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visual inspection</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: digital visual inspection"> <meta name="keywords" content="digital visual inspection"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="digital visual inspection"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4849</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: digital visual inspection</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4849</span> Steel Bridge Coating Inspection Using Image Processing with Neural Network Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Elbeheri">Ahmed Elbeheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20Zayed"> Tarek Zayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Steel bridges deterioration has been one of the problems in North America for the last years. Steel bridges deterioration mainly attributed to the difficult weather conditions. Steel bridges suffer fatigue cracks and corrosion, which necessitate immediate inspection. Visual inspection is the most common technique for steel bridges inspection, but it depends on the inspector experience, conditions, and work environment. So many Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) models have been developed use Non-destructive technologies to be more accurate, reliable and non-human dependent. Non-destructive techniques such as The Eddy Current Method, The Radiographic Method (RT), Ultra-Sonic Method (UT), Infra-red thermography and Laser technology have been used. Digital Image processing will be used for Corrosion detection as an Alternative for visual inspection. Different models had used grey-level and colored digital image for processing. However, color image proved to be better as it uses the color of the rust to distinguish it from the different backgrounds. The detection of the rust is an important process as it’s the first warning for the corrosion and a sign of coating erosion. To decide which is the steel element to be repainted and how urgent it is the percentage of rust should be calculated. In this paper, an image processing approach will be developed to detect corrosion and its severity. Two models were developed 1st to detect rust and 2nd to detect rust percentage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20bridge" title="steel bridge">steel bridge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20inspection" title=" bridge inspection"> bridge inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20corrosion" title=" steel corrosion"> steel corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83264/steel-bridge-coating-inspection-using-image-processing-with-neural-network-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4848</span> State-of-the Art Practices in Bridge Inspection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salam%20Yaghi">Salam Yaghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saleh%20Abu%20Dabous"> Saleh Abu Dabous</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Government reports and published research have flagged and brought to public attention the deteriorating condition of a large percentage of bridges in Canada and the United States. With the increasing number of deteriorated bridges in the US, Canada, and around the globe, condition assessment techniques of concrete bridges are evolving. Investigation for bridges’ defects such as cracks, spalls, and delamination and their level of severity are the main objectives of condition assessment. Inspection and rehabilitation programs are being implemented to monitor and maintain deteriorated bridge infrastructure. This paper highlights the state-of-the art of current practices being performed for concrete bridge inspection. The information is gathered from the literature and through a distributed questionnaire. The current practices in concrete bridge inspection rely on the use of hummer sounding and chain dragging tests. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques are not being utilized fully in the process. Nonetheless, they are being partially utilized by the recommendation of the bridge inspector after conducting the visual inspection. Lanes are usually closed during the performance of visual inspection and bridge inspection in general. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20inspection" title="bridge inspection">bridge inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition%20assessment" title=" condition assessment"> condition assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=questionnaire" title=" questionnaire"> questionnaire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20testing" title=" non-destructive testing"> non-destructive testing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32448/state-of-the-art-practices-in-bridge-inspection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4847</span> Non-Destructive Inspection for Tunnel Lining Concrete with Small Void by Using Ultrasonic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasuyuki%20Nabeshima">Yasuyuki Nabeshima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many tunnels which have been constructed since more than 50 years were existing in Japan. Lining concrete in these tunnels have many problems such as crack, flacking and void. Inner void between lining concrete and rock was very hard to find by outside visual check and hammering test. In this paper, non-destructive inspection by using ultrasonic was applied to investigate inner void. A model concrete with inner void was used as specimen and ultrasonic inspection was applied to specify the location and the size of void. As a result, ultrasonic inspection could accurately find the inner void. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel" title="tunnel">tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lining%20concrete" title=" lining concrete"> lining concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=void" title=" void"> void</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20inspection" title=" non-destructive inspection"> non-destructive inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic" title=" ultrasonic"> ultrasonic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74615/non-destructive-inspection-for-tunnel-lining-concrete-with-small-void-by-using-ultrasonic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74615.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4846</span> An Investigation on Smartphone-Based Machine Vision System for Inspection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=They%20Shao%20Peng">They Shao Peng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Machine vision system for inspection is an automated technology that is normally utilized to analyze items on the production line for quality control purposes, it also can be known as an automated visual inspection (AVI) system. By applying automated visual inspection, the existence of items, defects, contaminants, flaws, and other irregularities in manufactured products can be easily detected in a short time and accurately. However, AVI systems are still inflexible and expensive due to their uniqueness for a specific task and consuming a lot of set-up time and space. With the rapid development of mobile devices, smartphones can be an alternative device for the visual system to solve the existing problems of AVI. Since the smartphone-based AVI system is still at a nascent stage, this led to the motivation to investigate the smartphone-based AVI system. This study is aimed to provide a low-cost AVI system with high efficiency and flexibility. In this project, the object detection models, which are You Only Look Once (YOLO) model and Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) model, are trained, evaluated, and integrated with the smartphone and webcam devices. The performance of the smartphone-based AVI is compared with the webcam-based AVI according to the precision and inference time in this study. Additionally, a mobile application is developed which allows users to implement real-time object detection and object detection from image storage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20visual%20inspection" title="automated visual inspection">automated visual inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20vision" title=" machine vision"> machine vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20application" title=" mobile application"> mobile application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151908/an-investigation-on-smartphone-based-machine-vision-system-for-inspection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151908.