管培生走下神坛，“高管捷径”破灭_创事记_新浪科技

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<p>　　文<font><font>|</font></font><font>翟元元</font></p> <p>　　来源：Tech星球（ID：tech618）</p> <p>　　曾经令打工人羡慕不已的管培生光环，正逐渐失色。</p> <p>　　近日，一位叮咚买菜的管培生在某社交平台爆料，管培生这一带有职业光环的角色有着不为人知的B面。“叮咚买菜管培生，别去，快跑。每天12小时以上体力活，无午休，无加班费，工作内容卸货杀鱼，水产要杀鱼抓虾拿螃蟹活剥牛蛙”。这位叮咚买菜管培生写到。</p> <p>　　管培生变“手艺人”，原本以为可以“直达CEO”的干部培养机制，结果终结在杀鱼抓虾活剥牛蛙的琐碎日常。</p> <p>　　留言区不少同样为管培生的网友相互佐证。另一位叮咚买菜员工告诉Tech星球，公司前置仓体系管培生的确需要经过上述轮岗，其他体系不用。</p> <p>　　上述叮咚买菜管培生的经历，揭开了大多数企业管培生不为人知的一面。</p> <p>　　管培生是一个外来术语，它是管理培训生的简称，英文为Management Trainee，是外企里面“以培养公司未来领导者”为主要目标的特殊项目，之后被国内包括京东、字节、腾讯、阿里等在内的企业引进。</p> <p>　　众多公司的管培生项目中，尤以“京东管培生”最为出名。京东物流CEO余睿便是由管培生一步步成长起来的。管培生曾经是令人艳羡的“幸运儿”，甚至代表着同龄人的职业天花板，不仅可以拿到高于同龄应届生的薪资待遇，路径更短的晋升通道，有如“天选之子”一样，还可以得到公司创始人、CEO的亲自指导。</p> <p>　　但是现在，管培生制度含金量不断被稀释，管培生不再意味着升职捷径，不再代表着手持“尚方宝剑”的特权。不少管培生也在裁员潮里失去豁免权，管培生造梦神话破灭。人群中开始出现分野，一部分人开始从“高管梦”中清醒过来，一部分人仍在千军万马过独木桥的内卷路上停不下来。</p> <p>　　<strong>深陷基层轮岗：杀鱼抓虾摘草莓，视频审核机器</strong></p> <p>　　“管培生就是一块砖，哪里需要往哪搬”，某食品公司的管培生秦清如此总结自己短暂的管培生经历。</p> <p>　　秦清告诉Tech星球，当初自己急于就业，加上管培生薪资待遇相对其他公司更有优势，所以在对一系列offer权衡利弊后，她选择去了食品公司当管培生。她所在的公司管培生应聘门槛倒不太高，应届生一本学历即可。但她入职之后发现，岗位其实跟学历没有什么关系，只要上过大学应该都能干得不错。</p> <p>　　在秦清看来，管培生并非外界认为的“天选之子”，公司对管培生部门经理重视程度比较高，其他人则一般。管培生仅有的特权，可能就是跟工人分开享有单独食堂，以及每天下午三点茶歇跟工人宿舍分开。秦清称，因为工作强度很大，公司一般很难长期留住人。部门主任们预判管培生任职时间不会太长，因此不会对管培生太上心。</p> <p>　　在仅有的三个月里，秦清认为管培生的具体工作内容并不难，只是需要轮岗，工作强度挺大，到了旺季会更累。一些工作内容跟所学专业基本没有任何关联。“安排我们生产实习摘草莓，我的手指已经开始起泡”。</p> <p>　　一天摘草莓结束后，秦清失望地发了一条微博，“食品公司管培生，狗都不当。”</p> <p>　　管培生光环开始失效，不仅发生在传统行业，就连最顶尖的互联网公司也开始受到波及。</p> <p>　　字节跳动管培生苏杭差不多4月份从字节离职，对于自己的岗位角色，苏杭称，只能说是审核。</p> <p>　　去年12月，苏杭通过字节官网给“内容质量管培生——内容质量与用户体验平台”岗位投了一份简历，在经历了“面试+笔试”差不多一个月面试周期之后，苏杭顺利拿到了offer。</p> <p>　　同期入职管培生在50人左右，苏杭称，管培生中普通本科生也会有，但985、211的应届生明显更多一点。字节人事部门给他们介绍管培生相关特权跟机会时透露，管培生需要先在审核打磨一年，然后根据一年的表现确定管理职级。大家心照不宣，晋升管理岗的必经路径是，先下基层打磨，一年左右时间做到管理。然而不过4个月的时间，还没轮岗，苏杭便提前跑了。</p> <p>　　审核岗管培生薪资待遇并没有优势，苏杭称，第一年他们年包并不会比普通应届生高，晋升以后则需要再谈。管培生几乎没有什么特权，能够接触到最高级别的领导就是自己小组leader。</p> <p>　　成为储备管理干部需要经过一年的煎熬期，最快也需要9个月时间。