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href="#Chalk_grassland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chalk grassland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalk_grassland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarries_and_chalk_cliffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarries_and_chalk_cliffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Quarries and chalk cliffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarries_and_chalk_cliffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Woodland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Scrub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalk_heath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalk_heath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Chalk heath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalk_heath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Photo gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Норт Даунс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норт Даунс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs_(bungtod)" title="North Downs (bungtod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="North Downs (bungtod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyni_Gogleddol" title="Twyni Gogleddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twyni Gogleddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نورث داونز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورث داونز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="North Downs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Норт-Даунс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Норт-Даунс" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Downs&params=51_16_N_0_30_W_region:GB_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.267°N 0.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.267; -0.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Range of hills in south east England, UK</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/North_Wessex_Downs" title="North Wessex Downs">North Wessex Downs</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">North Downs</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Downs_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/North_Downs_2.JPG/272px-North_Downs_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/North_Downs_2.JPG/408px-North_Downs_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/North_Downs_2.JPG/544px-North_Downs_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The North Downs near the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Botley_Hill" title="Botley Hill">Botley Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">270 m (890 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Old English dūn, meaning 'hill'</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_376ea3077d3f3c6bc16d5f9ca56f60d45473fa70"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=North_Downs&revid=1212726718&groups=_376ea3077d3f3c6bc16d5f9ca56f60d45473fa70" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=North_Downs&revid=1212726718&groups=_376ea3077d3f3c6bc16d5f9ca56f60d45473fa70 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label">England (United Kingdom)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Southern England Chalk Formation</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>North Downs</b> are a ridge of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> hills in south east <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> that stretch from <a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> to the <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the North Downs comprises two <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONBs): the <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Hills_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey Hills AONB">Surrey Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kent_Downs_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Downs AONB">Kent Downs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_Downs_Way" title="North Downs Way">North Downs Way</a> National Trail runs along the North Downs from Farnham to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>. </p><p>The highest point in the North Downs is <a href="/wiki/Botley_Hill" title="Botley Hill">Botley Hill</a>, Surrey (270 m (890 ft) above sea level). The <i>County Top</i> of Kent is <a href="/wiki/Betsom%27s_Hill" title="Betsom's Hill">Betsom's Hill</a> (251 m (823 ft) above sea level), which is less than 1 km from <a href="/wiki/Westerham_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerham Heights">Westerham Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromley" title="Bromley">Bromley</a>, the highest point in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> at an elevation of 245 m (804 ft). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'Downs' is from Old English <i>dun</i>, meaning, amongst other things, "hill". The word acquired the sense of "elevated rolling grassland" around the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name contains "North" to distinguish them from a similar range of hills – the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> – which runs roughly parallel to them but some 50 km (31 mi) to the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_East_Geology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S_East_Geology.jpg/220px-S_East_Geology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S_East_Geology.jpg/330px-S_East_Geology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S_East_Geology.jpg/440px-S_East_Geology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Geology of the South East, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> is light green (6)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg/220px-North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg/330px-North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg/440px-North-downs-view-from-margery-wood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6609" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>View from North Downs towards <a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The narrow spine of the <a href="/wiki/Hog%27s_Back" title="Hog's Back">Hog's Back</a> between Farnham and <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a> forms the western extremity of the North Downs, whilst the cliffs between <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a> terminate the ridge in the east. The North Downs <a href="/wiki/Cuesta" title="Cuesta">cuesta</a> has a steep south-facing <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">scarp slope</a> and a more gentle north-facing <a href="/wiki/Dip_slope" title="Dip slope">dip slope</a>. Its southern boundary is defined by the low-lying <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Homesdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Homesdale">Vale of Holmesdale</a> at the foot of the escarpment, in which the underlying stratum is primarily <a href="/wiki/Gault" title="Gault">gault clay</a>. The northern boundary is less apparent but occurs where the chalk submerges below the more recent <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Downs are highest near the Kent–Surrey border, often reaching heights in excess of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level at the crest of the escarpment. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Botley_Hill" title="Botley Hill">Botley Hill</a> in Surrey at 269 m (883 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/County_top" class="mw-redirect" title="County top">County top</a> of Kent at <a href="/wiki/Betsom%27s_Hill" title="Betsom's Hill">Betsom's Hill</a>, with a height of 251 m (823 ft), is nearby,<sup id="cite_ref-Bathurst_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bathurst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CountyTops_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CountyTops-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_in_London" title="List of highest points in London">highest point in Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westerham_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerham Heights">Westerham Heights</a>, at 245 m (804 ft), is on the northern side of the same hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Bathurst_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bathurst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East of the <a href="/wiki/Medway_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Medway Valley">Medway Valley</a> the Downs become broader and flatter, extending as far as the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Isle of Thanet</a>. </p><p>The ridge of the North Downs is intersected by the valleys of a series of rivers: the <a href="/wiki/River_Wey,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="River Wey, Surrey">Wey</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Mole,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="River Mole, Surrey">Mole</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Darent" title="River Darent">Darent</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Medway" title="River Medway">Medway</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Kent" title="River Stour, Kent">Stour</a>. These drain much of the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> to the south. The western rivers are tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>; they have carved steep valleys through the chalk and provide natural corridor routes. In addition to existing rivers, the Downs are crossed by a number of <a href="/wiki/Wind_gap_(geographical_feature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind gap (geographical feature)">wind gaps</a> – prehistoric river valleys no longer occupied by rivers – including those at <a href="/wiki/Farnham,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnham, Surrey">Farnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betchworth,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Betchworth, Surrey">Betchworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caterham" title="Caterham">Caterham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyminge" title="Lyminge">Lyminge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawkinge" title="Hawkinge">Hawkinge</a>. Except for the river valleys and wind gaps, the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> is almost continuous along its length. The <a href="/wiki/Dip_slope" title="Dip slope">dip slope</a> is dissected by many small <a href="/wiki/Dry_valley" title="Dry valley">dry valleys</a>, and in the broad eastern part in Kent, by further river valleys such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Stour" title="Little Stour">Little Stour</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leith_Hill" title="Leith Hill">Leith Hill</a> (the highest point in Surrey) is sometimes incorrectly referred to as part of the North Downs, but it is located on the parallel <a href="/wiki/Greensand_Ridge" title="Greensand Ridge">Greensand Ridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and does not consist of chalk.