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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boy_Scouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boy_Scouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Boy Scouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boy_Scouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Gemini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Gemini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Project Gemini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Gemini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Apollo program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger B. Chaffee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A._%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="روجر بي. شافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روجر بي. شافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96" title="Роджэр Чафі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роджэр Чафі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Роджър Чафи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роджър Чафи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bruce_Chaffee" title="Roger Bruce Chaffee – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roger Bruce Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="راجر بی. چافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راجر بی. چافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_B._%EC%B1%84%ED%94%BC" title="로저 B. 채피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로저 B. 채피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB" title="Ռոջեր Չաֆի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոջեր Չաֆի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99" title="רוג'ר צ'אפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוג'ר צ'אפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Роджер Чаффи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роджер Чаффи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C5%BEers_%C4%8Ceif%C4%AB" title="Rodžers Čeifī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rodžers Čeifī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%89._%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="روجر بى. شافى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روجر بى. شافى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ロジャー・チャフィー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャー・チャフィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" title="Roger Chaffee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roger Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чаффи, Роджер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаффи, Роджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bruce_Chaffee" title="Roger Bruce Chaffee – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roger Bruce Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Роџер Чафи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роџер Чафи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roger B. Chaffee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roger B. 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American astronaut and pilot (1935–1967)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Roger Chaffee</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chaffee with a spacecraft model" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg/220px-RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg/330px-RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg/440px-RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6920" data-file-height="8650" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chaffee in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roger Bruce Chaffee</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-02-15</span>)</span>February 15, 1935<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 27, 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-01-27)</span> (aged 31)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Air_University_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Air University (United States Air Force)">Air University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor" title="Congressional Space Medal of Honor">Congressional Space Medal of Honor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> (2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Space career</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header role"><a href="/wiki/NASA_astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA astronaut">NASA astronaut</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">USN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Selection</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">NASA Group 3 (1963)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Missions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mission insignia</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollo_1_patch.png/40px-Apollo_1_patch.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollo_1_patch.png/60px-Apollo_1_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollo_1_patch.png/80px-Apollo_1_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="2624" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Roger Bruce Chaffee</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">naval officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States naval aviator">aviator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineer">aeronautical engineer</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/NASA_astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA astronaut">NASA astronaut</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>. </p><p>Chaffee was born in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, where he became an <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout" title="Eagle Scout">Eagle Scout</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(Grand_Rapids,_Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central High School (Grand Rapids, Michigan)">Central High School</a> in 1953, and accepted a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps</a> (NROTC) scholarship. He began his college education at <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>, where he was involved in the fraternity <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a>. He transferred to <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in 1954, continuing his involvement in Phi Kappa Sigma serving as chapter president in 1956 and obtaining his <a href="/wiki/Private_pilot_licence" title="Private pilot licence">private pilot's license</a>. </p><p>After graduating from Purdue in 1957 with a Bachelor of Science degree in <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aeronautical Engineering</a>, Chaffee completed his Navy training and was commissioned as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a>. He began pilot training at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola">Naval Air Station Pensacola</a>, Florida, flying aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor" title="Beechcraft T-34 Mentor">T-34</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">T-28</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior" title="Douglas A-3 Skywarrior">A3D</a>. He became quality and safety control officer for <a href="/wiki/VAP-62" title="VAP-62">Heavy Photographic Squadron 62</a> (VAP-62). His time in this unit included taking crucial photos of Cuba during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, earning him the <a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a>. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">lieutenant commander</a> in 1966. </p><p>Along with thirteen other pilots, Chaffee was selected to be an astronaut as part of <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">NASA Astronaut Group 3</a> in 1963. He served as <a href="/wiki/Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">capsule communicator</a> (CAPCOM) for the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> missions and received his first spaceflight assignment in 1966 as the third-ranking pilot on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>. In 1967, he died in a fire along with fellow astronauts <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> during a pre-launch test for the mission at what was then the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_34" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station Launch Complex 34</a>, Florida. He was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor" title="Congressional Space Medal of Honor">Congressional Space Medal of Honor</a> and a second Air Medal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roger Bruce Chaffee was born on February 15, 1935, in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second child of Donald Lynn Chaffee (1910–1998) and Blanche May (Mike) Chaffee (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Mosher</span>; 1912–1996).