcity_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstcity-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stilt-houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilt-houses">Stilt-house</a> settlements were common in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pianura_Padana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianura Padana">Pianura Padana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terramare" class="mw-redirect" title="Terramare">Terramare</a>) region.<sup id="cite_ref-Ertl2008_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ertl2008-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marsh" title="Ljubljana Marsh">Ljubljana Marsh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Mondsee_(lake)" title="Mondsee (lake)">Mondsee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attersee_(lake)" title="Attersee (lake)">Attersee</a> lakes in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CucuteniAgriculture.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CucuteniAgriculture.JPG/220px-CucuteniAgriculture.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CucuteniAgriculture.JPG/330px-CucuteniAgriculture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CucuteniAgriculture.JPG/440px-CucuteniAgriculture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">deer antler</a> <a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">plough</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg/220px-HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg/330px-HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg/440px-HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Food and cooking items retrieved at a European Neolithic site: <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstones</a>, charred bread, grains and small apples, a clay cooking pot, and containers made of antlers and wood</figcaption></figure> <p>A significant and far-reaching shift in human <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farming</a> and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_subsistence_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subsistence techniques">subsistence technique</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">pastoral transhumance</a> was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands. </p><p>The profound differences in human interactions and subsistence methods associated with the onset of early agricultural practices in the Neolithic have been called the <i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></i>, a term <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coined</a> in the 1920s by the Australian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Vere_Gordon_Childe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vere Gordon Childe">Vere Gordon Childe</a>. </p><p>One potential benefit of the development and increasing sophistication of farming technology was the possibility of producing surplus crop yields, in other words, food supplies in excess of the immediate needs of the community. Surpluses could be stored for later use, or possibly traded for other necessities or luxuries. Agricultural life afforded securities that nomadic life could not, and sedentary farming populations grew faster than nomadic. </p><p>However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, such as may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pests</a>. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahn,_Paul_1996_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahn,_Paul_1996-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued. </p><p>Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development are still debated. </p><p>In addition, increased population density, decreased population mobility, increased continuous proximity to domesticated animals, and continuous occupation of comparatively population-dense sites would have altered <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> needs and patterns of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithic_technology">Lithic technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lithic technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool#Neolithic_industries" title="Stone tool">Stone tool § Neolithic industries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Neolithic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The identifying characteristic of Neolithic technology is the use of polished or ground stone tools, in contrast to the flaked stone tools used during the Paleolithic era. </p><p>Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a> blades and <a href="/wiki/Grinding_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding stone">grinding stones</a>) and food production (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statuette" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuette">statuettes</a>. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished <a href="/wiki/Stone_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone axe">stone axe</a> above all other tools. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a>, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> for example, this enabled them to exploit the newly developed farmland. </p><p>Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, houses were <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plastered</a> and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long houses</a> built from <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> were constructed. Elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> built <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">chamber tombs</a> for their dead and <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Causewayed camp">causewayed camps</a>, henges, flint mines and <a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">cursus</a> monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> as preservatives. </p><p>The peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> mostly retained the Neolithic level of tool <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> until the time of European contact. Exceptions include copper <a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">hatchets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spearheads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes (North America)">Great Lakes</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins that are ideal for fastening leather. <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">Wool</a> cloth and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> might have become available during the later Neolithic,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as suggested by finds of perforated stones that (depending on size) may have served as <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">spindle whorls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> weights.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_early_settlements">List of early settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: List of early settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_settlements" title="List of Neolithic settlements">List of Neolithic settlements</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripolye_hut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tripolye_hut.jpg/200px-Tripolye_hut.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tripolye_hut.jpg/300px-Tripolye_hut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tripolye_hut.jpg/400px-Tripolye_hut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Cucuteni-Trypillian hut, in the Tripillian Museum, Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG/200px-CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG/300px-CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG/400px-CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Konya_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Plain">Konya Plain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br />Early Stone Age <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Atlatl</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a><br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and Arrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoes</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></dd></dl> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian_culture" title="Khiamian culture">Khiamian culture</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Periods_by_pottery_phase">Pottery Neolithic</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stone_Age" title="Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stone_Age" title="Template talk:Stone Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stone_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Neolithic <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological sites">human settlements</a> include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>name </th> <th>location </th> <th>early date (BC) </th> <th>late date (BC) </th> <th>comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>10,700<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>9400 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>reoccupied between 7500 and 6000 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>9600 </td> <td>8000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>9500 </td> <td>9000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>8800 </td> <td>7000<sup id="cite_ref-PeltenburgWasse2004a_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeltenburgWasse2004a-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jericho (<a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> </td> <td>9500 </td> <td> </td> <td>arising from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulli_settlement" title="Pulli settlement">Pulli settlement</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>8500 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td>oldest known settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">Central Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, an Aceramic Neolithic period settlement </td> <td>8200 </td> <td>7400 </td> <td>correlating with the E/MPPNB in the Levant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevali_Cori" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevali Cori">Nevali Cori</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>8000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td>7600 </td> <td>7200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakra_Ware_culture" title="Hakra Ware culture">Hakra ware</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>7500 </td> <td>6100 </td> <td>rice residues were carbon-14 dated to 8200–7800 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>7500 </td> <td>5700 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mentesh Tepe and Kamiltepe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td>7000 </td> <td>3000<sup id="cite_ref-:0_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>7250 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>7200 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>7100 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Motza </td> <td>Israel </td> <td>7000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>7000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>7000<sup id="cite_ref-Thanjan2011_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanjan2011-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>presence of rice cultivation, ceramics etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>7000 </td> <td>5800 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> </td> <td>7000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td>7000 </td> <td>4000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>7000 </td> <td>5500 </td> <td>aceramic but elaborate culture including mud brick, houses, agriculture etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>6850 </td> <td> </td> <td>with a 660-year margin of error </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horton_Plains_National_Park" title="Horton Plains National Park">Horton Plains</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>6700 </td> <td> </td> <td>cultivation of oats and barley as early as 11,000 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porodin,_North_Macedonia" title="Porodin, North Macedonia">Porodin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td>6500<sup