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_types">Rock types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rock types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">Downland</a> of the North Downs consists of distinct <a href="/wiki/Lithostratigraphy" title="Lithostratigraphy">lithostratigraphic</a> units (the types of strata, the names of which are always capitalised): </p> <ul><li>Shallow layers of <i>sand</i> and <i>gravel</i> are associated with areas of heathland, including at <a href="/wiki/Headley,_Surrey" title="Headley, Surrey">Headley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netley_Heath" title="Netley Heath">Netley Heaths</a> in Surrey. These deposits have their origin in the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> and indicate the position of the sea shore during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman26_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman26-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clay-with-Flints" title="Clay-with-Flints">Clay-with-Flints</a></i>, a sandy clay with many flints is found on higher ground. The origins of this layer are uncertain, however the clay is thought to have been formed during several periods of glaciation and was produced by <a href="/wiki/Cryoturbation" title="Cryoturbation">cryoturbation</a> and decalcification of the chalk.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallois_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallois-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is supported by the presence of flint, which is also found in the underlying strata.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallois_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallois-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalk_Face,_Betchworth_Quarry,_Box_Hill,_Surrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chalk_Face%2C_Betchworth_Quarry%2C_Box_Hill%2C_Surrey.jpg/220px-Chalk_Face%2C_Betchworth_Quarry%2C_Box_Hill%2C_Surrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chalk_Face%2C_Betchworth_Quarry%2C_Box_Hill%2C_Surrey.jpg/330px-Chalk_Face%2C_Betchworth_Quarry%2C_Box_Hill%2C_Surrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chalk_Face%2C_Betchworth_Quarry%2C_Box_Hill%2C_Surrey.jpg/440px-Chalk_Face%2C_Betchworth_Quarry%2C_Box_Hill%2C_Surrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The exposed chalk workings of the former <a href="/wiki/Betchworth_Quarry_and_Lime_Kilns" title="Betchworth Quarry and Lime Kilns">Betchworth Quarry</a> on the south-facing scarp slope of <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Surrey" title="Box Hill, Surrey">Box Hill</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chalk_Group" title="Chalk Group">Chalk Group</a></i>, composed almost entirely of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, a soft, fine-grained limestone. These strata have their origins in the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (approximately 100 – 66 million years ago). For the entirety of this period, south east England was covered by a warm, shallow sea in which <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccolithophores">coccolithophores</a>, single-celled <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a> with small <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> skeletons, thrived. As the phytoplankton died, their calcium-rich shells were deposited on the sea bed and, over time were compressed to form rock.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chalk of the North Downs is generally divided into three distinct stata: The <i>Upper Chalk</i>, which has many flints; the <i>Middle Chalk</i>, with fewer flints; and the <i>Lower Chalk</i> or <i>Coombe Rock</i>, greyish, with few flints. The chalk is most commonly exposed on slopes or as cliffs, where the overlying acidic strata have been quarried or washed away. The buried upper surface of the chalk beneath the acidic strata is often eroded into pipes, gulleys and pinnacles, sometimes visible in road cuttings and quarries.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Greensand" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Greensand">Upper Greensand</a> Formation</i>, a whitish, limy sandstone, often used for building, for which it has been mined from beneath the chalk (for example from the Godstone Baby Mines). The Upper Greensand of the North Downs is a thin bed of one or two metres thickness, and it is rarely visible at the surface (it is much thicker elsewhere).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealden_uplift_and_erosion">Wealden uplift and erosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wealden uplift and erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg/220px-KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg/330px-KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg/440px-KentGeologyWealdenDome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>A cross-section, showing the <a href="/wiki/Weald-Artois_Anticline" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald-Artois Anticline">Weald Anticline</a>, and relating it to the towns of Kent</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Cretaceous, the sea covering the south of England began to retreat and the land was pushed higher. The Weald (the area covering modern day south Surrey, south Kent and north Sussex) was lifted by <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">the same geological processes that created the Alps</a>, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a> which stretched across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois region</a> of northern France. Initially an island, this <a href="/wiki/Weald-Artois_Anticline" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald-Artois Anticline">dome-like structure</a> was drained by the ancestors of the rivers which today cut through the North and South Downs. The dome was eroded away over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, exposing the strata beneath and resulting in the escarpments of the Downs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chapman-geology_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-geology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk is a relatively soft rock that may be eroded or weathered in a number of different ways. It is porous, absorbing up to 20% of its dry weight in water,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is therefore highly susceptible to weathering by <a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">freeze-thaw action</a>, which may occur over repeated annual or <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> cycles. This frost weathering produces a mix of rubble and viscous mud, which may be washed downhill, further eroding the landscape (a process known as <a href="/wiki/Solifluction" title="Solifluction">solifluction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MVGS-morphology_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVGS-morphology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since chalk contains a very high percentage of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, it can be <a href="/wiki/Weathering#Chemical_weathering" title="Weathering">dissolved</a> by both groundwater<sup id="cite_ref-MVGS-morphology_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVGS-morphology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rainwater.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across much of the North Downs, the chalk dips below the <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a> at a relatively shallow angle (c. 18° near Dorking), however at the far west of the range, local faulting has produced a much steeper angle (up to 55°), resulting in the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Hog%27s_Back" title="Hog's Back">Hog's Back</a> between Farnham and Guildford.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_(Geograph-4041049).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_%28Geograph-4041049%29.jpg/108px-Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_%28Geograph-4041049%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_%28Geograph-4041049%29.jpg/162px-Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_%28Geograph-4041049%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_%28Geograph-4041049%29.jpg/216px-Bee_orchid_on_Denbies_Hillside_near_Ranmore_Common_%28Geograph-4041049%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_(Geograph-6483166).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_%28Geograph-6483166%29.jpg/108px-Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_%28Geograph-6483166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_%28Geograph-6483166%29.jpg/162px-Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_%28Geograph-6483166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_%28Geograph-6483166%29.jpg/216px-Fly_orchid_North_Downs_Surrey_%28Geograph-6483166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" title="Ophrys apifera">Bee</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Ophrys_insectifera" title="Ophrys insectifera">fly orchids</a> (right) growing on the south-facing scarp slope of the North Downs in Surrey.