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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical territory in the United States of America. For states and union territories of India, see <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style>Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> for the relocation of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> who held <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">original Indian title</a> to their land as an independent. The concept of an Indian territory was an outcome of the U.S. federal government's 18th- and 19th-century policy of <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), the policy of the U.S. government was one of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans#Americanization_and_assimilation_(1857%E2%80%931920)" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">assimilation</a>. <table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Indian Territory<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">Oklahumma (<a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a>) ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ (Okalahoma) (<a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Formerly_unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unorganized territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nations">Indian nations</a> of the United States</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1834–1907</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg/220px-Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg/330px-Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg/440px-Map_of_Indian_Territory_and_Oklahoma._LOC_2012586269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9309" data-file-height="7225"></a> The <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma</a> (west of the red line) and Indian Territories (east of the red line) in 1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlonteeskee, Oklahoma">Tahlonteeskee</a> (Cherokee) 1828–1839 <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a> (Cherokee) 1839–1906 <a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a> (Seminole) 1849–1906 <a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a> (Chickasaw) 1852–1906 <a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulkee</a> (Creek) 1868–1906 <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a> (Osage) 1872–1906 <a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a> (Choctaw) 1885–1906</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Devolved independent tribal governments</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Indian Intercourse Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1834</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• The 'Old Settlers' first arrivals </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Platte Purchase </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1836</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kansas–Nebraska Act </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 30, 1854</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Name Oklahoma created </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">September 21, 1865</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Oklahoma Territory separated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 2, 1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merged into Oklahoma </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 16, 1906</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> statehood </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1907</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greer_County,_Texas" title="Greer County, Texas">Greer County, Texas</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (predominantly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platte_Purchase" title="Platte Purchase">Platte Purchase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Indian Territory later came to refer to an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Formerly_unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">unorganized territory</a> whose general borders were initially set by the <a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a> of 1834, and was the successor to the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a> after <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> received statehood. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various <a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic Acts</a> were passed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">organized territories of the United States</a>. The 1906 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Oklahoma Enabling Act</a> created the single state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> by combining <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> and Indian Territory, ending the existence of an unorganized independent Indian Territory as such, and formally incorporating the tribes and residents into the United States. Before Oklahoma statehood, Indian Territory from 1890 onward comprised the territorial holdings of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a>, and other displaced Eastern American tribes. <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a> remain within the boundaries of U.S. states, but are largely exempt from state jurisdiction. The term "<a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a>" is used to signify lands under the control of Native nations, including Indian reservations, trust lands on <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tribal_Statistical_Area" title="Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area">Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area</a>, or, more casually, to describe anywhere large numbers of Native Americans live. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description_and_geography">1 Description and geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Indian_Reserve_and_the_Louisiana_Purchase">2.1 Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Relocation_and_treaties">2.2 Relocation and treaties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Reductions_of_area">2.3 Reductions of area</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Civil_War_and_Reconstruction">2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Oklahoma_Territory,_end_of_territories_upon_statehood">2.5 Oklahoma Territory, end of territories upon statehood</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tribes">3 Tribes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Tribes_indigenous_to_Oklahoma">3.1 Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Tribes_from_the_Southeastern_Woodlands">3.2 Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tribes_from_the_Great_Lakes_and_Northeastern_Woodlands">3.3 Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Iroquois_Confederacy">3.3.1 Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Plains_Indian_tribes">3.4 Plains Indian tribes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Plateau_tribes">3.5 Plateau tribes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Government">4 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Primary_sources">7.1 Primary sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description_and_geography">Description and geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/220px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/220px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/330px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/440px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Indian Territory (highlighted in red) in 1834</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg/220px-U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg/220px-U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg/330px-U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg/440px-U.S._General_Land_Office_Indian_Territory_1879_UTA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of Interior</a> map of the Indian Territory in 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_(1914)_(14770610601).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg/220px-The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg/220px-The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg/330px-The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg/440px-The_essential_facts_of_Oklahoma_history_and_civics_%281914%29_%2814770610601%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of the gradual opening of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> and the Indian Territory, which were merged to form the state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> in 1907</figcaption></figure> Indian Territory, also known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> reserved for the forced resettlement of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. As such, it was not a traditional territory for the tribes settled upon it.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The general borders were set by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Intercourse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Intercourse Act">Indian Intercourse Act</a> of 1834. The territory was located in the <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central United States</a>. While Congress passed several <a href="/wiki/Organic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Act">Organic Acts</a> that provided a path for statehood for much of the original <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Country">Indian Country</a>, Congress never passed an Organic Act for the Indian Territory. Indian Territory was never an <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">organized territory of the United States</a>. In general, tribes could not sell land to non-Indians (<a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._McIntosh" title="Johnson v. McIntosh">Johnson v. McIntosh</a>). Treaties with the tribes restricted entry of non-Indians into tribal areas; Indian tribes were largely self-governing, were <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a> nations, with established tribal governments and well established cultures. The region never had a formal government until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. After the Civil War, the Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, reducing the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> and providing land to resettle <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> and tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EOHC-STC-2">[2]</a> These re-written treaties included provisions for a territorial legislature with proportional representation from various tribes. In time, the Indian Territory was reduced to what is now <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Organic Act of 1890</a> reduced Indian Territory to the lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes and the Tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw_Indian_Agency" title="Quapaw Indian Agency">Quapaw Indian Agency</a> (at the borders of Kansas and Missouri). The remaining western portion of the former Indian Territory became the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a>. The Oklahoma Organic Act applied the laws of <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> to the organized Oklahoma Territory, and the laws of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to the still unorganized Indian Territory, since for years the federal U.S. District Court on the eastern borderline in <a href="/wiki/Ft._Smith,_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Smith, Arkansas">Ft. Smith, Arkansas</a> had criminal and civil jurisdiction over the territory. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Reserve_and_the_Louisiana_Purchase">Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/220px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/220px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/330px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/440px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> (highlighted in white), one of several historical territorial additions to the United States</figcaption></figure> The concept of an Indian territory is the successor to the British <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British American</a> territory established by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> that set aside land for use by the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribes</a>. The proclamation limited the settlement of Europeans to lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. The territory remained active until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and the land was ceded to the United States. The Indian Reserve was slowly reduced in size via treaties with the American colonists, and after the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Reserve was ignored by <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European American</a> <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> who slowly <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">expanded westward</a>. At the time of the American Revolutionary War, many Native American tribes had long-standing relationships with the British, and were loyal to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, but they had a less-developed relationship with the American colonists. After the defeat of the British in the war, the Americans twice invaded the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> and were twice defeated. They finally defeated the Indian <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in 1794, and imposed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a>, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and the lands that include present-day <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a>. The period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> were called Indian country. They were distinguished from "<a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Formerly_unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">unorganized territory</a>" because the areas were established by treaty. In 1803, the United States agreed to purchase <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a>'s claim to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a> for a total of $15 million (less than 3 cents per acre).