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an older sister, Donna, born two years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196817_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196817-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1935, in their hometown of <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Michigan" title="Greenville, Michigan">Greenville, Michigan</a>, his father was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, so his mother moved in with her parents in Grand Rapids, where Roger was born. The family spent the next seven years in Greenville before moving to Grand Rapids, where his father took a job as the chief <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="United States Army Ordnance Corps">Army Ordnance</a> inspector at the Doehler-Jarvis plant.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee's interest in aerospace was sparked at a young age when his father, a former <a href="/wiki/Barnstorming" title="Barnstorming">barnstorming</a> pilot, took him on his first flight at the age of seven. Chaffee was thrilled by the flight and soon after started building model airplanes with his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008135–136_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008135–136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boy_Scouts">Boy Scouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boy Scouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaffee excelled as a <a href="/wiki/Scouts_BSA_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts BSA (Boy Scouts of America)">Boy Scout</a>, earning his first <a href="/wiki/Merit_badge_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" title="Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America)">merit badge</a> at the age of thirteen. He earned ten more badges that year. Many of these awards were typically earned by the older scouts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196832–33_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196832–33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued his success by earning four more badges at the age of fourteen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196833_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196833-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned four badges for each of the next two years, almost all the badges available at the time. After becoming an <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a>, he managed to earn another ten merit badges, for which he was awarded the bronze and gold palms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196833_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196833-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between his camping trips with his family and his involvement with the Boy Scouts, Chaffee developed a passion for the outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136–137_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136–137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaffee attended the Dickinson School in Grand Rapids,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later graduated from <a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(Grand_Rapids,_Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central High School (Grand Rapids, Michigan)">Central High School</a> in the top 20% of his class in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196843_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196843-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning down a possible appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, he accepted a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps</a> (NROTC) scholarship, and in September 1953 enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>. He performed well, making the <a href="/wiki/Dean%27s_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean's List">Dean's List</a> and finishing with a B+ average. While enrolled, he joined <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaffee was passionate about flying, and had a strong aptitude for science and engineering. To apply those talents, he transferred to <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in the autumn of 1954 to attend the school's well-known <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before arriving in <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette</a>, he reported for an 8-week tour on <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)">USS <i>Wisconsin</i></a> as a part of the NROTC program. To qualify, he had to finish training and pass further tests. He initially failed the eye exam, but the physician permitted him to retake it the next morning, and he passed. He was then allowed to tour on <i>Wisconsin</i> to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Upon his return to American soil, he worked as a gear cutter.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After starting classes at Purdue, Chaffee sought out a job to complement his coursework and involvement in the Phi Kappa Sigma social fraternity. His first job during his sophomore year was working as a server at one of the women's residences, but he disliked the job and sought new employment. He was hired as a <a href="/wiki/Draftsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Draftsman">draftsman</a> at a small business near Purdue. As a <a href="/wiki/Junior_(education_year)" title="Junior (education year)">junior</a>, he was hired as a teaching assistant in the Mathematics Department to teach classes to <a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">freshman</a> students.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Tau_Beta_Pi" title="Tau Beta Pi">Tau Beta Pi</a> national engineering honor society which is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in the non-engineering disciplines, and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Tau" title="Sigma Gamma Tau">Sigma Gamma Tau</a> engineering honor societies.<sup id="cite_ref-chaffee_space_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaffee_space-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, Chaffee took four flying lessons, but he did not have enough money to get his <a href="/wiki/Private_pilot%27s_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Private pilot's license">private pilot's license</a>. Two years later, the NROTC sponsored flight training for him to become a <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval aviator">naval aviator</a>. He soloed on March 29, 1957, and obtained his private pilot's license on May 24, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008138–139_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008138–139-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree, with distinction, in aeronautical engineering at Purdue in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008140_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaffee met his future wife Martha Louise Horn on a double-blind date in September 1955. They started dating, and he proposed to her on October 12, 1956. They married in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, Martha's hometown, on August 24, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008138–139_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008138–139-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martha was a homemaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196867_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196867-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had two children, Sheryl Lyn (born in 1958) and Stephen (born in 1961).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navy_service">Navy service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Navy service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Chaffee.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roger_Chaffee.gif/220px-Roger_Chaffee.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Roger_Chaffee.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Chaffee's Astronaut selection portrait. Note the NASA insignia on the left lapel</figcaption></figure> <p>After graduation, Chaffee completed his Navy training on August 22, 1957, and received commission as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a>. Following his honeymoon, he was assigned to the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain_(CV-39)" title="USS Lake Champlain (CV-39)">USS <i>Lake Champlain</i></a> for a six-week assignment in Norfolk with the Naval Air Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Chaffee arrived at the base, the ship had already left port. He temporarily worked at the base until October 1957, when he attended flight school at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola">Naval Air Station Pensacola</a>, Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008140_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started his training by flying the <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">T-28</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor" title="Beechcraft T-34 Mentor">T-34</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posted to <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Kingsville" title="Naval Air Station Kingsville">Naval Air Station Kingsville</a>, Texas, from August 1958 to February 1959 as a part of Advanced Training Unit 212.