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4845</span> Digital Watermarking Using Fractional Transform and (k,n) Halftone Visual Cryptography (HVC)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rama%20Kishore">R. Rama Kishore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunesh%20Malik"> Sunesh Malik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Development in the usage of internet for different purposes in recent times creates great threat for the copy right protection of the digital images. Digital watermarking is the best way to rescue from the said problem. This paper presents detailed review of the different watermarking techniques, latest trends in the field and categorized like spatial and transform domain, blind and non-blind methods, visible and non visible techniques etc. It also discusses the different optimization techniques used in the field of watermarking in order to improve the robustness and imperceptibility of the method. Different measures are discussed to evaluate the performance of the watermarking algorithm. At the end, this paper proposes a watermarking algorithm using (k.n) shares of halftone visual cryptography (HVC) instead of (2, 2) share cryptography. (k,n) shares visual cryptography improves the security of the watermark. As halftone is a method of reprographic, it helps in improving the visual quality of watermark image. The proposed method uses fractional transformation to improve the robustness of the copyright protection of the method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20watermarking" title="digital watermarking">digital watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20transform" title=" fractional transform"> fractional transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=halftone" title=" halftone"> halftone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20cryptography" title=" visual cryptography"> visual cryptography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61578/digital-watermarking-using-fractional-transform-and-kn-halftone-visual-cryptography-hvc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61578.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4844</span> A Visual Inspection System for Automotive Sheet Metal Chasis Parts Produced with Cold-Forming Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I%CC%87mren%20%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%20Y%C4%B1lmaz">İmren Öztürk Yılmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Yasin%20Bilici"> Abdullah Yasin Bilici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasin%20Atalay%20Candemir"> Yasin Atalay Candemir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The system consists of 4 main elements: motion system, image acquisition system, image processing software, and control interface. The parts coming out of the production line to enter the image processing system with the conveyor belt at the end of the line. The 3D scanning of the produced part is performed with the laser scanning system integrated into the system entry side. With the 3D scanning method, it is determined at what position and angle the parts enter the system, and according to the data obtained, parameters such as part origin and conveyor speed are calculated with the designed software, and the robot is informed about the position where it will take part. The robot, which receives the information, takes the produced part on the belt conveyor and shows it to high-resolution cameras for quality control. Measurement processes are carried out with a maximum error of 20 microns determined by the experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title="quality control">quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry%204.0" title=" industry 4.0"> industry 4.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20fault%20detection" title=" automated fault detection"> automated fault detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20visual%20inspection" title=" digital visual inspection"> digital visual inspection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161231/a-visual-inspection-system-for-automotive-sheet-metal-chasis-parts-produced-with-cold-forming-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4843</span> Knowledge of Pap Smear Test and Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid in Cervical Cancer Patients in Manado</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Ng">Eric Ng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Freddy%20W.%20Wagey"> Freddy W. Wagey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20M.%20M.%20Wagey"> Frank M. M. Wagey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide and the most common cancer in many low- and middle-income countries. The main causes are the lack of prevention programs and effective therapy, as well as the lack of knowledge about cervical cancer and awareness for early detection. The Pap smear test and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) allow the cervical lesion to be detected so that progression to cervical cancer can be avoided. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Pap smear test and VIA in cervical cancer patients. Methodology: A total of 67 cervical cancer patients in Manado who volunteered to participate in the research were identified as the sample. The data were collected during the month of November 2019-January 2020 with a questionnaire about the respondents' knowledge relating to Pap smear test and VIA. Questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Knowledge of pap smear among cervical cancer patients were good in 9 respondents (13.4%), moderate in 20 respondents (29.9%), and bad in 38 respondents (56.7%), whereas the knowledge of VIA was good in 13 respondents (19.4%), moderate in 15 respondents (22.4%), and bad in 39 respondents (58.2%). Conclusion: Majority of cervical cancer patients in Manado still had bad knowledge about Pap smear tests and VIA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cervical%20cancer" title="cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pap%20smear%20test" title=" pap smear test"> pap smear test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20inspection%20with%20acetic%20acid" title=" visual inspection with acetic acid "> visual inspection with acetic acid </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131564/knowledge-of-pap-smear-test-and-visual-inspection-with-acetic-acid-in-cervical-cancer-patients-in-manado" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131564.