id="cite_ref-eliznik_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliznik-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Padah-Lin_Caves" title="Padah-Lin Caves">Padah-Lin Caves</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> </td> <td>6000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petnica" title="Petnica">Petnica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>6000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>5500 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>5500 </td> <td>2750 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zeidan" title="Tell Zeidan">Tell Zeidan</a> </td> <td>northern Syria </td> <td>5500 </td> <td>4000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabon Cave">Tabon Cave</a> Complex </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quezon,_Palawan" title="Quezon, Palawan">Quezon, Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>5000 </td> <td>2000<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu culture</a>, large-scale rice plantation </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>5000 </td> <td>4500 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples of Malta</a> </td> <td>Malta </td> <td>3600 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knap_of_Howar" title="Knap of Howar">Knap of Howar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Scotland</a> </td> <td>3500 </td> <td>3100 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>3500 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lough_Gur" title="Lough Gur">Lough Gur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>3000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavit Settlement</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>2200 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Norte Chico civilization</a>, 30 aceramic Neolithic period settlements </td> <td>northern coastal <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>1700 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tichit" title="Tichit">Tichit</a> Neolithic village on the <a href="/wiki/Tagant_Plateau" title="Tagant Plateau">Tagant Plateau</a> </td> <td>central southern <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>500 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, state </td> <td>Southwestern Mexico </td> <td>2000 </td> <td> </td> <td>by 2000 BC Neolithic sedentary villages had been established in the Central Valleys region of this state. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> </td> <td>Korean Peninsula </td> <td>1800 </td> <td>1500 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neolithic revolution </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>500 </td> <td>300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The world's oldest known engineered <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadway">roadway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Post_Track" title="Post Track">Post Track</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, dates from 3838 BC and the world's oldest freestanding structure is the Neolithic temple of <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_cultures_and_sites">List of cultures and sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: List of cultures and sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neolithic cultures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">B</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun_culture" title="Qaraoun culture">Qaraoun culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile valley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_A_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum A culture">Faiyum A culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tasian_culture" title="Tasian culture">Tasian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Omari_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="El Omari culture">El Omari culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maadi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadi culture">Maadi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amratian_culture" title="Amratian culture">Amratian culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Co%C8%9Bofeni_culture" title="Coțofeni culture">Coțofeni culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danilo_culture" title="Danilo culture">Danilo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture" title="Dudești culture">Dudești culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gorne%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorneşti culture">Gorneşti culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelnița–Karanovo culture">Gumelnița–Karanovo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Malta Temples</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ozieri_culture" title="Ozieri culture">Ozieri culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Petre%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Petreşti culture">Petreşti culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Ciriaco_culture" title="San Ciriaco culture">San Ciriaco culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sesklo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesklo culture">Sesklo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sopot_culture" title="Sopot culture">Sopot culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture" title="Tiszapolgár culture">Tiszapolgár culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Vučedol culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Transylvania">Neolithic Transylvania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Southeastern Europe">Neolithic Southeastern Europe</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">South Asia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marine_archaeology_in_the_Gulf_of_Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay">Marine archaeology<br /> in the Gulf of Cambay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakhigarhi" title="Rakhigarhi">Rakhigarhi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chopani_Mando" title="Chopani Mando">Chopani Mando</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhukar_Phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhukar Phase">Jhukar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chirand" title="Chirand">Chirand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koldihwa" title="Koldihwa">Koldihwa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burzahom_archaeological_site" title="Burzahom archaeological site">Burzahom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_archaeological_site" title="Brahmagiri archaeological site">Brahmagiri</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Other locations <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian_culture" title="Khiamian culture">Khiamian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippine jade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neolithic topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> (farming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular ditches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic religion">Neolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef; font-size:100%;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic" title="Template:Neolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic" title="Template talk:Neolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Note: Dates are very approximate, and are only given for a rough estimate; consult each culture for specific time periods.</i> </p><p><b>Early Neolithic</b> <br /><span class="anchor" id="Early_Neolithic"></span> <i>Periodization: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Neolithic_1_–_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A_(PPNA)">The Levant</a>: 9500–8000 BC; <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Europe">Europe</a>: 7000–4000 BC; Elsewhere: varies greatly, depending on region.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Levant, 9500–8000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a> (China, 8500 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a> (Greece, 7000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan culture</a> (China, 6500–5000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> village (Greece, c. 6300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo%E2%80%93K%C5%91r%C3%B6s%E2%80%93Cri%C5%9F_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Starčevo–Kőrös–Criş culture">Starcevo-Criş culture (Starčevo-Körös-Criş culture)</a> (Balkans, 5800–4500 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katundas_Cavern" title="Katundas Cavern">Katundas Cavern</a> (Albania, 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudeşti culture">Dudeşti culture</a> (Romania, 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin culture</a> (China, 5300–4100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilnadu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnadu culture">Tamil Nadu culture</a> (India, 3000–2800 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mentesh Tepe and Kamiltepe (Azerbaijan, 7000–3000 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Middle Neolithic</b><br /><span class="anchor" id="Middle_Neolithic"></span> <i>Periodization: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Neolithic_2_–_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B_(PPNB)">The Levant</a>: 8000–6500 BC; <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a>: 5500–3500 BC; Elsewhere: varies greatly, depending on region.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Levant, 7600–6000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinsha (archaeological site)">Jinsha settlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> mound.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery</a> culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a> settlement</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture" title="Dapenkeng culture">Dapenkeng culture</a> (Taiwan, 4000–3000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Grooved ware people">Grooved ware people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, et al.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hembury" title="Hembury">Hembury</a> culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horgen" title="Horgen">Horgen</a> culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Goseck circle">Goseck circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circular_ditches" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular ditches">Circular ditches</a>, et al.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Precucuteni culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Trypillian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel culture</a> (Central Europe, 5000–3400 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a> (South/Eastern Europe 4400–4100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_culture" title="Windmill Hill culture">Windmill Hill culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a> site</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a> settlements.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou culture</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Later Neolithic</b> <br /><span class="anchor" id="Late_Neolithic"></span> <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Neolithic_3_–_Pottery_Neolithic_(PN)">Periodization</a>: 6500–4500 BC; <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a>: 5000–3000 BC; Elsewhere: varies greatly, depending on region.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> (Fertile Crescent, 6400–4500 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a> (Mesopotamia, 6100 BC and 5100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a> (Mesopotamia, 5500–5000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid 1/2</a> (5400–4500 BC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> (North/Eastern Europe, 4300–2800 BC)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Chalcolithic</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div> <p><i>Periodization: <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Near East</a>: 6000–3500 BC; <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Europe</a>: 5000–2000 BC; <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">Elsewhere</a>: varies greatly, depending on region. In the Americas, the Chalcolithic ended as late as the 19th century AD for some peoples.