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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus_elliotorum" title="Savannasaurus elliotorum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Savannasaurus elliotorum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ساواناسور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساواناسور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="사바나사우루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사바나사우루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סוואנזאורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוואנזאורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Саванасаурус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саванасаурус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സാവന്നസോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാവന്നസോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="サバンナサウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サバンナサウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Savannasaurus" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F%E9%BE%99%E5%B1%9E" title="草原龙属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="草原龙属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of dinosaurs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Savannasaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a>–Lower <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>, ~<span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">93.9 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:188.21846153846px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg/220px-Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg/330px-Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg/440px-Savannasaurus_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="556" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Skeletal diagram and selected fossils </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Savannasaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Savannasaurus</i></a><br /><small>Poropat <i>et al</i>. 2016</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>S. elliottorum</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Savannasaurus elliottorum</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Poropat <i>et al</i>. 2016</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Savannasaurus</b></i> is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaurian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">sauropod</a> dinosaur from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Winton_Formation" title="Winton Formation">Winton Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It contains one species, <i><b>Savannasaurus elliottorum</b></i>, named in 2016 by Stephen Poropat and colleagues. The <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">holotype</a> and only known specimen, originally nicknamed "Wade", is the most complete specimen of an Australian sauropod, and is held at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Age_of_Dinosaurs" title="Australian Age of Dinosaurs">Australian Age of Dinosaurs</a> museum. Dinosaurs known from contemporary rocks include its close relative <i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i>; associated teeth suggest that <i>Australovenator</i> may have fed on the holotype specimen. </p><p>At 15 metres (49 ft) long, <i>Savannasaurus</i> was a medium-sized titanosaur. It is notable for its wide hips, which would have been over 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) wide at their widest points. This would have distributed its body weight more evenly, along with a robust <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#humerus" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § humerus" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">humerus</span></a></dfn> (upper arm bones) and possibly also the tall <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#astragalus" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § astragalus" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">astragalus</span></a></dfn> (ankle bone). Combined with a flexible vertebral column, these traits would have made <i>Savannasaurus</i> better at navigating the muddy ground of the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> that it lived on. Other titanosaur lineages also show some of these traits, which might have been independently acquired from similar environmental pressures. </p><p>Various traits suggest that <i>Savannasaurus</i> was an early-diverging (or <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a>) member of the Titanosauria, but not a member of the more specialized group <a href="/wiki/Lithostrotia" title="Lithostrotia">Lithostrotia</a>. Among these are the absence of <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#hyposphene-hypantrum_articulations" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § hyposphene-hypantrum articulations" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">hyposphene-hypantrum articulations</span></a></dfn> in its vertebrae, which was one of the flexibility-enhancing traits that may have appeared in multiple titanosaur lineages. <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Palaeobiogeographic analyses</a> suggest that the ancestors of <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> were from either Asia or one of the southern <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> continents; regardless, they likely migrated to Australia through Antarctica around 105–100 million years ago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png/220px-Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png/330px-Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png/440px-Savannasaurus-fig2-map.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Belmont sheep station and outcrops of the <a href="/wiki/Winton_Formation" title="Winton Formation">Winton Formation</a> (yellow-green) near Winton</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2005, the first specimen of <i>Savannasaurus</i> was discovered by David Elliot, founder of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Age_of_Dinosaurs" title="Australian Age of Dinosaurs">Australian Age of Dinosaurs</a> (AODF), along with his wife Judy and their children. The specimen, now catalogued as AODF 660, was found on the Belmont sheep station, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Winton,_Queensland" title="Winton, Queensland">Winton, Queensland</a>; the site was given the number AODF 82, and is informally called the "Ho-Hum site".