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> doubted the legality of the purchase. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1746%E2%80%931813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Livingston (1746–1813)">Robert R. Livingston</a>, the chief negotiator of the purchase, however, believed that the 3rd article of the treaty of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> would be acceptable to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. The 3rd article stated, in part:<a href="#cite_note-Downes_v_Bidwell-4">[4]</a> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States; and in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the religion which they profess.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>8 Stat. at L. 202</cite></div></blockquote></dd></dl> This committed the U.S. government to "the ultimate, but not to the immediate, admission" of the territory as multiple states, and "postponed its incorporation into the Union to the pleasure of Congress".<a href="#cite_note-Downes_v_Bidwell-4">[4]</a> After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson and his successors viewed much of the land west of the Mississippi River as a place to resettle the Native Americans, so that white settlers would be free to live in the lands east of the river. <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> became the official policy of the United States government with the passage of the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, formulated by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> became a state in 1812, the remaining territory was renamed <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a> to avoid confusion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansaw Territory</a>, which included the present State of Arkansas plus much of the state of Oklahoma, was created out of the southern part of Missouri Territory in 1819. During negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> in 1820 for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Doak%27s_Stand" title="Treaty of Doak's Stand">Treaty of Doak's Stand</a>, Andrew Jackson ceded more of Arkansas Territory to the Choctaw than he realized, from what is now Oklahoma into Arkansas, east of <a href="/wiki/Ft._Smith,_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Smith, Arkansas">Ft. Smith, Arkansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Survey_Act" title="General Survey Act">General Survey Act</a> of 1824 allowed a survey that established the western border of Arkansas Territory 45 miles west of Ft. Smith. But this was part of the negotiated lands of <a href="/wiki/Lovely%27s_Purchase" title="Lovely's Purchase">Lovely's Purchase</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee</a>, Choctaw, Creek and other tribes had been settling, and these indian nations objected strongly. In 1828 a new survey redefined the western Arkansas border just west of Ft. Smith.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After these redefinitions, the "Indian zone" would cover the present states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and part of Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-EOHC-Indian_Territory-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocation_and_treaties">Relocation and treaties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relocation and treaties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Treaty of St. Louis (disambiguation)">Treaty of St. Louis</a></div> Before the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a>, much of what was called Indian Territory was a large area in the central part of the United States whose boundaries were set by treaties between the US Government and various indigenous tribes. After 1871, the Federal Government dealt with Indian Tribes through statute; the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act also stated that "hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-25_usc_71-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Indian Appropriations Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, or larceny within any Territory of the United States. The Supreme Court affirmed the action in 1886 in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kagama" title="United States v. Kagama">United States v. Kagama</a>, which affirmed that the U.S. government has <a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">plenary power</a> over Native American tribes within its borders using the rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> While the federal government of the United States had previously recognized the Indian Tribes as semi-independent, "it has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States ... The Indians [Native Americans] owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reductions_of_area">Reductions of area</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reductions of area" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_(first_edition)_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg/170px-1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg/170px-1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg/255px-1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg/340px-1855_Colton_Map_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> Territories in 1855</figcaption></figure> White settlers continued to flood into Indian country. As the population increased, the homesteaders could petition Congress for creation of a territory. This would initiate an <a href="/wiki/Organic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Act">Organic Act</a>, which established a three-part territorial government. The governor and judiciary were appointed by the President of the United States, while the legislature was elected by citizens residing in the territory. One non-voting representative was allowed a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. The federal government took responsibility for territorial affairs. Later, the inhabitants of the territory could apply for admission as a full state. No such action was taken for the so-called Indian Territory, so that area was not treated as a legal territory.<a href="#cite_note-EOHC-Indian_Territory-7">[7]</a> The reduction of the land area of Indian Territory (or Indian Country, as defined in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Intercourse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Intercourse Act">Indian Intercourse Act</a> of 1834), the successor of Missouri Territory began almost immediately after its creation with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin Territory</a> formed in 1836 from lands east of the Mississippi and between the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> rivers. Wisconsin became a state in 1848 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa Territory</a> (land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers) was split from Wisconsin Territory in 1838 and became a state in 1846. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a> was split from Iowa Territory in 1849 and part of the Minnesota Territory became the state of Minnesota in 1858</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> was organized in 1861 from the northern part of Indian Country and Minnesota Territory. The name refers to the Dakota branch of the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> tribes. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> became separate states simultaneously in 1889.</li> <li>Present-day states of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> were also part of the original Dakota Territory</li></ul></li></ul> Indian Country was reduced to the approximate boundaries of the current state of Oklahoma by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854, which created <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a>. The key boundaries of the territories were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40° N</a> the current Kansas–Nebraska border</li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37° N</a> the current Kansas–Oklahoma (Indian Territory) border</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> became a state in 1861, and Nebraska became a state in 1867. In 1890 the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Oklahoma Organic Act</a> created Oklahoma Territory out of the western part of Indian Territory, in anticipation of admitting both Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory as a future single State of Oklahoma. Some in federal leadership, such as Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, did not believe in the rights of Indians to continue their separate tribal governments, and vocally championed opening the area to white settlement while campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Some historians argued Seward's words steered many tribes, notably the Cherokee<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and the Choctaw<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> into <a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="List of treaties of the Confederate States of America">an alliance</a> with the Confederate States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction">Civil War and Reconstruction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War and Reconstruction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Cultural assimilation of Native Americans</a></div> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Indian Territory had been essentially reduced to the boundaries of the present-day U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and the primary residents of the territory were members of the Five Civilized Tribes or <a href="/wiki/Plains_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains tribes">Plains tribes</a> that had been relocated to the western part of the territory on land leased from the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1861, the U.S. abandoned <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washita" title="Fort Washita">Fort Washita</a>, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#American_Civil_War_(1861)" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> and Choctaw Nations defenseless against the Plains tribes. Later the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Choctaws_and_Chickasaws" title="Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws">Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws</a>. Ultimately, the Five Civilized Tribes and other tribes that had been relocated to the area, signed treaties of friendship with the Confederacy. During the Civil War, Congress gave the U.S. president the authority to, if a tribe was "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe"(25 USC Sec. 72). <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Members of the Five Civilized Tribes, and others who had relocated to the Oklahoma section of Indian Territory, fought primarily on the side of the Confederacy during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">American Civil War in Indian territory</a>. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Stand Watie</a>, a Confederate commander of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Nation (19th century)">Cherokee Nation</a>, became the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War, near the community of <a href="/wiki/Doaksville" class="mw-redirect" title="Doaksville">Doaksville</a> on June 23, 1865. The <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> signed at the end of the Civil War fundamentally changed the relationship between the tribes and the U.S. government. The <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> played out differently in Indian Territory and for Native Americans than for the rest of the country. In 1862, Congress passed a law that allowed the president, by proclamation, to cancel treaties with Indian Nations siding with the Confederacy (25 USC 72).