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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uniform Resource Identifier</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Uniform_Resource_Identifier" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Uniform+Resource+Identifier" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"URI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/URI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="URI (disambiguation)">URI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), formerly Universal Resource Identifier, is a unique sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051-1">[1]</a> such as resources on a webpage, mail address, phone number,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057-2">[2]</a> books, real-world objects such as people and places, concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055-3">[3]</a> URIs are used to identify anything described using the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF), for example, concepts that are part of an <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> defined using the <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL), and people who are described using the <a href="/wiki/FOAF_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (ontology)">Friend of a Friend vocabulary</a> would each have an individual URI. <table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Uniform Resource Identifier</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">URI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="nickname" lang="en">RFC 3986</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published</th><td class="infobox-data">January 2005 (2005-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data">RFC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomas_Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Thomas Fielding">Roy Thomas Fielding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Larry Masinter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-1.1">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-1.1</a></td></tr></tbody></table> URIs which provide a means of locating and <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">retrieving</a> information resources on a network (either on the Internet or on another private network, such as a computer filesystem or an <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">Intranet</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locators</a> (URLs). Therefore, URLs are a subset of URIs, ie. every URL is a URI (and not necessarily the other way around).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057-2">[2]</a> Other URIs provide only a unique name, without a means of locating or retrieving the resource or information about it; these are <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Names</a> (URNs). The web technologies that use URIs are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Conception">1.1 Conception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Refinement">1.2 Refinement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Design">2 Design</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#URLs_and_URNs">2.1 URLs and URNs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Syntax">2.2 Syntax</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Example_URIs">2.3 Example URIs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#URI_references">2.4 URI references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Resolution">2.5 Resolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#URL_munging">2.6 URL munging</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Relation_to_XML_namespaces">2.7 Relation to XML namespaces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes">4 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">5 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Works_cited">5.1 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> URIs and URLs have a shared history. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee's</a> proposals for <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> implicitly introduced the idea of a URL as a short string representing a resource that is the target of a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> At the time, people referred to it as a "hypertext name"<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or "document name". Over the next three and a half years, as the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web's</a> core technologies of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> developed, a need to distinguish a string that provided an address for a resource from a string that merely named a resource emerged. Although not yet formally defined, the term Uniform Resource Locator came to represent the former, and the more contentious Uniform Resource Name came to represent the latter. In July 1992 Berners-Lee's report on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) "UDI (Universal Document Identifiers) <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_a_feather_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of a feather (computing)">BOF</a>" mentions URLs (as Uniform Resource Locators), URNs (originally, as Unique Resource Numbers), and the need to charter a new working group.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In November 1992 the IETF "URI Working Group" met for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During the debate over defining URLs and URNs, it became evident that the concepts embodied by the two terms were merely aspects of the fundamental, overarching, notion of resource identification. In June 1994, the IETF published Berners-Lee's first Request for Comments that acknowledged the existence of URLs and URNs. Most importantly, it defined a formal syntax for Universal Resource Identifiers (i.e. URL-like strings whose precise syntaxes and semantics depended on their schemes). In addition, the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630">1630</a> attempted to summarize the syntaxes of URL schemes in use at the time. It acknowledged -- but did not standardize—the existence of relative URLs and fragment identifiers.<a href="#cite_note-rfc1630-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refinement">Refinement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Refinement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In December 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a> formally defined relative and absolute URLs, refined the general URL syntax, defined how to resolve relative URLs to absolute form, and better enumerated the URL schemes then in use.<a href="#cite_note-rfc1738-9">[9]</a> The agreed definition and syntax of URNs had to wait until the publication of IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2141">2141</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc2141-10">[10]</a> in May 1997. The publication of IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11">[11]</a> in August 1998 saw the URI syntax become a separate specification<a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11">[11]</a> and most of the parts of RFCs 1630 and 1738 relating to URIs and URLs in general were revised and expanded by the IETF. The new RFC changed the meaning of U in URI from "Universal" to "Uniform." In December 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc2732-12">[12]</a> provided a minor update to RFC 2396, allowing URIs to accommodate <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> addresses. A number of shortcomings discovered in the two specifications led to a community effort, coordinated by RFC 2396 co-author <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">Roy Fielding</a>, that culminated in the publication of IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a> in January 2005. While obsoleting the prior standard, it did not render the details of existing URL schemes obsolete; RFC 1738 continues to govern such schemes except where otherwise superseded. IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc2616-14">[14]</a> for example, refines the <code>http</code> scheme. Simultaneously, the IETF published the content of RFC 3986 as the full standard STD 66, reflecting the establishment of the URI generic syntax as an official Internet protocol. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium's</a> (W3C) Technical Architecture Group (TAG) published a guide to <a href="/wiki/Best_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best practices">best practices</a> and canonical URIs for publishing multiple versions of a given resource.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> For example, content might differ by language or by size to adjust for capacity or settings of the device used to access that content. In August 2002, IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3305">3305</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc3305-16">[16]</a> pointed out that the term "URL" had, despite widespread public use, faded into near obsolescence, and serves only as a reminder that some URIs act as addresses by having schemes implying network accessibility, regardless of any such actual use. As URI-based standards such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> make evident, resource identification need not suggest the retrieval of resource representations over the Internet, nor need they imply network-based resources at all. The <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> uses the HTTP URI scheme to identify both documents and concepts for practical uses, a distinction which has caused confusion as to how to distinguish the two. The TAG published an e-mail in 2005 with a solution of the problem, which became known as the httpRange-14 resolution.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The W3C subsequently published an Interest Group Note titled Cool URIs for the Semantic Web, which explained the use of <a href="/wiki/Content_negotiation" title="Content negotiation">content negotiation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_303" title="HTTP 303">HTTP 303</a> response code for redirections in more detail.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URLs_and_URNs">URLs and URNs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: URLs and URNs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Name</a> (URN) is a URI that identifies a resource by name in a particular namespace. A URN may be used to talk about a resource without implying its location or how to access it. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a> (ISBN) system, ISBN 0-486-27557-4 identifies a specific edition of the <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> play <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a>. The URN for that edition would be urn:isbn:0-486-27557-4. However, it gives no information as to where to find a copy of that book. A <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL) is a URI that specifies the means of acting upon or obtaining the representation of a resource, i.e. specifying both its primary access mechanism and network location. For example, the URL <code>http://example.org/wiki/Main_Page</code> refers to a resource identified as <code>/wiki/Main_Page</code>, whose representation is obtainable via the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (http:) from a network host whose <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> is <code>example.org</code>. (In this case, HTTP usually implies it to be in the form of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and related code. In practice, that is not necessarily the case, as HTTP allows specifying arbitrary formats in its header.) A URN is analogous to a person's name, while a URL is analogous to their street address. In other words, a URN identifies an item and a URL provides a method for finding it. Technical publications, especially standards produced by the IETF and by the W3C, normally reflect a view outlined in a <a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C Recommendation">W3C Recommendation</a> of 30 July 2001, which acknowledges the precedence of the term URI rather than endorsing any formal subdivision into URL and URN. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">URL is a useful but informal concept: a URL is a type of URI that identifies a resource via a representation of its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location"), rather than by some other attributes it may have.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></blockquote> As such, a URL is simply a URI that happens to point to a resource over a network.<a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc3305-16">[16]</a> However, in non-technical contexts and in software for the World Wide Web, the term "URL" remains widely used. Additionally, the term "web address" (which has no formal definition) often occurs in non-technical publications as a synonym for a URI that uses the http or https schemes. Such assumptions can lead to confusion, for example, in the case of XML namespaces that have a <a href="#Relation_to_XML_namespaces">visual similarity to resolvable URIs</a>. Specifications produced by the <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> prefer URL over URI, and so newer HTML5 APIs use URL over URI.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Standardize on the term URL. URI and IRI [Internationalized Resource Identifier] are just confusing. In practice a single algorithm is used for both so keeping them distinct is not helping anyone. URL also easily wins the search result popularity contest.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></blockquote> While most URI schemes were originally designed to be used with a particular <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a>, and often have the same name, they are semantically different from protocols. For example, the scheme http is generally used for interacting with <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resources</a> using HTTP, but the scheme <a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a> has no protocol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax"> Syntax</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">List of URI schemes</a></div> A URI has a scheme that refers to a specification for assigning identifiers within that scheme. As such, the URI syntax is a federated and extensible naming system wherein each scheme's specification may further restrict the syntax and semantics of identifiers using that scheme. The URI generic syntax is a superset of the syntax of all URI schemes. It was first defined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>, published in August 1998,<a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11">[11]</a> and finalized in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>, published in January 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546-23">[22]</a> A URI is composed from an allowed set of <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters consisting of <a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">reserved characters</a> (gen-delims: <code>:</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>?</code>, <code>#</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, and <code>@</code>; sub-delims: <code>!</code>, <code>$</code>, <code>&</code>, <code>'</code>, <code>(</code>, <code>)</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>;</code>, and <code>=</code>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513%E2%80%9314-24">[23]</a> unreserved characters (<a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">uppercase and lowercase letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">decimal digits</a>, <code>-</code>, <code>.