<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations by the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Museum" title="Queensland Museum">Queensland Museum</a> and hundreds of volunteers unearthed the specimen in July and September of that year. A <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concretion</a> containing the specimen was split along <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>-filled fractures using jackhammers and chisels, with the pieces being marked to facilitate reassembly. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_preparation" title="Fossil preparation">Preparation</a> of the specimen took around a decade,<sup id="cite_ref-stfleur2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stfleur2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with air scribes and micro-jacks being used. Adhesives, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacrylate" title="Cyanoacrylate">superglue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Araldite" title="Araldite">araldite</a>, were then used to put the pieces back together. The marks allowed the orientation of the specimen as it was found to be reconstructed, which informed a three-dimensional site map constructed with <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AODF 660 consists of around 40 bones: one <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervical" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § cervical" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cervical</span></a></dfn> (neck), the third through tenth <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dorsal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dorsal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dorsal</span></a></dfn> (trunk), at least four <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sacral" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § sacral" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">sacral</span></a></dfn> (hip), and at least five <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § caudal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">caudal</span></a></dfn> (tail) <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#vertebrae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § vertebrae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">vertebrae</span></a></dfn>; cervical and (fragmentary) dorsal ribs; portions of the shoulder girdle, including a fragmentary <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#scapula" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § scapula" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">scapula</span></a></dfn>, a left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#coracoid" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § coracoid" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">coracoid</span></a></dfn>, and both <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternal plates</a>; parts of the forelimbs, including portions of both <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#humeri" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § humeri" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">humeri</span></a></dfn>, a fragmentary <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ulna" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ulna" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ulna</span></a></dfn>, the left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#radius" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § radius" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">radius</span></a></dfn>, and hand bones (the left first to fifth <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#metacarpals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § metacarpals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">metacarpals</span></a></dfn>, the right fourth metacarpal, and two <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#phalanges" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § phalanges" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">phalanges</span></a></dfn>); the fused hip bones, namely both the left and the right <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pubis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pubis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pubis</span></a></dfn> and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ischium" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ischium" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ischium</span></a></dfn>; foot bones (the left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#astragalus" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § astragalus" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">astragalus</span></a></dfn> and right third <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#metatarsal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § metatarsal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">metatarsal</span></a></dfn>); and other fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the foot bones was originally thought to have belonged to a theropod,<sup id="cite_ref-geggel2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geggel2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the metacarpals were initially also interpreted as having come from the opposite hands.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimen is the most complete sauropod specimen known from Australia, and represents approximately 20% to 25% of the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-stfleur2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stfleur2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannasaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Savannasaurus.jpg/220px-Savannasaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Savannasaurus.jpg/330px-Savannasaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Savannasaurus.jpg/440px-Savannasaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Orientation of the holotype specimen as it was found</figcaption></figure> <p>The bones were preserved over an area of less than 20 m<sup>2</sup> (220 sq ft). While the dorsal vertebrae were not articulated, they were preserved in sequence in front of the hip bones, allowing for their identification. The ribs on the left side appear to have been crushed prior to fossilization, before all of them were fragmented further. The fifth dorsal vertebra and both humeri show signs of being trampled by other dinosaurs before fossilization, which may also explain the scattered bones; however, the bones were less scattered than other