工作强度不小，一个月需要审核40000+条视频内容，即每天需要审核1300多条。还有部门“卷王”在旁边疯狂拉高职业门槛，苏杭称，“卷王”一个月能审核44000+，别人审核2条视频的时间，他能审核3条，一天8小时按照工作量能空闲一个半小时。不过，超额完成没有奖励，只是升职加薪的速度会变快。</p> <p>　　机械且枯燥的工作内容造成了超高的离职率。苏杭表示，同期50名管培生还剩不到20人，字节工牌光环也无法留住这届管培生。审核管培生每天都特别焦虑，每天有新的舆情指令需要去记忆，错了会有复盘，隔段时间会有一定的更新。每天的申诉也让人心累。“我觉得解脱了，积极性是被上级磨没的。芝麻大的事，偏要看成西瓜大一样的事去看待。一个很小日常工作的错误，影响不是特别大，搞得好像干了什么罪不可赦的事。”</p> <p>　　<strong>千军万马过独木桥，管培生内卷严重</strong></p> <p>　　管培生也存在鄙视链，零售行业被视为站在鄙视链底层。业内流传着一个说法：零售管培一律看作牛马。一些人开始失去“管培生崇拜”，他们认为管培生是“打杂的”，意味着全年无休，随时待命，廉价劳动力。</p> <p>　　但互联网大厂管培生，仍然是一个千军万马过独木桥的抢手岗位。</p> <p>　　字节一个七八千名员工规模的垂直客户中心，最新一批管培生只招了二十几个人。陈希便是20多人之中的幸运儿。成为字节垂直客户中心营销管培生之前，陈希手握包括美团、通用汽车等公司在内的四个offer，因为跟字节高管想法更契合，陈希最终选择加入字节。</p> <p>　　管培生学历内卷十分严重。字节虽然没有在管培生岗位招聘需求设置明确的门槛，但最终幸存者基本都是985、211等国内Top50学校毕业生，且85%以上的人有留学背景。陈希称，他们那批21个管培生中，只有两三个人是国内本硕，本科生只有一个。</p> <p>　　与审核管培生不同，陈希等营销管培生拥有应届生们更优越的特权。普通应届生加入字节岗位序列是1-1，管培生加入则更高一级，直接为1-2。薪资待遇比普通应届生更高，晋升通道也更清晰。人事部门面试时会许诺，管培生三年之内做到管理层，3年年薪可以拿到50万。接触到的高管级别也不可同日而语，营销管培生可以接触到CEO底下三级的高管。</p> <p>　　轮岗是管培生入职后必经的阶段，公司给管培生留出一定的时间去做岗位选择。营销管培生需要轮值垂直客户中心四个岗位，其中前三个岗位每次轮值2个月，最后一个岗位轮值半年。一年轮岗周期结束后，确定管培生最终岗位。陈希称，一般高管一对一面试时，便已对管培生岗位定型。</p> <p>　　权利义务犹如一枚硬币的两面，对于管培生而言，享有公司赋予的特权之外，也需要承担相应的义务。陈希称，管培生工作节奏包括加班情况跟正式员工几乎一样，只是需要做更多的管培生体系内的汇报，像双周汇报，双月汇报。</p> <p>　　字节管培生制度推行到第五届，陈希称，比起京东，字节管培生项目优先级显然还不够高。前者管培生周报是需要直接抄送给CEO本人的。</p> <p>　　京东管培生周洋告诉Tech星球，今年京东管培生已经到了第16届，也是京东历届管培生人数比较多的一年，录取人数超过100人。学历背景通常比较优越，97%以上是哥伦比亚大学、香港大学、清华北大等知名高校毕业生，只有三个人是211学校毕业生。大部分是研究生，很少部分是本科生。</p> <p>　　2022年，京东开启最大规模春季校园招聘，他们将招聘超两万名高校毕业生，其中管培生100-150人，占比在0.5%-0.75%之间。</p> <p>　　京东管培生通常是提前招聘，一般在学生毕业前一年秋招时录取完毕，然后被录用的管培生拿到毕业证后统一入职，接受培训及轮岗。周洋称，京东管培生需要面试四轮：群面、复试、HR面，前三轮面试通过之后，进入最后一轮高管面试。只有四轮全部通过才可以最终拿到京东offer。其中群面环节是十二进一二，高管面试时应聘者需要线下去总部面试，每组6个人，六进一二的录用比例。</p> <p>　　一个京东管培生名额，就是一场“八仙过海，各显神通”，千军万马过独木桥式的竞争。</p> <p>　　<strong>管培生神话破灭</strong></p> <p>　　管培生制度初衷几乎没有争议，这是企业为培养梯度人才而设立。每一个成为管培生的应届生，都希望自己有一天能跻身成为公司管理层。</p> <p>　　管培生体制在面试、薪资待遇、高管接触机会等方面，都营造出一种特权的优越感。高管亲自面试，高于同龄应届生待遇的薪资水平。</p> <p>　　周洋称，一个京东管培生，年包可以高达45万左右，约等于一个相同岗位普通应届生的2倍甚至更多。