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid 3/4</a> (Mesopotamia, 4500–4000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">early Uruk period</a> (Mesopotamia, 4000–3800 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">middle Uruk period</a> (Mesopotamia, 3800–3400 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">late Trypillian</a> (Eastern Europe, 3000–2750 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudo Culture">Gaudo Culture</a> (Italy, 3150–2950 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> (North/Eastern Europe, 2900–2350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> (Central/Western Europe, 2900–1800 BC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_chronology">Comparative chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparative chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template talk:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></span> <span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#FDF5E6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em;">BC</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> </th> <th>Middle <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> </th> <th>Low<br /><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">11000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Early Pottery</a><br />(18,000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">10000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Gesher_(archaeological_site)" title="Gesher (archaeological site)">Gesher</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a><br />(10,500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="2">  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="6"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="5"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">9000</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">8000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a><br /><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b>Initial Neolithic</b><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a><br />(8500–8000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">7000</span> </th> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Egyptian Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a><br />(7500 BC) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a><br />(7500–5500)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br />(7000 BC) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chia_Jani" title="Chia Jani">Chia Jani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kosh" title="Ali Kosh">Ali Kosh</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6500</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Teppe_Zagheh" title="Teppe Zagheh">Teppe Zagheh</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a><br />(7000–5000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan" title="Sha'ar HaGolan">Sha'ar HaGolan</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 0<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tell_el-%27Oueili" title="Tell el-'Oueili">Tell el-'Oueili</a>) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sang-i_Chakmak" title="Sang-i Chakmak">Sang-i Chakmak</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pottery in the Indian subcontinent">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh II</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5600</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Faiyum_A_culture" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Faiyum A</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Amuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq">Amuq</a> A </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Dabaghiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Dabaghiya (page does not exist)">Umm Dabaghiya</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a><br />(6000–4800 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Muhammad_Djafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Muhammad Djafar">Tepe Muhammad Djafar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5200</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a><br />(5500–4500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq B </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />24–22<br />  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 1<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 19–15)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 2<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammed" title="Hadji Muhammed">Hadji Muhammed</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 14–12) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> A </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe_(Iran)" title="Yarim Tepe (Iran)">Yarim Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajji Firuz Tepe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4800</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde</a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq C </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />22–20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> Late<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a> 20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Sabz (page does not exist)">Tepe Sabz</a> </td> <td rowspan="34" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tepe_Jolfa" title="Kul Tepe Jolfa">Kul Tepe Jolfa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4500</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq D </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;">Gian Hasan<br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />19–17 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a>)<br />19–18 </td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Khazineh" title="Khazineh">Khazineh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> B </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><br /><span style="position:relative;top:1em">3800</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" colspan="8"><i>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Historical Ancient Near East</a></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ide_Fields" title="Céide Fields">Céide Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric religion">Neolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_tomb" title="Neolithic tomb">Neolithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Rock art of the Djelfa region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_layer_hypothesis" title="Two layer hypothesis">Two layer hypothesis</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_Neolithic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Neolithic">"Neolithic"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neolithic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DNeolithic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSnPG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSnPG_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Sowada and Peter Grave. Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukas de Blois and R. J. van der Spek. <i>An Introduction to the Ancient World</i>. p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptianmuseum.org/explore/neolithic-overview">"Neolithic Periods Overview"</a>. <i>egyptianmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=egyptianmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Neolithic+Periods+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fneolithic-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, K.C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", pp. 6–7, 1. Yale University Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age">Encyclopedia Britannica, "Stone Age"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994" class="citation book cs1">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). <i>The History and Geography of Human Genes</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 351. <q>at first European contact .... [New Guineans] represented ... modern examples of Neolithic horticulturalists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Geography+of+Human+Genes&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rft.au=Menozzi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Piazza%2C+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton1999" class="citation book cs1">Hampton, O. W. (1999). <i>Culture of Stone: Sacred and Profane Uses of Stone Among the Dani</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Stone%3A+Sacred+and+Profane+Uses+of+Stone+Among+the+Dani&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=O.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiamondandBellwood2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiamondandBellwood2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondBellwood2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, J.</a>; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". <i>Science</i>. <b>300</b> (5619): 597–603. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..597D">2003Sci...300..597D</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1013.4523">10.1.1.1013.4523</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078208">10.1126/science.1078208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714734">12714734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13350469">13350469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Farmers+and+Their+Languages%3A+The+First+Expansions&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5619&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13350469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300..597D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1013.4523%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12714734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078208&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabu2004" class="citation book cs1">Habu, Junko (2004). <i>Ancient Jomon of Japan</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77670-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jomon+of+Japan&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77670-7&rft.aulast=Habu&rft.aufirst=Junko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaohong_Wu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Xiaohong Wu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1218643">"Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>336</b> (6089). Sciencemag.org: 1696–1700. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1696W">2012Sci...336.1696W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1218643">10.1126/science.1218643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22745428">22745428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37666548">37666548</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Early+Pottery+at+20%2C000+Years+Ago+in+Xianrendong+Cave%2C+China&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6089&rft.pages=1696-1700&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1218643&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37666548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22745428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336.1696W&rft.au=Xiaohong+Wu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1218643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004384_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellwood2004">Bellwood 2004</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauseJeongHaakPosth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (2019-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6425003">"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1218. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.1218F">2019NatCo..10.1218F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09209-7">10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6425003">6425003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30890703">30890703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Late+Pleistocene+human+genome+suggests+a+local+origin+for+the+first+farmers+of+central+Anatolia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1218&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6425003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.1218F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30890703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09209-7&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Stockhammer%2C+Philipp+W.&rft.au=Mustafao%C4%9Flu%2C+G%C3%B6khan&rft.au=Fairbairn%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Bianco%2C+Raffaela+A.