dinosaur specimens from contemporary rocks. A third excavation in September 2006 discovered no additional remains, but a partial <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#centrum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § centrum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">centrum</span></a></dfn> from a caudal vertebra was found on the surface in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been nicknamed "Wade",<sup id="cite_ref-stfleur2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stfleur2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AODF 660 was formally described and named in 2016 by Stephen Poropat and colleagues in a paper that also described a skull belonging to <i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i>. They identified AODF 660 as the <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">holotype</a> of a new genus and species, <i>Savannasaurus elliottorum</i>; the generic name of <i>Savannasaurus</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno</a> <i>zavana</i> (the root of the word "savanna"), refers to the environment in which it was found, while the specific name <i>elliottorum</i> honours the Elliott family and their contributions to Australian palaeontology.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preliminary anatomical description of AODF 660 in this paper was supplemented in 2020 by another paper from many of the same authors, which provided a full description of its <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannasaurus_Scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Savannasaurus_Scale.svg/220px-Savannasaurus_Scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Savannasaurus_Scale.svg/330px-Savannasaurus_Scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Savannasaurus_Scale.svg/440px-Savannasaurus_Scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4932" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Savannasaurus</i> was a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaur</a> that measured about 15 metres (49 ft) in length, with a weight of around 20 tonnes (22 short tons) and a shoulder height of around 3 metres (9.8 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-geggel2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geggel2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebral_column">Vertebral column</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vertebral column"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most other members of the <a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a>, the vertebrae of <i>Savannasaurus</i> were camellate, or <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#air_sacs" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § air sacs" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pneumatized</span></a></dfn> by small holes created by air sacs, and they lacked <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#hyposphene-hypantrum_articulations" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § hyposphene-hypantrum articulations" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">hyposphene-hypantrum articulations</span></a></dfn> that allowed neighbouring vertebrae to interlock. The cervical and dorsal vertebrae of <i>Savannasaurus</i> were all <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#opisthocoelous" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § opisthocoelous" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">opisthocoelous</span></a></dfn>, or having a centrum (vertebral body) that is convex in front and concave behind. All other members of <a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a> have opisthocoelous cervicals, and all other members of <a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a> have opisthocoelous dorsals.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, the front articulating surface of one of the caudal centra was undulating, being concave in the upper half and convex in the lower half. Poropat and colleagues suggested this as a <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">distinguishing characteristic</a> of <i>Savannasaurus</i>. The other caudals were <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#amphicoelous" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § amphicoelous" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">amphicoelous</span></a></dfn>, or having centra that are concave on both ends, which was also rare among titanosaurs save for <i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangosaurus" title="Dongyangosaurus">Dongyangosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only known cervical vertebra of <i>Savannasaurus</i> is considered to have come from the rear of the neck due to its proportions. Unlike most titanosaurs but similar to the "ancestral" (<a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy">plesiomorphic</a>) condition among sauropods, the vertebra had a subtle keel running longitudinally along its bottom surface; <i><a href="/wiki/Mendozasaurus" title="Mendozasaurus">Mendozasaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Overosaurus" title="Overosaurus">Overosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Austroposeidon" title="Austroposeidon">Austroposeidon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rapetosaurus" title="Rapetosaurus">Rapetosaurus</a></i> also have such keels. There was a well-developed longitudinal <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fossa" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fossa" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fossa</span></a></dfn>, or excavation, along the side of the vertebra that extends for nearly its entire length, unlike in many titanosaurs where it was faint or absent altogether. In contrast to more specialized titanosaurs like the <a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a>, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#parapophysis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § parapophysis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">parapophysis</span></a></dfn> (one of the rib articulations) was restricted to the front half of the centrum. Associated cervical rib fragments suggested that they were relatively long, extending for the length of at least three centra.