CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Snuff film - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f9b17029-d585-46de-bc8b-1f26d1448b46","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Snuff_film","wgTitle":"Snuff film","wgCurRevisionId":1255507592,"wgRevisionId":1255507592,"wgArticleId":29089,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from March 2014","Articles prone to spam from March 2014","1971 neologisms","Film genres","Filmed killings","Filmed suicides","Films about murder","Film controversies","Obscenity controversies in film","Urban legends","Violence"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Snuff_film", "wgRelevantArticleId":29089,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q644437","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Snuff film - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_film"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_film"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Snuff_film rootpage-Snuff_film skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Snuff+film" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Snuff+film" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Snuff+film" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Snuff+film" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of the concept</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the concept subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_urban_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_urban_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins of the urban legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_urban_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snuff_controversy_(1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snuff_controversy_(1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Snuff</i> controversy (1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snuff_controversy_(1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rumors_related_to_serial_killers_and_other_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumors_related_to_serial_killers_and_other_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rumors related to serial killers and other controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumors_related_to_serial_killers_and_other_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internet age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_snuff_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_snuff_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>False snuff films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_snuff_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faces_of_Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faces_of_Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span><i>Faces of Death</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faces_of_Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Guinea_Pig_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Guinea_Pig_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>The <i>Guinea Pig</i> films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Guinea_Pig_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannibal_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannibal_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span><i>Cannibal Holocaust</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannibal_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_Underground_trilogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_Underground_trilogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span><i>August Underground</i> trilogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_Underground_trilogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Snuff film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C2%B7l%C3%ADcula_snuff" title="Pel·lícula snuff – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pel·lícula snuff" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsporno" title="Dødsporno – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødsporno" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff-Film" title="Snuff-Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Snuff-Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_snuff" title="Video snuff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Video snuff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_movie" title="Snuff movie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Snuff movie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81" title="فیلم اسناف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم اسناف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_movie" title="Snuff movie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Snuff movie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88%ED%94%84_%ED%95%84%EB%A6%84" title="스너프 필름 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스너프 필름" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_snuff" title="Film snuff – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film snuff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_(cinematografia)" title="Snuff (cinematografia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Snuff (cinematografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A3" title="סרט סנאף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט סנאף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff-film" title="Snuff-film – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Snuff-film" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0" title="スナッフフィルム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スナッフフィルム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Snuff film" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_snuff" title="Filme snuff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme snuff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE)" title="Снафф (видео) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Снафф (видео)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_movie" title="Snuff movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Snuff movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff-elokuva" title="Snuff-elokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Snuff-elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff" title="Snuff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snuff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84_(%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE)" title="Снаф (відео) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Снаф (відео)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="虐殺電影 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="虐殺電影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%90%E6%9D%80%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="虐杀电影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虐杀电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q644437#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Snuff_film" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Snuff_film" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Snuff_film" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&oldid=1255507592" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Snuff_film&id=1255507592&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSnuff_film"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSnuff_film"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Snuff_film&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q644437" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film showing real murders</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Snuff movie" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Snuff-Movie" title="Snuff-Movie"><i>Snuff-Movie</i></a>. For the 1976 splatter film, see <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(film)" title="Snuff (film)"><i>Snuff</i> (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Snuff" class="mw-disambig" title="Snuff">Snuff (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> A <b>snuff film</b>, <b>snuff movie</b>, or <b>snuff video</b> is a theoretical type of film, produced for profit or financial gain, that shows, or purports to show, scenes of actual <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>. The victims are supposedly typically lured to their murders by false pretenses and their murder is then filmed and the video depicting it is sold to buyers. </p><p>The concept of snuff films became known to the general public during the 1970s, when a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> alleged that a clandestine industry was producing such films for profit. The rumor was amplified in 1976 by the release of a film called <i><a href="/wiki/Snuff_(film)" title="Snuff (film)">Snuff</a></i>, which capitalized on the legend through a disingenuous marketing campaign. But that film, like others on the topic, relied on <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a> to simulate <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a> website <i><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></i>, there has never been a verified example of a genuine commercially produced snuff film.<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Videos of actual murders (such as <a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">beheading videos</a>) have been made available to the public, generally through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>: however, those videos have been made and broadcast by the murderers either for their own gratification or for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> purposes, and not for financial gain and thus do not qualify, by definition, as a "snuff film".<sup id="cite_ref-whowatchesthisstuff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowatchesthisstuff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A snuff film is a movie in a purported genre of films in which a person is actually <a href="/wiki/Murdered" class="mw-redirect" title="Murdered">murdered</a>, though some variations of the definition may include films that show people dying by <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. According to existing definitions, snuff films can be <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">pornographic</a> and are made for financial gain but are supposedly "circulated amongst a jaded few for the purpose of entertainment".