Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions - Nature Anthropology - Full-Text HTML

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /> <title>Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions - Nature Anthropology - Full-Text HTML - SCIEPublish</title> <meta name="keywords" content="SCIE Publishing, SCIEPublish, open access, fast publication" /> <meta name="description" content="SCIEPublish is an international open-access journal publishing service provider run by SCIE Publishing Limited, dedicated to supporting and inspiring scientists or institutions/societies who aspire to publish high-quality journals." /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,user-scalable=no,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0"> <meta name="title" content="Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions"> <link rel="image_src" href="https://www.sciepublish.com/uploads/2024/05/28/1716875247taxb.jpg"> <meta name="dc.title" content="Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lufei Wang"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Qicheng Ye"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hui Li"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Perspective"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature Anthropology 2023, Vol. 1, Page 10002"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-06-12"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.35534/natanthropol.2023.10002"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="SCIEPublish"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf"> <meta name="dc.language" content="en"> <meta name="dc.description" content="Inscribed symbols of Neolithic Age were sometimes suspected to be initial writing prior to developed writing system. The earliest developed writing system in China was Oracle-bone inscriptions (OBIs) of Bronze Age and researchers have long sought its predecessor. Here, we reported that two continuous symbols on a stone ax of Neolithic Liangzhu culture found their identical duplicates in a unique writing system on brocade belts woven by present women in Shanghai suburb. Women in this group duplicated the hereditary text for weddings only once each generation in the past, and they can still interpret these two characters, implying that the two identical Liangzhu symbols may have the similar meanings. The meanings and patterns are both similar to those in OBIs, suggesting that Liangzhu symbols might be one of the predecessors of OBIs. Integrating philology, genetics, linguistics, and folklore, we discussed that special small population may inherit both the genetic structure and convert culture for extremely long time, such as this population in southern Shanghai."> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Female characters"> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Inscribed symbols"> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Writing script"> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Oracle-bone inscriptions"> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2959-7641"> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature Anthropology"> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-06-12"> <meta name="prism.volume" content="1"> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"> <meta name="prism.section" content="Perspective"> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="10002"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2959-7641"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature Anthropology"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="SCIEPublish"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/06"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/06/12"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="1"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="10002"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wang, Lufei"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ye, Qicheng"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Li, Hui"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.35534/natanthropol.2023.10002"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/article/pii/48"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/index/article/view_full_text/id/48"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.sciepublish.com/index/article/view_full_text/id/48"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/index/article/view_full_text/id/48"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.sciepublish.com/article/pii/48"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/article/pii/48"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/article/pii/48"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SCIEPUBLISH" /> <meta property="og:type" content="Perspective" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/article/pii/48" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Inscribed symbols of Neolithic Age were sometimes suspected to be initial writing prior to developed writing system. The earliest developed