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Territories" title="United States House Committee on Territories">United States House Committee on Territories</a> (created in 1825) was examining the effectiveness of the policy of Indian removal, which was after the war considered to be of limited effectiveness. It was decided that a new policy of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans#Americanization_and_assimilation_(1857%E2%80%931920)" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Assimilation</a> would be implemented. To implement the new policy, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes siding with the Confederacy. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_terr._1890.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_terr._1890.svg/220px-Indian_terr._1890.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_terr._1890.svg/220px-Indian_terr._1890.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_terr._1890.svg/330px-Indian_terr._1890.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_terr._1890.svg/440px-Indian_terr._1890.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The post-Civil War Indian Territory shaded in orange with its former western lands seized by the federal government (the future Oklahoma Territory), shaded in light orange, circa 1890. The <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> is not shaded as it was a No Man's Land that was never ruled by any of the Five Tribes which governed the territory before the War.</figcaption></figure> After the Civil War the Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the Confederacy, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Plains Native Americans and tribes of the mid-west.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> General components of replacement treaties signed in 1866 include:<a href="#cite_note-Choctaw_Chickasaw_1866-20">[20]</a> <ul><li>Abolition of slavery</li> <li>Amnesty for siding with Confederate States of America</li> <li>Agreement to legislation that Congress and the President "may deem necessary for the better administration of justice and the protection of the rights of person and property within the Indian territory."</li> <li>That the tribes grant right of way for rail roads authorized by Congress; A <a href="/wiki/Land_patent" title="Land patent">land patent</a>, or "first-title deed" to alternate sections of land adjacent to rail roads would be granted to the rail road upon completion of each 20 mile section of track and water stations</li> <li>That within each county, a quarter section of land be held in trust for the establishment of seats of justice therein, and also as many quarter-sections as the said legislative councils may deem proper for the permanent endowment of schools</li> <li>Provision for each man, woman, and child to receive 160 acres of land as an allotment. (The allotment policy was later codified on a national basis through the passage of The <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>, also called General Allotment Act, or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887)</li> <li>That a land patent, or "first-title deed" be issued as evidence of allotment, "issued by the President of the United States, and countersigned by the chief executive officer of the nation in which the land lies"</li> <li>That treaties and parts of treaties inconsistent with the replacement treaties to be null and void.</li></ul> One component of assimilation would be the distribution of property held in-common by the tribe to individual members of the tribe.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a> is the overall name given to three treaties signed in <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge,_Kansas" title="Medicine Lodge, Kansas">Medicine Lodge, Kansas</a> between the U.S. government and southern Plains Indian tribes who would ultimately reside in the western part of Indian Territory (ultimately Oklahoma Territory). The first treaty was signed October 21, 1867, with the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The second, with the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a>, was signed the same day.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The third treaty was signed with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cheyenne">Southern Cheyenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> on October 28.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Another component of assimilation was homesteading. The <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act_of_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act of 1862">Homestead Act of 1862</a> was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. The Act gave an applicant <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freehold</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a> to an area called a "homestead" – typically 160 acres (65 hectares or one-fourth <a href="/wiki/Section_(United_States_land_surveying)" title="Section (United States land surveying)">section</a>) of undeveloped <a href="/wiki/Federal_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal land">federal land</a>. Within Indian Territory, as lands were removed from communal tribal ownership, a land patent (or first-title deed) was given to tribal members. The remaining land was sold on a first-come basis, typically by <a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">land run</a>, with settlers also receiving a land patent type deed. For these now former Indian lands, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a> distributed the sales funds to the various tribal entities, according to previously negotiated terms. It was in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government on the use of the land, that Choctaw Nation Chief <a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a> suggested that Indian Territory be given the name Oklahoma, which derives from the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a> phrase okla, 'people', and humma, translated as 'red'.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He envisioned an all–American Indian state controlled by the tribes and overseen by the United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Superintendent of Indian Affairs</a>. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a>, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after that area was opened to white settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Oklahoma's_Name-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma_Territory,_end_of_territories_upon_statehood">Oklahoma Territory, end of territories upon statehood</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oklahoma Territory, end of territories upon statehood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">180,182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">392,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+117.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: 1890–1900<a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._47%E2%80%9349-29">[29]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Oklahoma Organic Act of 1890 created an organized Oklahoma Territory of the United States, with the intent of combining the Oklahoma and Indian territories into a single State of Oklahoma. The citizens of Indian Territory tried, in 1905, to gain admission to the union as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">State of Sequoyah</a>, but were rebuffed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and an Administration which did not want two new Western states, Sequoyah and Oklahoma. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> then proposed a compromise that would join Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a single state. This resulted in passage of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Oklahoma Enabling Act</a>, which President Roosevelt signed June 16, 1906.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> empowered the people residing in Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory to elect delegates to a state constitutional convention and subsequently to be admitted to the union as a single state. Citizens then joined to seek admission of a single state to the Union. With Oklahoma statehood in November 1907, Indian Territory was effectively extinguished. However, in 2020, the United States Supreme Court prompted a review of tribal lands through its decision in <a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">McGirt v. Oklahoma</a>. Subsequently, almost the entire eastern half of Oklahoma was found to have remained <a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Tribes">Tribes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tribes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes_indigenous_to_Oklahoma">Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">History of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains_Villagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains Villagers">Southern Plains Villagers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress,_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Two_Wichita_girls_in_summer_dress%2C_1870_-_NARA_-_520081.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two female <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita people</a> in summer dress in 1870</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/220px-Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/220px-Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/330px-Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An artist's 2016 depiction of <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a> site, as seen from the west</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg/220px-William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="1732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg/220px-William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg/330px-William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg/440px-William_S._Soule_-_Caddo_village.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> village near <a href="/wiki/Anadarko,_Oklahoma" title="Anadarko, Oklahoma">Anadarko, Oklahoma</a> in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> Indian Territory marks the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural regions</a>. Its western region is part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, subjected to extended periods of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> and high winds, and the <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Plateau">Ozark Plateau</a> is to the east in a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> zone. Tribes indigenous to the present day state of Oklahoma include both <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> tribes. The arrival of horses with the Spanish in the 16th century ushered in <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>-era, when tribes could adopt a <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> lifestyle and follow abundant <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> herds. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains_villagers" title="Southern Plains villagers">Southern Plains villagers</a>, an archaeological culture that flourished from 800 to 1500 AD, lived in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western part of Indian Territory, where they farmed <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and hunted buffalo. They are likely ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_and_Affiliated_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita and Affiliated Tribes">Wichita and Affiliated Tribes</a>. The ancestors of the Wichita have lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. By about 900 AD, farming villages began to appear on terraces above the <a href="/wiki/Washita_River" title="Washita River">Washita River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_River" title="Canadian River">South Canadian River</a> in Oklahoma. Member tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo Confederacy">Caddo Confederacy</a> lived in the eastern part of Indian Territory and are ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> Nation. The Caddo people speak a <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan language</a> and is a confederation of several tribes who traditionally inhabited much of what is now <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">North Louisiana</a>, and portions of southern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. The tribe was once part of the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian culture</a> and thought to be an extension of woodland period peoples who started inhabiting the area around 200 BC. In an 1835 Treaty <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> made at the agency-house in the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> Nation and state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, the Caddo Nation sold their tribal lands to the U.S. In 1846, the Caddo, along with several other tribes, signed a treaty that made the Caddo a protectorate of the U.S. and established framework of a legal system between the Caddo and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Comanche_1846-33">[33]</a> Tribal headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Binger,_Oklahoma" title="Binger, Oklahoma">Binger, Oklahoma</a>. The Wichita and Caddo both spoke <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan languages</a>, as did the <a href="/wiki/Kichai_people" title="Kichai people">Kichai people</a>, who were also indigenous to what is now Oklahoma and ultimately became part of the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_and_Affiliated_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita and Affiliated Tribes">Wichita and Affiliated Tribes</a>. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-Comanche_1835-34">[34]</a> The tribe's headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Anadarko,_Oklahoma" title="Anadarko, Oklahoma">Anadarko, Oklahoma</a>. In the 18th century, prior to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a> by the U.S. federal government, the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> people entered into Indian Territory from the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> entered from the east. During Indian Removal of the 19th century, additional tribes received their land either by treaty via land grant from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> or they purchased the land receiving <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a> <a href="/wiki/Recording_(real_estate)" title="Recording (real estate)">recorded title</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes_from_the_Southeastern_Woodlands">Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/220px-Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/220px-Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/330px-Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Etowah_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">mound-building</a> Native American culture that flourished in North America before the arrival of Europeans.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg/220px-Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg/220px-Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg/330px-Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg/440px-Cherokee_National_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Capitol" title="Cherokee National Capitol">Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a>, built in 1849, the oldest public building standing in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/220px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/220px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/330px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/440px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The historic Choctaw Capitol of <a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma, Oklahoma</a>, built in 1884</figcaption></figure> Many of the tribes forcibly relocated to Indian Territory were from <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>, including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Creeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee Creeks">Muscogee Creeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuchi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi people">Yuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koasati_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Koasati people">Koasati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caddo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo people">Caddo people</a>. Between 1814 and 1840, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> had gradually ceded most of their lands in the Southeast section of the US through a series of treaties. The southern part of Indian Country (what eventually became the State of Oklahoma) served as the destination for the policy of Indian removal, a policy pursued intermittently by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American presidents</a> early in the 19th century, but aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> were the most prominent tribes displaced by the policy, a relocation that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> during the Choctaw removals starting in 1831. The trail ended in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there were already many Indians living in the territory, as well as whites and escaped slaves. Other tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> were also forced to relocate to the Indian territory. The <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> established tribal capitals in the following towns: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a> (later moved to <a href="/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma" title="Ada, Oklahoma">Ada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a> (later moved to <a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma">Durant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Creek Nation</a> – <a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> These tribes founded towns such as <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardmore,_Oklahoma" title="Ardmore, Oklahoma">Ardmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma" title="Muskogee, Oklahoma">Muskogee</a>, which became some of the larger towns in the state. They also brought their African <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> to Oklahoma, which added to the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> population in the state. <ul><li>Beginning in 1783, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Choctaw_treaties" title="List of Choctaw treaties">Choctaw signed a series of treaties</a> with the Americans. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a> was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act, ceding land in the future state of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> in exchange for land in the future state of Oklahoma, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Trail_of_Tears" title="Choctaw Trail of Tears">Choctaw Trail of Tears</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a> began the process of moving to Indian Territory with the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1826)" title="Treaty of Washington (1826)">1826 Treaty of Washington</a>. The 1832 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Treaty of Cusseta</a> ceded all Creek claims east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to the United States.</li> <li>The 1835 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a> established terms under which the entire <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> was expected to cede its territory in the Southeast and move to Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council, it was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Trail_of_Tears" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Trail of Tears">Cherokee Trail of Tears</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Removal_era_(1837)" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, rather than receiving <a href="/wiki/Land_grants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grants">land grants</a> in exchange for ceding <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous land rights</a>, received financial compensation. The tribe negotiated a $3 million payment for their native lands, which was not fully funded by the U.S. for 30 years. In 1836, the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> agreed to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws for $530,000.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> People, originally from the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Payne%27s_Landing" title="Treaty of Payne's Landing">Treaty of Payne's Landing</a> in 1832, in response to the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, that forced the tribes to move to Indian Territory in present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. In October 1832, a delegation arrived in Indian Territory and conferred with the Creek Nation tribe that had already been removed to the area. In 1833, an agreement was signed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson,_Oklahoma" title="Fort Gibson, Oklahoma">Fort Gibson</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> just east of Muskogee, Oklahoma), accepting the area in the western part of the Creek Nation. However, the chiefs in Florida did not agree to the agreement. In spite of the disagreement, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in April 1834.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes_from_the_Great_Lakes_and_Northeastern_Woodlands">Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenape01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lenape01.jpg/220px-Lenape01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lenape01.jpg/220px-Lenape01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lenape01.jpg/330px-Lenape01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lenape01.jpg/440px-Lenape01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jennie Bobb (left) and her daughter Nellie Longhat (right), both members of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> in 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg/220px-Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg/220px-Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg/330px-Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Peoria_moccasins_OK_1860_OHS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Moccasins beaded by the <a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria people</a> circa 1860, how housed in the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center" title="Oklahoma History Center">Oklahoma History Center</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Lakes_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lakes Confederacy">Western Lakes Confederacy</a> was a loose confederacy of tribes around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, organized following the American Revolutionary War to resist the expansion of the United States into the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. Members of the confederacy were ultimately removed to the present-day Oklahoma, including the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami (tribe)">Miami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>. The area of <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma">Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma</a> was used to resettle the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa tribe">Iowa tribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac and Fox">Sac and Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee Shawnee">Absentee Shawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a> is an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> tribes. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a> in 1829, the tribes of the Council of Three Fires ceded to the United States their lands in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the members of the Council of Three Fires to move first to present-day <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> and ultimately to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Illinois Potawatomi moved to present-day Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi moved to present-day <a href="/wiki/Osawatomie,_Kansas" title="Osawatomie, Kansas">Osawatomie, Kansas</a>, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Potawatomi Trail of Death</a>. The group settling in Nebraska adapted to the Plains Indian culture but the group settling in Kansas remained steadfast to their <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlands culture">woodlands culture</a>. In 1867, part of the Kansas group negotiated the "Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi" in which the Kansas <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Band_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation">Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation</a> split and part of their land in Kansas was sold, purchasing land near present-day <a href="/wiki/Shawnee,_Oklahoma" title="Shawnee, Oklahoma">Shawnee, Oklahoma</a>, they became the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Odawa tribe first purchased lands near <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Kansas" title="Ottawa, Kansas">Ottawa, Kansas</a>, residing there until 1867 when they sold their lands in Kansas and purchased land in an area administered by the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw_Indian_Agency" title="Quapaw Indian Agency">Quapaw Indian Agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa County, Oklahoma">Ottawa County, Oklahoma</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peoria_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria tribe">Peoria tribe</a>, native to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois" title="Southern Illinois">Southern Illinois</a>, moved south to <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> then and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, where they joined the <a