&rft.au=Julia+Gresky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6425003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RJC_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaconMendoza2017" class="citation book cs1">Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Rubén G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhT1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Feast, Famine or Fighting?: Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity</i></a>. Springer. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319484020" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319484020"><bdi>978-3319484020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feast%2C+Famine+or+Fighting%3F%3A+Multiple+Pathways+to+Social+Complexity&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3319484020&rft.aulast=Chacon&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+Rub%C3%A9n+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhT1DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Klaus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3yUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT291"><i>Premier temple. Göbekli tepe (Le): Göbelki Tepe</i></a> (in French). CNRS Editions. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2271081872" title="Special:BookSources/978-2271081872"><bdi>978-2271081872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premier+temple.+G%C3%B6bekli+tepe+%28Le%29%3A+G%C3%B6belki+Tepe&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=CNRS+Editions&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2271081872&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3yUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1koDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66"><i>Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591438359" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591438359"><bdi>978-1591438359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gobekli+Tepe%3A+Genesis+of+the+Gods%3A+The+Temple+of+the+Watchers+and+the+Discovery+of+Eden&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1591438359&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1koDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScham2008" class="citation journal cs1">Scham, Sandra (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html">"The World's First Temple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a></i>. <b>61</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a>: 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+First+Temple&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Scham&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0811%2Fabstracts%2Fturkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislevHartmannBar-Yosef2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat; <a href="/wiki/Ofer_Bar-Yosef" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef">Bar-Yosef, Ofer</a> (June 2, 2006). "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>312</b> (5778). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 1372–1374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312.1372K">2006Sci...312.1372K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1125910">10.1126/science.1125910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16741119">16741119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42150441">42150441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Early+Domesticated+Fig+in+the+Jordan+Valley&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5778&rft.pages=1372-1374&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1125910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42150441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16741119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...312.1372K&rft.aulast=Kislev&rft.aufirst=Mordechai+E.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Anat&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtualcopedia.wordpress.com/2015/08/07/neolithic-age/">"Neolithic Age"</a>. 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neolithic+Age&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirtualcopedia.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fneolithic-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Keffie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/architecturebodyperformance/326.html">"Ain-Ghazal (Jordan) Pre-pottery Neolithic B Period pit of lime plaster human figures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World" title="Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World">Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joukowsky+Institute+for+Archaeology+and+the+Ancient+World&rft.atitle=Ain-Ghazal+%28Jordan%29+Pre-pottery+Neolithic+B+Period+pit+of+lime+plaster+human+figures&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Keffie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FDepartments%2FJoukowsky_Institute%2Fcourses%2Farchitecturebodyperformance%2F326.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zarins, Juris (1992) "Pastoral Nomadism in Arabia: Ethnoarchaeology and the Archaeological Record", in <a href="/wiki/Ofer_Bar-Yosef" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef">Ofer Bar-Yosef</a> and A. Khazanov, eds. "Pastoralism in the Levant"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrewSteinerGoring-MorrisBelfer-Cohen2013" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E.; Steiner, Margreet; Goring-Morris, A. Nigel; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (2013). "The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) During the Neolithic Period". <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199212972.013.011">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199212972" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199212972"><bdi>978-0199212972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Levant+%28Cisjordan%29+During+the+Neolithic+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Levant&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199212972.013.011&rft.isbn=978-0199212972&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Margreet&rft.au=Goring-Morris%2C+A.+Nigel&rft.au=Belfer-Cohen%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eduskrypt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eduskrypt_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduskrypt.pl/yet_another_sensational_discovery_by_polish_archaeologists_in_syria-info-6775.html">Yet another sensational discovery by polish archaeologists in Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001171824/http://www.eduskrypt.pl/yet_another_sensational_discovery_by_polish_archaeologists_in_syria-info-6775.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. eduskrypt.pl. 21 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043547/Jericho">"Jericho"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boustani-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boustani_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haïdar Boustani, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usj.edu.lb/mpl/pdf/1.pdf">"The Neolithic of Lebanon in the context of the Near East: State of knowledge"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043349/https://www.usj.edu.lb/mpl/pdf/1.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French), <i>Annales d'Histoire et d'Archaeologie</i>, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Vol. 12–13, 2001–2002. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stordeur, Danielle., Abbès Frédéric., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bspf_0249-7638_2002_num_99_3_12712"><i>"Du PPNA au PPNB: mise en lumière d'une phase de transition à Jerf el Ahmar (Syrie)"</i></a>, <i>Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française</i>, Volume 99, Issue 3, pp. 563–595, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exoriente-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exoriente_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoriente.org/associated_projects/ppnd_summary.php">PPND – the Platform for Neolithic Radiocarbon Dates – Summary</a>. exoriente. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm">"The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.) | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. <i>The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met%E2%80%99s+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Ubaid+Period+%285500%E2%80%934000+B.C.%29+%7C+Essay+%7C+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%7C+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fubai%2Fhd_ubai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Bard, Kathryn</a>, ed. (9 March 2014). <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415757539" title="Special:BookSources/9780415757539"><bdi>9780415757539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft.isbn=9780415757539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinseele2010" class="citation journal cs1">Linseele, V.; et al. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309030448/http://elenamarinova.net/publications/LinseeleMarinovaVanNeerVermeersch2009_JAE.pdf">"Sites with Holocene dung deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: Visited by herders?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Arid Environments</i>. <b>74</b> (7): 818–828. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JArEn..74..818L">2010JArEn..74..818L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaridenv.2009.04.014">10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.014</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elenamarinova.net/publications/LinseeleMarinovaVanNeerVermeersch2009_JAE.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arid+Environments&rft.atitle=Sites+with+Holocene+dung+deposits+in+the+Eastern+Desert+of+Egypt%3A+Visited+by+herders%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=818-828&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaridenv.2009.04.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JArEn..74..818L&rft.aulast=Linseele&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elenamarinova.net%2Fpublications%2FLinseeleMarinovaVanNeerVermeersch2009_JAE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays2011" class="citation web cs1">Hays, Jeffrey (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222544/http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1506">"Early Domesticated Animals"</a>. <i>Facts and Details</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1506">the original</a> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facts+and+Details&rft.atitle=Early+Domesticated+Animals&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fworld.php%3Fitemid%3D1506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchMacDonald1999" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin C (1999). <i>The Origins and Development of African Livestock</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84142-018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84142-018-9"><bdi>978-1-84142-018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+African+Livestock&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84142-018-9&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Kevin+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2009" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Graeme (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z2imAEACAAJ&pg=PA292"><i>The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 292–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955995-4"><bdi>978-0-19-955995-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agricultural+Revolution+in+Prehistory%3A+Why+Did+Foragers+Become+Farmers%3F&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955995-4&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Z2imAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Y._AĭkhenvalʹdRobert_Malcolm_Ward_Dixon2006" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Y. Aĭkhenvalʹd; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Malcolm_Ward_Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Malcolm Ward Dixon">Robert Malcolm Ward Dixon</a> (2006). <i>Areal Diffussion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928308-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Areal+Diffussion+and+Genetic+Inheritance%3A+Problems+in+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928308-8&rft.au=Alexandra+Y.