</code>, <code>_</code>, and <code>~</code>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513%E2%80%9314-24">[23]</a> and the character <code>%</code>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512-25">[24]</a> Syntax components and subcomponents are separated by delimiters from the reserved characters (only from generic reserved characters for components) and define identifying data represented as unreserved characters, reserved characters that do not act as delimiters in the component and subcomponent respectively,<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §2 and <a href="/wiki/Percent-encoding" title="Percent-encoding">percent-encodings</a> when the corresponding character is outside the allowed set or is being used as a delimiter of, or within, the component. A percent-encoding of an identifying data <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a> is a sequence of three characters, consisting of the character <code>%</code> followed by the two hexadecimal digits representing that octet's numeric value.<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §2.1 The URI generic syntax consists of five components organized hierarchically in order of decreasing significance from left to right:<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §3 <pre>URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment] </pre> A component is undefined if it has an associated delimiter and the delimiter does not appear in the URI; the scheme and path components are always defined.<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §5.2.1 A component is empty if it has no characters; the scheme component is always non-empty.<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §3 The authority component consists of subcomponents: <pre>authority = [userinfo "@"] host [":" port] </pre> This is represented in a <a href="/wiki/Syntax_diagram" title="Syntax diagram">syntax diagram</a> as: <a href="/wiki/File:URI_syntax_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="URI syntax diagram"><noscript><img alt="URI syntax diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/1068px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1068" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1068px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/1068px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png" data-alt="URI syntax diagram" data-width="1068" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/1602px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/2136px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The URI comprises: <ul><li>A non-empty <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>scheme component followed by a colon (<code>:</code>), consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (<code>+</code>), period (<code>.</code>), or hyphen (<code>-</code>). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. Examples of popular schemes include <code><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">http</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">https</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc</a></code>. URI schemes should be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)</a>, although non-registered schemes are used in practice.<a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a></li> <li>An optional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">authority component preceded by two slashes (<code>//</code>), comprising: <ul><li>An optional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">userinfo subcomponent followed by an at symbol (<code>@</code>), that may consist of a <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user name</a> and an optional <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">password</a> preceded by a colon (<code>:</code>). Use of the format <code>username:password</code> in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons. Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon (<code>:</code>) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string (indicating no password).</li> <li>A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">host subcomponent, consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a <a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a>) or an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>. <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> addresses must be in <a href="/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation" title="Dot-decimal notation">dot-decimal notation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> addresses must be enclosed in brackets (<code>[]</code>).<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §3.2.2 <a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a></li> <li>An optional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">port subcomponent preceded by a colon (<code>:</code>), consisting of decimal digits.</li></ul></li> <li>A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">path component, consisting of a sequence of path segments separated by a slash (<code>/</code>). A path is always defined for a URI, though the defined path may be empty (zero length). A segment may also be empty, resulting in two consecutive slashes (<code>//</code>) in the path component. A path component may resemble or map exactly to a <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">file system path</a> but does not always imply a relation to one. If an authority component is defined, then the path component must either be empty or begin with a slash (<code>/</code>). If an authority component is undefined, then the path cannot begin with an empty segment—that is, with two slashes (<code>//</code>)—since the following characters would be interpreted as an authority component.<a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11">[11]</a>: §3.3 </li></ul> <dl><dd>By convention, in http and https URIs, the last part of a path is named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">pathinfo and it is optional. It is composed by zero or more path segments that do not refer to an existing physical resource name (e.g. a file, an internal module program or an executable program) but to a logical part (e.g. a command or a qualifier part) that has to be passed separately to the first part of the path that identifies an executable module or program managed by a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>; this is often used to select dynamic content (a document, etc.) or to tailor it as requested (see also: <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> and PATH_INFO, etc.).</dd> <dd>Example: <dl><dd>URI: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"http://www.example.com/questions/3456/my-document"</code></dd> <dd>where: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"/questions"</code> is the first part of the path (an executable module or program) and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"/3456/my-document"</code> is the second part of the path named pathinfo, which is passed to the executable module or program named <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"/questions"</code> to select the requested document.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>An http or https URI containing a pathinfo part without a <a href="#query">query</a> part may also be referred to as a '<a href="/wiki/Clean_URL" title="Clean URL">clean URL</a>,' whose last part may be a '<a href="/wiki/Clean_URL#Slug" title="Clean URL">slug</a>.'</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Query delimiter </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ampersand (<code>&</code>) </td> <td><code>key1=value1&key2=value2</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semicolon (<code>;</code>)<a href="#cite_note-31">[d]</a> </td> <td><code>key1=value1;key2=value2</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>An optional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">query component preceded by a question mark (<code>?</code>), consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query string</a> of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Attribute%E2%80%93value_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribute–value pair">attribute–value pairs</a> separated by a <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiter</a>.