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg/220px-Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg/330px-Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg/440px-Savannasaurus_dorsal_vertebrae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Dorsal vertebrae</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many titanosaurs, the articulating surfaces of the dorsal centra in <i>Savannasaurus</i> were shorter vertically than they were wide. The dorsals have weakly-developed ridges bordering the sides of their bottom faces, as in <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia" title="Opisthocoelicaudia">Opisthocoelicaudia</a></i> (where they were better developed), but <i>Savannasaurus</i> lacks the keel on the bottom of the centra as in these species. Like most other members of the <a href="/wiki/Somphospondyli" title="Somphospondyli">Somphospondyli</a>, the sides of the centra bore teardrop-shaped pneumatic holes. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#articular_processes" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § articular processes" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">articular processes</span></a></dfn> at the front of the centra known as the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#prezygapophyses" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § prezygapophyses" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">prezygapophyses</span></a></dfn> were connected by a sheet of bone (<dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#lamina" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § lamina" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">lamina</span></a></dfn>), the transprezygapophyseal lamina; in the front dorsals, this sheet was V-shaped as in most titanosaurs, but it was basically flat in the rear dorsals unlike most other titanosaurs. Notably, the laminae in the dorsals of <i>Savannasaurus</i> were <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">bilaterally asymmetric</a>; the left side of the vertebrae would have been better reinforced by extra laminae. Also unlike <i>Opisthocoelicaudia</i>, the dorsal <a href="/wiki/Vertebra#structure" title="Vertebra">neural spines</a> on top of the centra increased in height towards the rear dorsals, were not split into two, and were taller than their corresponding articular surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the undulating articulating surface in one of the front caudal centra (caudal "A"), the two front caudals (caudals "A" and "B") of <i>Savannasaurus</i> have another distinguishing characteristic. Like the non-titanosaur somphospondylan <i><a href="/wiki/Padillasaurus" title="Padillasaurus">Padillasaurus</a></i>, the front caudal centra had shallow pneumatic excavations on the sides surrounding small holes, whereas most members of the Somphospondyli have only the holes and not the excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This characteristic had previously been regarded as a distinguishing characteristic of the non-somphospondylan <a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">brachiosaurids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-demic2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demic2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other caudal vertebrae (caudals "C" and "D") are known from further back in the tail. The centra of caudals B, C, and D were about the same length, suggesting that centrum length did not vary considerably. However, both articulating surfaces were wider than tall in caudal C, while the front one was taller than wide in caudal D, suggesting that it was further forward than caudal D. Like other titanosauriforms, the processes that enclose the <a href="/wiki/Neural_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural canal">neural canal</a>—the pedicles—in caudals C and D were two-thirds the length of the centra, and were shifted forwards relative to the midline.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoulders_and_forelimbs">Shoulders and forelimbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shoulders and forelimbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two distinguishing characteristics of <i>Savannasaurus</i> are found in the sternal plates. First, they were D-shaped with straight outer margins when viewed from the bottom, instead of being kidney-shaped as in other titanosaurs. Second, they lacked the long ridges that were present on the bottom surfaces among most members of <a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a>. In general, the bottom surfaces were devoid of the grooves and pits on the top surfaces which are indicative of cartilage coverings. However, like most other titanosaurs, the sternal plates would have been at least 65% as long as the humeri (in <i>Savannasaurus</i>, the ratio was approximately 71%). The coracoid of <i>Savannasaurus</i> was oval-shaped in side view, unlike the characteristically quadrangular coracoids of saltasaurids, and the glenoid fossa on it (which articulated with the humerus) was much larger than that of <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most titanosauriforms save for <i><a href="/wiki/Daxiatitan" title="Daxiatitan">Daxiatitan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i>, the articulation with the scapula at the back of the bone was taller than the entire bone was long front to back.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>, <i>Opisthocoelicaudia</i>, and saltasaurids, the humerus of <i>Savannasaurus</i> was robust. The radius was twisted about its axis, with the long axes of the two ends being oriented in different planes, seen otherwise only in <i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>, and <i>Rapetosaurus</i>. The maximum width of its top end (33% of the bone's length) and the presence of a strong ridge at the rear outer corner (the interosseous ridge) were more typical. Like all neosauropods, the hand digits of <i>Savannasaurus</i> were arranged like a horseshoe. Like <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wintonotitan" title="Wintonotitan">Wintonotitan</a></i>, the third metacarpals were the longest, followed by the second, first, fourth, and fifth. The third metacarpal was 49% the length of the radius, which was short for a titanosaur, but was at least 45% as in all macronarians. A distinguishing feature is that the bottom of the fourth metacarpal was hourglass-shaped, not trapezoidal or hexagonal.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In life, the metacarpals would have been bound at the top and splayed at the bottom. The presence of phalanges is unusual; all titanosaurs but <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> had hands formed only by metacarpals. All digits but the first likely had phalanges, although their articulating surfaces on the bottoms of the metacarpals did not extend to the front as would be expected.