+A%C4%ADkhenval%CA%B9d&rft.au=Robert+Malcolm+Ward+Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFekri_A._Hassan2002" class="citation book cs1">Fekri A. Hassan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIPDE7FnODIC&pg=PA164"><i>Droughts, food and culture: ecological change and food security in Africa's later prehistory</i></a>. Springer. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46755-4"><bdi>978-0-306-46755-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droughts%2C+food+and+culture%3A+ecological+change+and+food+security+in+Africa%27s+later+prehistory&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46755-4&rft.au=Fekri+A.+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIPDE7FnODIC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA521"><i>Encyclopedia of African history: A–G</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 521–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-245-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+history%3A+A%E2%80%93G&rft.pages=521-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-245-6&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtz_gtO-pngC%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimõesGüntherMartínez-SánchezVera-Rodríguez2023" class="citation journal cs1">Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266975">"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>618</b> (7965): 550–556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.618..550S">2023Natur.618..550S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6">10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266975">10266975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37286608">37286608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Northwest+African+Neolithic+initiated+by+migrants+from+Iberia+and+Levant&rft.volume=618&rft.issue=7965&rft.pages=550-556&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10266975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.618..550S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37286608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Luciana+G.&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Rafael+M.&rft.au=Vera-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Iriarte%2C+Eneko&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Varela%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Bokbot%2C+Youssef&rft.au=Valdiosera%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10266975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallHildebrand2002" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Fiona; Hildebrand, Elisabeth (2002-06-01). "Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 99–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1019954903395">10.1023/A:1019954903395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7537">0892-7537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19466568">19466568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Cattle+Before+Crops%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Food+Production+in+Africa&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-143&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19466568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0892-7537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1019954903395&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcea2004" class="citation journal cs1">Garcea, Elena A. A. (2004-06-01). "An Alternative Way Towards Food Production: The Perspective from the Libyan Sahara". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 107–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-004-2878-6">10.1007/s10963-004-2878-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7537">0892-7537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162218030">162218030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=An+Alternative+Way+Towards+Food+Production%3A+The+Perspective+from+the+Libyan+Sahara&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-154&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162218030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0892-7537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-004-2878-6&rft.aulast=Garcea&rft.aufirst=Elena+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallinaroLernia2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gallinaro, Marina; Lernia, Savino di (2018-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5784975">"Trapping or tethering stones (TS): A multifunctional device in the Pastoral Neolithic of the Sahara"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>13</b> (1): e0191765. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1391765G">2018PLoSO..1391765G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191765">10.1371/journal.pone.0191765</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5784975">5784975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29370242">29370242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Trapping+or+tethering+stones+%28TS%29%3A+A+multifunctional+device+in+the+Pastoral+Neolithic+of+the+Sahara&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0191765&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5784975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29370242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191765&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1391765G&rft.aulast=Gallinaro&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Lernia%2C+Savino+di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5784975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBower1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bower, John (1991-03-01). "The Pastoral Neolithic of East Africa". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 49–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00974732">10.1007/BF00974732</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7537">0892-7537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162352311">162352311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+Pastoral+Neolithic+of+East+Africa&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-82&rft.date=1991-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162352311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0892-7537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00974732&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambrose220-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose220_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1984" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stanley H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dftPHu1o2s8C"><i>From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa – "The Introduction of Pastoral Adaptations to the Highlands of East Africa"</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520045743" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520045743"><bdi>978-0520045743</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hunters+to+Farmers%3A+The+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Food+Production+in+Africa+%E2%80%93+%22The+Introduction+of+Pastoral+Adaptations+to+the+Highlands+of+East+Africa%22&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520045743&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stanley+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdftPHu1o2s8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLander=Russell=2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lander=, Faye=; Russell=, Thembi= (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6002040">"The Archaeological Evidence for the Appearance of Pastoralism and Farming in Southern Africa"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>13</b> (6): e0198941. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1398941L">2018PLoSO..1398941L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198941">10.1371/journal.pone.0198941</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6002040">6002040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29902271">29902271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Archaeological+Evidence+for+the+Appearance+of+Pastoralism+and+Farming+in+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0198941&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6002040%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29902271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198941&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1398941L&rft.aulast=Lander%3D&rft.aufirst=Faye%3D&rft.au=Russell%3D%2C+Thembi%3D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6002040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Fuller2012" class="citation news cs1">Dawn Fuller (April 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2012-04-uc-reveals-earliest-farming-sites.html">"UC research reveals one of the earliest farming sites in Europe"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=UC+research+reveals+one+of+the+earliest+farming+sites+in+Europe&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft.au=Dawn+Fuller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2012-04-uc-reveals-earliest-farming-sites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120416113013.htm">"One of Earliest Farming Sites in Europe Discovered"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. April 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=One+of+Earliest+Farming+Sites+in+Europe+Discovered&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F04%2F120416113013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2019" class="citation news cs1">Curry, Andrew (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature">"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature">the original</a> on March 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+first+Europeans+weren%27t+who+you+might+think&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Ffirst-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinney2020" class="citation news cs1">Spinney, Laura (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved/">"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=When+the+First+Farmers+Arrived+in+Europe%2C+Inequality+Evolved&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Spinney&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/img_A11a.html">Female figurine, c. 6000 BC, Nea Nikomidia, Macedonia, Veroia, (Archaeological Museum), Greece</a>. Macedonian-heritage.gr. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn1981" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Shan (1981). <i>Pre-writing in Southeastern Europe: The Sign System of the Vinča Culture ca. 4000 BC</i>. Calgary: Western Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-writing+in+Southeastern+Europe%3A+The+Sign+System+of+the+Vin%C4%8Da+Culture+ca.+4000+BC&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pub=Western+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Cilia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.infinito.it/utenti/m/malta_mega_temples/linetime.html">"Malta Before Common Era", in <i>The Megalithic Temples of Malta</i></a>. Retrieved 28 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piccolo, Salvatore (2013) <i>Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily,</i> Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Brazen Head Publishing, pp. 33–34 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9565106-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9565106-2-4">978-0-9565106-2-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShennanEdinborough2007">Shennan & Edinborough 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimpsonColledge2014" class="citation journal cs1">Timpson, Adrian; Colledge, Sue (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.08.011">"Reconstructing regional population fluctuations in the European Neolithic using radiocarbon dates: a new case-study using an improved method"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>52</b>: 549–557. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..52..549T">2014JArSc..52..549T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.08.011">10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+regional+population+fluctuations+in+the+European+Neolithic+using+radiocarbon+dates%3A+a+new+case-study+using+an+improved+method&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=549-557&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.08.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JArSc..52..549T&rft.aulast=Timpson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Colledge%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jas.2014.08.