</li> <li>An optional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">fragment component preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">hash</a> (<code>#</code>). The fragment contains a <a href="/wiki/Fragment_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment identifier">fragment identifier</a> providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> document, the fragment is often an <a href="/wiki/HTML#Attributes" title="HTML"><code>id</code> attribute</a> of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.</li></ul> The scheme- or implementation-specific reserved character <code>+</code> may be used in the scheme, userinfo, host, path, query, and fragment, and the scheme- or implementation-specific reserved characters <code>!</code>, <code>$</code>, <code>&</code>, <code>'</code>, <code>(</code>, <code>)</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>;</code>, and <code>=</code> may be used in the userinfo, host, path, query, and fragment. Additionally, the generic reserved character <code>:</code> may be used in the userinfo, path, query and fragment, the generic reserved characters <code>@</code> and <code>/</code> may be used in the path, query and fragment, and the generic reserved character <code>?</code> may be used in the query and fragment.<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §A <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_URIs">Example URIs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Example URIs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following figure displays example URIs and their component parts. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1195917819">.mw-parser-output .pre-borderless{border:none}</style><pre class="pre"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>userinfo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">host <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">port <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">┌──┴───┐ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">┌──────┴──────┐ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">┌┴─┐ https://john.doe@www.example.com:1234/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─┬─┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─────────────┬─────────────┘<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└───────┬───────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└────────────┬────────────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└┬┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">authority <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">query <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">fragment <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">userinfo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">host <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">port <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">┌──┴───┐ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">┌──────┴──────┐ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">┌┴─┐ https://john.doe@www.example.com:1234/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#:~:text=whatever <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─┬─┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─────────────┬─────────────┘<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└───────┬───────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└────────────┬────────────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└───────┬───────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">authority <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">query <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">fragment ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└┬─┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─────┬─────┘<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─┬─┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└──────┬──────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">authority <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">query mailto:John.Doe@example.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─┬──┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└────┬─────────────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└┬─┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─────────────┬─────────────────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path tel:+1-816-555-1212 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└┬┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└──────┬──────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path telnet://192.0.2.16:80/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─┬──┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└─────┬─────┘<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">│ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">authority <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└┬┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">└──────────────────────┬──────────────────────┘ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">scheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">path</pre> DOIs (<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifiers</a>) fit within the <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a> and fit within the URI system, <a href="/wiki/Handle_System#DOIs-Handles-URIs" title="Handle System">as facilitated by appropriate syntax</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URI_references">URI references</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: URI references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A URI reference is either a URI or a relative reference when it does not begin with a scheme component followed by a colon (<code>:</code>).<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §4.1 A path segment that contains a colon character (e.g., <code>foo:bar</code>) cannot be used as the first path segment of a relative reference if its path component does not begin with a slash (<code>/</code>), as it would be mistaken for a scheme component. Such a path segment must be preceded by a dot path segment (e.g., <code>./foo:bar</code>).<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §4.2 Web document <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a> frequently use URI references to point to other resources, such as external documents or specific portions of the same logical document:<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §4.4 <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, the value of the <code>src</code> attribute of the <code>img</code> element provides a URI reference, as does the value of the <code>href</code> attribute of the <code>a</code> or <code>link</code> element;</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, the <a href="/wiki/System_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="System identifier">system identifier</a> appearing after the <code>SYSTEM</code> keyword in a <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a> is a fragmentless URI reference;</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a>, the value of the <code>href</code> attribute of the <code>xsl:import</code> element/instruction is a URI reference; likewise the first argument to the <code>document()</code> function.</li></ul> <pre>https://example.com/path/resource.txt#fragment //example.com/path/resource.txt /path/resource.txt path/resource.txt ../resource.txt ./resource.txt resource.txt #fragment </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution">Resolution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Resolving a URI reference against a base URI results in a target URI. This implies that the base URI exists and is an absolute URI (a URI with no fragment component). The base URI can be obtained, in order of precedence, from:<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §5.1 <ul><li>the reference URI itself if it is a URI;</li> <li>the content of the representation;</li> <li>the entity encapsulating the representation;</li> <li>the URI used for the actual retrieval of the representation;</li> <li>the context of the application.