<sup id="cite_ref-navyhistory_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyhistory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kingsville, he trained on the <a href="/wiki/F9F_Cougar" class="mw-redirect" title="F9F Cougar">F9F Cougar</a> jet fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter Sheryl was born the day before he left for his first <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196871_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196871-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">naval aviator</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">wings</a> in early 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaffee was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville" title="Naval Air Station Jacksonville">Naval Air Station Jacksonville</a>, Florida, to continue his training. His first project was not flying, but repairing an <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior" title="Douglas A-3 Skywarrior">A3D</a> twin-engine jet photo reconnaissance plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plane was typically flown by pilots with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">lieutenant commander</a> or above, but Chaffee became so familiar with the plane from repairing it he became one of the youngest pilots ever to fly it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined <a href="/wiki/Second_VA-44_(U.S._Navy)" title="Second VA-44 (U.S. Navy)">Attack Squadron 44</a> (VA-44) in September 1959, and from October 1959 to March 1960 he trained with <a href="/wiki/RVAH-3" title="RVAH-3">Heavy Attack Squadron 3</a> (VAH-3).<sup id="cite_ref-navyhistory_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyhistory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There's only room for one mistake. You can buy the farm only once. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Roger Chaffee<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196873_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196873-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Chaffee received a variety of assignments and participated in multiple training duties over the next several years, spending most of his time in photo reconnaissance squadrons. He was stationed at NAS Jacksonville as safety officer and quality control officer for <a href="/wiki/VAP-62" title="VAP-62">Heavy Photographic Squadron 62</a> (VAP-62) flying the A3D.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaffee_space_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaffee_space-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a quality control manual for the squadron, although some of his peers saw this as too demanding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By coincidence, he was assigned to a mission where he flew over <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>, during which aerial photographs of future launch sites were taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between April 4, 1960, and October 25, 1962, including during the critical time of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, Chaffee flew 82 missions over Cuba, sometimes up to three per day, and achieved over 100 flight hours each month. Some of these trips included shuttling three men per plane back and forth to <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a>, including the pilot, co-pilot, and the photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-navyhistory_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyhistory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some biographies credit him with flying the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> plane to spy on Cuba, but this is erroneous since he was a Navy pilot and the U-2 was an Air Force plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008140_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this, Chaffee undertook aircraft carrier flight training, including time spent on <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-60)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a> performing both day and night flights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said of day flying, "Setting that big bird down on the flight deck was like landing on a postage stamp"; and of night flying, "Getting catapulted off that flight deck at night is like getting shot into a bottle of ink!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working in Jacksonville, he concurrently worked on a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was on a cruise to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> when his son Stephen was born in Oklahoma City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196876_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196876-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Chaffee's Navy service he logged more than 2,300 hours flying time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 1, 1966, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander (United States)">lieutenant commander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navyhistory_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyhistory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NASA_career">NASA career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: NASA career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The world itself looks cleaner and so much more beautiful. Maybe we can make it that way—the way God intended it to be—by giving everybody that new perspective from out in space. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Roger Chaffee<sup id="cite_ref-newmexico_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmexico-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In August 1962, Chaffee confided in his family that he had submitted an application for the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> training program, and informed his superiors of his desire to train as a <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilot</a> for astronaut status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196878_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196878-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1962, he was accepted in the initial pool of 1,800 applicants for the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">third group of NASA astronauts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his naval tour was over, and he had racked up over 1,800 hours of flying time, the Navy offered him the opportunity to continue work on his master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1963, he entered the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT) at <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Air_University_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Air University (United States Air Force)">Air University</a>, to work on his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chaffee_space_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaffee_space-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at AFIT, Chaffee continued participating in astronaut candidate testing as the pool of candidates dropped to 271 in mid-1963. It was noted during testing that he had a very small lung capacity but he used it better than most people with greater capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return from a hunting trip to <a href="/wiki/Fairborn,_Ohio" title="Fairborn, Ohio">Fairborn, Ohio</a>, on October 14, 1963, he found a message from NASA in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called them back, and discovered he had been chosen as an astronaut.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 18, 1963, it was officially announced that he was one of fourteen chosen for NASA's third group of astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said, "I was very pleased with the appointment. I've always wanted to fly and perform adventurous flying tasks all my life. Ever since the first <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">seven Mercury astronauts</a> were named, I've been keeping my studies up."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196885_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196885-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Apollo spacecraft and orange rafts float in a pool, surrounded by divers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_astronauts_Edward_H._White_II_and_Roger_B._Chaffee_during_water_egress_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Chaffee (sitting on hatch sill) during water egress training for Apollo 1</figcaption></figure> <p>Phase one of training for the third group of astronauts began in 1964 in lecture halls. Lectures in several fields were supplemented with trips to locations with geological significance so the astronauts gained hands-on experience. As well as piloting the spacecraft, the astronauts were to perform scientific experiments and measurements on the Moon. The astronauts traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> to learn about geography and to Alaska, Iceland, and Hawaii to learn about rock formations and lava flows.