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4842</span> Investigation into Varied Inspection Utilization for Mass Customization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trishen%20Naidoo">Trishen Naidoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20Walker"> Anthony Walker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaniel%20Davrajh"> Shaniel Davrajh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glen%20Bright"> Glen Bright</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An investigation into on-line inspection was performed where research is focused on the use of varied inspection (as opposed to 100% inspection) for mass customization (MC). Manufacturers need new methods for quality control in mass customization, and these methods need to address some of the old problems such as over-inspection and bottlenecking. Due to the risks of varied inspection, many manufacturers do not implement it and rather opt for sampling methods. However, there are many advantages of varied inspection and can have applications in mass customization. A control system incorporating fuzzy logic (FL) control is used to perform the variations in inspection usage in a simulated environment. The proposed system can have a key impact in appraisal costs reduction and possibly work-in-process reduction in high variety environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=appraisal%20costs" title="appraisal costs">appraisal costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work-in-process" title=" work-in-process"> work-in-process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55474/investigation-into-varied-inspection-utilization-for-mass-customization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4841</span> A Molding Surface Auto-inspection System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ssu-Han%20Chen">Ssu-Han Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Der-Baau%20Perng"> Der-Baau Perng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Molding process in IC manufacturing secures chips against the harms done by hot, moisture or other external forces. While a chip was being molded, defects like cracks, dilapidation, or voids may be embedding on the molding surface. The molding surfaces the study poises to treat and the ones on the market, though, differ in the surface where texture similar to defects is everywhere. Manual inspection usually passes over low-contrast cracks or voids; hence an automatic optical inspection system for molding surface is necessary. The proposed system is consisted of a CCD, a coaxial light, a back light as well as a motion control unit. Based on the property of statistical textures of the molding surface, a series of digital image processing and classification procedure is carried out. After training of the parameter associated with above algorithm, result of the experiment suggests that the accuracy rate is up to 93.75%, contributing to the inspection quality of IC molding surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molding%20surface" title="molding surface">molding surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20vision" title=" machine vision"> machine vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20texture" title=" statistical texture"> statistical texture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20Fourier%20transformation" title=" discrete Fourier transformation"> discrete Fourier transformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4170/a-molding-surface-auto-inspection-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4840</span> Digital Watermarking Based on Visual Cryptography and Histogram</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rama%20Kishore">R. Rama Kishore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunesh"> Sunesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, robust and secure watermarking algorithm and its optimization have been need of the hour. A watermarking algorithm is presented to achieve the copy right protection of the owner based on visual cryptography, histogram shape property and entropy. In this, both host image and watermark are preprocessed. Host image is preprocessed by using Butterworth filter, and watermark is with visual cryptography. Applying visual cryptography on water mark generates two shares. One share is used for embedding the watermark, and the other one is used for solving any dispute with the aid of trusted authority. Usage of histogram shape makes the process more robust against geometric and signal processing attacks. The combination of visual cryptography, Butterworth filter, histogram, and entropy can make the algorithm more robust, imperceptible, and copy right protection of the owner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20watermarking" title="digital watermarking">digital watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20cryptography" title=" visual cryptography"> visual cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histogram" title=" histogram"> histogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butter%20worth%20filter" title=" butter worth filter"> butter worth filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48320/digital-watermarking-based-on-visual-cryptography-and-histogram" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4839</span> Proposal for an Inspection Tool for Damaged Structures after Disasters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Akkouche">Karim Akkouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amine%20Nekmouche"> Amine Nekmouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leyla%20Bouzid"> Leyla Bouzid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on the development of a multifunctional Expert System (ES) called post-seismic damage inspection tool (PSDIT), a powerful tool which allows the evaluation, the processing, and the archiving of the collected data stock after earthquakes. PSDIT can be operated by two user types; an ordinary user (ingineer, expert, or architect) for the damage visual inspection and an administrative user for updating the knowledge and / or for adding or removing the ordinary user. The knowledge acquisition is driven by a hierarchical knowledge model, the Information from investigation reports and those acquired through feedback from expert / engineer questionnaires are part. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=.disaster" title=".disaster">.disaster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damaged%20structures" title=" damaged structures"> damaged structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20assessment" title=" damage assessment"> damage assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20system" title=" expert system"> expert system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164875/proposal-for-an-inspection-tool-for-damaged-structures-after-disasters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4838</span> Evaluation of Manual and Automatic Calibration Methods for Digital Tachographs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarp%20Erturk">Sarp Erturk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levent%20Eyigel"> Levent Eyigel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cihat%20Celik"> Cihat Celik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammet%20Sahinoglu"> Muhammet Sahinoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serdar%20Ay"> Serdar Ay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasin%20Kaya"> Yasin Kaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Kaya"> Hasan Kaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a quantitative analysis on the need for automotive calibration methods for digital tachographs. Digital tachographs are mandatory for vehicles used in people and goods transport and they are an important aspect for road safety and inspection. Digital tachographs need to be calibrated for workshops in order for the digital tachograph to display and record speed and odometer values correctly. Calibration of digital tachographs can be performed either manual or automatic. It is shown in this paper that manual calibration of digital tachographs is prone to errors and there can be differences between manual and automatic calibration parameters. Therefore automatic calibration methods are imperative for digital tachograph calibration. The presented experimental results and error analysis clearly support the claims of the paper by evaluating and statistically comparing manual and automatic calibration methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20tachograph" title="digital tachograph">digital tachograph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tachograph%20calibration" title=" tachograph calibration"> tachograph calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tachograph%20workshops" title=" tachograph workshops"> tachograph workshops</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82352/evaluation-of-manual-and-automatic-calibration-methods-for-digital-tachographs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4837</span> Proposal of a Damage Inspection Tool After Earthquakes: Case of Algerian Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akkouche%20Karim">Akkouche Karim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nekmouche%20Aghiles"> Nekmouche Aghiles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouzid%20Leyla"> Bouzid Leyla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on the development of a multifunctional Expert System (ES) called post-seismic damage inspection tool (PSDIT), a powerful tool which allows the evaluation, the processing and the archiving of the collected data stock after earthquakes. PSDIT can be operated by two user types; an ordinary user (engineer, expert or architect) for the damage visual inspection and an administrative user for updating the knowledge and / or for adding or removing the ordinary user. The knowledge acquisition is driven by a hierarchical knowledge model, the Information from investigation reports and those acquired through feedback from expert / engineer questionnaires are part. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buildings" title="buildings">buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20damage" title=" seismic damage"> seismic damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20assessment" title=" damage assessment"> damage assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20system" title=" expert system"> expert system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165520/proposal-of-a-damage-inspection-tool-after-earthquakes-case-of-algerian-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4836</span> Optimized and Secured Digital Watermarking Using Fuzzy Entropy, Bezier Curve and Visual Cryptography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rama%20Kishore">R. Rama Kishore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunesh"> Sunesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent development in the usage of internet for different purposes creates a great threat for the copyright protection of the digital images. Digital watermarking can be used to address the problem. This paper presents detailed review of the different watermarking techniques, latest trends in the field of secured, robust and imperceptible watermarking. It also discusses the different optimization techniques used in the field of watermarking in order to improve the robustness and imperceptibility of the method. Different measures are discussed to evaluate the performance of the watermarking algorithm. At the end, this paper proposes a watermarking algorithm using (2, 2) share visual cryptography and Bezier curve based algorithm to improve the security of the watermark. The proposed method uses fractional transformation to improve the robustness of the copyright protection of the method. The algorithm is optimized using fuzzy entropy for better results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20watermarking" title="digital watermarking">digital watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20transform" title=" fractional transform"> fractional transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20cryptography" title=" visual cryptography"> visual cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bezier%20curve" title=" Bezier curve"> Bezier curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20entropy" title=" fuzzy entropy"> fuzzy entropy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89843/optimized-and-secured-digital-watermarking-using-fuzzy-entropy-bezier-curve-and-visual-cryptography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4835</span> Performance of Visual Inspection Using Acetic Acid for Cervical Cancer Screening as Compared to HPV DNA Testingin Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agajie%20Likie%20%20Bogale">Agajie Likie Bogale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tilahun%20Teklehaymanot"> Tilahun Teklehaymanot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getnet%20Mitike%20Kassie"> Getnet Mitike Kassie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girmay%20Medhin">Girmay Medhin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jemal%20Haidar%20Ali"> Jemal Haidar Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nega%20Berhe%20Belay"> Nega Berhe Belay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of visual inspection using acetic acid compared with HPV DNA testing among women living with HIV in Ethiopia. Methods: Acomparative cross-sectional study was conducted to address the aforementioned objective. Data were collected from January to October 2021 to compare the performance of these two screening modalities. Trained clinicians collected cervical specimens and immediately applied acetic acid for visual inspection. The HPV DNA testing was done using Abbott m2000rt/SP by trained laboratory professionals in accredited laboratories. A total of 578 HIV positive women with age 25-49 years were included. Results: Test positivity was 8.9% using VIA and 23.3% using HPV DNA test. The sensitivity and specificity of the VIA test were 19.2% and 95.1%, respectively, while the positive and negative predictive values of the VIA test were 54.4% and 79.4%, respectively. The strength of agreement between the two screening methods was poor (k=0.184), and the area under the curve was 0.572. The burden of genetic distribution of high risk HPV16 was 3.8%, and mixed HPV16& other HR HPV was 1.9%. Other high risk HPV types were predominant in this study (15.7%). Conclusion: The high positivity result using HPV DNA testing compared with VIA, and low sensitivity of VIA are indicating that the implementation of HPV DNA testing as the primary screening strategy is likely to reduce cervical cancer cases and deaths of women in the country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cervical%20cancer%20screening" title="cervical cancer screening">cervical cancer screening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPV%20DNA" title=" HPV DNA"> HPV DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VIA" title=" VIA"> VIA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147099/performance-of-visual-inspection-using-acetic-acid-for-cervical-cancer-screening-as-compared-to-hpv-dna-testingin-ethiopia-a-comparative-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4834</span> Clustering-Based Threshold Model for Condition Rating of Concrete Bridge Decks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Alsharqawi">M. Alsharqawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Zayed"> T. Zayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Abu%20Dabous"> S. Abu Dabous</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To ensure safety and serviceability of bridge infrastructure, accurate condition assessment and rating methods are needed to provide basis for bridge Maintenance, Repair and Replacement (MRR) decisions. In North America, the common practices to assess condition of bridges are through visual inspection. These practices are limited to detect surface defects and external flaws. Further, the thresholds that define the severity of bridge deterioration are selected arbitrarily. The current research discusses the main deteriorations and defects identified during visual inspection and Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE). NDE techniques are becoming popular in augmenting the visual examination during inspection to detect subsurface defects. Quality inspection data and accurate condition assessment and rating are the basis for determining appropriate MRR decisions. Thus, in this paper, a novel method for bridge condition assessment using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) theory is utilized. The QFD model is designed to provide an integrated condition by evaluating both the surface and subsurface defects for concrete bridges. Moreover, an integrated condition rating index with four thresholds is developed based on the QFD condition assessment model and using K-means clustering technique. Twenty case studies