writing system in China was Oracle-bone inscriptions (OBIs) of Bronze Age and researchers have long sought its predecessor. Here, we reported that two continuous symbols on a stone ax of Neolithic Liangzhu culture found their identical duplicates in a unique writing system on brocade belts woven by present women in Shanghai suburb. Women in this group duplicated the hereditary text for weddings only once each generation in the past, and they can still interpret these two characters, implying that the two identical Liangzhu symbols may have the similar meanings. The meanings and patterns are both similar to those in OBIs, suggesting that Liangzhu symbols might be one of the predecessors of OBIs. Integrating philology, genetics, linguistics, and folklore, we discussed that special small population may inherit both the genetic structure and convert culture for extremely long time, such as this population in southern Shanghai." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/uploads/2023/06/12/9210161918cf2aa029a03099cc786a5a.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/uploads/2023/06/12/9210161918cf2aa029a03099cc786a5a.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciepublish"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.sciepublish.com/uploads/2023/06/12/9210161918cf2aa029a03099cc786a5a.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/font/bootstrap-icons.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/lightbox.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" 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13px !important; height: auto; top: -7px;"> </a> </span> <span class="mr-2"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Qicheng Ye" target="_blank">Qicheng Ye</a> <sup>2</sup> </span> <span class="mr-2"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hui Li" target="_blank">Hui Li</a> <sup>1,*</sup> <a href="mailto:LHCA@Fudan.edu.cn"> <sup><i class="bi bi-envelope-fill"></i></sup> </a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-215X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="/static/img/orcid.png" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 0px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -7px;"> </a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="d-flex mb-1"> <div class="information-collapse mr-4"> Author Information </div>  </div> <div class="articledz"> <div class="affiliation_zt"> <div class="information-item affiliation_at collapse pl-2 pr-2 pb-2"> <div class="affiliation d-flex"> <div class="affiliation_sup mr-2"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation_name flex-grow-1"> Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China </div> </div> <div class="affiliation d-flex"> <div class="affiliation_sup mr-2"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation_name flex-grow-1"> School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China </div> </div> <div class="affiliation d-flex"> <div class="affiliation_sup mr-2"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation_name flex-grow-1"> Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="mr-2 d-flex align-items-center"><span>Views:</span><b class="ml-2">3464</b></div> <div class="mr-2 d-flex align-items-center"><span>Downloads:</span><b class="ml-2">1592</b></div> <a tabindex="0" class="mr-2 d-flex align-items-center cursor-pointer" data-bind="popover1" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-trigger="focus" data-placement="bottom"> <span>Citations:</span> <b class="ml-2">1</b> </a> </div> <div class="information-item pb-3"> <div class="articledoi"> <em>Nature Anthropology</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>1</em> (1), 10002;  <a href="https://doi.org/10.35534/natanthropol.2023.10002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.35534/natanthropol.2023.10002</a> </div> <p class="d-flex fal-title mb-0"> <i class="fal fa-calendar-alt"></i> <span class="mr-3">Received: 25 April 2023</span> <span class="mr-3">Accepted: 09 June 2023</span> <span class="mr-3">Published: 12 June 2023</span> </p> </div> <div class="articleneir pull-item d-flex"> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" itemprop="license" rel="license" data-license="by" class="pull-left pt-1"> <img src="/style/image/iconby.png" alt="Creative Commons"> </a> <p class="flex-grow-1 ml-2"> © 2023 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>). </p> </div> <div class="meta-info text-break border-top border-dark pt-3 mt-3"> <div class="articleneir abstract"> <span>ABSTRACT:</span> Inscribed symbols of Neolithic Age were sometimes suspected to be initial writing prior to developed writing system. The earliest developed writing system in China was Oracle-bone inscriptions (OBIs) of Bronze Age and researchers have long sought its predecessor. Here, we reported that two continuous symbols on a stone ax of Neolithic Liangzhu culture found their identical duplicates in a unique writing system on brocade belts woven by present women in Shanghai suburb. Women in this group duplicated the hereditary text for weddings only once