<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i> defines a "snuff movie" as "a pornographic film in which an unsuspecting actress or actor is murdered at the climax of the film";<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a></i> defines it more broadly as "a violent film that shows a real murder".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror film</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Fangoria" title="Fangoria">Fangoria</a></i> defined snuff movies as "films in which a person is killed on camera. The death is premeditated, with the purpose of being filmed in order to make money. Often times, there is a sexual aspect to the murder, either on film (as in, a porn scene that ends horribly) or that the final project is used for sexual gratification." Films featuring deaths that are authentic but accidental "are not considered snuff because the deaths were not planned. Other death on video, such as <a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">terrorists beheading victims</a>, are done to fulfill an ideology, not to earn money."<sup id="cite_ref-Fangoria_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fangoria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reality">Reality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some filmed records of executions and deaths in war exist, but in those cases the death was not specifically staged for financial gain or entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been a number of "amateur-made" snuff films available on the Internet. However, such videos are produced by the murderers to make an impact on an audience or for their own satisfaction, and not for financial profit. Some <a href="/wiki/Shock_site" title="Shock site">specialized websites</a> show videos of actual killings for profit, as their <a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">shock value</a> will attract an audience; but these websites are not operated by the perpetrators of the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-whowatchesthisstuff_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowatchesthisstuff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></i>, the idea of an actual snuff film "industry" clandestinely producing such "entertainment" for monetary gain is preposterous because "capturing a murder on film would be foolhardy at best. Only the most deranged would consider preserving for a jury a perfect video record of a crime they could go to the executioner for. Even if the murderer stays completely out of the camera's way, too much of who the killer is, how the murder was carried out, and where it took place would be part of such a film, and these details would quickly lead police to the right door. Though someone whose mania has caused them to lose touch with reality might skip over this point, those who are supposedly in the business for the money would be all too aware of this. It doesn't make sense to flirt with the electric chair for the profits derived from a video."<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, <i><a href="/wiki/Fangoria" title="Fangoria">Fangoria</a></i> has also described the very concept as a "myth" and "a <a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">scare tactic</a>, dreamt up by the media to terrify the public."<sup id="cite_ref-Fangoria_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fangoria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_urban_legend">Origins of the urban legend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins of the urban legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The noun <i>snuff</i> originally meant the part of a candle wick that has already burned; the verb <i>snuff</i> meant to cut this off, and by extension to extinguish or kill.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word has been used in this sense in English slang for hundreds of years. It was defined in 1874 as a "term very common among the lower orders of London, meaning to die from disease or accident".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film studies professor Boaz Hagin argues that the concept of films showing actual murders originated decades earlier than is commonly believed, at least as early as 1907. That year, Polish-French writer <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a> published the short story "A Good Film" about <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> photojournalists who stage and film a murder due to public fascination with crime news; in the story, the public believes the murder is real but police determine that the crime was faked.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hagin also proposes that the film <i><a href="/wiki/Network_(1976_film)" title="Network (1976 film)">Network</a></i> (1976) contains an explicit (fictional) snuff film depiction when television news executives orchestrate the on-air murder of a news anchor to boost ratings. </p><p>According to film critic <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_O%27Brien" title="Geoffrey O'Brien">Geoffrey O'Brien</a>, "whether or not commercially distributed 'snuff' movies actually exist, the possibility of such movies is implicit in the stock <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movie</a> motif of the mad artist killing his models, as in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bucket_of_Blood" title="A Bucket of Blood">A Bucket of Blood</a></i> (1959), <i><a href="/wiki/Color_Me_Blood_Red" title="Color Me Blood Red">Color Me Blood Red</a></i> (1965), or <i>Decoy for Terror</i> (1967) also known as <i>Playgirl Killer</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the protagonist of <i><a href="/wiki/Peeping_Tom_(1960_film)" title="Peeping Tom (1960 film)">Peeping Tom</a></i> (1960) films the murders he commits, though he does so as part of his mania and not for financial gain: a 1979 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described the character's activity as making "private 'snuff' films".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known use of the term <i>snuff movie</i> is in a 1971 book by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Ed Sanders</a>, <i>The Family: The Story of Charles Manson's Dune Buggy Attack Battalion</i>. This book included the interview of an anonymous one-time member of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Manson_Family" title="Manson Family">Family</a>", who claimed that the group once made such a film in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, by recording the murder of a woman. However, the interviewee later added that he had not watched the film himself and had just heard rumors of its existence. In later editions of the book, Sanders clarified that no films depicting real murders or murder victims had been found.<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first half of the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a> started to allege that snuff films were being produced in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> for commercial gain, and circulated clandestinely in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-csicop.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cashing_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snuff_controversy_(1976)"><span id="Snuff_controversy_.281976.29"></span><i>Snuff</i> controversy (1976)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Snuff controversy (1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(film)" title="Snuff (film)">Snuff (film)</a></div> <p>The idea of movies showing actual murders for profit became more widely known in 1976 with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation film</a> <i>Snuff</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-csicop.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This low-budget <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>, loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders" title="Tate–LaBianca murders">Manson murders</a> and originally titled <i>Slaughter</i>, was shot in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Findlay_(filmmaker)" title="Michael Findlay (filmmaker)">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Findlay" title="Roberta Findlay">Roberta Findlay</a>. The film's distribution rights were bought by Allan Shackleton, who eventually found the picture unfit for release and shelved it. Several years later, Shackleton read about snuff films being imported from South America and decided to cash in on the rumor as an attempt to recoup his investment in <i>Slaughter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-csicop.org_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cashing_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Press_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shackleton retitled <i>Slaughter</i> to <i>Snuff</i> and released it with a new ending that purported to depict an actual murder committed on a film set.<sup id="cite_ref-Cashing_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Snuff'</i>s promotional material suggested, without stating outright, that the film featured the real murder of a woman, which amounted to <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poison_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poison-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film's slogan read: "The film that could only be made in South America... where life is CHEAP".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shackleton put out false newspaper clippings that reported a citizens group's crusading against the film,<sup id="cite_ref-csicop.org_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hired people to act as protesters to picket screenings.