最为关键的是，管培生有机会直接参与中高层会议，周报可以直接抄送给刘强东。</p> <p>　　京东管培生都有一种岗位共识，即管培生意味着公司未来精英骨干，年轻管理者储备力量。周洋称，在岗位业务能力模型之上，京东管培生需要更强的综合素质，比如，一定的项目管理能力，要有owner（主人翁）意识，在任何一个团队里足够睿智，带领团队达到目的。</p> <p>　　刘强东曾在接受采访时提到，相比京东物流，更让他引以为傲的是管培生制度。</p> <p>　　曾经，京东管培生享有的“特权”包括：接受刘强东等在内的高管授课、跟随刘强东出席各种商务活动，甚至由刘强东亲自带领团建、吃到刘强东本人下厨做的饭菜。刘强东2012年发布的微博至今显示，第五届管培生毕业聚会时，刘强东给他们做虎皮尖椒、白水豆腐。</p> <p>　　随着企业规模的壮大，管培生的队伍也逐渐壮大，它的神秘性也在被不断削弱。现在，管培生直接接触到刘强东的机会变少了，内部改为由徐雷等高管亲自带。但刘强东依然很信任管培生，重要项目依然交给管培生去做，像去年京东社区团购项目京喜，团队90%的人都是管培生。</p> <p>　　但是，也有一些公司的管培生制度和项目，在执行中动作变形，成了一个招聘概念。</p> <p>　　苏宁管培生刘毅称，各个企业高层都比较重视管培生，想培养跟企业更契合的人才。但现实情况是，国内大厂没几家做得好的，小企业更是缺乏相关体系。中国每年应届生太多，目前企业管培生招聘数量也比较多，管培生概念大于实际意义。近年来，一些公司的管培生离职率也比较高。</p> <p>　　刘毅毕业时，电商还属于热门赛道，所以他毅然从技术专业跨界去了苏宁易购做管培生。“1200工程（苏宁内部引进和培养人才的专项人才工程）”的起源是1200个管培生，苏宁创始人张近东2002年亲自批了3000万元作为首批大学生招聘资金，此后一直作为人才培养制度沿用至今。</p> <p>　　2018年苏宁易购体系管培生大约在1000人左右。当年管培生任职要求，基本上985、211学校毕业生属于标配，苏宁总部管培生最低门槛为一本学历。</p> <p>　　刘毅表示，管培入职前会有入职集训，主要是一些企业文化的宣讲和同期1200合作活动，比较苦，会有淘汰也会有主动退出，淘汰比例一般在10%左右。入职后不需要轮岗，不需要干杂活，相比于其他员工，管培生会多很多企业文化考核事项。</p> <p>　　刘毅称，苏宁高层领导比较重视“1200”的管培体系，但是实际执行上，管培生和普通员工差别不大。为数不多的特殊待遇就是，第一年相比应届生会多出500元房补，满3年会有免息贷款，晋升速度会更快。但总的来看，苏宁管培生在晋升、薪资涨幅方面都没有符合刘毅预期，落差比较大。</p> <p>　　大多数管培生可能都会经历这样一个幻灭过程，管培生不再吃香，很多企业管培生制度也不规范，管培生体系承载不了个体的高管梦。企业高速扩张时，晋升机会比较多，但现在无论是互联网行业还是其他行业，都处于业务收缩期，管理岗没有更多坑位，管培生晋升空间自然不会太大。</p> <p>　　（备注：文中秦清、苏杭、陈希、周洋、刘毅都是化名。）</p> <div class="img_wrapper"><img style="border:0" width="557" src="//n.sinaimg.cn/tech/47b4da8f/20210524/1.png" alt="" data-link=""></div>  <p style="text-indent:2em;text-align:left;"> <span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312,KaiTi;font-size:14px;"> （声明：本文仅代表作者观点，不代表新浪网立场。） </span> </p> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function(){ var adScript = document.createElement('script'); adScript.src = '//d1.sina.com.cn/litong/zhitou/sinaads/demo/changwy/link/bk_left_hzh_20160119.js'; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(adScript); })(); </script>  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