href="/wiki/Piankashaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Piankashaw">Piankashaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia" title="Kaskaskia">Kaskaskia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wea_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wea tribe">Wea tribes</a>. Under stipulations of the Omnibus Treaty of 1867, these confederated tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami tribe</a> left Kansas for Indian Territory on lands purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iroquois_Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iroquois Confederacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seneca-Cayuga_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma">Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> was an alliance of tribes, originally from the <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> area consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca tribe">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuga tribe">Cayuga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oneida_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneida tribe">Oneida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a>, and, later, <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a>. In the pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> era, their confederacy expanded to areas from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> north. All of the members of the Confederacy, except the Oneida and Tuscarora, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> during the Revolutionary War, and were forced to cede their land after the war. Most moved to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canandaigua" title="Treaty of Canandaigua">Treaty of Canandaigua</a> in 1794, though some remained in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York state</a> and some moved to <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where they joined the Shawnee. The 1838 and 1842 <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Buffalo_Creek" title="Treaties of Buffalo Creek">Treaties of Buffalo Creek</a> were treaties with New York Indians, such as the Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation" title="Oneida Indian Nation">Oneida Indian Nation</a>, which covered land sales of tribal reservations under the U.S. Indian removal program, under which they planned to move most eastern tribes to Indian Territory. Initially, the tribes were moved to the present state of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas#1820s%E2%80%931840s:_Indian_territory" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a>, and later to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> on land administered by the Quapaw Indian Agency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plains_Indian_tribes">Plains Indian tribes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plains Indian tribes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1818)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1818)">Treaty of St. Louis (1818)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native American tribes in Nebraska</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlinpaint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Catlinpaint.jpg/220px-Catlinpaint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Catlinpaint.jpg/220px-Catlinpaint.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Catlinpaint.jpg/330px-Catlinpaint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Catlinpaint.jpg/440px-Catlinpaint.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">Tipis</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, circa 1830</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pawnee01.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pawnee01.png/220px-Pawnee01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1476"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 256px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pawnee01.png/220px-Pawnee01.png" data-width="220" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pawnee01.png/330px-Pawnee01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pawnee01.png/440px-Pawnee01.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> at time of European contact and their current homelands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siouan_langs.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siouan_langs.png/220px-Siouan_langs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="595"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 234px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siouan_langs.png/220px-Siouan_langs.png" data-width="220" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siouan_langs.png/330px-Siouan_langs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siouan_langs.png/440px-Siouan_langs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Siouan_languages" title="Western Siouan languages">Western Siouan languages</a> prior to European settlements</figcaption></figure> Western Indian Territory is part of the Southern Plains and is the ancestral home of the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita people</a>, a Plains tribe. Additional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Plains">indigenous peoples of the Plains</a> entered Indian Territory during the horse culture era. Prior to adoption of the horse, some Plains Indian tribes were agrarian and others were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. Some tribes used the dog as a <a href="/wiki/Draft_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animal">draft animal</a> to pull small <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a> (or sleighs) to help move from place to place; however, by the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted the <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a>, an animal hide lodge, was used by <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> as a dwelling because they were portable and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area for hunting or ceremonies. The Arapaho historically had assisted the Cheyenne and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a> in driving the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas. Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. By 1840 many plains tribes had made peace with each other and developed <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a> as a means of communicate with their allies. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a> speak one of the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a> and were originally from the Kansas area; the name Kansas is derived from the tribe's name. The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes, who first settled in Nebraska, being from the same tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century. On June 4, 1873, the Kaw removed themselves from Kansas to an area that would become <a href="/wiki/Kay_County,_Oklahoma" title="Kay County, Oklahoma">Kay County, Oklahoma</a>, tribal headquarters is in <a href="/wiki/Kaw_City,_Oklahoma" title="Kaw City, Oklahoma">Kaw City, Oklahoma</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a> speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes. The Ponca tribe were never at war with the U.S. and signed the first peace treaty in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty, ceding part of their land to the United States in return for annuities, payment of $1.25 per acre from settlers, protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the <a href="/wiki/Niobrara_River" title="Niobrara River">Niobrara River</a> at the confluence with the Missouri River.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a><a href="#cite_note-1868_Sioux_Treaty-42">[42]</a> the US mistakenly included Ponca lands in present-day Nebraska in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> of present-day South Dakota. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by U.S. law, forced the U.S. to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and <a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Oklahoma" title="Noble County, Oklahoma">Noble</a> counties in Oklahoma. The land proved to be less than desirable for agriculture and many of the tribe moved back to Nebraska. In 1881, the US returned 26,236 acres (106.17 km2) of <a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Nebraska" title="Knox County, Nebraska">Knox County, Nebraska</a>, to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back north from Indian Territory. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma</a> have their headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma" title="Ponca City, Oklahoma">Ponca City, Oklahoma</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Otoe-Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians</a>, speak one of the Siouan languages and split away from the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a> in Wisconsin prior to European contact. The tribe is made up of <a href="/wiki/Otoe_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe tribe">Otoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a> Indians, is located in part of Noble County, Oklahoma with tribal offices in <a href="/wiki/Red_Rock,_Oklahoma" title="Red Rock, Oklahoma">Red Rock, Oklahoma</a>. Both tribes originated in the Great Lakes region by the 16th century had settled near the Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Grand_River_(Missouri)" title="Grand River (Missouri)">Grand Rivers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algonquian_langs.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Algonquian_langs.png/220px-Algonquian_langs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="643"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Algonquian_langs.png/220px-Algonquian_langs.png" data-width="220" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Algonquian_langs.png/330px-Algonquian_langs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Algonquian_langs.png/440px-Algonquian_langs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> prior to European settlements</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uto-Aztecan_langs.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Uto-Aztecan_langs.png/220px-Uto-Aztecan_langs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 241px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Uto-Aztecan_langs.png/220px-Uto-Aztecan_langs.png" data-width="220" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Uto-Aztecan_langs.png/330px-Uto-Aztecan_langs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Uto-Aztecan_langs.png/440px-Uto-Aztecan_langs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Northern <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan languages</a> prior to European settlements</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a> of Oklahoma are a united tribe of the Southern Arapaho and the Southern Cheyenne people, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Concho,_Oklahoma" title="Concho, Oklahoma">Concho, Oklahoma</a> (a rural suburb of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City</a>.) <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> were originally an agrarian people in present-day <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and speak an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a>. In 1877, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a> in present-day Montana, a group of Cheyenne were escorted to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). However, they were not used to the dry heat climate and food was insufficient and of poor quality. A group of Cheyenne left the territory without permission to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">travel back north</a>. Ultimately, the military gave up attempting to relocate the Northern Cheyenne back to Oklahoma and a Northern Cheyenne reservation was established in Montana</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> came from the present-day <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Montana, and Wyoming area, and speak an Algonquian language.