</li></ul> Within a representation with a well defined base URI of <pre>http://a/b/c/d;p?q </pre> a relative reference is resolved to its target URI as follows:<a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13">[13]</a>: §5.4 <pre>"g:h" -> "g:h" "g" -> "http://a/b/c/g" "./g" -> "http://a/b/c/g" "g/" -> "http://a/b/c/g/" "/g" -> "http://a/g" "//g" -> "http://g" "?y" -> "http://a/b/c/d;p?y" "g?y" -> "http://a/b/c/g?y" "#s" -> "http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s" "g#s" -> "http://a/b/c/g#s" "g?y#s" -> "http://a/b/c/g?y#s" ";x" -> "http://a/b/c/;x" "g;x" -> "http://a/b/c/g;x" "g;x?y#s" -> "http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s" "" -> "http://a/b/c/d;p?q" "." -> "http://a/b/c/" "./" -> "http://a/b/c/" ".." -> "http://a/b/" "../" -> "http://a/b/" "../g" -> "http://a/b/g" "../.." -> "http://a/" "../../" -> "http://a/" "../../g" -> "http://a/g" </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URL_munging">URL munging</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: URL munging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> URL munging is a technique by which a <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> is appended to a URL, usually at the end, after a "?" <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis#Token" title="Lexical analysis">token</a>. It is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> as a mechanism of adding functionality to <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>. In a versioning system, for example, to add a "checkout" command to a URL, it is written as <code>http://editing.com/resource/file.php?command=checkout</code>. It has the advantage of both being easy for <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI parsers</a> and also acts as an intermediary between HTTP and underlying resource, in this case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838-32">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_XML_namespaces">Relation to XML namespaces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to XML namespaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, a <a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">namespace</a> is an abstract domain to which a collection of element and attribute names can be assigned. The namespace name is a character string which must adhere to the generic URI syntax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006-33">[29]</a> However, the name is generally not considered to be a URI,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold2004-34">[30]</a> because the URI specification bases the decision not only on lexical components, but also on their intended use. A namespace name does not necessarily imply any of the semantics of URI schemes; for example, a namespace name beginning with http: may have no connotation to the use of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>. Originally, the namespace name could match the syntax of any non-empty URI reference, but the use of relative URI references was deprecated by the W3C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2009-35">[31]</a> A separate W3C specification for namespaces in XML 1.1 permits <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a> (IRI) references to serve as the basis for namespace names in addition to URI references.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2006-36">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Resource_Identifier" title="Extensible Resource Identifier">Extensible Resource Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a> (IRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_resource_locator" title="Internet resource locator">Internet resource locator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator" title="Persistent uniform resource locator">Persistent uniform resource locator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Naming_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Naming Convention">Uniform Naming Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Directory_Description_Language" title="Resource Directory Description Language">Resource Directory Description Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier" title="Universally unique identifier">Universally unique identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">List of URI schemes</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> A report published in 2002 by a joint W3C/IETF working group aimed to normalize the divergent views held within the IETF and W3C over the relationship between the various 'UR*' terms and standards. While not published as a full standard by either organization, it has become the basis for the above common understanding and has informed many standards since then. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2717">2717</a>, and are now defined by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">7595</a>, published in June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-rfc7595-26">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.0</code> portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2014-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Historic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a> (obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2854">2854</a>) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.<a href="#cite_note-rfc1866-30">[27]</a>: §8.2.1 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 1, "Abstract" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 7; "1.1.2. Examples", "1.1.3. URI, URL, and URN" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 5, "Resource: the term "resource" is used in a general sense for whatever might be identified by a URI" </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomesh.net/html/history/early/">"The Early History of HTML"</a>. infomesh.net. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infomesh.net&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+HTML&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfomesh.net%2Fhtml%2Fhistory%2Fearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/Addressing/Addressing.html">"W3 Naming Schemes"</a>. www.w3.org. 1992. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=W3+Naming+Schemes&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FHistory%2F19921103-hypertext%2Fhypertext%2FWWW%2FAddressing%2FAddressing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/24.pdf">"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Internet Engineering Task Force"</a> (PDF). p. 193. Retrieved 2021-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Fourth+Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.pages=193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fproceedings%2F24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/25.pdf">"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Internet Engineering Task Force"</a> (PDF). p. 501. Retrieved 2021-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Fifth+Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.pages=501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fproceedings%2F25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1630-8"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1630_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1994" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a> (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630">Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW: A Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and Addresses of Objects on the Network as used in the World-Wide Web</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1630">10.17487/RFC1630</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630">1630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Resource+Identifiers+in+WWW%3A+A+Unifying+Syntax+for+the+Expression+of+Names+and+Addresses+of+Objects+on+the+Network+as+used+in+the+World-Wide+Web&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1630&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Informational. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1738-9"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1738_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Berners-LeeL._MasinterM._McCahill1994" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">L. Masinter</a>; M. McCahill (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">Uniform Resource Locators (URL)</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1738">10.17487/RFC1738</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Locators+%28URL%29&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1738&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft.au=M.+McCahill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Obsolete. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4248">4248</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4266">4266</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808">1808</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2368">2368</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6196">6196</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6270">6270</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8089">8089</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2141-10"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2141_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Moats1997" class="citation cs1">R. Moats (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2141">URN Syntax</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2141">10.17487/RFC2141</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2141">2141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=URN+Syntax&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2141&rft.au=R.+Moats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Proposed Standard. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8141">8141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2396-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Berners-LeeR._FieldingL._Masinter1998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">R. Fielding</a>; L. Masinter (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2396">10.17487/RFC2396</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2396&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft.au=R.+Fielding&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Obsolete. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808">1808</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2732-12"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2732_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._HindenB._CarpenterL._Masinter1999" class="citation cs1">R. Hinden; B. Carpenter; L. Masinter (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2732">10.17487/RFC2732</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Format+for+Literal+IPv6+Addresses+in+URL%27s&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2732&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft.au=B.+Carpenter&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Obsolete. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3986-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Berners-LeeR._FieldingL._Masinter2005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">R. Fielding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">L. Masinter</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a>. STD 66. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifier+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft.au=R.+Fielding&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Internet Standard 66. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808">1808</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6874">6874</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7320">7320</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8820">8820</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2616-14"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2616_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._FieldingJ._GettysJ._MogulH._Frystyk1999" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">R. Fielding</a>; J. Gettys; J. Mogul; <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" title="Henrik Frystyk Nielsen">H. Frystyk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">L. Masinter</a>; P. Leach; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a> (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2616">10.17487/RFC2616</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+--+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2616&rft.au=R.+Fielding&rft.au=J.+Gettys&rft.au=J.+Mogul&rft.au=H.+Frystyk&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft.au=P.+Leach&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Obsolete. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232">7232</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233">7233</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234">7234</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235">7235</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2068">2068</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2817">2817</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5785">5785</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266">6266</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6585">6585</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2006" class="citation web cs1">Raman, T.V. (2006-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/alternatives-discovery.html">"On Linking Alternative Representations To Enable Discovery And Publishing"</a>. www.w3.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=On+Linking+Alternative+Representations+To+Enable+Discovery+And+Publishing&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=T.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Ftag%2Fdoc%2Falternatives-discovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3305-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3305_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3305_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeallingDenenberg2002" class="citation cs1">Mealling, Michael H.; Denenberg, Ray (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3305">Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3305">10.17487/RFC3305</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3305">3305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+from+the+Joint+W3C%2FIETF+URI+Planning+Interest+Group%3A+Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URIs%29%2C+URLs%2C+and+Uniform+Resource+Names+%28URNs%29%3A+Clarifications+and+Recommendations&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3305&rft.aulast=Mealling&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft.au=Denenberg%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Informational. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding2005" class="citation web cs1">Fielding, Roy (2005-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-tag/2005Jun/0039.html">"[httpRange-14] Resolved"</a>. lists.w3.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lists.w3.org&rft.atitle=%5BhttpRange-14%5D+Resolved&rft.date=2005-06-18&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-tag%2F2005Jun%2F0039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauermann2008" class="citation web cs1">Sauermann, Leo (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/">"Cool URIs for the Semantic Web"</a>. www.w3.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=Cool+URIs+for+the+Semantic+Web&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Sauermann&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcooluris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFURI_Planning_Interest_Group,_W3C/IETF2001" class="citation web cs1">URI Planning Interest Group, W3C/IETF (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/">"URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and Recommendations 1.0"</a>. www.w3.org. W3C/IETF. Retrieved 2020-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=URIs%2C+URLs%2C+and+URNs%3A+Clarifications+and+Recommendations+1.0&rft.date=2001-09&rft.au=URI+Planning+Interest+Group%2C+W3C%2FIETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Furi-clarification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-apis-elsewhere">"URL Standard: 6.3. URL APIs elsewhere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URL+Standard%3A+6.3.