</div></div></div></div> <p>The North Downs support several important habitats including <a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">chalk grassland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">scrub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalk_heath" title="Chalk heath">chalk heath</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalk_grassland">Chalk grassland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chalk grassland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Chalk grassland</a> is found on the steep south-facing scarp slopes and the more gently graded north-facing dip slopes, where woodland is absent. The alkaline soils are thin and nutrient poor, which prevents deeper-rooted lush grasses (with a high water demand) from dominating.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each square metre of chalk downland may support up to 40 different species. This semi-natural habitat is maintained through sheep, cattle and rabbit <a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">grazing</a> which prevents scrub encroachment. Chalk grassland to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Medway_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Medway Valley">Medway Valley</a> is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Bromus_erectus" title="Bromus erectus">upright brome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Festuca" title="Festuca">fescue</a>, whilst grassland to the east is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Brachypodium_pinnatum" title="Brachypodium pinnatum">tor-grass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the close proximity of the North Downs to the European continent, the warm climate and the south-facing escarpment, several plant species survive on the chalk grassland which are scarce or not found elsewhere in the British Isles. </p><p>The nationally rare <a href="/wiki/Ophrys_fuciflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophrys fuciflora">late spider orchid</a> is limited within the British Isles to chalk grassland between <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye</a>. One of the two native British sites for the nationally rare <a href="/wiki/Orchis_simia" title="Orchis simia">monkey orchid</a> is on the North Downs. The nationally scarce <a href="/wiki/Orchis_anthropophora" title="Orchis anthropophora">man orchid</a> is not uncommon on chalk grassland on the Downs in Surrey and Kent. Other scarce plant species such as <a href="/wiki/Gentianella_anglica" title="Gentianella anglica">early gentian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygala_amarella" title="Polygala amarella">dwarf milkwort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">bedstraw broomrape</a> also occur on chalk grassland in the North Downs. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanargia_galathea_(Geograph-4040350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Melanargia_galathea_%28Geograph-4040350%29.jpg/108px-Melanargia_galathea_%28Geograph-4040350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Melanargia_galathea_%28Geograph-4040350%29.jpg/162px-Melanargia_galathea_%28Geograph-4040350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Melanargia_galathea_%28Geograph-4040350%29.jpg/216px-Melanargia_galathea_%28Geograph-4040350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysandra_bellargus_(Geograph-5886696).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lysandra_bellargus_%28Geograph-5886696%29.jpg/108px-Lysandra_bellargus_%28Geograph-5886696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lysandra_bellargus_%28Geograph-5886696%29.jpg/162px-Lysandra_bellargus_%28Geograph-5886696%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lysandra_bellargus_%28Geograph-5886696%29.jpg/216px-Lysandra_bellargus_%28Geograph-5886696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Melanargia_galathea" title="Melanargia galathea">Marbled white</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Adonis_blue" title="Adonis blue">Adonis blue</a> (right) butterflies photographed at Denbies Hillside (part of the <a href="/wiki/Hackhurst_and_White_Downs" title="Hackhurst and White Downs">Hackhurst and White Downs SSSI</a>) near Dorking.</div></div></div></div> <p>Chalk grassland also supports a rich fauna, particularly insects. Notable butterfly species include <a href="/wiki/Lysandra_bellargus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysandra bellargus">Adonis blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesperia_comma" title="Hesperia comma">silver-spotted skipper</a>, which may be found on warm, sheltered, south-facing slopes. The chalk downland above the Stour Valley is the only British site for the <a href="/wiki/Siona_lineata" title="Siona lineata">black-veined moth</a>. Other notable moth species that occur on the North Downs include the <a href="/wiki/Bembecia_chrysidiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bembecia chrysidiformis">fiery clearwing moth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aspitates_gilvaria" title="Aspitates gilvaria">straw belle moth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quarries_and_chalk_cliffs">Quarries and chalk cliffs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quarries and chalk cliffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the summit of the cliffs between <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a> and Folkestone the <a href="/wiki/Ophrys_sphegodes" title="Ophrys sphegodes">early spider orchid</a> occurs in large numbers, as well as the rare <a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">oxtongue broomrape</a>. Naturally exposed chalk is rare inland with the exception of the river cliffs formed by the <a href="/wiki/River_Mole" title="River Mole">River Mole</a> on the west face of Box Hill and at Ham Bank in <a href="/wiki/Norbury_Park" title="Norbury Park">Norbury Park</a>. However, quarry lakes within chalk pits provide habitats for <a href="/wiki/Triturus_cristatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triturus cristatus">great crested newt</a>. The scarce <a href="/wiki/Herminium_monorchis" title="Herminium monorchis">musk orchid</a> has colonised disused chalk pits near <a href="/wiki/Hollingbourne" title="Hollingbourne">Hollingbourne</a> in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodland">Woodland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Woodland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woodland was far more extensive on the North Downs prior to human clearance 5000 to 4000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragments still remain particularly where the layer of <a href="/wiki/Clay-with-Flints" title="Clay-with-Flints">clay-with-flints</a> overlying the chalk has inhibited clearance.<sup id="cite_ref-tnd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where this is the case species such as <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">pedunculate oak</a> predominate, although much woodland has been replanted with <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">sweet chestnut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denge_Wood_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Denge_Wood_2.JPG/220px-Denge_Wood_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Denge_Wood_2.JPG/330px-Denge_Wood_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Denge_Wood_2.JPG/440px-Denge_Wood_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Lady orchids growing in calcareous woodland and scrub, <a href="/wiki/Denge_Wood" title="Denge Wood">Denge Wood</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcareous woodland occurs on thin soils where chalk is close to the surface. These conditions are most often found on the escarpment of the North Downs and on valley slopes, but may also occur on the plateau of the <a href="/wiki/Dip_slope" title="Dip slope">dip slope</a>. Calcareous woodland is typically dominated by <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">hornbeam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Surrey" title="Box Hill, Surrey">Box Hill</a> has one of the largest areas of native <a href="/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens" title="Buxus sempervirens">box</a> woodland in England. One notable species characteristic of calcareous woodland is the nationally scarce <a href="/wiki/Orchis_purpurea" title="Orchis purpurea">lady orchid</a>, which is found in more than 100 sites on the Kent stretch of the North Downs, but is confined to just two sites elsewhere in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scrub">Scrub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scrub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although its spread is often considered undesirable, scrub provides valuable habitat for a range of invertebrates, including the <a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Roman snail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous_grasshopper" title="Rufous grasshopper">rufous grasshopper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dark_green_fritillary" title="Dark green fritillary">dark green fritillary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalk_heath">Chalk heath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chalk heath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Surrey, <a href="/wiki/Superficial_deposits" title="Superficial deposits">superficial deposits</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> are found overlying the chalk. These sands and gravels indicate the position of a former sea shore. Where these deposits occur, they are thin and the chalk also comes to the surface in the same areas (e.g. Headley Heath on the north east side of Box Hill), allowing <a href="/wiki/Calcifuge" title="Calcifuge">acid-loving plants</a> to thrive alongside those that <a href="/wiki/Calcicole" title="Calcicole">prefer alkaline conditions</a>, producing the rare <a href="/wiki/Chalk_heath" title="Chalk heath">chalk heath</a> habitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worked flints and human and animal remains dating from the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, about 400,000 years ago, were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Swanscombe_Heritage_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanscombe Heritage Park">Barnfield Pit</a> near <a href="/wiki/Swanscombe" title="Swanscombe">Swanscombe</a>; this provides the earliest evidence of human occupation in the North Downs. It is suggested that human activity at that time coincided with intermittent warm phases during the last glacial period<sup id="cite_ref-tkd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that continuous occupation of the Downs did not occur until warming after the glaciation. Flint axes have also been found on river terraces at Farnham,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Walton_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Walton Heath">Walton</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banstead_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banstead Heath (page does not exist)">Banstead Heaths</a> and on the crest of the escarpment above Folkestone.