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelvis_and_hindlimbs">Pelvis and hindlimbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pelvis and hindlimbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most distinctive feature of <i>Savannasaurus</i> was the width of its pelvis<sup id="cite_ref-geggel2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geggel2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—its sacrum was 1.07 metres (3 ft 6 in) wide, and its fused ischium-pubis complex was at least 1.14 metres (3 ft 9 in) wide. Its sternal plates were around 85 centimetres (2 ft 9 in) wide to accommodate this. Although titanosaurs were wide-bodied in general, these proportions made <i>Savannasaurus</i> extremely wide-hipped, surpassed only by <i>Opisthocoelicaudia</i> and saltasaurines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Neuquensaurus" title="Neuquensaurus">Neuquensaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pelvic proportions in <i>Savannasaurus</i> were also unusual. The ischium's articulation on the pubis was 56% as high as the bone was long, higher than most titanosaurs. The ischium in <i>Savannasaurus</i> was relatively short, being 63% as long as the pubis; it was at least 70% as long in all other titanosaurs but <i>Rapetosaurus</i> (54%) and <i>Opisthocoelicaudia</i> (64%). A characteristic that distinguished <i>Savannasaurus</i> from every other sauropod is that the front-to-back length of the ischium was only 42% of the bone's width. On the ischium, the iliac peduncle, one of the processes surrounding the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#acetabulum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § acetabulum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">acetabulum</span></a></dfn> (hip joint), was only 32% of the bone's length, lower than most other sauropods. Furthermore, the front end of the ischium was 49% as wide as the bone was long; only <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> had a similarly high ratio (51%).<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distinguishing characteristic of <i>Savannasaurus</i> is the presence of a subtle ridge that separates the front upper portion of the pubis from the rear plate. The ridge is parallel to another ridge just below the opening known as the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#obturator_foramen" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § obturator foramen" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">obturator foramen</span></a></dfn>; this latter ridge corresponds to multiple ridges in <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>. Also like <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>, there was an expanded "boot" at the tip of the pubis. On the ischium, the ridge at the back which separated it from the pubis extended further to the side than <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>, but less so than <i>Wintonotitan</i>. Further below, in the ankle, the height of the astragalus was greater than its diameters either front-to-back or side-to-side, which is unusual among titanosauriforms.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two unusually low ratios in the astragalus are distinguishing features: the side-to-side diameter was 87% of the height, and the side-to-side diameter was 98% of the front-to-back diameter. Unlike <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>, there was no shelf on the astragalus below where it would have articulated with the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fibula" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fibula" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fibula</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png/220px-Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png/330px-Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png/440px-Diamantinasaurus_skeletals.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Skeletal reconstructions of <i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i>, a close relative and contemporary of <i>Savannasaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>For their 2016 description, Poropat and colleagues conducted a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> to test the affinities of <i>Savannasaurus</i> and the new skull specimen of <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>. They added these specimens to a dataset created by Philip Mannion (one of the co-authors of the description of <i>Savannasaurus</i>) and colleagues for the 2013 redescription of <i><a href="/wiki/Lusotitan" title="Lusotitan">Lusotitan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mannion2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mannion2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analysis placed <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> together in a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> (unified group) close to the root of Titanosauria, outside the <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy_and_apomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy and apomorphy">derived</a> (specialized) group <a href="/wiki/Lithostrotia" title="Lithostrotia">Lithostrotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar results were recovered by Rafael Royo-Torres and colleagues in their 2017 description of <i><a href="/wiki/Soriatitan" title="Soriatitan">Soriatitan</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-royotorres2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royotorres2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mannion and colleagues in their 2017 description of <i><a href="/wiki/Vouivria" title="Vouivria">Vouivria</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-mannion2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mannion2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander Averianov and Vladimir Efimov in their 2018 description of <i><a href="/wiki/Volgatitan" title="Volgatitan">Volgatitan</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-averianov2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-averianov2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernardo Gonzàlez Riga and colleagues in their 2018 redescription of <i>Mendozasaurus</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-gonzalezriga2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzalezriga2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pedro Mocho and colleagues in their 2019 descriptions of an indeterminate lithostrotian<sup