are analyzed by applying the QFD model and implementing the developed rating index. The results from the analyzed case studies show that the proposed threshold model produces robust MRR recommendations consistent with decisions and recommendations made by bridge managers on these projects. The proposed method is expected to advance the state of the art of bridges condition assessment and rating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20bridge%20decks" title="concrete bridge decks">concrete bridge decks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition%20assessment%20and%20rating" title=" condition assessment and rating"> condition assessment and rating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20function%20deployment" title=" quality function deployment"> quality function deployment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-means%20clustering%20technique" title=" k-means clustering technique"> k-means clustering technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83224/clustering-based-threshold-model-for-condition-rating-of-concrete-bridge-decks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4833</span> Life Expansion: Autobiography, Ficctionalized Digital Diaries and Forged Narratives of Everyday Life on Instagram</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pablo%20M.%20S.%20Vallejos">Pablo M. S. Vallejos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article aims to analyze the autobiographical practices of users on Instagram, observing the instrumentalization of image resources in the construction of visual narratives that make up that archive and digital diary. Through bibliographical review, discourse exploration and case studies, the research also aims to present a new theoretical perception about everyday records - edited with a collage of filters and aesthetic tools - that permeate that social network, understanding it as a platform fictionalizing and an expansion of life. In this way, therefore, the work reflects on possible futures in the elaboration of representations and identities in the context of digital spaces in the 21st century. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20culture" title="visual culture">visual culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autobiography" title=" autobiography"> autobiography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image" title=" image"> image</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173037/life-expansion-autobiography-ficctionalized-digital-diaries-and-forged-narratives-of-everyday-life-on-instagram" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4832</span> Visual and Chemical Servoing of a Hexapod Robot in a Confined Environment Using Jacobian Estimator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillaume%20Morin-Duponchelle">Guillaume Morin-Duponchelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Nait%20Chabane"> Ahmed Nait Chabane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benoit%20Zerr"> Benoit Zerr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pierre%20Schoesetters"> Pierre Schoesetters</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Industrial inspection can be achieved through robotic systems, allowing visual and chemical servoing. A popular scheme for visual servo-controlled robotic is the image-based servoing sys-tems. In this paper, an approach of visual and chemical servoing of a hexapod robot using a visual and chemical Jacobian matrix are proposed. The basic idea behind the visual Jacobian matrix is modeling the differential relationship between the camera system and the robotic control system to detect and track accurately points of interest in confined environments. This approach allows the robot to easily detect and navigates to the QR code or seeks a gas source localization using surge cast algorithm. To track the QR code target, a visual servoing based on Jacobian matrix is used. For chemical servoing, three gas sensors are embedded on the hexapod. A Jacobian matrix applied to the gas concentration measurements allows estimating the direction of the main gas source. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is first demonstrated on simulation. Finally, a hexapod prototype is designed and built and the experimental validation of the approach is presented and discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20servoing" title="chemical servoing">chemical servoing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hexapod%20robot" title=" hexapod robot"> hexapod robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacobian%20matrix" title=" Jacobian matrix"> Jacobian matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20servoing" title=" visual servoing"> visual servoing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation" title=" navigation"> navigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128919/visual-and-chemical-servoing-of-a-hexapod-robot-in-a-confined-environment-using-jacobian-estimator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4831</span> An Ultrasonic Signal Processing System for Tomographic Imaging of Reinforced Concrete Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edwin%20Forero-Garcia">Edwin Forero-Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaime%20Vitola"> Jaime Vitola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brayan%20Cardenas"> Brayan Cardenas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johan%20Casagua"> Johan Casagua</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research article presents the integration of electronic and computer systems, which developed an ultrasonic signal processing system that performs the capture, adaptation, and analog-digital conversion to later carry out its processing and visualization. The capture and adaptation of the signal were carried out from the design and implementation of an analog electronic system distributed in stages: 1. Coupling of impedances; 2. Analog filter; 3. Signal amplifier. After the signal conditioning was carried out, the ultrasonic information was digitized using a digital microcontroller to carry out its respective processing. The digital processing of the signals was carried out in MATLAB software for the elaboration of A-Scan, B and D-Scan types of ultrasonic images. Then, advanced processing was performed using the SAFT technique to improve the resolution of the Scan-B-type images. Thus, the information from the ultrasonic images was displayed in a user interface developed in .Net with Visual Studio. For the validation of the system, ultrasonic signals were acquired, and in this way, the non-invasive inspection of the structures was carried out and thus able to identify the existing pathologies in them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisition" title="acquisition">acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAFT" title=" SAFT"> SAFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HMI" title=" HMI"> HMI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162674/an-ultrasonic-signal-processing-system-for-tomographic-imaging-of-reinforced-concrete-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4830</span> Cu Voids Detection of Electron Beam Inspection at the 5nm Node</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byungsik%20Moon">Byungsik Moon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electron beam inspection (EBI) has played an important role in detecting defects during the Fab process. The study focused on capturing buried Cu metal voids for 5nm technology nodes in Qualcomm Snapdragon mass production. This paper illustrates a case study where Cu metal voids can be detected without side effects with optimized EBI scanning conditions. The voids were buried in the VIA and not detected effectively by bright field inspection. EBI showed higher detectability, about 10 times that of bright fields, and a lower landing energy of EBI can avoid film damage. A comparison of detectability between EBI and bright field inspection was performed, and TEM confirmed voids that were detected by