<sup id="cite_ref-tnd_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is considerable evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> activity in the Surrey Downs through the discovery of <i>pit-dwellings</i> at Weston Woods near <a href="/wiki/Albury,_Surrey" title="Albury, Surrey">Albury</a> and the quantity of discarded tools, <a href="/wiki/Microliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Microliths">microliths</a> and other implements discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-tnd_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitscoty,_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kitscoty%2C_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg/220px-Kitscoty%2C_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kitscoty%2C_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg/330px-Kitscoty%2C_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kitscoty%2C_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg/440px-Kitscoty%2C_Blue_Bell_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kit%27s_Coty_House" title="Kit's Coty House">Kit's Coty House</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chambered_long_barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambered long barrow">chambered long barrow</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aylesford,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Aylesford, Kent">Aylesford, Kent</a>, was constructed <i>circa</i> 4000 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>In about 3000 BC the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture saw the lifestyle of the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers shift to a more sedentary and communal lifestyle that relied upon the keeping of livestock and the growing of crops.<sup id="cite_ref-tkd_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is substantial evidence of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> activity within the North Downs, notably the <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a> concentrated in the Medway and Stour valleys. The <a href="/wiki/Medway_megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Medway megaliths">Medway long barrows</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Kit%27s_Coty_House" title="Kit's Coty House">Kit's Coty House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coldrum_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Coldrum Stones">Coldrum Stones</a>, are constructed of <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">sarsen stone</a>, locally found on <a href="/wiki/Blue_Bell_Hill" title="Blue Bell Hill">Blue Bell Hill</a> and in the valleys of the dip slope, whilst the Stour Valley long barrows are constructed of earth.<sup id="cite_ref-tkd_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture_and_industry">Agriculture and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agriculture and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_Downs" title="Special:EditPage/North Downs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg/220px-Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg/330px-Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg/440px-Denbies_vineyard_and_Box_Hill_in_Autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Looking east across <a href="/wiki/Denbies_Wine_Estate" title="Denbies Wine Estate">Denbies Wine Estate</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Surrey" title="Box Hill, Surrey">Box Hill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a>, Surrey.</figcaption></figure> <p>The landscape of the Downs has been greatly shaped by man. There has been <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> of the Downs for centuries. The woodland that remains today is largely located where deforestation has been inhibited by steep slopes or by the layer of clay with flints, which is difficult to plough. Because of the many small farms that have survived on the Downs, a network of narrow lanes and minor roads has developed. This has resulted in a landscape similar to that found in Normandy known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a></i>. The predominant type of farming on the Downs is arable farming; this increased greatly during the 20th century. Pastoral farming also occurs but to a lesser extent. Human settlements within the Downs have generally formed in sheltered valleys and at the foot of the scarp slope (known as spring line settlements). In recent years vineyards have been planted along the southern slopes of the Downs, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Denbies_Wine_Estate" title="Denbies Wine Estate">Denbies Wine Estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a>, which is the largest vineyard in the country, accounting for 10% of the country's vines. The chalky soils are similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne</a> region. </p><p>There is plenty of evidence of chalk extraction on the Downs, particularly along the scarp slope. Oil has been drilled at the foot of the Downs in several locations in Surrey. The <a href="/wiki/Kent_Coalfield" title="Kent Coalfield">Kent Coalfield</a> was established in the late 19th century after coal was found in 1890. Four successful collieries continued to be worked through much of the 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Betteshanger" title="Betteshanger">Betteshanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowdown" title="Snowdown">Snowdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilmanstone" title="Tilmanstone">Tilmanstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chislet" title="Chislet">Chislet</a>; Bettershanger was the last to close in 1989. The east to west ridge of the Downs has provided a natural transport route for centuries. Much of the historic <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims%27_Way" title="Pilgrims' Way">Pilgrims' Way</a> still survives at the foot of the scarp slope, and this has been joined much more recently by the <a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20 motorway</a>. The scarp slope has also been used for fortification; many examples of this still exist, such as Thurnham Castle and on Castle Hill, Folkestone Castle Hill near Folkestone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many beauty spots on the North Downs are owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Surrey" title="Box Hill, Surrey">Box Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_cliffs_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="White cliffs of Dover">Langdon Cliffs</a>. Other areas of interest are <a href="/wiki/Newland%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Newland's Corner">Newland's Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wye_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wye Downs">Wye Downs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hog%27s_Back" title="Hog's Back">Hog's Back</a>. Much chalk grassland and ancient woodland on the Downs is open-access, and there are also many historic sites such as <a href="/wiki/Kit%27s_Coty_House" title="Kit's Coty House">Kit's Coty House</a> (near Maidstone) and <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hills">Hills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The topography of the North Downs means there are relatively few summits with <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a>. Below is a list of summits on the North Downs which are more than 180 metres in height with 30 metres of topographic prominence (a commonly used threshold in Britain). The summits are arranged in order along the range, from west to east. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hill </th> <th>Height (m) </th> <th>Prominence (m) </th> <th>OS grid reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dunley Hill </td> <td>227 </td> <td>105 </td> <td>TQ104490 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Surrey" title="Box Hill, Surrey">Box Hill</a> </td> <td>224 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>TQ203517 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reigate Hill </td> <td>235 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>TQ255520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White Hill </td> <td>233 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>TQ328532 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gravelly Hill </td> <td>237 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>TQ337532 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Winders Hill </td> <td>236 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>TQ353540 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botley_Hill" title="Botley Hill">Botley Hill</a> </td> <td>270 </td> <td>209 </td> <td>TQ387551 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wrotham Hill </td> <td>235 </td> <td>129 </td> <td>TQ593600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Detling_Hill" title="Detling Hill">Detling Hill</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>163 </td> <td>TQ804586 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Down </td> <td>186 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>TR091453 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolsford_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolsford Hill">Tolsford Hill</a> </td> <td>183 </td> <td>61 </td> <td>TR159386 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheriton_Hill" title="Cheriton Hill">Cheriton Hill</a> </td> <td>188 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>TR197396 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photo_gallery">Photo gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Photo gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_Downs_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The North Downs at the Wye Downs National Nature Reserve"><img alt="The North Downs at the Wye Downs National Nature Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wye_Downs_1.jpg/120px-Wye_Downs_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wye_Downs_1.jpg/180px-Wye_Downs_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wye_Downs_1.jpg/240px-Wye_Downs_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The North Downs at the <a href="/wiki/Wye_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wye Downs">Wye Downs</a> National Nature Reserve</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs(SSSI),_Kent,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The North Downs above Hollingbourne."