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coningham-young-1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coningham-young-1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConinghamYoung2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Coningham" title="Robin Coningham">Coningham, Robin</a>; Young, Ruth (2015), <i>The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BC – 200 CE</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+South+Asia%3A+From+the+Indus+to+Asoka%2C+c.+6500+BC+%E2%80%93+200+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Coningham&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Young%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: ""Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different to other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800–2000 BC), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fisher1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Michael H. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ"><i>An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2"><bdi>978-1-107-11162-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+India%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11162-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZVuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "page 33: "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BC, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyson1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dyson1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Tim (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "(p 29) "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright2009-p=44-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright2009-p=44_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rita_P._Wright" title="Rita P. Wright">Wright, Rita P.</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwgFPQAACAAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44, 51, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57652-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57652-9"><bdi>978-0-521-57652-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus%3A+Urbanism%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=44%2C+51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57652-9&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rita+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwgFPQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoppaBondioli2006-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoppaBondioli2006_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppaBondioliCucinaFrayer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Coppa, A.; Bondioli, L.; Cucina, A.; Frayer, D. W.; Jarrige, C.; Jarrige, J. -F.; Quivron, G.; Rossi, M.; Vidale, M.; Macchiarelli, R. (2006). "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry". <i>Nature</i>. <b>440</b> (7085): 755–756. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..755C">2006Natur.440..755C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F440755a">10.1038/440755a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16598247">16598247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6787162">6787162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+Neolithic+tradition+of+dentistry&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7085&rft.pages=755-756&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6787162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..755C&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F440755a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16598247&rft.aulast=Coppa&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bondioli%2C+L.&rft.au=Cucina%2C+A.&rft.au=Frayer%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Jarrige%2C+C.&rft.au=Jarrige%2C+J.+-F.&rft.au=Quivron%2C+G.&rft.au=Rossi%2C+M.&rft.au=Vidale%2C+M.&rft.au=Macchiarelli%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleni_Asouti_and_Dorian_Q_Fuller2007" class="citation book cs1">Eleni Asouti and Dorian Q Fuller (2007). <i>Trees and Woodlands of South India: Archaeological Perspectives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+Woodlands+of+South+India%3A+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Eleni+Asouti+and+Dorian+Q+Fuller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoyan_Yang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Xiaoyan Yang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309722">"Early millet use in northern China"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (10): 3726–3730. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109.3726Y">2012PNAS..109.3726Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1115430109">10.1073/pnas.1115430109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309722">3309722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355109">22355109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+millet+use+in+northern+China&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3726-3730&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3309722%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22355109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1115430109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109.3726Y&rft.au=Xiaoyan+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3309722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archdis-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archdis_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/backup_new/Academic/2013/1026/41367.html">"New Archaeological Discoveries and Researches in 2004 – The Fourth Archaeology Forum of CASS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Archaeology,_Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a>. April 28, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Archaeological+Discoveries+and+Researches+in+2004+%E2%80%93+The+Fourth+Archaeology+Forum+of+CASS&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2Fbackup_new%2FAcademic%2F2013%2F1026%2F41367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuChen2012" class="citation cs2">Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012), <i>The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 220, 227, 251</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+China%3A+From+the+Late+Paleolithic+to+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.pages=220%2C+227%2C+251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Archaeology News Network. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.fr/2012/06/neolithic-farm-field-found-in-south.html">"Neolithic farm field found in South Korea"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120210517/http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.fr/2012/06/neolithic-farm-field-found-in-south.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/06/117_113810.html">"East Asia's oldest remains of agricultural field found in Korea"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W&P-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W&P_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilleyPhillips1957" class="citation book cs1">Willey, Gordon R.; Phillips, Philip (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodtheoryinam1958will"><i>Method and Theory in American Archaeology</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89888-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89888-9"><bdi>978-0-226-89888-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Method+and+Theory+in+American+Archaeology&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89888-9&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=Gordon+R.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmethodtheoryinam1958will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRSW-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRSW_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler_TAM_GlaudeJP_Bocquet-AppelBrian_M_Kemp2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kohler TA; M Glaude; JP Bocquet-Appel; Brian M Kemp (2008). "The Neolithic Demographic Transition in the North American Southwest". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Antiquity" title="American Antiquity">American Antiquity</a></i>. <b>73</b> (4): 645–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs000273160004734x">10.1017/s000273160004734x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2376%2F5746">2376/5746</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163007590">163007590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+Demographic+Transition+in+the+North+American+Southwest&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=645-669&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2376%2F5746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163007590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs000273160004734x&rft.au=Kohler+TA&rft.au=M+Glaude&rft.au=JP+Bocquet-Appel&rft.au=Brian+M+Kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Eichler, G. Gramlich, T. Kellerhals, L. Tobler, Th. Rehren & M. Schwikowski (2017). "Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/10.%20White.pdf">"Revisiting the 'Neolithic Problem' in Australia" PDF</a>, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_D._Katz_Rigby_2000_352_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_D._Katz_RigbyS._Stephen_Henry_Rigby2000" class="citation book cs1">Leonard D. Katz Rigby; S. Stephen Henry Rigby (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wFHth05xkoC&pg=PA158"><i>Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives</i></a>. United Kingdom: Imprint Academic. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5612-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5612-8"><bdi>0-7190-5612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Origins+of+Morality%3A+Cross-disciplinary+Perspectives&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5612-8&rft.au=Leonard+D.+Katz+Rigby&rft.au=S.+Stephen+Henry+Rigby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wFHth05xkoC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangerKillen1998" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Jonas; Killen, Melanie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aF5MHvaju9cC&pg=PA258"><i>Piaget, evolution, and development</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 258–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-2210-6"><bdi>978-0-8058-2210-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piaget%2C+evolution%2C+and+development&rft.pages=258-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-2210-6&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Killen%2C+Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaF5MHvaju9cC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010195731/http://www.charlesmann.org/articles/Norte-chico-Science-01-05.pdf">"The Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CharlesMann</i>. Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charlesmann.org/articles/Norte-chico-Science-01-05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CharlesMann&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Civilization+in+the+Americas+Revealed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcharlesmann.org%2Farticles%2FNorte-chico-Science-01-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4115421.stm">"First Andes Civilization Explored"</a>. BBC News. 22 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Andes+Civilization+Explored&rft.date=2004-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4115421.