<sup id="cite_ref-csicop.org_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shackleton's efforts succeeded in generating a <a href="/wiki/Media_frenzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media frenzy">media frenzy</a> about the film: real <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> and citizens groups eventually started protesting the movie and picketing theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-varrev_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varrev-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, New York District Attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert M. Morgenthau</a> investigated the picture, establishing that it was a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy nevertheless made the film financially profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-csicop.org_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rumors_related_to_serial_killers_and_other_controversies">Rumors related to serial killers and other controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rumors related to serial killers and other controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In subsequent years, more urban legends emerged about snuff movies. Notably, multiple <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killers</a> were rumored to have produced snuff films: however, no such videos were proven to exist. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_Lucas" title="Henry Lee Lucas">Henry Lee Lucas</a> and his accomplice <a href="/wiki/Otis_Toole" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis Toole">Otis Toole</a> claimed to have filmed their crimes, but both men were "pathological liars" and the purported films were never found.<sup id="cite_ref-Fangoria_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fangoria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ng" title="Charles Ng">Charles Ng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lake" title="Leonard Lake">Leonard Lake</a> videotaped their interactions with some of their future victims, but not the murders. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bittaker_and_Roy_Norris" title="Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris">Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris</a> made an audio recording of their encounter with one victim, though not of her death. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bernardo" title="Paul Bernardo">Paul Bernardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karla_Homolka" title="Karla Homolka">Karla Homolka</a> made videos of Bernardo sexually abusing two victims, but did not film the murders. In all those cases, the recordings were not intended for public consumption and were used as evidence during the murderers' trials.<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, <a href="#False_snuff_films">several films were suspected of being "snuff movies"</a>, though none of these accusations turned out to be true. A similar controversy concerned the filming of the video for the 1989 song "<a href="/wiki/Down_in_It" title="Down in It">Down in It</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> acted in a scene which ended with the implication that Reznor's character had fallen off a building and died. To film the scene, a camera was tied to a balloon with ropes. Minutes after filming started, the ropes snapped and the balloons and camera flew away, eventually landing on a farmer's field in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. The farmer later handed it to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, who began investigating whether the footage was a snuff film portraying a person committing suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI identified Reznor and the investigation ended when it was confirmed that Reznor was alive and the footage was not related to crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_age">Internet age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internet age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, by allowing anyone to broadcast self-made videos to an international audience, also changed the means of production of films that may be categorized as "snuff". There have been several cases of murders being filmed by their perpetrators and later finding their way online. These include videos made by Mexican <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">cartels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a> groups, at least one of the videos shot by the <a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_maniacs" title="Dnepropetrovsk maniacs">Dnepropetrovsk maniacs</a> in mid-2000s <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">video shot by Luka Magnotta</a> in 2012, the video shot by <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Alison_Parker_and_Adam_Ward" title="Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward">Vester Lee Flanagan II</a> in 2015, as well as cases of <a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_crime" title="Livestreamed crime">livestreamed murders</a>, including videos made by <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lillebuen" title="Steve Lillebuen">Steve Lillebuen</a>, who wrote a book on the Magnotta case, commented that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> had created a new trend in crime where killers who crave an audience can become "online broadcasters" by showing their crimes to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-steve_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steve-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steve2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steve2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Fangoria</i> commented that Magnotta's 2012 video, which showed him mutilating the corpse of his victim, was the closest thing in existence to an actual snuff movie, especially as Magnotta had done some crude editing and used a <a href="/wiki/True_Faith_(song)" title="True Faith (song)">song</a> as a soundtrack, which amounted to minimal production values. However, it did not show the murder itself and was originally published to attract attention and not for monetary gain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fangoria_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fangoria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charges of which Magnotta was found guilty included "publishing <a href="/wiki/Obscenity#Canada" title="Obscenity">obscene</a> materials".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the owner of <a href="/wiki/Bestgore.com" title="Bestgore.com">Bestgore.com</a>, the website that originally hosted Magnotta's video, pleaded guilty to an obscenity charge and was sentenced to a six-month conditional sentence, half of which was served under house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_snuff_films" title="Category:Films about snuff films">Category:Films about snuff films</a></div> <p>Since the concept became familiar to the general public, snuff films being made for profit or entertainment have been used as a core plot element or at least mentioned in numerous works of fiction, including the 1979 films <i><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(1979_film)" title="Hardcore (1979 film)">Hardcore</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_(1979_film)" title="Bloodline (1979 film)">Bloodline</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis" title="Bret Easton Ellis">Bret Easton Ellis</a>'s 1985 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Less_than_Zero_(novel)" title="Less than Zero (novel)">Less than Zero</a></i>. The making or discovery of one or several snuff films is the premise of various <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a> films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Last_House_on_Dead_End_Street" title="Last House on Dead End Street">Last House on Dead End Street</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="/wiki/Videodrome" title="Videodrome">Videodrome</a></i> (1983), <i><a href="/wiki/Tesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesis">Tesis</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/8mm_(film)" title="8mm (film)">8mm</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Vacancy_(film)" title="Vacancy (film)">Vacancy</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Snuff_102" title="Snuff 102">Snuff 102</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Serbian_Film" title="A Serbian Film">A Serbian Film</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Sinister_(film)" title="Sinister (film)">Sinister</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Counselor_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Counselor (film)">The Counselor</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Luther:_The_Fallen_Sun" title="Luther: The Fallen Sun">Luther: The Fallen Sun</a></i> (2023), and the episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_of_Christmas" title="The Devil of Christmas">The Devil of Christmas</a>" (2016) in the <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_No._9" title="Inside No. 9">Inside No. 9</a></i>. The 2003 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)" title="Manhunt (video game)">Manhunt</a></i> sees the main character being forced to participate in a series of snuff films to guarantee his freedom. The 2005 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Liberty_City_Stories" title="Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories">Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories</a></i> features a mission titled "Snuff", where the main character kills a few gangsters while unknowingly being filmed for a snuff movie by a third party, which may be a reference to <i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)" title="Manhunt (video game)">Manhunt</a></i>. Also, pretend snuff porn is sometimes filmed as a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetish</a>. </p><p>Several horror films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_Holocaust" title="Cannibal Holocaust">Cannibal Holocaust</a></i> (1980) and <i><a href="/wiki/August_Underground" title="August Underground">August Underground</a></i> (2001) have depicted "snuff