><img alt="The North Downs above Hollingbourne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs%28SSSI%29%2C_Kent%2C_UK.jpg/120px-View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs%28SSSI%29%2C_Kent%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs%28SSSI%29%2C_Kent%2C_UK.jpg/180px-View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs%28SSSI%29%2C_Kent%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs%28SSSI%29%2C_Kent%2C_UK.jpg/240px-View_over_Hollingbourne_Downs%28SSSI%29%2C_Kent%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The North Downs above <a href="/wiki/Hollingbourne" title="Hollingbourne">Hollingbourne</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A marker on the North Downs Way, Ranscombe Farm, Cuxton, Kent"><img alt="A marker on the North Downs Way, Ranscombe Farm, Cuxton, Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG/120px-NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG/180px-NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG/240px-NorthDownsWayStoneSign9948.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A marker on the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs_Way" title="North Downs Way">North Downs Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranscombe_Farm,_Medway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranscombe Farm, Medway">Ranscombe Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuxton" title="Cuxton">Cuxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bluebells at Ranscombe Farm"><img alt="Bluebells at Ranscombe Farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG/120px-BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG/180px-BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG/240px-BluebellWood9923Ranscombe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Bluebell_wood" title="Bluebell wood">Bluebells</a> at Ranscombe Farm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Looking East, typical downland scenery in the Medway Gap, Ranscombe Farm"><img alt="Looking East, typical downland scenery in the Medway Gap, Ranscombe Farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG/120px-Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG/180px-Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG/240px-Downs_with_Cloud_0177.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Looking East, typical downland scenery in the Medway Gap, Ranscombe Farm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Valley,_Hucking_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dry valley on the dip slope of the North Downs near Hucking"><img alt="A dry valley on the dip slope of the North Downs near Hucking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dry_Valley%2C_Hucking_1.jpg/120px-Dry_Valley%2C_Hucking_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dry_Valley%2C_Hucking_1.jpg/180px-Dry_Valley%2C_Hucking_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dry_Valley%2C_Hucking_1.jpg/240px-Dry_Valley%2C_Hucking_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Dry_valley" title="Dry valley">dry valley</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dip_slope" title="Dip slope">dip slope</a> of the North Downs near <a href="/wiki/Hucking" title="Hucking">Hucking</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodland on the North Downs at the Hucking Estate"><img alt="Woodland on the North Downs at the Hucking Estate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG/120px-North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG/180px-North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG/240px-North_Downs_woodland_at_Hucking.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woodland on the North Downs at the <a href="/wiki/Hucking" title="Hucking">Hucking</a> Estate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical chalk downland trail near Hollingbourne"><img alt="Typical chalk downland trail near Hollingbourne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg/120px-NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg/180px-NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg/240px-NorthDownsWayTrail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical chalk downland trail near <a href="/wiki/Hollingbourne" title="Hollingbourne">Hollingbourne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Downs_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern metal trail marker near Harrietsham"><img alt="A modern metal trail marker near Harrietsham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_Downs_Way.jpg/120px-North_Downs_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_Downs_Way.jpg/180px-North_Downs_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_Downs_Way.jpg/240px-North_Downs_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern metal trail marker near <a href="/wiki/Harrietsham" title="Harrietsham">Harrietsham</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WealdfromDowns.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view South across the Kent Weald from the North Downs Way near Detling"><img alt="A view South across the Kent Weald from the North Downs Way near Detling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WealdfromDowns.JPG/120px-WealdfromDowns.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WealdfromDowns.JPG/180px-WealdfromDowns.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WealdfromDowns.JPG/240px-WealdfromDowns.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view South across the Kent Weald from the North Downs Way near <a href="/wiki/Detling" title="Detling">Detling</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_figures_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk figures in the United Kingdom">Chalk figures in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the United Kingdom">Geology of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Downs_Way" title="North Downs Way">North Downs Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">Downland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EN_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EN_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027191942/http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles/naProfile69.pdf">"North Downs Natural Area profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. English Nature. August 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles%5CnaProfile69.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Downs+Natural+Area+profile&rft.pub=English+Nature&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk%2FScience%2Fnatural%2Fprofiles%255CnaProfile69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=d&p=17">"d | Origin and history of d by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514091211/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=d&p=17">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=d+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+history+of+d+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Dd%26p%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mountains of England of Wales, Botley Hill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=Ma&rf=3686">http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=Ma&rf=3686</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503204729/http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=Ma&rf=3686">Archived</a> 3 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 4 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bathurst-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bathurst_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bathurst_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBathurst2012">Bathurst 2012</a>, pp. 82–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CountyTops-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CountyTops_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Edwardes2001" class="citation web cs1">Simon Edwardes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/CountyTops.php?ct=XX">"County Tops"</a>. The Mountains of England and Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503222021/http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/CountyTops.php?ct=XX">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=County+Tops&rft.pub=The+Mountains+of+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Simon+Edwardes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hill-bagging.co.uk%2FCountyTops.php%3Fct%3DXX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mountains of England and Wales, Westerham Heights, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=Ma&rf=5503">http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=Ma&rf=5503</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503222523/http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=Ma&rf=5503">Archived</a> 3 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 4 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallois RW and Edmunds FH (1965) British Regional Geology: The Wealden District (4th Ed.) published by the Natural Environment Research Council: Institute of Geological Sciences</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennisonWright1969">Bennison & Wright 1969</a>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman26-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman26_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapmanYoung1979">Chapman & Young 1979</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallois-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallois_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallois_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallois2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gallois, RW (2009). "The origin of the Clay-with-flints: the missing link". <i>Geoscience in South-West England</i>. <b>12</b>: 153–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+in+South-West+England&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+Clay-with-flints%3A+the+missing+link&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=153-161&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gallois&rft.aufirst=RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=CWF">"Clay-with Flints formation"</a>. <i>The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units</i>. BGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909085950/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=CWF">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BGS+Lexicon+of+Named+Rock+Units&rft.atitle=Clay-with+Flints+formation&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3Fpub%3DCWF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hancock JM (1975). "The petrology of the chalk". <i>Proc. Geol. Assoc</i>. <b>86</b> (4): 499–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2875%2980061-7">10.1016/S0016-7878(75)80061-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Geol.