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHommon2013" class="citation book cs1">Hommon, Robert J. (2013). <i>The ancient Hawaiian state: origins of a political society</i> (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991612-2"><bdi>978-0-19-991612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Hawaiian+state%3A+origins+of+a+political+society&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991612-2&rft.aulast=Hommon&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555928_5/Stone_Age.html#howtocite">"Stone Age", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007</a> © 1997–2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Contributed by Kathy Schick, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. and Nicholas Toth, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101033221/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555928_5/Stone_Age.html">Archived</a> 2009-11-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Dale_Guthrie2005" class="citation book cs1">Russell Dale Guthrie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&pg=PA420"><i>The nature of Paleolithic art</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 420–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31126-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+Paleolithic+art&rft.pages=420-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31126-5&rft.au=Russell+Dale+Guthrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3u6JNwMyMCEC%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17824012.300-farming-pioneered-in-ancient-new-guinea/">"Farming Pioneered in Ancient New Guinea"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Farming+Pioneered+in+Ancient+New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg17824012.300-farming-pioneered-in-ancient-new-guinea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahn,_Paul_1996-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahn,_Paul_1996_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahn,_Paul_1996_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahn, Paul (1996) "The atlas of world archeology" Copyright 2000 The brown Reference Group plc</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074340/https://www.mama.org/exhibits/ancient/prehistoric/">"Prehistoric Cultures"</a>. Museum of Ancient and Modern Art. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mama.org/exhibits/ancient/prehistoric/">the original</a> on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Cultures&rft.pub=Museum+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Art&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mama.org%2Fexhibits%2Fancient%2Fprehistoric%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, K. Kris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021212318/http://archaeology.about.com/cs/religionandmagic/a/catalhoyuk.htm">"Çatalhöyük: Urban Life in Neolithic Anatolia"</a>. <i>About.com Archaeology</i>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/cs/religionandmagic/a/catalhoyuk.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Archaeology&rft.atitle=%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk%3A+Urban+Life+in+Neolithic+Anatolia&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=K.+Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fcs%2Freligionandmagic%2Fa%2Fcatalhoyuk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holysmoke.org/fem/fem0156.htm">Idyllic Theory of Goddess Creates Storm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219152657/http://www.holysmoke.org/fem/fem0156.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Holysmoke.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krause (1998) under External links, places.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimbutas (1991) page 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuijt2000" class="citation book cs1">Kuijt, Ian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COrVxJI3iNUC&pg=PA317"><i>Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation</i></a>. Springer. pp. 317–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46122-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46122-4"><bdi>978-0-306-46122-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Neolithic+farming+communities%3A+social+organization%2C+identity%2C+and+differentiation&rft.pages=317-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46122-4&rft.aulast=Kuijt&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOrVxJI3iNUC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil Stein, "Economy, Ritual and Power in 'Ubaid Mesopotamia" in <i>Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Earle, "Property Rights and the Evolution of Chiefdoms" in <i>Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyonGuezToupanceHeyer2024" class="citation journal cs1">Guyon, Léa; Guez, Jérémy; Toupance, Bruno; Heyer, Evelyne; Chaix, Raphaëlle (24 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11043392">"Patrilineal segmentary systems provide a peaceful explanation for the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>15</b> (1): 3243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-47618-5">10.1038/s41467-024-47618-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11043392">11043392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38658560">38658560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Patrilineal+segmentary+systems+provide+a+peaceful+explanation+for+the+post-Neolithic+Y-chromosome+bottleneck&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3243&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11043392%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38658560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-024-47618-5&rft.aulast=Guyon&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9a&rft.au=Guez%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my&rft.au=Toupance%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Heyer%2C+Evelyne&rft.au=Chaix%2C+Rapha%C3%ABlle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11043392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstcity-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-firstcity_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstcity_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.bc.edu/~mcdonadh/course/huyuk.html">Shane, Orrin C. III, and Mine Küçuk. "The World's First City."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315174222/http://www2.bc.edu/~mcdonadh/course/huyuk.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archaeology 51.2 (1998): 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ertl2008-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ertl2008_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_W._Ertl2008" class="citation book cs1">Alan W. Ertl (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA308"><i>Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-983-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-983-0"><bdi>978-1-59942-983-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Understanding+of+Europe%3A+A+Political+Economic+Pr%C3%A9cis+of+Continental+Integration&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59942-983-0&rft.au=Alan+W.+Ertl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9PGRaZt-zcC%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Susanna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/203730">"Smooth and Cool, or Warm and Soft: Investigating the Properties of Cloth in Prehistory"</a>. <i>North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles X</i>. Academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+European+Symposium+for+Archaeological+Textiles+X&rft.atitle=Smooth+and+Cool%2C+or+Warm+and+Soft%3A+Investigating+the+Properties+of+Cloth+in+Prehistory&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F203730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505105137/http://www.mitchellteachers.org/WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/PDFs/PaleolithictoNeolithicDescriptions.pdf">"Aspects of Life During the Neolithic Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Teachers' Curriculum Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitchellteachers.org/WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/PDFs/PaleolithictoNeolithicDescriptions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Life+During+the+Neolithic+Period&rft.pub=Teachers%27+Curriculum+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitchellteachers.org%2FWorldHistory%2FMrMEarlyHumansProject%2FPDFs%2FPaleolithictoNeolithicDescriptions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Kevin T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1587878">"Pierced clay disks and Late Neolithic textile production"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. Academia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+5th+International+Congress+on+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.atitle=Pierced+clay+disks+and+Late+Neolithic+textile+production&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Kevin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1587878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Jean M (1993). "Unraveling the Enigma of the Bi: The Spindle Whorl as the Model of the Ritual Disk". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>32</b> (1). University of Hawai'i Press: 105–24. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17022">10125/17022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+Enigma+of+the+Bi%3A+The+Spindle+Whorl+as+the+Model+of+the+Ritual+Disk&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17022&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jean+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, M (2007). "The clay loom weight, in: Early Neolithic ritual activity, Bronze Age occupation and medieval activity at Pitlethie Road, Leuchars, Fife". <i>Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>13</b>: 1–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tayside+and+Fife+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=The+clay+loom+weight%2C+in%3A+Early+Neolithic+ritual+activity%2C+Bronze+Age+occupation+and+medieval+activity+at+Pitlethie+Road%2C+Leuchars%2C+Fife&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazurowskiKanjou2012" class="citation book cs1">Mazurowski, Ryszard F.; Kanjou, Youssef, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/3532/3047"><i>Tell Qaramel 1999–2007. Protoneolithic and early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria</i></a>. PCMA Excavation Series 2. Warsaw, Poland: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-903796-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-903796-3-0"><bdi>978-83-903796-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tell+Qaramel+1999%E2%80%932007.+Protoneolithic+and+early+Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+settlement+in+Northern+Syria.&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.series=PCMA+Excavation+Series+2&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology%2C+University+of+Warsaw&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-83-903796-3-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3532%2F3047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeltenburgWasse2004a-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeltenburgWasse2004a_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._J._PeltenburgAlexander_WasseCouncil_for_British_Research_in_the_Levant2004" class="citation book cs1">E. J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse; Council for British Research in the Levant (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mKBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Garfinkel, Yosef., "Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context in Neolithic revolution: new perspectives on southwest Asia in light of recent discoveries on Cyprus</i></a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-132-5"><bdi>978-1-84217-132-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garfinkel%2C+Yosef.%2C+%22N%C3%A9olithique%22+and+%22%C3%89n%C3%A9olithique%22+Byblos+in+Southern+Levantine+Context+in+Neolithic+revolution%3A+new+perspectives+on+southwest+Asia+in+light+of+recent+discoveries+on+Cyprus&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-132-5&rft.au=E.+J.+Peltenburg&rft.au=Alexander+Wasse&rft.au=Council+for+British+Research+in+the+Levant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mKBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstaptchouk" class="citation web cs1">Ostaptchouk, Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36530926">"Contribution of FTIR to the Characterization of the Raw Material for "Flint" Chipped Stone and for Beads from Mentesh Tepe and Kamiltepe (Azerbaijan). Preliminary Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contribution+of+FTIR+to+the+Characterization+of+the+Raw+Material+for+%22Flint%22+Chipped+Stone+and+for+Beads+from+Mentesh+Tepe+and+Kamiltepe+%28Azerbaijan%29.