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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Break with Western theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_Western_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insufficiency_of_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insufficiency_of_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Insufficiency of language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insufficiency_of_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Impossible_theatre"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Impossible_theatre""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Impossible theatre"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Impossible_theatre"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Productions_and_staging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productions_and_staging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Productions and staging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productions_and_staging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_activist_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_activist_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern activist application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_activist_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A9" title="مسرح القسوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسرح القسوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_de_la_crueltat" title="Teatre de la crueltat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teatre de la crueltat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_der_Grausamkeit" title="Theater der Grausamkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theater der Grausamkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julmuse_teater" title="Julmuse teater – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Julmuse teater" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_de_la_crueldad" title="Teatro de la crueldad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teatro de la crueldad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="تئاتر شقاوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئاتر شقاوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_cruaut%C3%A9" title="Théâtre de la cruauté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théâtre de la cruauté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_da_crueldade" title="Teatro da crueldade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teatro da crueldade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_della_crudelt%C3%A0" title="Teatro della crudeltà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teatro della crudeltà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תיאטרון האכזריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיאטרון האכזריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_de_la_crudeltat" title="Teatre de la crudeltat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teatre de la crudeltat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਆਤੰਕ ਦਾ ਥੀਏਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਤੰਕ ਦਾ ਥੀਏਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatr_okrucie%C5%84stwa" title="Teatr okrucieństwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teatr okrucieństwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah%C5%9Fet_Tiyatrosu" title="Vahşet Tiyatrosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vahşet Tiyatrosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="سفاک تھیٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سفاک تھیٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surrealist form of theatre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the short story, see <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty_(Discworld)" title="Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld)">Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Theatre of Cruelty</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Théâtre de la Cruauté</i>, also <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Théâtre cruel</i></span>) is a form of theatre conceptualised by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>. Artaud, who was briefly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist movement</a>, outlined his theories in a series of essays and letters, which were collected as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre_and_Its_Double" title="The Theatre and Its Double">The Theatre and Its Double</a></i>. The Theatre of Cruelty can be seen as a break from traditional Western theatre and a means by which artists assault the senses of the audience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Artaud's works have been highly influential on artists including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Grotowski" title="Jerzy Grotowski">Jerzy Grotowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Castellucci" title="Romeo Castellucci">Romeo Castellucci</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_influences">History and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> was well known as an actor, playwright, and essayist who worked in both theatre and cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was briefly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> movement in Paris from 1924 to 1926, before his "radical independence and his uncontrollable personality, perpetually in revolt, brought about his excommunication by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by André Breton, the surrealist movement argued that the unconscious mind is a source of artistic truth and the artistic works associated with the movement looked to reveal the mind's inner workings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though only momentarily an official member of the group, he was associated with its members throughout his life time and the movement's theories shaped Artaud's development of the Theatre of Cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, in association with expelled surrealist playwright <a href="/wiki/Roger_Vitrac" title="Roger Vitrac">Roger Vitrac</a>, Artaud founded the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Alfred_Jarry" title="Theatre Alfred Jarry">Theatre Alfred Jarry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He directed all of the productions at the theatre, and explored many of the ideas that he would later articulate in his writings on the Theatre of Cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatre lasted only two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockett_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, Artaud saw a <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese dance</a> troupe performance at the Paris Colonial Exhibit.