+Assoc.&rft.atitle=The+petrology+of+the+chalk&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499-535&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2875%2980061-7&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloisEdmunds1965" class="citation book cs1">Gallois, RW; Edmunds, MA (1965). <i>The Wealden District</i>. British Geological Survey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-884078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-884078-9"><bdi>0-11-884078-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wealden+District&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-11-884078-9&rft.aulast=Gallois&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman-geology-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman-geology_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapmanYoung1979">Chapman & Young 1979</a>, pp. 15–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamMutter1993" class="citation journal cs1">Burnham CP, Mutter GM (1993). "The depth and productivity of chalky soils". <i>Soil Use and Management</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-2743.1993.tb00919.x">10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00919.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Use+and+Management&rft.atitle=The+depth+and+productivity+of+chalky+soils&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-2743.1993.tb00919.x&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=CP&rft.au=Mutter%2C+GM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVGS-morphology-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MVGS-morphology_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVGS-morphology_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester2015" class="citation web cs1">Lester, DE (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvgs.org.uk/MVGS%20Files/Geomorphology.pdf">"Geomorphology of the Mole Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mole Valley Geological Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116082746/http://www.mvgs.org.uk/MVGS%20Files/Geomorphology.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mole+Valley+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Geomorphology+of+the+Mole+Valley&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=DE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvgs.org.uk%2FMVGS%2520Files%2FGeomorphology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestDumbleton1972" class="citation journal cs1">West G, Dumbleton MJ (1972). "Some observations on swallow holes and mines in the chalk". <i>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology</i>. <b>5</b> (1–2): 171–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.QJEG.1972.005.01.16">10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1972.005.01.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129120488">129120488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Engineering+Geology&rft.atitle=Some+observations+on+swallow+holes+and+mines+in+the+chalk&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=171-177&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.QJEG.1972.005.01.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129120488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Dumbleton%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakeShephard-Thorn1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lake RD, Shephard-Thorn ER (1985). "The stratigraphy and geological structure of the Hog's Back, Surrey and adjoining areas". <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i>. <b>96</b> (1): 7–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2885%2980011-0">10.1016/S0016-7878(85)80011-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=The+stratigraphy+and+geological+structure+of+the+Hog%27s+Back%2C+Surrey+and+adjoining+areas&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-21&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2885%2980011-0&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Shephard-Thorn%2C+ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/whats-special-about-chalk-grassland">"What's special about chalk grassland?"</a>. <i>National Trust</i>. National Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025110151/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/whats-special-about-chalk-grassland">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust&rft.atitle=What%27s+special+about+chalk+grassland%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fwhats-special-about-chalk-grassland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2000" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Anne, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913091319/http://www.ruxley-gravel-pits.org.uk/PDFS/Kent%20Red%20Data%20Book.pdf"><i>The Kent red data book: A provisional guide to the rare and threatened flora and fauna of Kent</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kent County Council. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9015-0947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9015-0947-2"><bdi>978-1-9015-0947-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruxley-gravel-pits.org.uk/PDFS/Kent%20Red%20Data%20Book.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kent+red+data+book%3A+A+provisional+guide+to+the+rare+and+threatened+flora+and+fauna+of+Kent&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Kent+County+Council&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-9015-0947-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruxley-gravel-pits.org.uk%2FPDFS%2FKent%2520Red%2520Data%2520Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnd-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnd_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnd_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnd_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2005" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Peter (2005). <i>The North Downs</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-353-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-353-2"><bdi>1-86077-353-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Downs&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86077-353-2&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainsorchids.fieldguide.co.uk/?PP=species_account&SPID=53&SHC=2&PSD=1">"Britain's Orchids, Lady Orchid"</a>. Wild Guides and English Nature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174514/http://www.britainsorchids.fieldguide.co.uk/?PP=species_account&SPID=53&SHC=2&PSD=1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Orchids%2C+Lady+Orchid&rft.pub=Wild+Guides+and+English+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainsorchids.fieldguide.co.uk%2F%3FPP%3Dspecies_account%26SPID%3D53%26SHC%3D2%26PSD%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkd-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tkd_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tkd_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tkd_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuson2007" class="citation book cs1">Tuson, Dan (2007). <i>The Kent Downs</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4405-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-4405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kent+Downs&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4405-5&rft.aulast=Tuson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222194638/http://www.guildford.gov.uk/GuildfordWeb/Leisure/GuildfordMuseum/GuildfordSites/HistoryNotes/Prehistory+and+The+Romans.htm">"Prehistory and The Romans"</a>. Guildford Borough. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guildford.gov.uk/GuildfordWeb/Leisure/GuildfordMuseum/GuildfordSites/HistoryNotes/Prehistory+and+The+Romans.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistory+and+The+Romans&rft.pub=Guildford+Borough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guildford.gov.uk%2FGuildfordWeb%2FLeisure%2FGuildfordMuseum%2FGuildfordSites%2FHistoryNotes%2FPrehistory%2Band%2BThe%2BRomans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurst2012" class="citation book cs1">Bathurst, David (2012). <i>Walking the county high points of England</i>. Chichester: Summersdale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6"><bdi>978-1-84-953239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+the+county+high+points+of+England&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84-953239-6&rft.aulast=Bathurst&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeanseGill2011" class="citation book cs1">Beanse, Alec; Gill, Roger (2011). <i>The London Mobilisation Centres</i>. Hampshire: David Moore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954845377" title="Special:BookSources/978-0954845377"><bdi>978-0954845377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Mobilisation+Centres&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pub=David+Moore&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0954845377&rft.aulast=Beanse&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.au=Gill%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennisonWright1969" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, GM; Wright, AE (1969). <i>The geological history of the British Isles</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geological+history+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Wright%2C+AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2005" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Peter (2005). <i>The North Downs</i>. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860773532" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860773532"><bdi>978-1860773532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Downs&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1860773532&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapmanYoung1979" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, GM; Young, RHD (1979). <i>Box Hill</i>. Lyme Regis: Serendip. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9504143-1-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9504143-1-X"><bdi>0-9504143-1-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Box+Hill&rft.place=Lyme+Regis&rft.pub=Serendip&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-9504143-1-X&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Young%2C+RHD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinesEdmundsChatwinStubblefield1933" class="citation book cs1">Dines, HG; Edmunds, FH; Chatwin, CP; <a href="/wiki/Cyril_James_Stubblefield" title="Cyril James Stubblefield">Stubblefield, CJ</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01673"><i>The geology of the country around Reigate and Dorking : Explanation of one-inch geological sheet 286, new series</i></a>. London: British Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102103131/http://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01673">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geology+of+the+country+around+Reigate+and+Dorking+%3A+Explanation+of+one-inch+geological+sheet+286%2C+new+series&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Dines&rft.aufirst=HG&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+FH&rft.au=Chatwin%2C+CP&rft.au=Stubblefield%2C+CJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.bgs.ac.uk%2Fpublications.html%3FpubID%3DB01673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuson2007" class="citation book cs1">Tuson, Dan (2007). <i>Kent Downs</i>. Cheltenham: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752444055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752444055"><bdi>978-0752444055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+Downs&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0752444055&rft.aulast=Tuson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/north_downs" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/north downs">north downs</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Downs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:North Downs">North Downs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kentdowns.org.uk/">Kent Downs AONB site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surreyhills.org/">Surrey Hills AONB site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downlandstrust.org.uk/">Downlands Trust site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Surrey" title="Portal:Surrey">Surrey Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge" title="Borough of Elmbridge">Elmbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Guildford" title="Borough of Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Valley" title="Mole Valley">Mole Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead" title="Reigate and Banstead">Reigate and Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Runnymede" title="Borough of Runnymede">Runnymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Spelthorne" title="Borough of Spelthorne">Spelthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Heath" title="Surrey Heath">Surrey Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandridge_District" title="Tandridge District">Tandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Waverley" title="Borough of Waverley">Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addlestone" title="Addlestone">Addlestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash,_Surrey" title="Ash, Surrey">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Surrey" title="Ashford, Surrey">Ashford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banstead" title="Banstead">Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham" title="Caterham">Caterham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranleigh" title="Cranleigh">Cranleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egham" title="Egham">Egham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esher" title="Esher">Esher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frimley" title="Frimley">Frimley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godalming" title="Godalming">Godalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bookham" title="Great Bookham">Great Bookham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horley" title="Horley">Horley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxted" title="Oxted">Oxted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staines-upon-Thames" title="Staines-upon-Thames">Staines-upon-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames" title="Sunbury-on-Thames">Sunbury-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton-on-Thames" title="Walton-on-Thames">Walton-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Surrey" title="List of civil parishes in Surrey">List of civil parishes in Surrey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Surrey">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Surrey" title="List of places in Surrey">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Surrey_by_population" title="List of settlements in Surrey by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Surrey" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Surrey" title="Category:Country houses in Surrey">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grade I listed buildings in Surrey">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Surrey" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Surrey">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Surrey">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Surrey" title="Lord Lieutenant of Surrey">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Surrey" title="High Sheriff of Surrey">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Surrey" title="List of museums in Surrey">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Surrey" title="List of schools in Surrey">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kent&#124;link=Kent_Ceremonial_county_of_Kent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kent" title="Template:Kent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kent" title="Template talk:Kent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kent&#124;link=Kent_Ceremonial_county_of_Kent" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent"><img alt="Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FlagOfKent.svg/23px-FlagOfKent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FlagOfKent.svg/35px-FlagOfKent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FlagOfKent.svg/46px-FlagOfKent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span> <span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kent" title="Portal:Kent">Kent Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Ashford" title="Borough of Ashford">Ashford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Dartford" title="Borough of Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_District" title="Dover District">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_and_Hythe_District" title="Folkestone and Hythe District">Folkestone and Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesham" title="Gravesham">Gravesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Maidstone" title="Borough of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks_District" title="Sevenoaks District">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swale" title="Borough of Swale">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge_and_Malling" title="Tonbridge and Malling">Tonbridge and Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Borough of Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Kent" title="Ashford, Kent">Ashford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadstairs" title="Broadstairs">Broadstairs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranbrook,_Kent" title="Cranbrook, Kent">Cranbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenbridge,_Kent" title="Edenbridge, Kent">Edenbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faversham" title="Faversham">Faversham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordwich" title="Fordwich">Fordwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingham,_Kent" title="Gillingham, Kent">Gillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkinge" title="Hawkinge">Hawkinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne_Bay" title="Herne Bay">Herne Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydd" title="Lydd">Lydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minster,_Swale" title="Minster, Swale">Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Romney" title="New Romney">New Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfleet" title="Northfleet">Northfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddock_Wood" title="Paddock Wood">Paddock Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queenborough" title="Queenborough">Queenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainham,_Kent" title="Rainham, Kent">Rainham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheerness" title="Sheerness">Sheerness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittingbourne" title="Sittingbourne">Sittingbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snodland" title="Snodland">Snodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southborough,_Kent" title="Southborough, Kent">Southborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strood" title="Strood">Strood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterden" title="Tenterden">Tenterden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge" title="Tonbridge">Tonbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Malling" title="West