movie" situations, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">found footage</a> aesthetics used as a narrative device. Though some of these films have generated controversy as to their nature and content, none were, nor have officially purported to be, actual snuff movies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_snuff_films">False snuff films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: False snuff films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faces_of_Death"><i>Faces of Death</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Faces of Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Faces_of_Death" title="Faces of Death">Faces of Death</a></div> <p>The 1978 pseudo-documentary film <i>Faces of Death</i>, which spawned several sequels, is one of the films most commonly associated with the "snuff movie" concept, even though it was not produced by murderers nor clandestinely distributed. Purporting to be an educational film about <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, it mixed <a href="/wiki/Footage" title="Footage">footage</a> of actual deadly accidents, suicides, autopsies, or executions, with "outright fake scenes" obtained with the help of special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Guinea_Pig_films">The <i>Guinea Pig</i> films</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Guinea Pig films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Pig_(film_series)" title="Guinea Pig (film series)">Guinea Pig (film series)</a></div> <p>The first two films in the Japanese <i>Guinea Pig</i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Pig:_Devil%27s_Experiment" title="Guinea Pig: Devil's Experiment">Guinea Pig: Devil's Experiment</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Pig_2:_Flower_of_Flesh_and_Blood" title="Guinea Pig 2: Flower of Flesh and Blood">Guinea Pig 2: Flower of Flesh and Blood</a></i> (both released in 1985) are designed to look like snuff films; the video is grainy and unsteady, as if recorded by amateurs, and extensive <a href="/wiki/Practical_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Practical effects">practical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a> are used to imitate such features as internal organs and graphic wounds. The sixth film in the series, <i>Mermaid in a Manhole</i> (1988), allegedly served as an inspiration for Japanese serial killer <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Miyazaki" title="Tsutomu Miyazaki">Tsutomu Miyazaki</a>, who murdered several preschool girls in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, actor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a> became convinced that <i>Flower of Flesh and Blood</i> depicted an actual homicide and contacted the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>. The FBI initiated an investigation but closed it after the series' producers released a "making of" film demonstrating the special effects used to simulate the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cannibal_Holocaust"><i>Cannibal Holocaust</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cannibal Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cannibal_Holocaust" title="Cannibal Holocaust">Cannibal Holocaust</a></div> <p>The Italian director <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Deodato" title="Ruggero Deodato">Ruggero Deodato</a> was charged after rumors that the depictions of the killing of the main actors in his film <i><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_Holocaust" title="Cannibal Holocaust">Cannibal Holocaust</a></i> (1980) were real. He was able to clear himself of the charges after the actors made an appearance in court and on television.<sup id="cite_ref-In_the_Jungle_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_the_Jungle-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other than graphic gore, the film contains several scenes of sexual violence and the genuine deaths of six animals onscreen and one off screen, issues which find <i>Cannibal Holocaust</i> in the midst of controversy to this day. It has also been claimed that <i>Cannibal Holocaust</i> is banned in over 50 countries,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this has never been verified. In 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> magazine named <i>Cannibal Holocaust</i> as the 20th most controversial film of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="August_Underground_trilogy"><i>August Underground</i> trilogy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: August Underground trilogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/August_Underground" title="August Underground">August Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Underground%27s_Mordum" title="August Underground's Mordum">August Underground's Mordum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/August_Underground%27s_Penance" title="August Underground's Penance">August Underground's Penance</a></div> <p>This trilogy of horror films, which depict graphic tortures and murders, is shot as if it were amateur footage made by a serial killer and his accomplices. In 2005, director and lead actor Fred Vogel, who was traveling with copies of the first two films to attend a horror film festival in Canada, was arrested by Canadian customs pending charges of transporting obscene materials into the country. The charges were eventually dropped after Vogel had spent ten hours in custody.<sup id="cite_ref-bzfilminterview_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bzfilminterview-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Ero guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_site" title="Shock site">Shock site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_crime" title="Livestreamed crime">Livestreamed crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtcore" title="Hurtcore">Hurtcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Crush film">Crush film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_maniacs" title="Dnepropetrovsk maniacs">Dnepropetrovsk maniacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_L%C3%B3pez_(stalker)" title="Ricardo López (stalker)">Ricardo López</a>, celebrity stalker who filmed himself committing suicide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Budd_Dwyer" title="R. Budd Dwyer">R. Budd Dwyer</a>, politician who committed suicide during a live press conference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">Murder of Jun Lin</a>, committed by Luka Magnotta who filmed himself mutilating the victim's corpse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scully" title="Peter Scully">Peter Scully</a>, Australian sex offender and murderer who made a film featuring the torture and rape of three children</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot-on-video_film" title="Shot-on-video film">Shot-on-video film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_horror" title="Analog horror">Analog horror</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-snopesApril2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snopesApril2021_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2021" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, Barbara (April 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/a-pinch-of-snuff/">"Snuff films — are they for real?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Snuff+films+%E2%80%94+are+they+for+real%3F&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fa-pinch-of-snuff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowatchesthisstuff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whowatchesthisstuff_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whowatchesthisstuff_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusa_K._Farmand_Jr.2016" class="citation web cs1">Musa K. Farmand Jr. (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1359&context=flr/">"Who Watches this Stuff ?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the Need for a Federal Criminal Murder-Video Statute"</a>. <i>Florida Law Review, Volume 68, Issue 6</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Law+Review%2C+Volume+68%2C+Issue+6&rft.atitle=Who+Watches+this+Stuff+%3F%3A+Videos+Depicting+Actual+Murder+and+the+Need+for+a+Federal+Criminal+Murder-Video+Statute&rft.date=2016-11&rft.au=Musa+K.+Farmand+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.ufl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1359%26context%3Dflr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618215514/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/snuff-movie">"snuff movie"</a>. <i>collinsdictionary.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/snuff-movie">the original</a> on June 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=snuff+movie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsnuff-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/snuff-movie">"snuff movie"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=snuff+movie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsnuff-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fangoria-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fangoria_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fangoria_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fangoria_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fangoria_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWax2021" class="citation news cs1">Wax, Alyse (May 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fangoria.com/original/snuff-the-biggest-myth-in-film/">"Snuff: The Biggest Myth In Film"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2022</span> – via Fangoria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Snuff%3A+The+Biggest+Myth+In+Film&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Wax&rft.aufirst=Alyse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fangoria.com%2Foriginal%2Fsnuff-the-biggest-myth-in-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 1st ed, 1913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Camden_Hotten" title="John Camden Hotten">John Camden Hotten</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_Slang,_Cant,_and_Vulgar_Words" title="A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words">A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words</a></i>, 5th edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boaz Hagin. Killed Because of Lousy Ratings: The Hollywood History of the Snuff Film. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 2010 DOI: 10.1080/01956050903578414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien,_Geoffrey1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_O%E2%80%99Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey O’Brien">O’Brien, Geoffrey</a> (1993). "Horror for Pleasure". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Horror+for+Pleasure&rft.date=1993&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Brien%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span> (April 22 issue), n.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Canby1979" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> (October 14, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/14/archives/film-michael-powells-peeping-tomthe-cast.html">"Film: Michael Powell's 'Peeping Tom':The Cast"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Film%3A+Michael+Powell%27s+%27Peeping+Tom%27%3AThe+Cast&rft.date=1979-10-14&rft.au=Vincent+Canby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F10%2F14%2Farchives%2Ffilm-michael-powells-peeping-tomthe-cast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familystoryofcha00sande"><i>extract from book</i></a>. New York, Dutton. 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525103004" title="Special:BookSources/9780525103004"><bdi>9780525103004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=extract+from+book&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Dutton&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780525103004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilystoryofcha00sande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csicop.org-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csicop.org_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csicop.org_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csicop.org_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csicop.org_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csicop.org_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csicop.org_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Aaron_Stine1999" class="citation news cs1">Scott Aaron Stine (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180514/https://www.csicop.org/si/show/snuff_film_the_making_of_an_urban_legend">"The Snuff Film: The Making of an Urban Legend"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. Vol. 23, no. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/snuff_film_the_making_of_an_urban_legend/">the original</a> on September 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Snuff+Film%3A+The+Making+of+an+Urban+Legend&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Scott+Aaron+Stine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fsnuff_film_the_making_of_an_urban_legend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cashing-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cashing_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashing_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashing_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cashing in on rumors that a 'snuff' film had been smuggled into the United States from South America, Schackleton retitled his movie Snuff and released it in late 1975, advertising its faked evisceration as the real thing", David A. Cook, <i>Lost Illusions: American Cinema in The Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam</i>, page 233 (University of California Press, Ltd., 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8">0-520-23265-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814214951/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2p7i4oL6Dk">"Do snuff movies exist?"</a>. Documentary, part 1. YouTube. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2p7i4oL6Dk">the original</a> on August 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+snuff+movies+exist%3F&rft.series=Documentary%2C+part+1&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DG2p7i4oL6Dk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_David_A.2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David A. (2000). <i>Lost Illusions: American Cinema in The Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam</i>. University of California Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8"><bdi>0-520-23265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Illusions%3A+American+Cinema+in+The+Shadow+of+Watergate+and+Vietnam&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-520-23265-8&rft.au=Cook%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422194958/http://www.nypress.com/article-11831-the-curse-of-her-filmography.html">"The Curse of Her Filmography: Roberta Findlay's grindhouse legacy"</a>. <i>New York Press</i>. July 27, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypress.com/article-11831-the-curse-of-her-filmography.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Press&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+Her+Filmography%3A+Roberta+Findlay%27s+grindhouse+legacy&rft.date=2005-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypress.com%2Farticle-11831-the-curse-of-her-filmography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poison-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poison_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Eder" title="Richard Eder">Eder, Richard</a> (March 7, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/07/archives/snuff-is-pure-poison-poison-snuff.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Snuff' Is Pure Poison"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Snuff%27+Is+Pure+Poison&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1976-03-07&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F03%2F07%2Farchives%2Fsnuff-is-pure-poison-poison-snuff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Leonard_(critic)" title="John Leonard (critic)">Leonard, John</a> (February 27, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/27/archives/commentary-cretins-delight-on-film.html">"Commentary: Cretin's Delight on Film"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Cretin%27s+Delight+on+Film&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1976-02-27&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F02%2F27%2Farchives%2Fcommentary-cretins-delight-on-film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins,_Joan2000" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Joan (2000). <i>Cutting Edge: Art-Horror and The Horrific Avant-Garde</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3413-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3413-0"><bdi>0-8166-3413-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cutting+Edge%3A+Art-Horror+and+The+Horrific+Avant-Garde&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8166-3413-0&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Cook, <i>Lost Illusions: American Cinema in The Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam</i>, page 233 (University of California Press, Ltd., 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23265-8">0-520-23265-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varrev-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-varrev_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJac.1976" class="citation magazine cs1">Jac. (February 25, 1976). "Film Reviews: Snuff". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Film+Reviews%3A+Snuff&rft.date=1976-02-25&rft.au=Jac.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/10/archives/morgenthau-finds-film-dismembering-was-indeed-a-hoax.html">"Morgenthau Finds Film Dismembering Was Indeed a Hoax"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. March 10, 1976. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Morgenthau+Finds+Film+Dismembering+Was+Indeed+a+Hoax&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1976-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F03%2F10%2Farchives%2Fmorgenthau-finds-film-dismembering-was-indeed-a-hoax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Lyons, <i>The New Censors: Movies and the Culture Wars</i>, Temple University Press, 1997, pages 64-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Does Snuff Exist?". <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Porn" title="The Dark Side of Porn"><i>The Dark Side of Porn</i></a>. Season 2. April 18, 2006. Event occurs at 6:27. <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Porn&rft.series=Season+2&rft.date=2006-04-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convulsion_Nine_Inch_Nails_1991_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045622/http://www.obsolete.com/convulsion/interviews/convulse/1.5.html">"Nine Inch Nails"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obsolete.com/convulsion/interviews/convulse/1.5.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+Inch+Nails&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obsolete.com%2Fconvulsion%2Finterviews%2Fconvulse%2F1.