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> lived in the upper <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a> in Wyoming breaking off from the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> people in the late 17th century, and speak a <a href="/wiki/Numic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numic">Numic</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</a> family. A nomadic people, the Comanche never developed the political idea of forming a single nation or tribe instead existing as multiple autonomous bands. The Comanche (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-Comanche_1835-34">[34]</a> An additional treaty was signed in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-Comanche_1846-33">[33]</a> In 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by <a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a>, surrendered and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> reservation in Oklahoma. The Comanche Nation is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma" title="Lawton, Oklahoma">Lawton, Oklahoma</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> speak a <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan language</a>. Originally from the area around <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. In the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</a> had an encounter with a Pawnee chief. In the 1830s exposure to infectious diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> decimated the tribe. The 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> their range was reduced to an area around <a href="/wiki/Nance_County,_Nebraska" title="Nance County, Nebraska">Nance County, Nebraska</a>. In 1874 the tribe was relocated to land in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Outlet</a> in Oklahoma Territory, in <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pawnee County, Oklahoma">Pawnee County, Oklahoma</a>. Tribal Headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Pawnee,_Oklahoma" title="Pawnee, Oklahoma">Pawnee, Oklahoma</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a> speak a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, that is a language with no known related languages. The Tonkawa seem to have inhabited northeastern Oklahoma in the 15th century. However, by the 18th century the Plains Apache had pushed the Tonkawa south to what is now southern Texas. After Texas was admitted as a State, the Tonkawa signed the 1846 Treaty with the Comanche and other Tribes at Council Springs, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Comanche_1846-33">[33]</a> After siding with the Confederacy, acting as scouts for the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkawa Massacre">Tonkawa Massacre</a>, occurring near Lawton, Oklahoma, killed about half of the tribe. In 1891 the Tonkawa were offered allotments in the Cherokee Outlet near present-day <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa,_Oklahoma" title="Tonkawa, Oklahoma">Tonkawa, Oklahoma</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> originated in the area of <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier National Park (US)">Glacier National Park, Montana</a> and speak a <a href="/wiki/Kiowa-Tanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa-Tanoan">Kiowa-Tanoan</a> language. In the 18th century the Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to the plains adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> in Colorado and Kansas and the Red River of the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. In 1837 the Kiowa (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. that established a framework for legal system administered by the US. Provided for trade between Republics of Mexico and Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Kiowa_1837-45">[45]</a> Tribal headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Oklahoma" title="Carnegie, Oklahoma">Carnegie, Oklahoma</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> or "Kiowa Apache", a branch of the Apache that lived in the upper Missouri River area and speak one of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan languages</a>. In the 18th century, the branch migrated south and adopted the lifestyle of the Kiowa. Tribal headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a> speak one of the Siouan languages and originated in present-day Kentucky. As the Iroquois moved south, the Osage moved west. By the early 18th century the Osage had become the dominant power in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, controlling much of the land between the Red River and Missouri River. From 1818 to 1825 a series of treaties reduced the Osage lands to <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Kansas" title="Independence, Kansas">Independence, Kansas</a>. With the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Drum_Creek_Treaty" title="Drum Creek Treaty">Drum Creek Treaty</a>, the Kansas land was sold for $1.25 per acre and the Osage purchased 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km2) in Indian Territory's Cherokee Outlet, the current <a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Osage County, Oklahoma">Osage County, Oklahoma</a>. While the Osage did not escape the federal policy of allotting communal tribal land to individual tribal members, they negotiated to retain communal <a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">mineral rights</a> to the reservation lands. These were later found to have <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, from which tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. Tribal headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska, Oklahoma</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plateau_tribes">Plateau tribes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plateau tribes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a> from 1872 to 1873, <a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc people</a> were forced from their homelands in southern <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> to settle at the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Quapaw Agency">Quapaw Agency</a>, Indian Territory. The federal government permitted some to return to Oregon in 1909. Those that remained in Oklahoma became the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma">Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Plateau">Plateau tribe</a> from Washington and Idaho, were sent to Indian Territory as prisoners of war in 1878, but after great losses in their numbers due to disease, drought and famine, they returned to their northwestern homelands in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> During the Reconstruction Era, when the size of Indian Territory was reduced, the renegotiated treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> and the tribes occupying the land of the Quapaw Indian Agency contained provisions for a government structure in Indian Territory. Replacement treaties signed in 1866 contained provisions for:<a href="#cite_note-Choctaw_Chickasaw_1866-20">[20]</a> <ul><li>Indian Territory Legislature would have proportional representation from tribes over 500 members</li> <li>Laws take effect unless suspended by Secretary of the Interior or President of the United States</li> <li>No laws shall be inconsistent with the United States Constitution, or laws of Congress, or treaties of the United States</li> <li>No legislation regarding "matters pertaining to the legislative, judicial, or other organization, laws, or customs of the several tribes or nations, except as herein provided for"</li> <li>Superintendent of Indian Affairs (or appointee) is the presiding officer of the Indian Territory Legislature</li> <li>Secretary of Interior appoints secretary of the Indian Territory Legislature</li> <li>A court or courts may be established in Indian Territory with such jurisdiction and organization as Congress may prescribe: "Provided that the same shall not interfere with the local judiciary of either of said nations."</li> <li>No session in any one year shall exceed the term of thirty days, and provided that the special sessions may be called whenever, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior, the interests of said tribes shall require it</li></ul> In a continuation of the new policy, the 1890 Oklahoma Organic Act extended civil and criminal laws of Arkansas over the Indian Territory,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and extended the laws of Nebraska over Oklahoma Territory.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%27_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 36°30' north">Parallel 36°30' north</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a> <ul><li>Territories of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> that encompassed land that would later become part of Indian Territory: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Luisiana</a>, 1764–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territories" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territories">U.S. territories</a> that encompassed land that would later become part of Indian Territory: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Louisiana" title="District of Louisiana">District of Louisiana</a>, 1804–1805</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Louisiana">Territory of Louisiana</a>, 1805–1812</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state" title="List of federally recognized tribes by state">List of federally recognized tribes by state</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">List of federally recognized tribes</a> alphabetic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Iowa" title="Native American tribes in Iowa">Native American tribes in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Treaties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Clark" title="Treaty of Fort Clark">Treaty of Fort Clark</a> with the Osage. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lovely%27s_Purchase" title="Lovely's Purchase">Lovely's Purchase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Treaty_(1825)" title="Osage Treaty (1825)">Osage Treaty (1825)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Commission" title="Cherokee Commission">Cherokee Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> the battle for Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Indian_Reservations_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma">Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_country_jurisdiction" title="Indian country jurisdiction">Indian country jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Everett, Dianna. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN018.html">Indian Territory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225155712/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN018.html">Archived</a> 2012-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, published by the Oklahoma Historical Society (accessed October 17, 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-EOHC-STC-2"><a href="#cite_ref-EOHC-STC_2-0">^</a> Pennington, William D. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February 16, 2012.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE001.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220113803/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE001.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723183417/http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf">"Acquisition of the Public Domain, 1781–1867, Table 1.1"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acquisition+of+the+Public+Domain%2C+1781%E2%80%931867%2C+Table+1.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blm.gov%2Fnatacq%2Fpls02%2Fpls1-1_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downes_v_Bidwell-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_v_Bidwell_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_v_Bidwell_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=us/182/244.html">"Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)"</a>. Retrieved 2012-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Downes+v.+Bidwell%2C+182+U.S.+244+%281901%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fprinter_friendly.pl%3Fpage%3Dus%2F182%2F244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/arkansas-state-boundaries-2546/">"Encyclopedia of Arkansas"</a>. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. 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New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143138-8"><bdi>978-0-06-143138-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/137324984">137324984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+States+got+Their+Shapes&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F137324984&rft.isbn=978-0-06-143138-8&rft.au=Stein%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOHC-Indian_Territory-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC-Indian_Territory_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOHC-Indian_Territory_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225155712/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN018.html">"Everett, Dianna. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Indian Territory.""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN018.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everett%2C+Dianna.+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture.+%22Indian+Territory.%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FI%2FIN018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074540/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/25C3.txt">"Subchapter I – Treaties"</a>. 25 USC Chapter 3 – Agreements with Indians. uscode – house.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/25C3.txt">the original</a> on March 17, 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=25+USC+Chapter+3+%E2%80%93+Agreements+with+Indians&rft.atitle=Subchapter+I+%E2%80%93+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscode.house.gov%2Fdownload%2Fpls%2F25C3.