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second phase was contingency training, which focused on astronauts learning the skills required to survive if the landing did not occur where planned. The group started their training by being dropped off in the middle of the jungle in Panama. They performed the survival training in pairs, carrying only their parachutes and survival kits. Chaffee, with help from his Boy Scout training, foraged for enough food to survive during the three-day training mission. Following the jungle training, the astronauts traveled to an entirely different environment: the desert of <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>. For clothing, the astronauts had only long underwear, shoes, and robes they manufactured from their parachutes. Lizards and snakes were the main source of food, and the astronauts used their parachutes as makeshift tents for shelter for the two days of desert training.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third and final phase was operational training for the astronauts. This focused on giving them hands-on experience using the instruments and equipment required during their spaceflight. They received training in the effects of <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a> and rapid <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>. The astronauts spent time in simulators, aboard cargo planes that simulated weightlessness, underwater to practice <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activities</a> (EVAs), and on visits to manufacturing plants to check on the progress of the hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_Gemini">Project Gemini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Project Gemini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center,_Houston,_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg/220px-Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg/330px-Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg/440px-Roger_B._Chaffee_at_a_console_in_the_Mission_Control_Center%2C_Houston%2C_during_the_Gemini-Titan_3_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4708" data-file-height="3354" /></a><figcaption>Chaffee at the consoles in Mission Control during the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> mission</figcaption></figure> <p>Every astronaut was required to have a specialty, and Chaffee's specialty was communications. He focused on the Deep Space Instrumentation Facility (DSIF), which the astronauts needed for navigation in space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Spacecraft Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> in Houston, Chaffee served as <a href="/wiki/Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">capsule communicator</a> (CAPCOM) in March 1965 for <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he was CAPCOM, along with <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> mission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> performed the first spacewalk by an American.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As CAPCOM, Chaffee relayed information between the crew members and the Director of Flight Operations, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr." title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr.">Chris Kraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never got a seat on a <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> mission, but was assigned to work on flight control, communications, instrumentation, and attitude and translation control systems in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chaffee_space_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaffee_space-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, along with Grissom, he also flew chase planes at an altitude of between 30,000 and 50,000 feet (9,100 and 15,200 m) to take motion pictures of the launch of an uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Saturn_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn 1B">Saturn 1B</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968108_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968108-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_program">Apollo program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Apollo program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg/220px-Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg/330px-Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg/440px-Apollo1-Crew_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> crew, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">White</a>, and Chaffee</figcaption></figure> <p>Chaffee received his first spaceflight assignment in January 1966, when he was selected for the first crewed Apollo-Saturn flight, AS-204. At the time, he was the youngest American astronaut to be selected for a mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Teitel_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teitel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008143–44_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008143–44-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joining Command Pilot Grissom and Senior Pilot White, he replaced the injured <a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a> in the third-ranked pilot position.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisele required surgery for a dislocated shoulder, which he sustained aboard the <a href="/wiki/Reduced_gravity_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced gravity aircraft">KC-135 weightlessness training aircraft</a>. He was reassigned to a second Apollo crew, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Teitel_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teitel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crew announcement was made public on March 21, 1966. The two-week flight of Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 was to test the spacecraft systems and the control and ground tracking facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Chaffee had monitored the manufacture of the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini (spacecraft)">Gemini spacecraft</a>, he had not witnessed the building of the Apollo spacecraft. Three days after being selected for the Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 crew, he flew to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> Plant in <a href="/wiki/Downey,_California" title="Downey, California">Downey, California</a>, to see it.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in April, the crew traveled to <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>, to study stars that were programmed into their flight computer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968114_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968114-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the six crewmembers planned to test the spacecraft in sea level and altitude conditions. The failure of an oxygen regulator prevented them from performing the vacuum test, but they managed to complete the sea level test. They also performed egress tests, where capsule simulators were dropped in the Gulf of Mexico under various conditions and the crew had to exit the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968116_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew was able to spend time with their families at Christmas. Chaffee entered a local Christmas decoration contest and he received first prize.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Purdue astronauts were requested to attend the <a href="/wiki/1967_Rose_Bowl" title="1967 Rose Bowl">Rose Bowl</a> as guests of honor; Grissom, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, and Chaffee attended the game on January 2, 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968118_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968118-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progress on pre-mission activities was nearing completion; NASA announced on Monday, January 23, that February 21 was the target launch date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sr3mn_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sr3mn-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erg2vtns_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erg2vtns-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary and backup crews moved back to the Cape for the last few weeks of training. They had their own living quarters, a private waiter and chef, and gymnasium to remain fit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of burned capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>Charred remains of the Apollo 1 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command/Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command/Service Module">Command Module</a>, in which Chaffee was killed along with Grissom and White</figcaption></figure> <p>On Friday, January 27, Grissom, White, and Chaffee were participating in a "plugs-out" countdown demonstration test at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Kennedy">Cape Kennedy</a> in preparation for the planned February 21 launch.<sup id="cite_ref-sdcftblz_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdcftblz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shoutd_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoutd-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee was sitting at the right side of the cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main role was to maintain communications with the <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouse</a>. A momentary power surge was detected at 23:30:55 <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a> (6:30 pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>), which was believed to accompany an electrical short in equipment located on the lower left side of the cabin, the presumed ignition source for the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 23:31:04 GMT, a voice was heard declaring, "[We]'ve got a fire in the cockpit."