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Welcome to the Machine</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=536">transcript</a>). <i>Industrial Introspection</i> (June 1991). Retrieved 2011-06-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2018" class="citation web cs1">Hutchinson, Sean (June 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/548360/nine-inch-nails-trent-reznor-fbi-murder-investigation-down-in-it">"When the FBI Investigated the 'Murder' of Nine Inch Nails's Trent Reznor"</a>. <i>Mental Floss</i>. Minute Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=When+the+FBI+Investigated+the+%27Murder%27+of+Nine+Inch+Nails%27s+Trent+Reznor&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F548360%2Fnine-inch-nails-trent-reznor-fbi-murder-investigation-down-in-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huxley (1997), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunia2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Gunia, Anna (May 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5589478/facebook-livestream-rules-new-zealand-christchurch-attack/">"Facebook Tightens Live-Stream Rules in Response to the Christchurch Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Facebook+Tightens+Live-Stream+Rules+in+Response+to+the+Christchurch+Massacre&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.aulast=Gunia&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5589478%2Ffacebook-livestream-rules-new-zealand-christchurch-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnonews.com/index.php/2022/05/mass-shooting-supermarket-buffalo-10-dead/">"Gunman kills 10 at New York store while livestreaming on Twitch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BNO_News" title="BNO News">BNO News</a></i>. May 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BNO+News&rft.atitle=Gunman+kills+10+at+New+York+store+while+livestreaming+on+Twitch&rft.date=2022-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnonews.com%2Findex.php%2F2022%2F05%2Fmass-shooting-supermarket-buffalo-10-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2015" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Robinson (August 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150826215303/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/08/snuff-film-unavoidable-twitter-facebook-autoplay-roanoke/402430/">"When a Snuff Film Becomes Unavoidable"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. Emerson Collective. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/08/snuff-film-unavoidable-twitter-facebook-autoplay-roanoke/402430/">the original</a> on August 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=When+a+Snuff+Film+Becomes+Unavoidable&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2Fsnuff-film-unavoidable-twitter-facebook-autoplay-roanoke%2F402430%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2015" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Jared (August 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313194052/https://psmag.com/environment/is-it-ethical-to-watch-murder-caught-on-tape">"Is It Ethical to Watch Murder Caught on Tape?"</a>. <i>Pacific Standard</i>. The Arena Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/environment/is-it-ethical-to-watch-murder-caught-on-tape">the original</a> on March 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=Is+It+Ethical+to+Watch+Murder+Caught+on+Tape%3F&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fenvironment%2Fis-it-ethical-to-watch-murder-caught-on-tape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steve-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steve_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillebuen2012" class="citation news cs1">Lillebuen, Steve (June 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/06/opinion/lillebuen-killing-video/index.html">"The sick fascination with a death video"</a>. <i>CNN.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610064608/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/06/opinion/lillebuen-killing-video/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=The+sick+fascination+with+a+death+video&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Lillebuen&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F06%2Fopinion%2Flillebuen-killing-video%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steve2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steve2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillebuen2012" class="citation news cs1">Lillebuen, Steve (June 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/murderers-have-become-online-broadcasters-and-their-audience-is-us/article4226048/">"Murderers have become online broadcasters. And their audience is us"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403085409/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/murderers-have-become-online-broadcasters-and-their-audience-is-us/article4226048/">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Murderers+have+become+online+broadcasters.+And+their+audience+is+us&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.aulast=Lillebuen&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmurderers-have-become-online-broadcasters-and-their-audience-is-us%2Farticle4226048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnews.ca/news/1741034/day-8-of-deliberations-in-luka-magnotta-trial/">"Day 8 of deliberations in Luka Magnotta trial"</a>. <i>CTV News</i>. December 23, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223100827/http://globalnews.ca/news/1741034/day-8-of-deliberations-in-luka-magnotta-trial/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Day+8+of+deliberations+in+Luka+Magnotta+trial&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F1741034%2Fday-8-of-deliberations-in-luka-magnotta-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnews.ca/news/2474806/edmonton-gore-website-owner-on-trial-for-posting-magnotta-video/">"Edmonton gore website owner sentenced for posting Magnotta video"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a>. January 25, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604231410/http://globalnews.ca/news/2474806/edmonton-gore-website-owner-on-trial-for-posting-magnotta-video/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton+gore+website+owner+sentenced+for+posting+Magnotta+video&rft.pub=Global+News&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F2474806%2Fedmonton-gore-website-owner-on-trial-for-posting-magnotta-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210051114/http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/psychology/movies_made_me_kill/11.html">"Serial killer inspired by Guinea Pig films"</a>. guineapigfilms.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/psychology/movies_made_me_kill/11.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serial+killer+inspired+by+Guinea+Pig+films&rft.pub=guineapigfilms.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimelibrary.com%2Fcriminal_mind%2Fpsychology%2Fmovies_made_me_kill%2F11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell,_R.1994" class="citation news cs1">McDowell, R. (August 7, 1994). "Movies to Die For". <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>. p. A5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Movies+to+Die+For&rft.pages=A5&rft.date=1994-08-07&rft.au=McDowell%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_the_Jungle-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Jungle_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ruggero Deodato (interviewee) (2003). <i>In the Jungle: The Making of Cannibal Holocaust</i> (Documentary). Italy: Alan Young Pictures.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Jungle%3A+The+Making+of+Cannibal+Holocaust&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Alan+Young+Pictures&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><i>Cannibal Holocaust 25th Anniversary Edition</i> (Media notes). <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Deodato" title="Ruggero Deodato">Ruggero Deodato</a>. UK: VIPCO (Video Instant Picture Company). 2004 [1980]. p. back cover. VIP666SE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cannibal+Holocaust+25th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=back+cover&rft.pub=VIPCO+%28Video+Instant+Picture+Company%29&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">cite AV media notes</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)" title="Category:CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214173929/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224.html">"The 25 Most Controversial Films of All-Time"</a>. <i>Entertainment Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+25+Most+Controversial+Films+of+All-Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1202224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bzfilminterview-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bzfilminterview_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016172529/https://bzfilm.com/talks-interviews/independent-filmmaker-fred-vogel-extreme-artists-push-the-boundaries-and-strive-to-provoke-emotion/">"Independent filmmaker Fred Vogel: Extreme artists push the boundaries and strive to provoke emotion"</a>. <i>BZFilm.com</i>. BZ Film. January 7, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bzfilm.com/talks-interviews/independent-filmmaker-fred-vogel-extreme-artists-push-the-boundaries-and-strive-to-provoke-emotion/">the original</a> on October 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BZFilm.com&rft.atitle=Independent+filmmaker+Fred+Vogel%3A+Extreme+artists+push+the+boundaries+and+strive+to+provoke+emotion&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbzfilm.com%2Ftalks-interviews%2Findependent-filmmaker-fred-vogel-extreme-artists-push-the-boundaries-and-strive-to-provoke-emotion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnuff+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Kerekes and David Slater. <i>Killing for Culture: From Edison to ISIS: A New History of Death on Film</i>. London: Headpress, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_legends" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_legends" title="Template:Urban legends"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_legends" title="Template talk:Urban legends"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_legends" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban legends"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_legends" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legends</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_legends" title="List of urban legends">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter curse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_clown_sightings" title="2016 clown sightings">2016 clown sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baby-Roast" title="The Baby-Roast">The Baby-Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_babysitter_and_the_man_upstairs" title="The babysitter and the man