EBI. Therefore, a much higher detectability of buried Cu metal voids can be achieved without causing film damage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20beam%20inspection" title="electron beam inspection">electron beam inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EBI" title=" EBI"> EBI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landing%20energy" title=" landing energy"> landing energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu%20metal%20voids" title=" Cu metal voids"> Cu metal voids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bright%20field%20inspection" title=" bright field inspection"> bright field inspection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170762/cu-voids-detection-of-electron-beam-inspection-at-the-5nm-node" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4829</span> The Contemporary Visual Spectacle: Critical Visual Literacy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lai-Fen%20Yang">Lai-Fen Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this increasingly visual world, how can we best decipher and understand the many ways that our everyday lives are organized around looking practices and the many images we encounter each day? Indeed, how we interact with and interpret visual images is a basic component of human life. Today, however, we are living in one of the most artificial visual and image-saturated cultures in human history, which makes understanding the complex construction and multiple social functions of visual imagery more important than ever before. Themes regarding our experience of a visually pervasive mediated culture, here, termed visual spectacle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20culture" title="visual culture">visual culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contemporary" title=" contemporary"> contemporary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=images" title=" images"> images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literacy" title=" literacy"> literacy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9045/the-contemporary-visual-spectacle-critical-visual-literacy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4828</span> Reproduction of New Media Art Village around NTUT: Heterotopia of Visual Culture Art Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Cheng-Yu">Yu Cheng-Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ‘Heterotopia’, ‘Visual Cultural Art Education’ and ‘New Media’ of these three subjects seemingly are irrelevant. In fact, there are synchronicity and intertextuality inside. In addition to visual culture, art education inspires students the ability to reflect on popular culture image through visual culture teaching strategies in school. We should get involved in the community to construct the learning environment that conveys visual culture art. This thesis attempts to probe the heterogeneity of space and value from Michel Foucault and to research sustainable development strategy in ‘New Media Art Village’ heterogeneity from Jean Baudrillard, Marshall McLuhan's media culture theory and social construction ideology. It is possible to find a new media group that can convey ‘Visual Culture Art Education’ around the National Taipei University of Technology in this commercial district that combines intelligent technology, fashion, media, entertainment, art education, and marketing network. Let the imagination and innovation of ‘New Media Art Village’ become ‘implementable’ and new media Heterotopia of inter-subjectivity with the engagement of big data and digital media. Visual culture art education will also bring aesthetics into the community by New Media Art Village. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20construction" title="social construction">social construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneity" title=" heterogeneity"> heterogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20media" title=" new media"> new media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title=" big data"> big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20culture%20art%20education" title=" visual culture art education"> visual culture art education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86311/reproduction-of-new-media-art-village-around-ntut-heterotopia-of-visual-culture-art-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4827</span> Need for Standardization of Manual Inspection in Small and Medium-Scale Manufacturing Industries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adithya%20Nadig">Adithya Nadig</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the field of production, characterization of surface roughness plays a vital role in assessing the quality of a manufactured product. The defined parameters for this assessment, each, have their own drawbacks in describing a profile surface. From the purview of small-scale and medium-scale industries, an increase in time spent for manual inspection of a product for various parameters adds to the cost of the product. In order to reduce this, a uniform and established standard is necessary for quantifying a profile of a manufactured product. The inspection procedure in the small and medium-scale manufacturing units at Jigani Industrial area, Bangalore, was observed. The parameters currently in use in those industries are described in the paper and a change in the inspection method is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency%20of%20quality%20assessment" title="efficiency of quality assessment">efficiency of quality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20areal%20profiling%20technique" title=" manual areal profiling technique"> manual areal profiling technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing%20in%20small%20and%20medium-scale%20industries%20product-oriented%20inspection" title=" manufacturing in small and medium-scale industries product-oriented inspection"> manufacturing in small and medium-scale industries product-oriented inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization%20of%20manual%20inspection" title=" standardization of manual inspection"> standardization of manual inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness%20characterization" title=" surface roughness characterization"> surface roughness characterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16525/need-for-standardization-of-manual-inspection-in-small-and-medium-scale-manufacturing-industries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4826</span> Secret Sharing in Visual Cryptography Using NVSS and Data Hiding Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misha%20Alexander">Misha Alexander</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20B.%20Waykar"> S. B. Waykar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Visual Cryptography is a special unbreakable encryption technique that transforms the secret image into random noisy pixels. These shares are transmitted over the network and because of its noisy texture it attracts the hackers. To address this issue a Natural Visual Secret Sharing Scheme (NVSS) was introduced that uses natural shares either in digital or printed form to generate the noisy secret share. This scheme greatly reduces the transmission risk but causes distortion in the retrieved secret image through variation in settings and properties of digital devices used to capture the natural image during encryption / decryption phase. This paper proposes a new NVSS scheme that extracts the secret key from randomly selected unaltered multiple natural images. To further improve the security of the shares data hiding techniques such as Steganography and Alpha channel watermarking are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decryption" title="decryption">decryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20visual%20secret%20sharing" title=" natural visual secret sharing"> natural visual secret sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20images" title=" natural images"> natural