id="cite_ref-mocho2019a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mocho2019a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oceanotitan" title="Oceanotitan">Oceanotitan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mocho2019b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mocho2019b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Poropat and colleagues noted a number of features that support a position for <i>Savannasaurus</i> outside Lithostrotia: the horizontal transprezygapophyseal laminae, the lack of constriction in the vertebrae of the sacrum, the amphicoelous caudal centra, the pneumatic excavations on the front caudals, the D-shaped sternal plates, the presence of phalanges, and the lack of a longitudinal ridge on the side of the pubis. At the same time, the lack of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations in the dorsal and caudal vertebrae provides evidence against a more <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> (non-specialized or rootward) position, given their presence in many non-titanosaur titanosauriforms and rarity among titanosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-mannion2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mannion2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some titanosaurs also had these articulations; the basal <i><a href="/wiki/Andesaurus" title="Andesaurus">Andesaurus</a></i> and the lithostrotian <i>Epachthosaurus</i> had them in the dorsals, while the lithostrotians <i>Epachthosaurus</i>, <i>Opisthocoelicaudia</i>, <i>Volgatitan</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Malawisaurus" title="Malawisaurus">Malawisaurus</a></i> had them in the caudals. However, Poropat and colleagues recognized the possibility that they could have been acquired independently multiple times among titanosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg/170px-Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg/255px-Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg/340px-Baotianmansaurus_henanensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Dorsal vertebrae and ribs of <i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i>, found by some analyses as a close relative of <i>Savannasaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, other phylogenetic analyses based on Mannion and colleagues' 2013 dataset have found different results. Royo-Torres and colleagues repeated their 2017 analysis after removing a titanosauriform from the <a href="/wiki/Cloverly_Formation" title="Cloverly Formation">Cloverly Formation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chubutisaurus" title="Chubutisaurus">Chubutisaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i>; they found instead that <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> were successively basal to a clade consisting of <i>Baotianmansaurus</i> and <i>Dongyanosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-royotorres2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royotorres2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Savannasaurus</i> shared amphicoelous caudal centra with both genera, various features of vertebral laminae with <i>Baotianmansaurus</i>, and unkeeled dorsal centra and the absent longitudinal ridge on the side of the pubis with <i>Dongyanosaurus</i>. However, unlike <i>Savannasaurus</i>, <i>Baotianmansaurus</i> had hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, and both genera had bifid dorsal neural spines (i.e., split into two).<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, for a 2019 paper naming the new clade <a href="/wiki/Colossosauria" title="Colossosauria">Colossosauria</a>, Gonzàlez Riga and colleagues extended their 2018 phylogenetic analysis and found an unresolved <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a> of <i>Savannasaurus</i>, <i>Baotianmansaurus</i>, <i>Dongyanosaurus</i>, and a clade of more derived titanosaurs. <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> was placed in a more derived position as the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> of Lithostrotia.<sup id="cite_ref-gonzalezriga2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzalezriga2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2019, Julian Silva Jr. and colleagues extended the 2018 analysis of Gonzàlez Riga and colleagues for their redescription of <i><a href="/wiki/Uberabatitan" title="Uberabatitan">Uberabatitan</a></i>. They found <i>Savannasaurus</i> outside the Titanosauria in a polytomy with <i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Erketu" title="Erketu">Erketu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Qiaowanlong" title="Qiaowanlong">Qiaowanlong</a></i>, a clade of <i><a href="/wiki/Tangvayosaurus" title="Tangvayosaurus">Tangvayosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangosaurus" title="Phuwiangosaurus">Phuwiangosaurus</a></i>, and more derived somphospondyls; they also found <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> and <i>Baotianmansaurus</i> to form a clade inside the Saltasauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-silva2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silva2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poropat and colleagues considered their results unusual in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their 2019 redescription of <i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i> and <i>Dongyanosaurus</i>, Mannion and colleagues found both <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> inside Saltasauridae by equally weighting characteristics in their dataset, but using <a href="/wiki/Implied_weighting" title="Implied weighting">implied weighting</a> eliminated this result.<sup id="cite_ref-mannion2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mannion2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phylogenetic tree from the analysis of Poropat and colleagues in 2016 is reproduced below, at left, with emphasis on relevant clades.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative tree by Royo-Torres and colleagues in 2017, from the analysis that removed the Cloverly titanosauriform, <i>Chubutisaurus</i>, and <i>Angolatitan</i>, is also shown at right.<sup id="cite_ref-royotorres2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royotorres2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style="min-width: 100%;"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <p><b>Topology A:</b> Poropat <i>et al.