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25_usc_71-9"><a href="#cite_ref-25_usc_71_9-0">^</a> 25 U.S.C. § 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Congress' plenary authority to "override treaty provisions and legislate for the protection of the Native Americans." United States v. City of McAlester, 604 F.2d 42, 47 (10th Cir. 1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> United States v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("[A]n Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign – neither more nor less.") </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=118&invol=375">"United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886"</a>. Retrieved 2012-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Kagama%2C+118+U.S.+375+%281886%29%2C+Filed+May+10%2C+1886&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3Dus%26vol%3D118%26invol%3D375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/118/375/">"United States v. Kagama – 118 U.S. 375 (1886)"</a>. Retrieved 2012-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Kagama+%E2%80%93+118+U.S.+375+%281886%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F118%2F375%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston" class="citation news cs1">Huston, James L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=CI011">"The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: Civil War Era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Historical_Society" title="Oklahoma Historical Society">Oklahoma Historical Society</a>. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture%3A+Civil+War+Era&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry%3Fentry%3DCI011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1981" class="citation cs2">Gibson, Arrell (1981), Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries, University of Oklahoma Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1758-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1758-3"><bdi>0-8061-1758-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oklahoma%2C+a+History+of+Five+Centuries&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8061-1758-3&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Arrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebo1934" class="citation book cs1">Debo, Angie (1934). "The Civil War and Reconstruction". The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Choctaw+Republic&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Debo&rft.aufirst=Angie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074540/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/25C3.txt">"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/25C3.txt">the original</a> on March 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Act+of+Congress%2C+R.S.+Sec.+2080+derived+from+act+July+5%2C+1862%2C+ch.+135%2C+Sec.+1%2C+12+Stat.+528.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscode.house.gov%2Fdownload%2Fpls%2F25C3.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074540/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/25C3.txt">"Abrogation of treaties (25 USC Sec. 72) Codification R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/25C3.txt">the original</a> on March 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abrogation+of+treaties+%2825+USC+Sec.+72%29+Codification+R.S.+Sec.+2080+derived+from+act+July+5%2C+1862%2C+ch.+135%2C+Sec.+1%2C+12+Stat.+528.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscode.house.gov%2Fdownload%2Fpls%2F25C3.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Pennington, William D. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February 16, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE001.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220113803/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE001.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choctaw_Chickasaw_1866-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choctaw_Chickasaw_1866_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choctaw_Chickasaw_1866_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216041516/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0918.htm">"Treaty of Washington United States–Choctaw Nation–Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0918.htm">the original</a> on February 16, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Washington+United+States%E2%80%93Choctaw+Nation%E2%80%93Chickasaw+Nation%2C+14+Stat.+769%2C+signed+April+28%2C+1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcho0918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: Hearings on H.R. 19213 Before the H. Subcomm. on Indian Affairs, at 24 (February 14, 1912) (statement of Hon. Byron P. Harrison) ("While the {1866 Treaty of Washington} contemplated the immediate allotment in severalty of the lands in the Choctaw-Chickasaw country, yet such allotment in severalty to anyone was never made under such treaty, and has only been consummated since the breaking up of the tribal organization and preparatory to the organization of the State of Oklahoma.") </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126182821/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0977.htm">"Treaty with the Kiowa and Comanche, 1867 (15 Stats., 581) (Medicine Lodge Treaty #1)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0982.htm">the original</a> on 2017-05-30. Retrieved 2012-02-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Kiowa%2C+Comanche%2C+and+Apache%2C+1867%22+%28Medicine+Lodge+Treaty+%232%29%2C+%2815+Stats.+589%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fkio0982.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629043849/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/che0984.htm">"Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, 1867" (Medicine Lodge Treaty #3), (15 Stats. 593)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.ok.us/osfdocs/stinfo2.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Look+at+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+State+History+and+Information&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.ok.us%2Fosfdocs%2Fstinfo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerserve1941" class="citation web cs1">Merserve, John (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507052851/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v019/v019p314.html">"Chief Allen Wright"</a>. Chronicles of Oklahoma. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v019/v019p314.html">the original</a> on May 7, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicles+of+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=Chief+Allen+Wright&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Merserve&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fchronicles%2Fv019%2Fv019p314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forstall_pp._47–49-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._47%E2%80%9349_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstall" class="citation report cs1">Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf">Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. p. 132. Retrieved May 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+States+and+Counties+of+the+United+States%3A+1790%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170646/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol3/HTML_files/SES0186.html#sec2a">"Enabling Act (Oklahoma) Public Law 234, HR 12797, Jun 16, 1906 (59th Congress, Session 1, chapter 3335"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol3/HTML_files/SES0186.html#sec2a">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2012-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enabling+Act+%28Oklahoma%29+Public+Law+234%2C+HR+12797%2C+Jun+16%2C+1906+%2859th+Congress%2C+Session+1%2C+chapter+3335&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol3%2FHTML_files%2FSES0186.html%23sec2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Schlesier, Karl H. Plains Indians, 500–1500 AD: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994: 347–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217112801/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm">"Treaty with the Caddo, July 1, 1835 (7 Stat., 470)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Caddo%2C+July+1%2C+1835+%287+Stat.%2C+470%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcad0432.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comanche_1846-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comanche_1846_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comanche_1846_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comanche_1846_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615184447/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0554.htm">"Treaty with the Comanche, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc., Wacoes, Keeches, Tonkaways, Wichetas, Towa-KarroesMay 15, 1846, (9 Stat., 844). The treaty established the US as a protectorate of the tribes and established legal procedures between tribes and the U.S., Signed at Council Springs, Texas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0554.htm">the original</a> on June 15, 2010. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Comanche%2C+Aionai%2C+Anadarko%2C+Caddo%2C+etc.%2C+Wacoes%2C+Keeches%2C+Tonkaways%2C+Wichetas%2C+Towa-KarroesMay+15%2C+1846%2C+%289+Stat.%2C+844%29.+The+treaty+established+the+US+as+a+protectorate+of+the+tribes+and+established+legal+procedures+between+tribes+and+the+U.S.%2C+Signed+at+Council+Springs%2C+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcom0554.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comanche_1835-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comanche_1835_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comanche_1835_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215215155/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0435.htm">"Treaty with the Comanche, Etc., Aug. 24, 1835. (7 Stat., 474) Treaty of Friendship between U.S. and Comanche and Witchetaw nations, and Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw and established framework for legal system supervised by U.S. Signed on the eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian river, in the Muscogee nation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0435.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Comanche%2C+Etc.%2C+Aug.+24%2C+1835.+%287+Stat.%2C+474%29+Treaty+of+Friendship+between+U.S.+and+Comanche+and+Witchetaw+nations%2C+and+Cherokee+Muscogee%2C+Choctaw%2C+Osage%2C+Seneca+and+Quapaw+and+established+framework+for+legal+system+supervised+by+U.S.+Signed+on+the+eastern+border+of+the+Grand+Prairie%2C+near+the+Canadian+river%2C+in+the+Muscogee+nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcom0435.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Moser, George W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftmoon.com/cherokee10/history.asp">A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10</a> (retrieved 26 June 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtFerguson1973" class="citation book cs1">Burt, Jesse; Ferguson, Bob (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthea00burt/page/170">"The Removal"</a>. Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now. Nashville and New York: Abingdon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthea00burt/page/170">170–173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-18793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-18793-5"><bdi>978-0-687-18793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Removal&rft.btitle=Indians+of+the+Southeast%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.pages=170-173&rft.pub=Nashville+and+New+York%3A+Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-687-18793-5&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiansofsouthea00burt%2Fpage%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasheritage.org/PBP/books/treaties/t_1833.html">"1833 Treaty with the Chippewa, etc"</a>. Retrieved 2012-02-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1833+Treaty+with+the+Chippewa%2C+etc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasheritage.org%2FPBP%2Fbooks%2Ftreaties%2Ft_1833.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324172145/http://www.kansasheritage.org/PBP/books/treaties/t_1867.html">"Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi 1867"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasheritage.org/pbp/books/treaties/t_1867.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-02-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Washington+with+the+Potawatomi+1867&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasheritage.org%2Fpbp%2Fbooks%2Ftreaties%2Ft_1867.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson2009" class="citation web cs1">Roberson, Glen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=PE013">"Peoria"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Peoria&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry.php%3Fentry%3DPE013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114055514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html">"1817 Ponca Treaty with the U.S."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1817+Ponca+Treaty+with+the+U.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FP%2FPO007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213034753/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/pon0772.htm">"1858 Ponca Treaty with the U.S."