<sup id="cite_ref-Bali_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bali-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performance conventions of Balinese dance were different from any Artaud had previously experienced, and he was struck by the intense physicality of the dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bali_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bali-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artaud went on to publish his major work on the Theatre of Cruelty, <i>The Theatre and Its Double</i>, seven years later in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockett_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artaud_BNF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Artaud_BNF.jpg/220px-Artaud_BNF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Artaud_BNF.jpg/330px-Artaud_BNF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Artaud_BNF.jpg/440px-Artaud_BNF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Antonin Artaud</figcaption></figure><p><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> describes the Theatre of Cruelty as "a primitive ceremonial experience intended to liberate the human subconscious and reveal man to himself".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It goes on to say that <i>Manifeste du théâtre de la cruauté</i> (1932; <i>Manifesto of the Theatre of Cruelty</i>) and <i>Le Théâtre et son double</i> (1938; <i>The Theatre and Its Double</i>) both called for "communion between actor and audience in a magic exorcism; gestures, sounds, unusual scenery, and lighting combine to form a language, superior to words, that can be used to subvert thought and logic and to shock the spectator into seeing the baseness of his world."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artaud warned against the dangers of psychology in theatre and strove to create a theatre in which the <a href="/wiki/Mise_en_sc%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mise en scène">mise-en-scène</a>, everything present in the staging of a production, could be understood as a codified stage language, with minimal emphasis on spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_Artaud's_"theatre"_and_"cruelty""><span id="Defining_Artaud.27s_.22theatre.22_and_.22cruelty.22"></span>Defining Artaud's "theatre" and "cruelty"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defining Artaud's "theatre" and "cruelty""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his writings on the Theatre of Cruelty, Artaud notes that both "theatre" and "cruelty" are separate from their colloquial meanings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For Artaud, theatre does not merely refer to a staged performance before a passive audience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The theatre is a practice, which "wakes us up. Nerves and heart," and through which we experience "immediate violent action" that "inspires us with the fiery magnetism of its images and acts upon us like a spiritual therapeutics whose touch can never be forgotten."<sup id="cite_ref-Excess_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Excess-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Similarly, cruelty does not refer to an act of emotional or physical violence. According to scholar Nathan Gorelick, </p><blockquote><p>Cruelty is, more profoundly, the unrelenting agitation of a life that has become unnecessary, lazy, or removed from a compelling force. The Theatre of Cruelty gives expression to everything that is ‘crime, love, war, or madness' in order to ‘unforgettably root within us the ideas of perpetual conflict, a spasm in which life is continually lacerated, in which everything in creation rises up and asserts itself against our appointed rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Excess_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Excess-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>For Artaud, <a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">cruelty</a> is not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadism and Masochism">sadism</a> or causing pain, but just as often a violent, physical determination to shatter a false reality. He believed that text had been a tyrant over meaning, and advocated, instead, for a theatre made up of a unique language, halfway between thought and gesture. Artaud described the spiritual in physical terms, and believed that all theatre is physical expression in space.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Theatre of Cruelty has been created in order to restore to the theatre a passionate and convulsive conception of life, and it is in this sense of violent rigour and extreme condensation of scenic elements that the cruelty on which it is based must be understood. This cruelty, which will be bloody when necessary but not systematically so, can thus be identified with a kind of severe moral purity which is not afraid to pay life the price it must be paid.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Antonin Artaud, <i>The Theatre of Cruelty</i>, in <i>The Theory of the Modern Stage</i> (ed. Eric Bentley), Penguin, 1968, p.66</cite></div></blockquote><p>Evidently, Artaud's various uses of the term cruelty must be examined to fully understand his ideas. Lee Jamieson has identified four ways in which Artaud used the term cruelty. First, it is employed metaphorically to describe the essence of human existence.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Nietzsche's] definition of cruelty informs Artaud's own, declaring that all art embodies and intensifies the underlying brutalities of life to recreate the thrill of experience ... Although Artaud did not formally cite Nietzsche, [their writing] contains a familiar persuasive authority, a similar exuberant phraseology, and motifs in extremis ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lee Jamieson, <i>Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice</i>, Greenwich Exchange, 2007, p.21-22</cite></div></blockquote><p>Artaud's second use of the term (according to Jamieson), is as a form of discipline. Although Artaud wanted to "reject form and incite chaos" (Jamieson, p. 22), he also promoted strict discipline and rigor in his performance techniques. A third use of the term was 'cruelty as theatrical presentation'. The Theatre of Cruelty aimed to hurl the spectator into the centre of the action, forcing them to engage with the performance on an instinctive level. For Artaud, this was a cruel, yet necessary act upon the spectator, designed to shock them out of their complacency:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Artaud sought to remove <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_distance" title="Aesthetic distance">aesthetic distance</a>, bringing the audience into direct contact with the dangers of life. By turning theatre into a place where the spectator is exposed rather than protected, Artaud was committing an act of cruelty upon them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lee Jamieson, <i>Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice</i>, Greenwich Exchange, 2007, p.23</cite></div></blockquote><p>Artaud wanted to put the audience in the middle of the 'spectacle' (his term for the play), so they would be 'engulfed and physically affected by it'. He referred to this layout as being like a 'vortex' – a constantly shifting shape – 'to be trapped and powerless'. He also placed a great emphasis on sound rather than words or dialogue, by incorporating loud cries, screams, eerie sounds, or noises causing the audience to become uncomfortable. Words were an insufficient medium of expression. </p><p>Finally, Artaud used the term to describe his philosophical views. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_with_Western_theatre">Break with Western theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Break with Western theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Theatre_and_its_Double" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre and its Double">The Theatre and Its Double</a></i>, Artaud expressed his admiration for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern</a> forms of theatre, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Artaud felt that the focus of theatre in the west had become far too narrow—primarily examining the psychological suffering of individuals or the societal struggles of specific groups of people. He wanted to delve into the aspects of the subconscious that he believed were often the root cause of human being's mistreatment of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-unspeakable_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unspeakable-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through an assault on the audiences' senses, Artaud was convinced that a theatrical experience could help people purge destructive feelings and experience the joy that society forces them to repress. For Artaud, "the theatre has been created to drain abscesses collectively."<sup id="cite_ref-Brockett_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insufficiency_of_language">Insufficiency of language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Insufficiency of language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artaud believed that language was an entirely insufficient means to express trauma. Accordingly, he felt that words should be stripped of meaning and chosen for their phonic elements. According to scholar Robert Vork, "Speech on the Theatre of Cruelty's stage is reduced to inarticulate sounds, cries, and gibbering screams, no longer inviting a subject into being but seeking to preclude its very existence."<sup id="cite_ref-unspeakable_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unspeakable-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhat paradoxically, Artaud claims that his characters are able to express things that others are unable to say. Vork claims, "Artaud seems to be suggesting that his play reveals emotions and experiences that we all attempt to proscribe and are unwilling to acknowledge, but which nevertheless occur."<sup id="cite_ref-unspeakable_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unspeakable-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Impossible_theatre""><span id=".22Impossible_theatre.22"></span>"Impossible theatre"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Impossible theatre""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephen Barber explains that "the Theatre of Cruelty has often been called an 'impossible theatre'—vital for the purity of inspiration which it generated, but hopelessly vague and metaphorical in its concrete detail." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This impossibility has not prevented others from articulating a version of his principles as the basis for explorations of their own. "Though many of those theatre-artists proclaimed an Artaudian lineage," Susie Tharu argues, "the Artaud they invoke is marked by a commitment as ahistorical and <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)#Religious_definition" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent</a> as their own." There is, she suggests, another Artaud and "the tradition he was midwife to."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Productions_and_staging">Productions and staging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Productions and staging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artaud wanted to abolish the stage and auditorium, and to do away with sets and props and masks. He envisioned the performance space as an empty room with the audience seated in the center and the actors performing all around them. The stage effects included overwhelming sounds and bright lights in order to stun the audience's sensibilities and completely immerse them in the theatrical experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artaud believed that he could erode an audience's resistance by using these methods, "addressed first of all to the senses rather than to the mind," because, "the public thinks first with all of its senses."<sup id="cite_ref-Brockett_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his lifetime, Artaud only produced one play that put the theories of the Theatre of Cruelty into practice. He staged and directed <i>Les Cenci</i>, adapted from the dramatic work of the same title by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, in 1935 at the Théâtre des Folies-Wagram in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Things_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Things-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was neither a commercial or critical success and ran for only 17 performances. Artaud, however, believed that, while he was forced to limit the scope of his vision due to financial constraints, <i>Les Cenci</i> succeeded in exemplifying the tenets of the Theatre of Cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-Things_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Things-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Pericles_Lewis" title="Pericles Lewis">Pericles Lewis</a>, the influences of the Theatre of Cruelty can most clearly be seen in the works of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a>, a post World War II playwright. His plays featured ritualized murder and systemic oppression in order to show the negative consequences and suffering caused by political subjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, a number of directors began to incorporate Artaud's theories and staging practices in their work, including <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Grotowski" title="Jerzy Grotowski">Jerzy Grotowski</a> at the Polish Laboratory Theatre. In England, famed theatre director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> experimented with the Theatre of Cruelty in a series of workshops at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> (RSC). These experiments are reflected in his direction and staging of RSC's lauded 1966 production of <i><a href="/wiki/Marat/Sade" title="Marat/Sade">Marat/Sade</a></i>, a play with music by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abilene_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abilene-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Marat/Sade</i> uses dramatic devices developed by both Artaud and <a href="/wiki/Brecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Brecht">Brecht</a> to depict class struggle and human suffering in the midst of changing social structures. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> dramatist <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a> argues that we have yet to feel or to appreciate fully Artaud's contribution to theatrical culture; his ideas are, Müller implies, 'untimely':<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The emergency is Artaud. He tore literature away from the police, theatre away from medicine. Under the sun of torture, which shines equally on all the continents of this planet, his texts blossom. Read on the ruins of Europe, they will be classics."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_activist_application">Modern activist application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern activist application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, a group of geography and sociology professors used the Theatre of Cruelty as a conceptual, experience-based technique to explore the agrarian struggle and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">deforestation in the Amazon Basin</a>. These professors: "…suggest that theater, more generally, provides structure for cruel performance, and that violent land conflict, together with forest destruction, constitutes a predictable tragedy of theatrical events. In other words, violent land conflict in Amazonia, with all its terrible implication for people and environment, can be grasped as a theatrical structure with philosophic and material consequences for mind and body."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Theatre">Living Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_Movement" title="Panic Movement">Panic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorris2021" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Blake (2021-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8xOEAAAQBAJ&dq=blake+morris+artaud&pg=PT2"><i>Antonin Artaud</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-67097-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-67097-8"><bdi>978-0-429-67097-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonin+Artaud&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-429-67097-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8xOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dblake%2Bmorris%2Bartaud%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtaud1996" class="citation book cs1">Artaud, Antonin (1996). <i>Antonin Artaud: works on paper</i>. Rowell, Margit. New York: <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870701185" title="Special:BookSources/0870701185"><bdi>0870701185</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35825600">35825600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonin+Artaud%3A+works+on+paper&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35825600&rft.isbn=0870701185&rft.aulast=Artaud&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapti2016" class="citation book cs1">Rapti, Vassiliki (2016-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOEoDAAAQBAJ&q=surrealism+and+Artaud"><i>Ludics in Surrealist Theatre and Beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10309-7"><bdi>978-1-317-10309-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludics+in+Surrealist+Theatre+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-10309-7&rft.aulast=Rapti&rft.aufirst=Vassiliki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOEoDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsurrealism%2Band%2BArtaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJannarone2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jannarone, Kimberly (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0040557405000153/type/journal_article">"The Theatre before Its Double: Artaud Directs in the Alfred Jarry Theatre"</a>. <i>Theatre Survey</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">247–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040557405000153">10.1017/S0040557405000153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5574">0040-5574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Theatre+before+Its+Double%3A+Artaud+Directs+in+the+Alfred+Jarry+Theatre&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040557405000153&rft.issn=0040-5574&rft.aulast=Jannarone&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0040557405000153%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockett-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockett2007" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, Oscar G. (2007). <i>History of Theatre</i>. Boston, MA: Perason Education. pp. <span class="nowrap">420–</span>421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-47360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-47360-1"><bdi>978-0-205-47360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Theatre&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.pub=Perason+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-205-47360-1&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=Oscar+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bali-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bali_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bali_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balipurnati.com/All_Updates/2007/ARTAUD%202008%20Workshop%20Text.pdf">"Artaud and the Balinese Theater"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bali Purnati Center of the Arts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artaud+and+the+Balinese+Theater&rft.pub=Bali+Purnati+Center+of+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balipurnati.com%2FAll_Updates%2F2007%2FARTAUD%25202008%2520Workshop%2520Text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonin-Artaud">"Antonin Artaud | French author and actor"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Antonin+Artaud+%7C+French+author+and+actor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAntonin-Artaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtaud1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Artaud, Antonin (1986). <i>Das Theater und sein Double</i> (in German). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Theater+und+sein+Double&rft.place=Frankfurt+a.M.