</i> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">Brachiosauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Somphospondyli" title="Somphospondyli">Somphospondyli</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euhelopodidae" title="Euhelopodidae">Euhelopodidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Paluxysaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paluxysaurus">Paluxysaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Cloverly titanosauriform </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongbeititan" title="Dongbeititan">Dongbeititan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chubutisaurus" title="Chubutisaurus">Chubutisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wintonotitan" title="Wintonotitan">Wintonotitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan liujiaxiensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan ruyangensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">Titanosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Andesaurus" title="Andesaurus">Andesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangosaurus" title="Dongyangosaurus">Dongyangosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Savannasaurus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshanosaurus" title="Xianshanosaurus">Xianshanosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Daxiatitan" title="Daxiatitan">Daxiatitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithostrotia" title="Lithostrotia">Lithostrotia</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <p><b>Topology B:</b> Royo-Torres <i>et al.</i> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-royotorres2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royotorres2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">Brachiosauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Somphospondyli" title="Somphospondyli">Somphospondyli</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euhelopodidae" title="Euhelopodidae">Euhelopodidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Paluxysaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paluxysaurus">Paluxysaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wintonotitan" title="Wintonotitan">Wintonotitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Padillasaurus" title="Padillasaurus">Padillasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongbeititan" title="Dongbeititan">Dongbeititan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan liujiaxiensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan ruyangensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ruyangosaurus" title="Ruyangosaurus">Ruyangosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">Titanosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Andesaurus" title="Andesaurus">Andesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Savannasaurus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Diamantinasaurus</i> skull (AODF-836) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangosaurus" title="Dongyangosaurus">Dongyangosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshanosaurus" title="Xianshanosaurus">Xianshanosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Daxiatitan" title="Daxiatitan">Daxiatitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithostrotia" title="Lithostrotia">Lithostrotia</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeobiogeography">Palaeobiogeography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palaeobiogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the southern <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> broke up during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, dinosaur faunas became more diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-fanti2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fanti2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional hypotheses suggest that the faunas from the Gondwanan continents (including Australia) would be closely related,<sup id="cite_ref-molnar1992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molnar1992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but mid-Cretaceous Australian dinosaurs have been found to be more closely related to their <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasian</a> (northern) counterparts in spite of the fact that Laurasia and Gondwana had already been separated by the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> for a significant span of time.<sup id="cite_ref-barrett2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrett2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benson2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benson2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Poropat and colleagues tested this hypothesis by performing a <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">palaeobiogeographic</a> analysis using the results of their phylogenetic analysis. Using the modern geography of the continents, they found that the ancestors of the Australian sauropods <i>Savannasaurus</i>, <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>, and <i>Wintonotitan</i> were likely Asian. Incorporating Cretaceous geography suggested ancestral ranges also spanning the Gondwanan continents of South America, Africa, and Indo-Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png/220px-Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png/330px-Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png/440px-Savannasaurus-fig7-phylogeny.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>Time-calibrated phylogeny of Poropat and colleagues, colour-coded with the continents where genera lived (light blue = North America; light green = Europe; red = Asia; dark blue = South America; yellow = Africa; purple = India; dark green = Australia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Combining their palaeobiogeographic analysis with time-calibrated phylogenies based on fossil age estimates, Poropat and colleagues inferred that somphospondylans and titanosaurs had attained a wide distribution across the world by the <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> epoch, 131 to 125 million years ago, if not earlier. However, they ultimately diverged into a number of lineages ultimately with limited geographical ranges; they attributed this endemism to <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">regional extinction</a> events. They estimated that the <i>Savannasaurus</i>+<i>Diamantinasaurus</i> and <i>Wintonotitan</i> lineages had separately reached Australia no later than the late <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> epoch, 105 to 100 million years ago, but the exact timing depended on the models that they used. The oldest Australian titanosauriforms, <i><a href="/wiki/Austrosaurus" title="Austrosaurus">Austrosaurus</a></i> and the "Hughenden sauropod", date to this interval.