each generation in the past, and they can still interpret these two characters, implying that the two identical Liangzhu symbols may have the similar meanings. The meanings and patterns are both similar to those in OBIs, suggesting that Liangzhu symbols might be one of the predecessors of OBIs. Integrating philology, genetics, linguistics, and folklore, we discussed that special small population may inherit both the genetic structure and convert culture for extremely long time, such as this population in southern Shanghai. </div> <div class="articleneir mt-2 keywords"> <span>Keywords:</span> Female characters; Inscribed symbols; Writing script; Oracle-bone inscriptions </div> <div class="article-item pt-4"> <div class="link-introduction article-item-text pt-2">Initial writings were inferred to exist generally before developed writing systems, e.g., symbols inscribed on a block in Mexico’s Olmec civilization [<a href='#B1' class='html-bibr' title='1'>1</a>] were much earlier than Maya characters [<a href='#B2' class='html-bibr' title='2'>2</a>]. In China, it is widely believed that oracle-bone inscriptions (OBIs) from around 3500 years ago were the earliest known writing system [<a href='#B3' class='html-bibr' title='3'>3</a>]. However, many stone-carved symbols prior to OBIs were discovered in China, with little evidence to support whether or not they were written script to interpret. Here, we report a character system on brocade woven by females, among which there are two characters highly similar to two inscribed symbols found at Zhuangqiaofen site around 1500 years earlier than OBIs. Zhuangqiaofen is a Neolithic Liangzhu culture site located in Yangtze River delta. This site covers more than 2000 m<sup>2</sup> and contains 236 graves as well as ~2600 funerary objects such as potteries, stone tools, jadewares [<a href='#B4' class='html-bibr' title='4'>4</a>]. The site was widely focused because 267 inscribed symbols have been identified [<a href='#B5' class='html-bibr' title='5'>5</a>], becoming one of the earliest known prehistoric ruins with numerous inscribed symbols in Liangzhu culture (total of 656 symbols) [<a href='#B6' class='html-bibr' title='6'>6</a>]. These symbols were inscribed on 238 potteries and nine stone tools, among which many symbols frequently occurred [<a href='#B7' class='html-bibr' title='7'>7</a>]. Intriguingly, two of the symbols inscribed on the upper right corner of a stone ax called <em>Yue</em> were similar to OBIs (<a href='#Figure1' class='html-fig html-figpopup'>Figure 1</a>), namely <em>Zhen</em> (steadfast or divine to prognosticate, etc.) and <em>Fu</em> (upland or many, etc.) in modern Chinese characters [<a href='#B8' class='html-bibr' title='8'>8</a>]. The cross motif in the center of the <em>Yue</em> stone axe represented the division of land property and symbolized power. Furthermore, <em>Yue</em> stone axes installed on sceptres represented power in Liangzhu culture [<a href='#B9' class='html-bibr' title='9'>9</a>], consistent with the meaning of the motifs. However, unlike those in OBIs, Liangzhu <em>Zhen</em> lacked the downward strokes on both sides, and Liangzhu <em>Fu</em> and that in OBIs were mirror symmetry. Because of these discrepancies, the two Liangzhu symbols were unidentified to be initial writings prior to OBIs. Recently, we discovered identical symbols of the suspected Liangzhu <em>Zhen</em> and <em>Fu</em> in a character system woven on brocade belts by females in Jinhui town, Shanghai (<a href='#Figure1' class='html-fig html-figpopup'>Figure 1</a>). This system was handed down from mother to daughter or duplicated between women, which can be defined as female characters. Female characters were first discovered embroidered on a piece of blue kerchief in the countryside of Jiangyong county, Hunan province in 1982 [<a href='#B10' class='html-bibr' title='10'>10</a>]. This character system was a secret from men, and only spread among women to record their ritual and festival performances, as well as their daily lives [<a href='#B11' class='html-bibr' title='11'>11</a>]. Philologically, Jiangyong female characters are phonograms [<a href='#B12' class='html-bibr' title='12'>12</a>] while Jinhui female characters are ideograms, indicating that they are independent systems. Jinhui characters were only woven on brocade belts with colorful cotton thread. These belts were mostly used on wedding dresses and usually in pairs. Almost every woman in this region wove brocade belts in the past, either copying the traditional texts or creating her own poems. Unfortunately, this tradition has been given up for more than forty years, and most of the belts with texts were burnt when the authors passed away. Thus, we realized that the remaining belts were extremely important and then collected them before disappearance. More than 100 documents were collected and around 350 characters were recognized. Remarkably, we found that two Belt characters were identical in shape and order to the two Liangzhu symbols. The two characters were on a pair of belts woven by Shem from Baisha