images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noisy%20share" title=" noisy share"> noisy share</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pixel%20swapping" title=" pixel swapping"> pixel swapping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33268/secret-sharing-in-visual-cryptography-using-nvss-and-data-hiding-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4825</span> Enhancing Digi-Parenting Strategies to Mitigate Children’s Cyber-Aggression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misha%20Teimouri">Misha Teimouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our world has been transformed by the use of the internet and the constant flow of information. While this transmission has its benefits, it has also added significant challenges to family relations, primarily in the field of parenting and children's digital lives. Screens, speed, and connectedness are the words that characterize the lives of today's digital generation; it's as if the entire world is in their pockets at all times. Parents attempt to regulate and control their children's internet use in the hopes of maximizing the advantages and minimizing the disadvantages of their children's internet use; however, given that children spend more time online, particularly ever since the pandemic, children's cyber-aggression has become an issue for them. Children may externalize their behavior online, bully others, send anger/hatred/resist messages, share violent and bloody content, and engage in sexting. These types of online aggression make parenting more difficult, especially for digital immigrant parents compared to digital native parents. In response to these challenges, this study investigated the level of cyber aggression among children, as well as the effects of digi-parenting (active, monitoring, restrictive, and warm and supportive) on children's cyber-aggression (sexual, verbal, visual) as victims or aggressors. The study also determined whether there were any differences in parenting styles between digital natives (DN) and digital immigrants. In accordance with the study, boys and older children are more likely to engage in cyber aggression as aggressors, whereas girls and younger children are more likely to engage as victims. Warmth and supportive digiparenting have a greater impact on children's cyber-aggression (sexual, verbal, and visual) as victims or aggressors. This study also found that, when compared to DI parents, DN parents are more successful at digi-parenting and reducing their children's exposure to cyber-aggression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digi-parenting" title="digi-parenting">digi-parenting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyber-aggression" title=" cyber-aggression"> cyber-aggression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20natives" title=" digital natives"> digital natives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20immigrants" title=" digital immigrants"> digital immigrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%27s%20cyber-aggression%20%28sexual" title=" children's cyber-aggression (sexual"> children's cyber-aggression (sexual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verbal" title=" verbal"> verbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%29" title=" visual)"> visual)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181909/enhancing-digi-parenting-strategies-to-mitigate-childrens-cyber-aggression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4824</span> Visual Analytics in K 12 Education: Emerging Dimensions of Complexity </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linnea%20Stenliden">Linnea Stenliden</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to understand emerging learning conditions, when a visual analytics is implemented and used in K 12 (education). To date, little attention has been paid to the role visual analytics (digital media and technology that highlight visual data communication in order to support analytical tasks) can play in education, and to the extent to which these tools can process actionable data for young students. This study was conducted in three public K 12 schools, in four social science classes with students aged 10 to 13 years, over a period of two to four weeks at each school. Empirical data were generated using video observations and analyzed with help of metaphors by Latour. The learning conditions are found to be distinguished by broad complexity characterized by four dimensions. These emerge from the actors’ deeply intertwined relations in the activities. The paper argues in relation to the found dimensions that novel approaches to teaching and learning could benefit students’ knowledge building as they work with visual analytics, analyzing visualized data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20reasoning" title="analytical reasoning">analytical reasoning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complexity" title=" complexity"> complexity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20use" title=" data use"> data use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20space" title=" problem space"> problem space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20analytics" title=" visual analytics"> visual analytics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20storytelling" title=" visual storytelling"> visual storytelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title=" translation"> translation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17440/visual-analytics-in-k-12-education-emerging-dimensions-of-complexity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4823</span> To Determine the Effects of Regulatory Food Safety Inspections on the Grades of Different Categories of Retail Food Establishments across the Dubai Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shugufta%20Mohammad%20Zubair">Shugufta Mohammad Zubair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores the Effect of the new food System Inspection system also called the new inspection color card scheme on reduction of critical & major food safety violations in Dubai. Data was collected from all retail food service establishments located in two zones in the city. Each establishment was visited twice, once before the launch of the new system and one after the launch of the system. In each visit, the Inspection checklist was used as the evaluation tool for observation of the critical and major violations. The old format of the inspection checklist was concerned with scores based on the violations; but the new format of the checklist for the new inspection color card scheme is divided into administrative, general major and critical which gives a better classification for the inspectors to identify the critical and major violations of concerned. The study found that there has been a better and clear marking of violations after the launch of new inspection system wherein the inspectors are able to mark and categories the violations effectively. There had been a 10% decrease in the number of food establishment that was previously given A grade. The B & C grading were also considerably dropped by 5%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20inspection" title="food inspection">food inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20card%20scheme" title=" color card scheme"> color card scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violations" title=" violations"> violations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71630/to-determine-the-effects-of-regulatory-food-safety-inspections-on-the-grades-of-different-categories-of-retail-food-establishments-across-the-dubai-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4822</span> A Review: Detection and Classification Defects on Banana and Apples by Computer Vision</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahow%20Muoftah">Zahow Muoftah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traditional manual visual grading of fruits has been one of the agricultural industry’s major challenges due to its laborious