&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Fischer&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Artaud&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Excess-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Excess_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Excess_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelick2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gorelick, Nathan (2011). "Life in Excess: Insurrection and Expenditure in Antonin Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty". <i>Discourse</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdis.2011.a474427">10.1353/dis.2011.a474427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse&rft.atitle=Life+in+Excess%3A+Insurrection+and+Expenditure+in+Antonin+Artaud%27s+Theatre+of+Cruelty&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fdis.2011.a474427&rft.aulast=Gorelick&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unspeakable-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unspeakable_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unspeakable_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unspeakable_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVork2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vork, Robert (2013). "The Things No One Can Say: The Unspeakable Act in Artaud's Les Cenci". <i>Modern Drama</i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fmd.0517">10.3138/md.0517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191351072">191351072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Drama&rft.atitle=The+Things+No+One+Can+Say%3A+The+Unspeakable+Act+in+Artaud%27s+Les+Cenci&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fmd.0517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191351072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vork&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Tharu (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Pericles (2007). <i>The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Modernism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Pericles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Things-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Things_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Things_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVork2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vork, Robert (March 13, 2013). "Things That No One Can Say: The Unspeakable Act in Artaud's Les Cenci". <i>Modern Drama</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fmd.0517">10.3138/md.0517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191351072">191351072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Drama&rft.atitle=Things+That+No+One+Can+Say%3A+The+Unspeakable+Act+in+Artaud%27s+Les+Cenci&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fmd.0517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191351072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vork&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abilene-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abilene_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/staffhome/siryan/academy/theatres/theatre%20of%20cruelty.htm">"Theater of Cruelty"</a>. <i>Styles of Performance – Theater of Cruelty</i>. Abilene Christian University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Styles+of+Performance+%E2%80%93+Theater+of+Cruelty&rft.atitle=Theater+of+Cruelty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlibrary.acu.edu.au%2Fstaffhome%2Fsiryan%2Facademy%2Ftheatres%2Ftheatre%2520of%2520cruelty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+Cruelty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Brecht-Artaud dialogue in postmodern theatre, see Wright (1989), Price (1990), and Howe Kritzer (1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller (1977), p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker (2011)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Antonin Artaud, Mary Caroline Richards (translator), <i>The Theater and Its Double</i>. Grove Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-5030-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-5030-6">0-8021-5030-6</a></li> <li>Barber, Stephen. 1993. <i>Antonin Artaud: Blows and Bombs</i>. London: Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17252-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-17252-0">0-571-17252-0</a>.</li> <li>Howe Kritzer, Amelia. 1991. <i>The Plays of Caryl Churchill: Theatre of Empowerment</i>. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-52248-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-52248-6">0-333-52248-6</a>.</li> <li>Jamieson, Lee. 2007. <i>Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice</i> London: Greenwich Exchange. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871551-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871551-98-3">978-1-871551-98-3</a>.</li> <li>Müller, Heiner. 1977. "Artaud The Language of Cruelty." In <i>Germania</i>. Trans. Bernard Schütze and Caroline Schütze. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Sylv%C3%A8re_Lotringer" title="Sylvère Lotringer">Sylvère Lotringer</a>. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e), 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936756-63-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-936756-63-2">0-936756-63-2</a>. p. 175.</li> <li>Price, David W. 1990. "The Politics of the Body: Pina Bausch's <i>Tanztheater</i>". <i>Theatre Journal</i> 42.3 (Oct). 322-331.</li> <li>Tharu, Susie J. 1984. <i>The Sense of Performance: Post-Artaud Theatre</i>. New Delhi : Arnold-Heinemann. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-03050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-03050-7">0-391-03050-7</a>.</li> <li>Walker, Robert, Simmons, Cynthia, Aldrich, Stephen, Perz, Stephen, Arima, Eugenio and Caldas, Marcellus. 2011. <i>The Amazonian Theater of Cruelty</i>. The Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Volume 101: 1156-1170.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cruelty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/144642/Theatre-of-Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a> at <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/antonin-artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> at The Poetry Foundation</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> 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School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antonin_Artaud28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antonin_Artaud" title="Template:Antonin Artaud"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="The Theatre and its Double">The Theatre and its Double</a></i> (1938 essay collection)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox582" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: 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