village. She copied this hereditary text from her mother in the 1960s. According to Shem’s description, the first character means wonderful [ʦə̃˥ʦɛ˥˧], and the second means land [vu˨˧˩dɒ̃˨] (extended from upland). Therefore, these two characters have the similar meaning of the characters in OBIs, while their glyphs are almost the same as the two Liangzhu symbols. The <em>Zhen</em> is totally identical between Baisha and Liangzhu, and the <em>Fu</em> is rotated 90°. The two characters were in the same order as the Liangzhu symbols, which can be hardly explained by coincidence. As a result, we argued that Belt characters might be developed from the Liangzhu symbols, and that the Liangzhu symbols found at Zhuangqiaofen site with an age of 5000 years might be characters to interpret.<div class='html-fig-wrap'><div class='html-fig_img'><div class='html-figpopup html-figpopup-link' href='#Figure1'><img data-large='/uploads/2023/06/12/9210161918cf2aa029a03099cc786a5a.jpg' data-original='/uploads/2023/06/12/9210161918cf2aa029a03099cc786a5a.jpg' src='/uploads/2023/06/12/9210161918cf2aa029a03099cc786a5a.jpg'><a class='html-expand html-figpopup' href='#Figure1'></a></div></div><div class='html-fig_description'><b><a href='#Figure1' class='html-fig html-figpopup'>Figure 1</a>. </b>Hereditary female characters encounter with Neolithic inscribed symbols. The geographic region of Liangzhu culture is shown in the blue. Two of the hereditary female characters on a pair of brocade belts (<b>right</b>) are almost identical to the Neolithic inscribed symbols on a <em>Yue</em> stone ax (<b>lower left</b>), and also similar to oracle-bone inscriptions (<b>upper left</b>, picture from National Museum of China) of Bronze Age Shang Dynasty. I: <em>Zhen</em>, II: <em>Fu</em>.</div></div>In addition, the geographical distance between the Zhuangqiaofen site and Baisha village is less than 50 km, indicating an <em>in situ</em> inheritance of over 5000 years. However, it would be unlikely if the population in this area was replaced while the culture such as writing was inherited. Interestingly, our previous study has revealed a unique genetic structure of the population in Jinhui town. The frequency of the <em>Y</em> chromosome haplogroup O1-M119 associated with the Tai-Kadai speakers is over 50% in Jinhui town, while it is around 27% in other suburban populations of Shanghai, and less than 10% in urban residents as well as Han Chinese populations from other provinces [<a href='#B13' class='html-bibr' title='13'>13</a>]. Among Neolithic populations, a high frequency of haplogroup O1-M119 was also found at Liangzhu culture sites [<a href='#B14' class='html-bibr' title='14'>14</a>]. To investigate whether there was a genetic continuity from Liangzhu culture to present in southern Shanghai, a Y chromosome analysis was performed on the samples from Liangzhu period (c. 5.3 to 4.3 ka B.P.), Maqiao period (c. 3.9 to 3.2 ka B.P.), Waring States period (c. 2.4 to 2.2 ka B.P.), and Ming dynasty (1368 to 1644 A.D.). High frequency of O1-M119 was found in all of these periods, as well as in modern population in Jinhui town [<a href='#B14' class='html-bibr' title='14'>14</a>], supporting the genetic continuity. It was proved that the collapse of Liangzhu culture might have resulted from the inundation approximately 4300 years ago and a megadrought starting 4000 years ago, instead of population replacement [<a href='#B15' class='html-bibr' title='15'>15</a>]. Furthermore, populations in present Shanghai suburbs are not homogenous, people to the east of Huangpu River are much less admixed than those to the west of Huangpu [<a href='#B16' class='html-bibr' title='16'>16</a>]. People from Jinhui town are mostly indigenous population. This might have explained why female characters on brocade belts were only found in Jinhui town and the adjacent villages. Linguistic and archaeological evidence supports that the diversification of Proto-Austro-Tai languages was associated with the development of the Neolithic cultures in the lower Yangtze River, including the Majiabang (c. 7.0 to 5.9 ka B.P.), the Songze (c. 5.9 to 5.3 ka B.P.), the Liangzhu, and the Maqiao cultures (later developed into Bai-Yue/Tai-Kadai). Linguistic studies indicated that Tai-Kadai, with the first split taking place no more than 4000 B.P., is a subgroup rather than a sister phylum of Austronesian, indicating that they probably descended from a single common ancestor termed Proto-Austro-Tai [<a href='#B17' class='html-bibr' title='17'>17</a>]. From an archaeological perspective, Dabenkeng culture (around 5000 B.P.), the earliest known Neolithic culture across Taiwan strait, was believed to be left by the earliest Austronesians. The feature of Dabenkeng culture was highly similar to those of the Neolithic cultures around Shanghai, i.e., press marked pottery and sectional stone adzes [<a href='#B18' class='html-bibr' title='18'>18</a>,<a href='#B19' class='html-bibr' title='19'>19</a>]. Genetic studies support that the Austronesian language family occurred in the later period of the Majiabang culture (c. 5.9 ka