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/pon0772.htm">the original</a> on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1858+Ponca+Treaty+with+the+U.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fpon0772.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1868_Sioux_Treaty-42"><a href="#cite_ref-1868_Sioux_Treaty_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm">"US-Sioux Treaty of 1868"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm">the original</a> on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US-Sioux+Treaty+of+1868&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2Fvol2%2Ftreaties%2Fsio0998.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720001619/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OT001.html">"May, John D. Otoe-Missouria. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OT001.html">the original</a> on 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=May%2C+John+D.+Otoe-Missouria.+Oklahoma+Historical+Society%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+%26+Culture.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FO%2FOT001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216071302/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/paw0764.htm">"1957 Treaty with the Pawnee"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/paw0764.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1957+Treaty+with+the+Pawnee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fpaw0764.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiowa_1837-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiowa_1837_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530170807/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0489.htm">"Treaty with the Kiowa, Etc., May 26, 1837 (7 Stat. 533). Treaty of friendship between U.S. and Kioway, Ka-ta-ka, and Ta-wa-ka-ro nations and Comanche, Witchetaw, Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw nations or tribes of Indians and provided for trade between Republics of Texas and Mexico, signed at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0489.htm">the original</a> on May 30, 2017. Retrieved 2012-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Kiowa%2C+Etc.%2C+May+26%2C+1837+%287+Stat.+533%29.+Treaty+of+friendship+between+U.S.+and+Kioway%2C+Ka-ta-ka%2C+and+Ta-wa-ka-ro+nations+and+Comanche%2C+Witchetaw%2C+Cherokee+Muscogee%2C+Choctaw%2C+Osage%2C+Seneca+and+Quapaw+nations+or+tribes+of+Indians+and+provided+for+trade+between+Republics+of+Texas+and+Mexico%2C+signed+at+Fort+Gibson%2C+Oklahoma.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fkio0489.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelf" class="citation web cs1">Self, Burl E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=MO002">"Modoc"</a>. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Modoc&rft.aulast=Self&rft.aufirst=Burl+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry.php%3Fentry%3DMO002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestmoreland" class="citation web cs1">Westmoreland, Ingrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=NE015">"Nez Perce"</a>. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nez+Perce&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Westmoreland&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry.php%3Fentry%3DNE015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 26 Stat. 81, at 94-97 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045844/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OR004.html">"Organic Act, 1890, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OR004.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2012-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organic+Act%2C+1890%2C+Oklahoma+Historical+Society%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FO%2FOR004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Clampitt, Bradley R. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory (University of Nebraska Press, 2015). viii, 192 pp. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Confer, Clarissa W. The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War (University of Oklahoma Press, 2007) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Gibson, Arrell Morgan. "Native Americans and the Civil War," American Indian Quarterly (1985), 9#4, pp. 385–410 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1183560">1183560</a></li> <li>Minges, Patrick. Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855–1867 (Routledge, 2003) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Reese, Linda Williams. Trail Sisters: Freedwomen in Indian Territory, 1850–1890 (Texas Tech University Press; 2013), 186 pages; Studies black women held as slaves by the Cherokee, Choctaw, and other Indians [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Smith, Troy. "The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory", Civil War History (September 2013), 59#3, pp. 279–319 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v059/59.3.smith.html">online</a></li> <li>Wickett, Murray R. Contested Territory: Whites, Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865–1907 (Louisiana State University Press, 2000) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Edwards, Whit. "The Prairie Was on Fire": Eyewitness Accounts of the Civil War in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma Historical Society, 2001) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Indian_Territory" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okgenweb.org/~itgenweb/">Twin Territories: Oklahoma Territory – Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225155712/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN018.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/fed-indian-policy/">High resolution maps and other items</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=indian+territory&t=text&q2=%22CCHS%22&t2=institution">See 1890s photographs of Native Americans in Oklahoma Indian Territory</a> hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319194456/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/toc.htm">Treaties by Tribe Name, Vol. II (Treaties) in part. Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.okstate.edu/search-and-find/collections/digital-collections/oklahoma-digital-maps-collection/">Oklahoma Digital Maps Collection</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawes1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hawes, J. W. (1879). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Indian_Territory">"Indian Territory" </a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Territory&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Hawes&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_GerhardWoolley,_John_T1890" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (February 10, 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002030/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=70952">"Benjamin Harrison: 'Proclamation 295 – Sioux Nation of Indians'"</a>. The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=70952">the original</a> on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Harrison%3A+%27Proclamation+295+%E2%80%93+Sioux+Nation+of+Indians%27&rft.date=1890-02-10&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Woolley%2C+John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D70952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_GerhardWoolley,_John_T" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002037/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=70956">"Benjamin Harrison: "Proclamation 298 – Extinguishing Indian Title to Certain Lands," October 23, 1890"</a>. The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=70956">the original</a> on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Harrison%3A+%22Proclamation+298+%E2%80%93+Extinguishing+Indian+Title+to+Certain+Lands%2C%22+October+23%2C+1890&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Woolley%2C+John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D70956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Territory" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&oldid=1275909006">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&oldid=1275909006</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Territory&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 20:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="الإقليم الهندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإقليم الهندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индианска територия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индианска територия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territori_Indi" title="Territori Indi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Territori Indi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianerterritoriet" title="Indianerterritoriet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indianerterritoriet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianerterritorium" title="Indianerterritorium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indianerterritorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_Indio_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Territorio Indio (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorio Indio (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Teritorio" title="Indiana Teritorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indiana Teritorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiar_Lurraldea" title="Indiar Lurraldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiar Lurraldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_indien" title="Territoire indien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoire indien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_indio" title="Territorio indio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Territorio indio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B8_%EC%A4%80%EC%A3%BC" title="인디언 준주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인디언 준주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritori_Indian" title="Teritori Indian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teritori Indian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_indiano" title="Territorio indiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Territorio indiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הטריטוריה האינדיאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטריטוריה האינדיאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Үндіс аймағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үндіс аймағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C4%97n%C5%B3_teritorija" title="Indėnų teritorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indėnų teritorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индијанска Територија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индијанска Територија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianenterritorium" title="Indianenterritorium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indianenterritorium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%9E" title="インディアン準州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インディアン準州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianerterritoriet" title="Indianerterritoriet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indianerterritoriet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terytorium_India%C5%84skie" title="Terytorium Indiańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terytorium Indiańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rio_ind%C3%ADgena" title="Território indígena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Território indígena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritoriul_Indian" title="Teritoriul Indian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teritoriul Indian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индейская территория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индейская территория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian Territory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индијанска територија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијанска територија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intiaaniterritorio" title="Intiaaniterritorio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intiaaniterritorio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianterritoriet" title="Indianterritoriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indianterritoriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%B4%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᏍᏛᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᏍᏛᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lderili_Topraklar%C4%B1" title="Kızılderili Toprakları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızılderili Toprakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індіанська територія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індіанська територія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%B0" title="印第安领地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印第安领地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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