+URL+APIs+elsewhere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furl.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23url-apis-elsewhere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#goals">"URL Standard: Goals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URL+Standard%3A+Goals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furl.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23goals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 46; "9. Acknowledgements" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513%E2%80%9314_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513%E2%80%9314_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, pp. 13–14; "2.2. Reserved Characters", "2.3. Unreserved Characters" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, pp. 12; "2.1. Percent-Encoding" </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7595-26"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7595_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenHardie2015" class="citation cs1">Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7595">10.17487/RFC7595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 35. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">7595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+and+Registration+Procedures+for+URI+Schemes&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7595&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Hardie%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Best Current Practice. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8615">8615</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4395">4395</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2014-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence2014_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence2014">Lawrence (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1866-30"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1866_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeConnolly1995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1866">10.17487/RFC1866</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+-+2.0&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1866&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"> Historic. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2854">2854</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitehead1998">Whitehead 1998</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrison2006">Morrison (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold2004-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold2004_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold2004">Harold (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2009-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2009_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFW3C2009">W3C (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2006-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2006_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFW3C2006">W3C (2006)</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</a>. Internet Engineering Task Force. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. Retrieved 2024-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+3986+Uniform+Resource+Identifier+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim%3B+Fielding%2C+Roy+T.%3B+Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliotte_Rusty_Harold" title="Elliotte Rusty Harold">Harold, Elliotte Rusty</a> (2004). XML 1.1 Bible (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Publishing">Wiley Publishing</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-4986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-4986-1"><bdi>978-0-7645-4986-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=XML+1.1+Bible&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-4986-1&rft.aulast=Harold&rft.aufirst=Elliotte+Rusty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIETF2015" class="citation cs1">Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">"Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes"</a>. IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7595">10.17487/RFC7595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">7595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IETF+Request+for+Comments+%28RFC%29+Pages+-+Test&rft.atitle=Guidelines+and+Registration+Procedures+for+URI+Schemes&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7595&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Hardie%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wayne_Morrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Wayne Morrison">Morrison, Michael Wayne</a> (2006). "Hour 5: Putting Namespaces to Use". Sams Teach Yourself XML. <a href="/wiki/Sams_Publishing" title="Sams Publishing">Sams Publishing</a>. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hour+5%3A+Putting+Namespaces+to+Use&rft.btitle=Sams+Teach+Yourself+XML&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Michael+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFURI_Planning_Interest_Group2009" class="citation web cs1">URI Planning Interest Group, W3C/IETF (2001-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/">"URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and Recommendations 1.0"</a>. Retrieved 2009-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URIs%2C+URLs%2C+and+URNs%3A+Clarifications+and+Recommendations+1.0&rft.date=2001-09-21&rft.au=URI+Planning+Interest+Group%2C+W3C%2FIETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Furi-clarification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2001" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/alternatives-discovery.html">"On Linking Alternative Representations To Enable Discovery And Publishing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2006 [2001]. Retrieved 2012-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Linking+Alternative+Representations+To+Enable+Discovery+And+Publishing&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Ftag%2Fdoc%2Falternatives-discovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Bray, Tim</a>; Hollander, Dave; Layman, Andrew; Tobin, Richard, eds. (2006-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#iri-use">"Namespaces in XML 1.1 (Second Edition)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2.2 Use of URIs as Namespace Names. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namespaces+in+XML+1.1+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pages=2.2+Use+of+URIs+as+Namespace+Names&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-xml-names%2F%23iri-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2008" class="citation web cs1">Ayers, Danny; Völkel, Max (2008-12-03). Sauermann, Leo; Cyganiak, Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/">"Cool URIs for the Semantic Web"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. Retrieved 2012-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cool+URIs+for+the+Semantic+Web&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=V%C3%B6lkel%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcooluris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Bray, Tim</a>; Hollander, Dave; Layman, Andrew; Tobin, Richard; Thompson, Henry S., eds. (2009-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#iri-use">"Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2.2 Use of URIs as Namespace Names. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namespaces+in+XML+1.0+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.pages=2.2+Use+of+URIs+as+Namespace+Names&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-xml-names%2F%23iri-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_18661995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel "Dan"</a> (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866#section-8.2.1">Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. sec. 8.2.