B.P.), and the Tai-Kadai language family was derived from the Liangzhu culture consisting of a large “capital city” [<a href='#B20' class='html-bibr' title='20'>20</a>,<a href='#B21' class='html-bibr' title='21'>21</a>]. Researches on maternal mitochondrial DNA and paternal Y chromosome demonstrate a common ancestral relationship between Tai-Kadai and Austronesian speech communities [<a href='#B22' class='html-bibr' title='22'>22</a>,<a href='#B23' class='html-bibr' title='23'>23</a>]. Although both communities have migrated far away from the lower Yangtze River, there will still be some remains, such as the aforementioned indigenous populations from Jinhui town. Besides genetic structure, they also remain the special articulation of Tai-Kadai, i.e., shrink initial and glottal plosives ([ɓ], [ɗ], and [ʄ]) as well as some shared vocabularies ([ɓɔ] walk, [põn] fly, etc.) [<a href='#B24' class='html-bibr' title='24'>24</a>]. Philological and linguistic studies argued that numerous researches on the origin of the Chinese characters focused on whether they are phonic, ignoring the continuity between initial writing and developed writing with respect to the social institutions [<a href='#B25' class='html-bibr' title='25'>25</a>]. Given that the Belt characters are a form of ideogram, the evolution of its glyphs or motifs is mostly independent of phonic changes or even language replacement. From the perspective of folklore, the stability of these two characters on belts might be explained by the nature of its usage. Females were mostly oppressed from going to school in ancient China because of patriarchy [<a href='#B26' class='html-bibr' title='26'>26</a>], thus they developed their own characters which were seldom influenced by general Chinese character. The Jinhui females copied the hereditary texts only before weddings, which meant that there was mostly one duplication for one generation. Therefore, low frequency of duplication caused low frequency of mutation. Archaeological findings are occasionally inexplicable, such as lost symbols. In this case, we employed living belt characters to interpret prehistoric symbols, providing the evidence of the existence of initial writings prior to developed writing systems. </div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="link-materials-and-methods" class="anchor-66"></a> Acknowledgments </h2> <div class="link-materials-and-methods article-item-text">We thank Huifang Shem for providing the belts, Liuqing Yang and Yue Fei for assistance in field survey, and Liwei Huang for archaeological consulting.</div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="link-theory-calculation" class="anchor-66"></a> Author Contributions </h2> <div class="link-theory-calculation article-item-text">Conceptualization: H.L.; Investigation: H.L., L.W. and Q.Y.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation: L.W; Writing—Review & Editing: H.L.; Visualization: L.W., Q.Y. and H.L.; Funding Acquisition: H.L.</div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="link-results" class="anchor-66"></a> Ethics Statement </h2> <div class="link-results article-item-text">Not applicable.</div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="link-discussion" class="anchor-66"></a> Informed Consent Statement </h2> <div class="link-discussion article-item-text">Not applicable.</div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="link-conclusions" class="anchor-66"></a> Funding </h2> <div class="link-conclusions article-item-text">This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFE0201600) and Cultural Department of Fengxian District.</div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="link-supplementary-materials" class="anchor-66"></a> Declaration of Competing Interest </h2> <div class="link-supplementary-materials article-item-text">The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</div> <div class="link-appendix article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-appendix-b article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-acknowledgments article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-author-contributions article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-ethics-statement article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-informed-consent-statement article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-funding article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-declaration-competing-interest article-item-text"></div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="html-references_list" class="anchor-66"></a> References </h2> <div class="references_zt"> <div class="references_at"> <div class="references html-x" id='B1'> <div class="references_sup">1.</div> <div class="references_name"> Rodríguez Martínez Mdel C, Ortíz Ceballos P, Coe MD, Diehl RA, Houston SD, Taube KA, et al. 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Encounter between Present Female Characters and Neolithic Inscribed Symbols Prior to Oracle-bone Inscriptions - Nature Anthropology - Full-Text HTML - SCIEPublish