nature as well as inconsistency in the inspection and classification process. The main requirements for computer vision and visual processing are some effective techniques for identifying defects and estimating defect areas. Automated defect detection using computer vision and machine learning has emerged as a promising area of research with a high and direct impact on the visual inspection domain. Grading, sorting, and disease detection are important factors in determining the quality of fruits after harvest. Many studies have used computer vision to evaluate the quality level of fruits during post-harvest. Many studies have used computer vision to evaluate the quality level of fruits during post-harvest. Many studies have been conducted to identify diseases and pests that affect the fruits of agricultural crops. However, most previous studies concentrated solely on the diagnosis of a lesion or disease. This study focused on a comprehensive study to identify pests and diseases of apple and banana fruits using detection and classification defects on Banana and Apples by Computer Vision. As a result, the current article includes research from these domains as well. Finally, various pattern recognition techniques for detecting apple and banana defects are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title="computer vision">computer vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banana" title=" banana"> banana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apple" title=" apple"> apple</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154514/a-review-detection-and-classification-defects-on-banana-and-apples-by-computer-vision" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4821</span> A Regression Analysis Study of the Applicability of Side Scan Sonar based Safety Inspection of Underwater Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chul%20Park">Chul Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youngseok%20Kim"> Youngseok Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangsik%20Choi"> Sangsik Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study developed an electric jig for underwater structure inspection in order to solve the problem of the application of side scan sonar to underwater inspection, and analyzed correlations of empirical data in order to enhance sonar data resolution. For the application of tow-typed sonar to underwater structure inspection, an electric jig was developed. In fact, it was difficult to inspect a cross-section at the time of inspection with tow-typed equipment. With the development of the electric jig for underwater structure inspection, it was possible to shorten an inspection time over 20%, compared to conventional tow-typed side scan sonar, and to inspect a proper cross-section through accurate angle control. The indoor test conducted to enhance sonar data resolution proved that a water depth, the distance from an underwater structure, and a filming angle influenced a resolution and data quality. Based on the data accumulated through field experience, multiple regression analysis was conducted on correlations between three variables. As a result, the relational equation of sonar operation according to a water depth was drawn. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20structure" title="underwater structure">underwater structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SONAR" title=" SONAR"> SONAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20inspection" title=" safety inspection"> safety inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resolution" title=" resolution"> resolution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42801/a-regression-analysis-study-of-the-applicability-of-side-scan-sonar-based-safety-inspection-of-underwater-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4820</span> A Study on the Quantitative Evaluation Method of Asphalt Pavement Condition through the Visual Investigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungho%20Kim">Sungho Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaechoul%20Shin"> Jaechoul Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yujin%20Baek"> Yujin Baek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, due to the environmental impacts and time factor, etc., various type of pavement deterioration is increasing rapidly such as crack, pothole, rutting and roughness degradation. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport maintains regular pavement condition of the highway and the national highway using the pavement condition survey equipment and structural survey equipment in Korea. Local governments that maintain local roads, farm roads, etc. are difficult to maintain the pavement condition using the pavement condition survey equipment depending on economic conditions, skills shortages and local conditions such as narrow roads. This study presents a quantitative evaluation method of the pavement condition through the visual inspection to overcome these problems of roads managed by local governments. It is difficult to evaluate rutting and roughness with the naked eye. However, the condition of cracks can be evaluated with the naked eye. Linear cracks (m), area cracks (m²) and potholes (number, m²) were investigated with the naked eye every 100 meters for survey the cracks. In this paper, crack ratio was calculated using the results of the condition of cracks and pavement condition was evaluated by calculated crack ratio. The pavement condition survey equipment also investigated the pavement condition in the same section in order to evaluate the reliability of pavement condition evaluation by the calculated crack ratio. The pavement condition was evaluated through the SPI (Seoul Pavement Index) and calculated crack ratio using results of field survey. The results of a comparison between 'the SPI considering only crack ratio' and 'the SPI considering rutting and roughness either' using the equipment survey data showed a margin of error below 5% when the SPI is less than 5. The SPI 5 is considered the base point to determine whether to maintain the pavement condition. It showed that the pavement condition can be evaluated using only the crack ratio. According to the analysis results of the crack ratio between the visual inspection and the equipment survey, it has an average error of 1.86%(minimum 0.03%, maximum 9.58%). Economically, the visual inspection costs only 10% of the equipment survey and will also help the economy by creating new jobs. This paper advises that local governments maintain the pavement condition through the visual investigations. However, more research is needed to improve reliability. Acknowledgment: The author would like to thank the MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport). This work was carried out through the project funded by the MOLIT. The project name is 'development of 20mm grade for road surface detecting roadway condition and rapid detection automation system for removal of pothole'. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20pavement%20maintenance" title="asphalt pavement maintenance">asphalt pavement maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20ratio" title=" crack ratio"> crack ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaluation%20of%20asphalt%20pavement%20condition" title=" evaluation of asphalt pavement condition"> evaluation of asphalt pavement condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPI%20%28Seoul%20Pavement%20Index%29" title=" SPI (Seoul Pavement Index)"> SPI (Seoul Pavement Index)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20investigation" title=" visual investigation"> visual investigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77718/a-study-on-the-quantitative-evaluation-method-of-asphalt-pavement-condition-through-the-visual-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20visual%20inspection&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20visual%20inspection&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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