Malling">West Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerham" title="Westerham">Westerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate-on-Sea" title="Westgate-on-Sea">Westgate-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitstable" title="Whitstable">Whitstable</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Kent" title="List of civil parishes in Kent">List of civil parishes in Kent</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>See:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Kent" title="Rivers of Kent">Rivers of Kent</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kent" title="Flag of Kent">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Kent">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_Kent" title="List of MPs for Kent">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kent" title="Geography of Kent">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Kent" title="List of places in Kent">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Kent_by_population" title="List of settlements in Kent by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Kent" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Kent">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Kent" title="Category:Country houses in Kent">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Kent" title="Grade I listed buildings in Kent">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Kent" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Kent">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Kent" title="Scheduled monuments in Kent">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kent" title="History of Kent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kent" title="List of schools in Kent">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kent" title="List of museums in Kent">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Kent" title="Lord Lieutenant of Kent">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent" title="High Sheriff of Kent">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kent" title="List of people from Kent">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kent" title="Transport in Kent">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Kent" title="List of windmills in Kent">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Kent" title="Category:Culture in Kent">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paramount" class="mw-redirect" title="London Paramount">London Paramount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Surrey&#124;link=Surrey_Surrey_Hills_National_Landscape" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BCB65;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Surrey_Hills_AONB" title="Template:Surrey Hills AONB"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Surrey_Hills_AONB" title="Template talk:Surrey Hills AONB"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrey_Hills_AONB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Surrey Hills AONB"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Surrey&#124;link=Surrey_Surrey_Hills_National_Landscape" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey"><img alt="Surrey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Surrey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Surrey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Surrey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Surrey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Surrey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Surrey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Hills_National_Landscape" title="Surrey Hills National Landscape">Surrey Hills National Landscape</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botley_Hill" title="Botley Hill">Botley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Surrey" title="Box Hill, Surrey">Box Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colley_Hill" title="Colley Hill">Colley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combe_Bottom" title="Combe Bottom">Combe Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatton_Park" title="Gatton Park">Gatton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackhurst_and_White_Downs" title="Hackhurst and White Downs">Hackhurst and White Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog%27s_Back" title="Hog's Back">Hog's Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Gap_to_Reigate_Escarpment" title="Mole Gap to Reigate Escarpment">Mole Gap to Reigate Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Corner" title="Newlands Corner">Newlands Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbury_Park" title="Norbury Park">Norbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranmore_Common" title="Ranmore Common">Ranmore Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seale_Chalk_Pit" title="Seale Chalk Pit">Seale Chalk Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woldingham_%26_Oxted_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Woldingham & Oxted Downs">Woldingham and Oxted Downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greensand_Ridge" title="Greensand Ridge">Greensand Ridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Albury Heath">Albury Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackheath_Common" title="Blackheath Common">Blackheath Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colyers_Hanger" title="Colyers Hanger">Colyers Hanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Jumps,_Churt" title="Devil's Jumps, Churt">Devil's Jumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Punch_Bowl" title="Devil's Punch Bowl">Devil's Punch Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frensham_Common" title="Frensham Common">Frensham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbet_Hill,_Hindhead" title="Gibbet Hill, Hindhead">Gibbet Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Hill" title="Gong Hill">Gong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankley_Common" title="Hankley Common">Hankley Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankley_Farm" title="Hankley Farm">Hankley Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmbury_Hill" title="Holmbury Hill">Holmbury Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Hill" title="Leith Hill">Leith Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Park,_Farnham" title="Moor Park, Farnham">Moor Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxmoor_Copse" title="Oxmoor Copse">Oxmoor Copse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttenham_and_Crooksbury_Commons" title="Puttenham and Crooksbury Commons">Puttenham and Crooksbury Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martha%27s_Hill" title="St Martha's Hill">St Martha's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockstone_Quarry" title="Stockstone Quarry">Stockstone Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thursley_Common" title="Thursley Common">Thursley Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterfold_Forest" title="Winterfold Forest">Winterfold Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witley_Common" title="Witley Common">Witley Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotton,_Surrey" title="Wotton, Surrey">Wotton Common</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Low Weald</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Brick_Pit" title="Brook Brick Pit">Brook Brick Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiddingfold_Forest" title="Chiddingfold Forest">Chiddingfold Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherside_Stream_Outcrops" title="Netherside Stream Outcrops">Netherside Stream Outcrops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Brook,_Surrey" title="Law Brook, Surrey">Law Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mole" title="River Mole">Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ock,_Surrey" title="River Ock, Surrey">Ock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipp_Brook" title="Pipp Brook">Pipp Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tillingbourne" title="River Tillingbourne">Tillingbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wey" title="River Wey">Wey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%">Lakes and ponds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busbridge#Busbridge_Lakes" title="Busbridge">Busbridge Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frensham_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Frensham Ponds">Frensham Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Pool" title="Silent Pool">Silent Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom">Long-distance paths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downs_Link" title="Downs Link">Downs Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensand_Way" title="Greensand Way">Greensand Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Gap_Trail" title="Mole Gap Trail">Mole Gap Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Downs_Way" title="North Downs Way">North Downs Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Down_Link" title="Thames Down Link">Thames Down Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Way" title="Vanguard Way">Vanguard Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_South_Path" title="Wey South Path">Wey South Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BCB65;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network">National Cycle Routes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_21" title="National Cycle Route 21">NCR21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_22" title="National Cycle Route 22">NCR22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Downs&params=51_16_N_0_30_W_region:GB_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.267°N 0.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.267; -0.500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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