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1866">10.17487/RFC1866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6628570">6628570</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a>. Retrieved 2015-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+%E2%80%93+2.0&rft.pages=sec.-8.2.1&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6628570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Daniel+%22Dan%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1866%26%23035%3Bsection-8.2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_23961998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_T._Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy T. Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2396">10.17487/RFC2396</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2396&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_39862005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_T._Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy T. Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_3986,_section_32005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_T._Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy T. Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3">"Syntax Components"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. sec. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syntax+Components&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pages=sec.-3&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986%26%23035%3Bsection-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Eric (2014-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2014/03/06/browser-arcana-ipv4-ipv6-literal-urls-dotted-va-dotless.aspx">"Browser Arcana: IP Literals in URLs"</a>. IEInternals. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Retrieved 2016-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEInternals&rft.atitle=Browser+Arcana%3A+IP+Literals+in+URLs&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fieinternals%2Farchive%2F2014%2F03%2F06%2Fbrowser-arcana-ipv4-ipv6-literal-urls-dotted-va-dotless.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whitehead, E.J (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/722228">"WebDAV: IEFT standard for collaborative authoring on the Web"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Computing" title="IEEE Internet Computing">IEEE Internet Computing</a>. 2 (5): 34–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F4236.722228">10.1109/4236.722228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0131">1941-0131</a>. Retrieved 2021-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Internet+Computing&rft.atitle=WebDAV%3A+IEFT+standard+for+collaborative+authoring+on+the+Web&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=34-40&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F4236.722228&rft.issn=1941-0131&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=E.J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F722228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/uri-schemes.xhtml">URI Schemes</a> – <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a>-maintained registry of URI Schemes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/wiki/UriSchemes">URI schemes on the W3C wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#identification">Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One, §2: Identification</a> – by W3C</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/">W3C URI Clarification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&oldid=1251326802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&oldid=1251326802</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 October 2024, at 15:59 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="معرف الموارد الموحد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معرف الموارد الموحد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificador_uniforme_de_recursos" title="Identificador uniforme de recursos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Identificador uniforme de recursos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chtne_ressursiidentifikaator" title="Ühtne ressursiidentifikaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühtne ressursiidentifikaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificador_de_recursos_uniforme" title="Identificador de recursos uniforme – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Identificador de recursos uniforme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شناسانه منبع یکسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شناسانه منبع یکسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9_%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="통합 자원 식별자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통합 자원 식별자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88" title="यूआरआई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूआरआई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengidentifikasi_Sumber_Seragam" title="Pengidentifikasi Sumber Seragam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengidentifikasi Sumber Seragam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" title="Uniform resource identifier – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Uniform resource identifier" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienotais_resursu_identifikators" title="Vienotais resursu identifikators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vienotais resursu identifikators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="യൂണിഫോം റിസോഴ്സ് ഐഡന്റിഫയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിഫോം റിസോഴ്സ് ഐഡന്റിഫയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecam_Sumber_Sejagat" title="Pengecam Sumber Sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengecam Sumber Sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" title="Uniform resource identifier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uniform resource identifier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" title="URL – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="URL" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificator_uniform_de_resurse" title="Identificator uniform de resurse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Identificator uniform de resurse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednotn%C3%BD_identifik%C3%A1tor_prostriedku" title="Jednotný identifikátor prostriedku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jednotný identifikátor prostriedku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சீரான வள அடையாளங்காட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீரான வள அடையாளங்காட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Уніфікований ідентифікатор ресурсів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уніфікований ідентифікатор ресурсів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="یو آر آئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یو آر آئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%83%E4%B8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E8%A8%98%E8%AA%8D" title="劃一資源記認 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劃一資源記認" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6" title="统一资源标识符 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="统一资源标识符" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-486j8","wgBackendResponseTime":223,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.653","walltime":"1.895","ppvisitednodes":{"value":52964,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":672412,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":52669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":542933,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1749.900 1 -total"," 51.43% 899.951 26 Template:Ref_RFC"," 26.12% 457.052 50 Template:Cite_IETF"," 23.81% 416.661 26 Template:Ref_RFC/getref"," 11.41% 199.747 75 Template:IETF_RFC"," 10.80% 188.986 75 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 8.10% 141.730 8 Template:Cite_ietf"," 5.71% 99.914 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.41% 94.753 4 Template:Navbox"," 5.21% 91.194 1 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