upstairs">The babysitter and the man upstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Backrooms" title="The Backrooms">The Backrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(folklore)" title="Bloody Mary (folklore)">Bloody Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle_Cove" title="Candle Cove">Candle Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coghlan_(actor,_born_1842)#Death" title="Charles Coghlan (actor, born 1842)">Coghlan's coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_tipping" title="Cow tipping">Cow tipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow" title="The Dark Side of the Rainbow">The Dark Side of the Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fare" title="John Fare">John Fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_pill" title="Gasoline pill">Gasoline pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hook" title="The Hook">The Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_in_the_backseat" title="Killer in the backseat">Killer in the backseat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Licked_Hand" title="The Licked Hand">The Licked Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_and_naval_vessel_urban_legend" title="Lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend">Lighthouse and naval vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_Challenge_hoax" title="Momo Challenge hoax">Momo Challenge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snuff films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spooklight" title="The Spooklight">The Spooklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayopa" title="Tayopa">Tayopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tower" title="Frank Tower">Frank Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_hitchhiker" title="Vanishing hitchhiker">Vanishing hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angikuni_Lake#Legend_of_the_vanishing_village" title="Angikuni Lake">Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Island_mystery" title="Oak Island mystery">Oak Island money pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_Tunnel" title="Screaming Tunnel">Screaming Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_light" title="St. Louis light">St. Louis light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis_Lake_Monster" title="Thetis Lake Monster">Thetis Lake Monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)" title="Aurora (aircraft)">Aurora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Drowned" title="Ben Drowned">Ben Drowned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Black children as alligator bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dog_of_the_Hanging_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Dog of the Hanging Hills">Black Dog of the Hanging Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_children" title="Black-eyed children">Black-eyed children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_star_tattoo_legend" title="Blue star tattoo legend">Blue star tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Lane" title="Boy Scout Lane">Boy Scout Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Mountain_lights" title="Brown Mountain lights">Brown Mountain lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Man" title="Bunny Man">Bunny Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Robinson_(Green_Man)" title="Raymond Robinson (Green Man)">Charlie No-Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Vault" title="Chase Vault">Chase Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_House" title="Chimera House">Chimera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choking_Doberman" title="Choking Doberman">Choking Doberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Cox_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Cox myth">Rodney Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Fentz" title="Rudolph Fentz">Rudolph Fentz</a></li> <li>Goatmen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Alton_Bridge" title="Old Alton Bridge">Goatman's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatman_(urban_legend)" title="Goatman (urban legend)">Maryland's Goatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lick_Monster" title="Pope Lick Monster">Pope Lick Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Worth_Monster" title="Lake Worth Monster">Lake Worth Monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hands_Resist_Him" title="The Hands Resist Him">The Hands Resist Him</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunchyville" title="Haunchyville">Haunchyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JATO_Rocket_Car" title="JATO Rocket Car">JATO Rocket Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%27s_Cross" title="Kay's Cross">Kay's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_heads" title="Melon heads">Melon heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel%27s_Hole" title="Mel's Hole">Mel's Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midgetville" title="Midgetville">Midgetville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Doctors" title="Night Doctors">Night Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_social_workers" title="Phantom social workers">Phantom social workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoned_candy_myths" title="Poisoned candy myths">Poisoned candy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polybius_(urban_legend)" title="Polybius (urban legend)">Polybius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Sightings of Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Vampire" title="Richmond Vampire">Richmond Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Opus" title="Ronald Opus">Ronald Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Gates_of_Hell" title="Seven Gates of Hell">Seven Gates of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_alligator" title="Sewer alligator">Sewer alligators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_Man" title="Slender Man">Slender Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slender_Man_stabbing" title="Slender Man stabbing">2014 stabbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_guy" title="Tourist guy">Tourist guy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental and<br />mainland Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Tomb" title="Colonel Tomb">Colonel Tomb</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nale_Ba" title="Nale Ba">Nale Ba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ourang_Medan" title="Ourang Medan">SS <i>Ourang Medan</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Minyak" title="Orang Minyak">Orang Minyak</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rope_trick" title="Indian rope trick">Indian rope trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey-man_of_Delhi" title="Monkey-man of Delhi">Monkey-man of Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legends" title="Japanese urban legends">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_Colonel" title="Curse of the Colonel">Curse of the Colonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka_Manto" title="Aka Manto"><i>Aka Manto</i> ("Red Cape")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanako-san" title="Hanako-san">Hanako-san of the Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Rider_urban_legend" title="Headless Rider urban legend">Headless Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inunaki_Village" title="Inunaki Village">Inunaki Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zegrus" title="John Zegrus">John Zegrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisaragi_Station" title="Kisaragi Station">Kisaragi Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokkuri" title="Kokkuri">Kokkuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchisake-onna" title="Kuchisake-onna"><i>Kuchisake-onna</i> ("Slit-Mouthed Woman")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunekune_(urban_legend)" title="Kunekune (urban legend)"><i>Kunekune</i> ("Wriggling Body")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Town" title="Lavender Town">Lavender Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Room_Curse" title="Red Room Curse">Red Room Curse</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a>'</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teke_Teke" title="Teke Teke">Teke Teke</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biringan" title="Biringan">Biringan City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamashita%27s_gold" title="Yamashita's gold">Yamashita's gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental<br />Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/And_yet_it_moves" title="And yet it moves">And yet it moves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Volga" title="Black Volga">Black Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv" title="Ghost of Kyiv">Ghost of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herobrine" title="Herobrine">Herobrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Koukidis" title="Konstantinos Koukidis">Konstantinos Koukidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Loyon" title="Le Loyon">Le Loyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%A1k,_the_Spring_Man_of_Prague" title="Pérák, the Spring Man of Prague">Pérák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Train_of_Stockholm" title="The Silver Train of Stockholm">Silverpilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Man" title="This Man">This Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_of_Mons" title="Angels of Mons">Angels of Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_Hotel_Room" title="Vanishing Hotel Room">Vanishing Hotel Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory" title="German Corpse Factory">German Corpse Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin" title="Lampshades made from human skin">Lampshades made from human skin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soap_made_from_human_corpses" title="Soap made from human corpses">Soap made from human