+Preliminary+Results&rft.aulast=Ostaptchouk&rft.aufirst=Dr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36530926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thanjan2011-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thanjan2011_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis_K._Thanjan2011" class="citation book cs1">Davis K. Thanjan (12 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9BLBh7XqnkC&pg=PA31"><i>Pebbles</i></a>. Bookstand Publishing. pp. 31–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58909-817-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58909-817-6"><bdi>978-1-58909-817-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pebbles&rft.pages=31-&rft.pub=Bookstand+Publishing&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-58909-817-6&rft.au=Davis+K.+Thanjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9BLBh7XqnkC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eliznik-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eliznik_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/balkans-map/developed-neolithic.htm#nogo">Developed Neolithic period, 5500 BC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311233032/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/balkans-map/developed-neolithic.htm#nogo">Archived</a> 2011-03-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eliznik.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/masterpiece/detail.nhn?objectId=11070">"Manunggul Burial Jar"</a>. <i>Virtual Collection of Asian Masterpieces</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Collection+of+Asian+Masterpieces&rft.atitle=Manunggul+Burial+Jar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmasterpieces.asemus.museum%2Fmasterpiece%2Fdetail.nhn%3FobjectId%3D11070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225151518/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/ASBMD/Tabon.html">"Tabon Cave Complex"</a>. National Museum of the Philippines. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/ASBMD/Tabon.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabon+Cave+Complex&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FASBMD%2FTabon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/katturai_H01_venkatasubbiah-PDF.pdf">"Neolithic Culture of Tamil Nadu: an Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neolithic+Culture+of+Tamil+Nadu%3A+an+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamiluniversity.ac.in%2Fenglish%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2Fkatturai_H01_venkatasubbiah-PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a> (November 30, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1mzyCEOAUIC"><i>First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20566-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20566-1"><bdi>978-0-631-20566-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Farmers%3A+The+Origins+of+Agricultural+Societies&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20566-1&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1mzyCEOAUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShennanEdinborough2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shennan, Stephen; Edinborough, Kevan (2007). "Prehistoric population history: From the Late Glacial to the Late Neolithic in Central and Northern Europe". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>34</b> (8): 1339–45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JArSc..34.1339S">2007JArSc..34.1339S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2006.10.031">10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+population+history%3A+From+the+Late+Glacial+to+the+Late+Neolithic+in+Central+and+Northern+Europe&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1339-45&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2006.10.031&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JArSc..34.1339S&rft.aulast=Shennan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Edinborough%2C+Kevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2008" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, Hilthart (2008). <i>Die Jüngere Steinzeit Auf Bornholm</i>. GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94559-2"><bdi>978-3-638-94559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+J%C3%BCngere+Steinzeit+Auf+Bornholm&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-638-94559-2&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Hilthart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neolithic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neolithic_artefacts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neolithic artefacts">Neolithic artefacts</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neolithic" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Romeo, Nick (Feb. 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221195225/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/02/150220-embracing-skeletons-greece-diros-alepotrypa-cave-archaeology/">Embracing Stone Age Couple Found in Greek Cave</a>. "Rare double burials discovered at one of the largest Neolithic burial sites in Europe." <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2005" class="citation web cs1">McNamara, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430200956/http://worldmuseumofman.org/neolithic1.htm">"Neolithic Period"</a>. World Museum of Man. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmuseumofman.org/neolithic1.htm">the original</a> on 2008-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neolithic+Period&rft.pub=World+Museum+of+Man&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmuseumofman.org%2Fneolithic1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffonsoPernicka2000" class="citation journal cs1">Affonso, T.; Pernicka, E. (2000). "Pre-Pottery Neolithic Clay Figurines from Nevali Çori". <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.9.4">10.11141/ia.9.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+Clay+Figurines+from+Nevali+%C3%87ori&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.9.4&rft.aulast=Affonso&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Pernicka%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neolithic"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Neolithic">"Neolithic" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neolithic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_settlements">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36422#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075272-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090768">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318708x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318708x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neolit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137449&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563180305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008012">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\N\E\NeolithicPeriod">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&oldid=1259906595">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&oldid=1259906595</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neolithic" title="Category:Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_neologisms" title="Category:1860s neologisms">1860s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocene" title="Category:Holocene">Holocene</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2015">Articles needing additional references from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2021">Articles needing additional references from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 19:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-pgpcs","wgBackendResponseTime":217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.458","walltime":"1.747","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10438,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":363247,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15374,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":411970,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1384.249 1 -total"," 34.17% 473.021 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.41% 116.380 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.50% 103.859 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.42% 102.665 28 Template:Cite_book"," 7.39% 102.261 1 Template:Human_history_and_prehistory"," 6.37% 88.217 2 Template:Lang"," 6.22% 86.098 1 Template:Cite_OED"," 5.23% 72.425 8 Template:Sfn"," 4.56% 63.072 16 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.859","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21343432,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAffonsoPernicka2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_W._Ertl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexandra_Y._AĭkhenvalʹdRobert_Malcolm_Ward_Dixon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbrose1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwood2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlenchMacDonald1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBower1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaconMendoza2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConinghamYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppaBondioliCucinaFrayer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis_K._Thanjan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn_Fuller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondBellwood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._J._PeltenburgAlexander_WasseCouncil_for_British_Research_in_the_Levant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEleni_Asouti_and_Dorian_Q_Fuller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFekri_A._Hassan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallinaroLernia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcea2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuyonGuezToupanceHeyer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHays2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirst\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHommon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrewSteinerGoring-MorrisBelfer-Cohen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKislevHartmannBar-Yosef2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler_TAM_GlaudeJP_Bocquet-AppelBrian_M_Kemp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauseJeongHaakPosth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuijt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLander=Russell=2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangerKillen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_D._Katz_RigbyS._Stephen_Henry_Rigby2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinseele2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuChen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallHildebrand2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazurowskiKanjou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNamara2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstaptchouk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell_Dale_Guthrie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShennanEdinborough2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimõesGüntherMartínez-SánchezVera-Rodríguez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpinney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimpsonColledge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilleyPhillips1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinn1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaohong_Wu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaoyan_Yang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"Early_Neolithic\"] = 1,\n [\"Late_Neolithic\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle_Neolithic\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Human history and prehistory\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Neolithic\"] = 1,\n [\"Neolithic Chronology\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric Southwest Asia timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric technology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stone Age\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-v7wgc","timestamp":"20241128015347","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Neolithic","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neolithic","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36422","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36422","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-16T23:49:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T19:09:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg","headline":"prehistoric period when agriculture is adopted"}</script> </body> </html>