<sup id="cite_ref-shoutd_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoutd-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most investigative listeners believe that voice was Chaffee's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-8_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-8-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assigned emergency roles called for Grissom, in the left-hand seat, to open the cabin pressure vent valve, after which White in the center seat was to open the <a href="/wiki/Plug_door" title="Plug door">plug door</a> hatch, while Chaffee in the right-hand seat was to maintain communications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19673-49_&_4-7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19673-49_&_4-7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grissom was prevented from opening the valve by the intensity of the fire, which started in that region and spread from left to right. Despite this, White removed his restraints and apparently tried in vain to open the hatch, which was held closed by the cabin pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19674-7_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19674-7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing pressure finally burst the inner cabin wall on the right-hand side at 23:31:19 GMT. After approximately thirty seconds of being fed by a cabin atmosphere of pure <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> at pressures of 16.7 to 29 psi (115 to 200 kPa), and now fed by nitrogen-buffered ambient air, the primary fire decreased in intensity and started producing large amounts of smoke,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-3_&_5-4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-3_&_5-4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which killed the astronauts. Chaffee lost consciousness because of a lack of oxygen which sent him into <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>. He died from <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a> due to the toxic gases from the fire, with burns contributing to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-9_&_6-1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-9_&_6-1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failed oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a> pipes near the fire's origin point continued burning an intense secondary fire which melted through the cabin floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time firefighters were able to open the hatch, the fire had extinguished itself. The back of Chaffee's couch was found in the horizontal position, with the lower portion angled towards the floor. His helmet was closed and locked, his restraints were undone, and the hoses and electrical connections to the suit remained connected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19674-7_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19674-7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he was farthest from the origin of the fire, he suffered the least burn and suit damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBormanFagetWhite19675-3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grissom and Chaffee headstones with a wreath between them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg/220px-GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg/330px-GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg/440px-GrissomChaffeeGrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4514" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>Gus Grissom's and Roger Chaffee's headstones during the NASA Day of Remembrance ceremony in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the AS-204 fire in 1967, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Spaceflight <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George Mueller</a> announced the mission would be officially designated as Apollo 1.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capsule underwent a significant redesign as a result of the disaster. The atmosphere in the cabin was changed from 100% oxygen to a 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen environment at launch. The astronauts' spacesuits, originally made of <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, were changed to <a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">beta cloth</a>, a non-flammable, highly melt-resistant fabric woven from <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> and coated with <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>. There were other changes, including replacing flammable cabin materials with self-extinguishing ones, and covering plumbing and wiring with protective insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaffee and Grissom were buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while White was buried at <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee's widow received $100,000 from the life insurance portion of the contract the astronauts signed with two publishing firms so they would have exclusive rights to stories and photographs of the astronauts and their families. She also received $16,250 per year for the life of the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_KSC_Mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Chaffee's name, along with Grissom's and White's, on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chaffee is memorialized in many ways, from the <a href="/wiki/Chaffee_(crater)" title="Chaffee (crater)">Chaffee Crater</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne200766_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne200766-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee_Planetarium" title="Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium">Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium</a> in his hometown of Grand Rapids, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport" title="Gerald R. Ford International Airport">Kent County International Airport</a> relocated farther out in suburban Grand Rapids in 1963, the main runway of the original airport was repurposed into a major roadway and named Roger B. Chaffee Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another memorial is a hill on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, Chaffee Hill, 14.3 kilometres (8.9 miles) south-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Memorial_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Memorial Station">Columbia Memorial Station</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1_Hills" title="Apollo 1 Hills">Apollo 1 Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Regor</i> (<i>Roger</i> spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Velorum" title="Gamma Velorum">Gamma Velorum</a>. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and himself, on his Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A terrestrial memorial is Chaffee Island, an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> off Long Beach, California, created in 1966 for drilling oil (along with White, Grissom and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted Freeman">Freeman</a> Islands).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A park in <a href="/wiki/Fullerton,_California" title="Fullerton, California">Fullerton, California</a>, was named after Chaffee; parks were also named after his fellow Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee is named with his Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 crewmates on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a>, which was dedicated in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee's name is included on the plaque left on the Moon with the <i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i> statue in 1971 by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dismantled <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_34" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34">Launch Pad 34</a> at Cape Canaveral bears two memorial plaques: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They gave their lives in service to their country in the ongoing exploration of humankind's final frontier. Remember them not for how they died but for those ideals for which they lived.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In memory of those who made the ultimate sacrifice so others could reach for the stars. Ad astra per aspera (a rough road leads to the stars). God speed to the crew of Apollo 1.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Roger B. Chaffee scholarship named for him has been awarded annually since 1967 to exceptional students in the Kent Intermediate School District for high school seniors who will be pursuing a career in math and science.