corpses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_gunner_of_Flesqui%C3%A8res" title="Lone gunner of Flesquières">Lone gunner of Flesquières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kraina_Grzyb%C3%B3w_TV" title="Kraina Grzybów TV">Kraina Grzybów TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gold_train" title="Nazi gold train">Nazi gold train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegrze_Reservoir_Monster" title="Zegrze Reservoir Monster">Zegrze Reservoir Monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Catherine_the_Great" title="Legends of Catherine the Great">Legends of Catherine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_was_a_mushroom" title="Lenin was a mushroom">Lenin was a mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(alligator)" title="Saturn (alligator)">Hitler's pet alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_to_Hell" title="Well to Hell">Well to Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tights" title="White Tights">White Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian lisp">Castilian lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacamantecas" title="Sacamantecas">Sacamantecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Compa%C3%B1a" title="Santa Compaña">Santa Compaña</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/999_phone_charging_myth" title="999 phone charging myth">999 phone charging myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_Boy" title="The Crying Boy">The Crying Boy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow" title="The Dark Side of the Rainbow">The Dark Side of the Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Friday" title="HMS Friday">HMS <i>Friday</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_social_workers" title="Phantom social workers">Phantom social workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spider_Bite" title="The Spider Bite">The Spider Bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_steam_reserve" title="Strategic steam reserve">Strategic steam reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_big_cats" title="British big cats">British big cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_legends" title="University of Cambridge legends">University of Cambridge legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_Cat_Killer" title="Croydon Cat Killer">Croydon Cat Killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_(dog)" title="Diamond (dog)">Isaac Newton's dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Drum" title="Drake's Drum">Drake's Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Pusher" title="Manchester Pusher">Manchester Pusher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Proposes,_God_Disposes" title="Man Proposes, God Disposes">Man Proposes, God Disposes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Mistletoe_Bough" title="Legend of the Mistletoe Bough">Mistletoe bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul is dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ratman_of_Southend" title="The Ratman of Southend">Ratman of Southend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants%27_graveyard" title="Elephants' graveyard">Elephants' graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guegue_(siren)" title="Guegue (siren)">Guegue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait_Triangle" title="Bass Strait Triangle">Bass Strait Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt disappearance rumours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_Fauna_Act_myth" title="Flora and Fauna Act myth">Flora and Fauna Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_Ship" title="Mahogany Ship">Mahogany Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinciana_Woman" title="Poinciana Woman">Poinciana Woman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Panther" title="Canterbury Panther">Canterbury Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyall%27s_wren" title="Lyall's wren">Lyall's wren extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa#Extinction" title="Moa">Moa sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitoreke" title="Waitoreke">Waitoreke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bartley" title="James Bartley">James Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Lima" title="Treasure of Lima">Treasure of Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topic articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypastas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">Legends and myths regarding the Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_urban_legends" title="McDonald's urban legends">McDonald's urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_claims_and_urban_legends" title="Time travel claims and urban legends">Time travel claims and urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Harold_Brunvand" title="Jan Harold Brunvand">Jan Harold Brunvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax_Slayer" title="Hoax Slayer">Hoax Slayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_D%C3%A9gh" title="Linda Dégh">Linda Dégh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine" title="Gary Alan Fine">Gary Alan Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Turner" title="Patricia Turner">Patricia Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Fact_or_Fiction" title="Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction">Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Legends_(TV_series)" title="Urban Legends (TV series)">Urban Legends</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)" title="Channel Zero (TV series)">Channel Zero</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9" title="9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9">_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candyman_(film_series)" title="Candyman (film series)"><i>Candyman</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Through_Road_(web_series)" title="No Through Road (web series)">No Through Road</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petscop" title="Petscop">Petscop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCP_Foundation" title="SCP Foundation">SCP Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Legend_(film_series)" title="Urban Legend (film series)"><i>Urban Legend</i> (film series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creepypastas" title="List of creepypastas">List of creepypastas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptids" title="List of cryptids">List of cryptids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Lists of fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Lists of legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_legends" title="Category:Urban legends">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644437#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97007942">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137576187">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137576187">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549200905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&oldid=1255507592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&oldid=1255507592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1971_neologisms" title="Category:1971 neologisms">1971 neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Film genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Filmed_killings" title="Category:Filmed killings">Filmed killings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Filmed_suicides" title="Category:Filmed suicides">Filmed suicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_murder" title="Category:Films about murder">Films about murder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_controversies" title="Category:Film controversies">Film controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obscenity_controversies_in_film" title="Category:Obscenity controversies in film">Obscenity controversies in film</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_legends" title="Category:Urban legends">Urban legends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Violence" title="Category:Violence">Violence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)" title="Category:CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)">CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2014" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2014">Use mdy dates from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from March 2014">Articles prone to spam from March 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 08:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snuff_film&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4pcp9","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.579","walltime":"0.797","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3086,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":185440,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":985,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":152989,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 593.388 1 -total"," 41.91% 248.673 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.35% 114.827 8 Template:Navbox"," 17.91% 106.248 11 Template:Cite_web"," 17.17% 101.868 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.54% 86.279 1 Template:Film_genres"," 9.63% 57.134 7 Template:Main_other"," 9.16% 54.328 1 Template:SDcat"," 8.89% 52.726 14 Template:Cite_news"," 5.84% 34.663 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.302","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5837121,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w98px","timestamp":"20241122140341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Snuff film","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snuff_film","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q644437","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q644437","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T08:00:33Z","headline":"film genre that depicts murder for the express purpose of distribution and entertainment or financial exploitation"}</script> </body> </html>