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee Hall, an engineering building, was dedicated to him at his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, Purdue University, in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virgil_I._Grissom_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgil I. Grissom High School">Grissom High School</a>, Ed White Middle School and Chaffee Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, were named for the Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roger That! is an annual event sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Public_Museum" title="Grand Rapids Public Museum">Grand Rapids Public Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University" title="Grand Valley State University">Grand Valley State University</a> that celebrates space exploration and the life of Chaffee, who was a Grand Rapids native.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg/220px-Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg/330px-Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg/440px-Roger_B._Chaffee_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="3867" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Chaffee in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chaffee was awarded the Navy <a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> for his involvement in Heavy Photographic Squadron 62. He completed 82 classified missions "of paramount military importance to the security of the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-navyhistory_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyhistory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 crew was awarded the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a> posthumously in a 1969 presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> to the Apollo 11 crew.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posthumously awarded a second Air Medal. He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Space_History" title="New Mexico Museum of Space History">International Space Hall of Fame</a> in 1983 and into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a>, on October 4, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-newmexico_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmexico-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee and White were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor" title="Congressional Space Medal of Honor">Congressional Space Medal of Honor</a> posthumously in 1997 (Grissom received the medal in 1978).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later awarded the NASA Ambassador of Exploration Award for involvement in the U.S. space program in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i> a fictional 24th century spacecraft was named after him, designed by <a href="/wiki/Doug_Drexler" title="Doug Drexler">Doug Drexler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They named it after Chaffee as a reminder about the dangers of space exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Star Trek</i> and NASA have a long history of collaborations going back to the late 1960s when the television show made its debut.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 a life-size bronze statue of Chaffee was unveiled outside the Grand Rapids Children's Museum in Chaffee's hometown. His wife, other family members, and astronaut <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lousma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Lousma">Jack Lousma</a> (a Grand Rapids native) were present for the event.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eagle_Scouts" title="List of Eagle Scouts">List of Eagle Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-astronautsmemorial-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astronautsmemorial_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004945/https://astronautsmemorial-foundation.squarespace.com/roger-b-chaffee/">"Roger B. Chaffee"</a>. Astronauts Memorial Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronautsmemorial-foundation.squarespace.com/roger-b-chaffee/">the original</a> on January 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+B.+Chaffee&rft.pub=Astronauts+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastronautsmemorial-foundation.squarespace.com%2Froger-b-chaffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008136_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgessDoolanVis2008">Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2008</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196817-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196817_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.nasa.gov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation web cs1">White, Mary (August 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/chaffee.htm">"Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Roger Chaffee"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographical+Data&rft.pub=Space+Acts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceacts.com%2FSTARSHIP%2Fseh%2Fchaffee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196870_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navyhistory-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navyhistory_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navyhistory_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navyhistory_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navyhistory_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navyhistory_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/Chaffee-Roger/Chaffee-Roger-Text.html">"Roger Bruce Chaffee"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. March 3, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023172132/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/Chaffee-Roger/Chaffee-Roger-Text.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Bruce+Chaffee&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fbiographies-list%2Fbios-c%2FChaffee-Roger%2FChaffee-Roger-Text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196871-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196871_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196872_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196873-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196873_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196874_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196875_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196876-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196876_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newmexico-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newmexico_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newmexico_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=73">"Named Pilot of the Apollo 1 crew"</a>. New Mexico Museum of Space History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308200304/http://nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=73">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Named+Pilot+of+the+Apollo+1+crew.&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Space+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmspacemuseum.org%2Fhalloffame%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196878-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196878_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196879_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196882_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196885-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee196885_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008142_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgessDoolanVis2008">Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2008</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html">"Gemini 3 (3)"</a>. Kennedy Space Center: Science, Technology, and Engineering. August 25, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102608/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-3/gemini-3.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemini+3+%283%29&rft.pub=Kennedy+Space+Center%3A+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Engineering&rft.date=2000-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fgemini%2Fgemini-3%2Fgemini-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968108-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968108_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teitel-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teitel_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teitel_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitel2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Teitel, Amy Shira (December 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/how-donn-eisele-became-whatshisname-command-module-pilot-apollo-7">"How Donn Eisele Became "Whatshisname," the Command Module Pilot of Apollo 7"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150422020339/http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/how-donn-eisele-became-whatshisname-command-module-pilot-apollo-7">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+Donn+Eisele+Became+%22Whatshisname%2C%22+the+Command+Module+Pilot+of+Apollo+7&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Teitel&rft.aufirst=Amy+Shira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fblog-network%2Fvintage-space%2Fhow-donn-eisele-became-whatshisname-command-module-pilot-apollo-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008143–44-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgessDoolanVis2008143–44_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgessDoolanVis2008">Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2008</a>, pp. 143–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968114-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968114_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968116-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968116_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968118-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968118_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryslerChaffee1968117_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968">Chrysler & Chaffee 1968</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sr3mn-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sr3mn_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=baxWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vOgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7390%2C2292235">"3-man Apollo flight set"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. January 24, 1967. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=3-man+Apollo+flight+set&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1967-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DbaxWAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DvOgDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7390%252C2292235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erg2vtns-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erg2vtns_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G6pVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5195%2C5099686">"2 veterans to open Apollo series"</a>. <i>Eugene Register-Guard</i>. (Oregon). UPI. January 24, 1967. p. 6A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=2+veterans+to+open+Apollo+series&rft.pages=6A&rft.date=1967-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DG6pVAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DJ-EDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5195%252C5099686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdcftblz-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdcftblz_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NFdYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6549%2C3436454">"Space chief describes fatal blaze"</a>. <i>Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>. (Washington). Associated Press. 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(Oregon). UPI. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021061541/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/chaffee_ambassador_of_exploration.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Honors+Roger+Chaffee+With+Exploration+Award&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Fspace%2Ffeatures%2Fchaffee_ambassador_of_exploration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VC2wb9A7CD8C&q=chaffee">Starship Spotter: Star Trek All Series by Adam 'mojo' Lebowitz, Robert Bonchune 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkudaOkudaMirek2011" class="citation book cs1">Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (May 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbYf2l7gczUC&q=Chaffee+shuttlecraft&pg=PT2337"><i>The Star Trek Encyclopedia</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4688-7"><bdi>978-1-4516-4688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+Trek+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4688-7&rft.aulast=Okuda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Okuda%2C+Denise&rft.au=Mirek%2C+Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbYf2l7gczUC%26q%3DChaffee%2Bshuttlecraft%26pg%3DPT2337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrexlerClark2014" class="citation book cs1">Drexler, Doug; Clark, Margaret (December 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YN0AwAAQBAJ&q=chaffee"><i>Ships of the Line</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-9267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-9267-5"><bdi>978-1-4767-9267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+of+the+Line&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-9267-5&rft.aulast=Drexler&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=Clark%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YN0AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchaffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/space/how-star-trek-helped-nasa-dream-big-180976753/">"How Star Trek Helped NASA Dream Big"</a>. <i>Air & Space Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Star+Trek+Helped+NASA+Dream+Big&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fspace%2Fhow-star-trek-helped-nasa-dream-big-180976753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromson2018" class="citation web cs1">Fromson, Noah (May 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/local/grand-rapids-central/enshrined-astronaut-roger-b-chaffee-statue-unveiled-in-grand-rapids/69-556125583">"Enshrined: Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee statue unveiled in Grand Rapids"</a>. WZZM-TV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enshrined%3A+Astronaut+Roger+B.+Chaffee+statue+unveiled+in+Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=WZZM-TV&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft.aulast=Fromson&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzzm13.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgrand-rapids-central%2Fenshrined-astronaut-roger-b-chaffee-statue-unveiled-in-grand-rapids%2F69-556125583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessDoolanVis2008" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Colin; Doolan, Kate; Vis, Bert (2008). <i>Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1332-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-1332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Astronauts%3A+Heroes+Who+Died+Reaching+for+the+Moon&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1332-6&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Doolan%2C+Kate&rft.au=Vis%2C+Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2007" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Charles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm7fspWpJBAC&q=chaffee%20crater%20moon&pg=PT41"><i>The Far Side of the Moon: A Photographic Guide</i></a>. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73206-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73206-0"><bdi>978-0-387-73206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Side+of+the+Moon%3A+A+Photographic+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-73206-0&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWm7fspWpJBAC%26q%3Dchaffee%2520crater%2520moon%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryslerChaffee1968" class="citation book cs1">Chrysler, C. Donald; Chaffee, Donald L. (1968). <i>...On Course to the Stars</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/439009">439009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=...On+Course+to+the+Stars&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F439009&rft.aulast=Chrysler&rft.aufirst=C.+Donald&rft.au=Chaffee%2C+Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBormanFagetWhite1967" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Floyd; Borman, Dolah; Faget, Maxime; White, George; Geer, Barton (April 5, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/summary.pdf"><i>Report of Apollo 204 Review Board</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514220957/https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/summary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+Apollo+204+Review+Board&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1967-04-05&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft.au=Borman%2C+Dolah&rft.au=Faget%2C+Maxime&rft.au=White%2C+George&rft.au=Geer%2C+Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FApollo204%2Fsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+B.+Chaffee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_B._Chaffee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bruce_Chaffee" class="extiw" title="commons:Roger Bruce Chaffee"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Roger Bruce Chaffee</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?lbj-apollo-death">Lyndon Johnson Condolence letter to Chaffee Family</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619193506/https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/lbj-apollo-death/">Archived</a> June 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228090507/http://astronautix.com/c/chaffee.html">Astronautix biography of Roger B. Chaffee</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Space_Medal_of_Honor" title="Congressional Space Medal of Honor">Congressional Space Medal of Honor</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Anderson" title="Michael P. Anderson">Michael P. Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_M._Brown" title="David M. Brown">David M. Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger B. Chaffee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Chawla" title="Kalpana Chawla">Kalpana Chawla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Clark" title="Laurel Clark">Laurel Clark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crippen" title="Robert Crippen">Robert Crippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rick_Husband" title="Rick Husband">Rick Husband</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Jarvis" title="Gregory Jarvis">Gregory Jarvis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe" title="Christa McAuliffe">Christa McAuliffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_C._McCool" title="William C. McCool">William C. McCool</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ronald_McNair" title="Ronald McNair">Ronald McNair</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellison_Onizuka" title="Ellison Onizuka">Ellison Onizuka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judith_Resnik" title="Judith Resnik">Judith Resnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Scobee" title="Dick Scobee">Dick Scobee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepherd" title="William Shepherd">William Shepherd</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Smith" title="Michael J. Smith">Michael J. Smith</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate the award was bestowed posthumously</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Astronaut_Group_3,_&quot;The_Fourteen&quot;,_1963" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Group 3"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Group 3"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Group 3"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Astronaut_Group_3,_&quot;The_Fourteen&quot;,_1963" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">NASA Astronaut Group 3, "The Fourteen", 1963</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">NASA Astronaut Group 2</a> ← NASA Astronaut Group 3 → <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">NASA Astronaut Group 4</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassett" title="Charles Bassett">Charles Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger B. Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Freeman" title="Theodore Freeman">Theodore Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard F. Gordon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Williams" title="Clifton Williams">Clifton Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_NASA_Astronaut_Groups_*_NASA_Astronaut_Corps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps#Selection_groups" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_6" title="NASA Astronaut Group 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_7" title="NASA Astronaut Group 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="NASA Astronaut Group 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_9" title="NASA Astronaut Group 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_10" title="NASA Astronaut Group 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_11" title="NASA Astronaut Group 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_12" title="NASA Astronaut Group 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_13" title="NASA Astronaut Group 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_14" title="NASA Astronaut Group 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_15" title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16" title="NASA Astronaut Group 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_17" title="NASA Astronaut Group 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_18" title="NASA Astronaut Group 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_19" title="NASA Astronaut Group 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_20" title="NASA Astronaut Group 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_21" title="NASA Astronaut Group 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_22" title="NASA Astronaut Group 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_23" title="NASA Astronaut Group 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_24" title="NASA Astronaut Group 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts" title="List of United States Marine Corps astronauts">List of United States Marine Corps astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">List of United States Space Force astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Allen" title="Joseph P. Allen">Joseph P. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Altman" title="Scott Altman">Scott Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">John E. Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_J._Bobko" title="Karol J. Bobko">Karol J. Bobko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Bowersox" title="Ken Bowersox">Ken Bowersox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Daniel Brandenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Bridges_Jr." title="Roy D. Bridges Jr.">Roy Bridges Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Brown" title="Curtis Brown">Curtis Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchli" title="James Buchli">James Buchli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Cabana" title="Robert D. Cabana">Robert D. Cabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carr_(astronaut)" title="Gerald Carr (astronaut)">Gerald Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger B. Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang-D%C3%ADaz" title="Franklin Chang-Díaz">Franklin Chang-Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_P._Chilton" title="Kevin P. Chilton">Kevin P. Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coats" title="Michael Coats">Michael Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_O._Covey" title="Richard O. Covey">Richard O. Covey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crippen" title="Robert Crippen">Robert Crippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Culbertson_Jr." title="Frank L. Culbertson Jr.">Frank L. Culbertson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(astronaut)" title="Brian Duffy (astronaut)">Brian Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Dunbar" title="Bonnie J. Dunbar">Bonnie J. Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ferguson" title="Christopher Ferguson">Christopher Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Gordon_Fullerton" title="C. Gordon Fullerton">C. Gordon Fullerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibson" title="Edward Gibson">Edward Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert L. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard F. Gordon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D. Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld" title="John M. Grunsfeld">John M. Grunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hartsfield" title="Henry Hartsfield">Henry Hartsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hauck" title="Frederick Hauck">Frederick Hauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hawley" title="Steven Hawley">Steven Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Helms" title="Susan Helms">Susan Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Hilmers" title="David C. Hilmers">David C. Hilmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman" title="Jeffrey A. Hoffman">Jeffrey A. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Ivins" title="Marsha Ivins">Marsha Ivins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_David_Jones" title="Thomas David Jones">Thomas David Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Kavandi" title="Janet L. Kavandi">Janet L. Kavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Mark Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph P. Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Leestma" title="David Leestma">David Leestma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Lindsey" title="Steven Lindsey">Steven Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_R._Lousma" title="Jack R. Lousma">Jack Lousma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Melroy" title="Pamela Melroy">Pamela Melroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_Musgrave" title="Story Musgrave">Story Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nelson_(astronaut)" title="George Nelson (astronaut)">George Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa" title="Ellen Ochoa">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_E._Parazynski" title="Scott E. Parazynski">Scott E. Parazynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pogue" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Precourt" title="Charles J. Precourt">Charles J. Precourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Rominger" title="Kent Rominger">Kent Rominger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Scobee" title="Dick Scobee">Dick Scobee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Seddon" title="Rhea Seddon">Rhea Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepherd" title="William Shepherd">William Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Shriver" title="Loren Shriver">Loren Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn D. Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_C._Thornton" title="Kathryn C. Thornton">Kathryn C. Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul J. Weitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wetherbee" title="Jim Wetherbee">Jim Wetherbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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