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poropat2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they acknowledged the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling biases</a>, Poropat and colleagues considered a late Albian dispersal likely because of the most probable dispersal route, which would have entailed beginning from South America and crossing through Antarctica to southeastern Australia. In the <a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a> to early Albian epochs, this region of Australia would have been situated at a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of 70°S, with a cool, temperate climate.<sup id="cite_ref-dettmann1992_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dettmann1992-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No sauropods have been found from these latitudes and environments, suggesting that they were adapted to warm climates and avoided these regions. Thus, they would likely have been unable to disperse across Antarctica until the late Albian, when <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">global warming</a> led to a smoother temperature gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-hasegawa2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasegawa2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ufnar2004_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufnar2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poropat and colleagues suggested that climate preferences could also explain the Laurasian affinities of Australian dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Tai Kubo applied <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network analysis</a> to a phylogenetic "supertree" of Australian dinosaurs. He found a strong connection between Australian dinosaur faunas and other Gondwanan dinosaurs, and identified Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaurs as a distinct community. Thus, he suggested that most previous results identifying affinities between Australian and Laurasian dinosaurs were caused by insufficient sampling of Gondwanan dinosaurs and the phylogenetic instability of Australian dinosaurs. For instance, he pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">megaraptoran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i> was thought to be an offshoot of an Asian lineage until more Gondwanan megaraptorans were found. While he suggested that the same was true of these sauropods, he also recognized the possibility that they had a different biogeographical history than smaller dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-kubo2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubo2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG/220px-Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG/330px-Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG/440px-Opisthocoelicaudia_Museum_of_Evolution_in_Warsaw_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia" title="Opisthocoelicaudia">Opisthocoelicaudia</a></i> from the front, showing the barrel-like body and wide-gauge stance that it shared with <i>Savannasaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Like all titanosaurs, <i>Savannasaurus</i> was likely a "wide-gauge" sauropod, meaning that it would have stood and walked with its feet far apart from the midline.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Poropat and colleagues pointed to the width of its sternal plates and sacrum as evidence for a wide-gauge stance. The robust humerus of <i>Savannasaurus</i> was also considered a likely adaptation to a wide-gauge stance, which would have been <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergently acquired</a> with saltasaurines. They also suggested that the unusual form of the astragalus was also an adaptation to weight-bearing, but the absence of other hindlimb bones made this unclear. Yet, Poropat and colleagues also noted traits that would have increased the flexibility of the vertebral column, namely the absence of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations and the presence of prominent excavations (the centroprezygapophyseal fossae) below the transprezygapophyseal laminae. Both of these were shared with <i>Diamantinasaurus</i>, but were otherwise rare among sauropods.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2016_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poropat and colleagues noted that both <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> would have lived on a <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> with <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>-rich soil and high rainfall (see <a href="#Palaeoecology">§ Palaeoecology</a>), which would imply that the ground would occasionally become muddy and hazardous for large sauropods. They considered it possible that environmental pressures would have <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selected</a> for individuals capable of navigating muddy ground, and that <i>Savannasaurus</i> might have spent more time near water than other sauropods. Flexible vertebrae (to escape <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>), barrel-like bodies similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotami</a>, wide-gauge stance, and robust forelimbs (all to distribute its body weight) would all have been helpful for such a <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a>. They postulated that saltasaurines might have been subject to similar selective pressures, and so the "typical" titanosaur bodyplan may have been acquired convergently multiple times. While the same environment could also have selected for longer necks to provide easier access to water, Poropat and colleagues noted that <i>Savannasaurus</i> and <i>Diamantinasaurus</i> likely had relatively short necks, though overlapping cervical ribs might have improved stability in <i>Savannasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoenvironment">Palaeoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palaeoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winton-Formation-flora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Winton-Formation-flora.jpg/220px-Winton-Formation-flora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Winton-Formation-flora.jpg/330px-Winton-Formation-flora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Winton-Formation-flora.jpg/440px-Winton-Formation-flora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Selected plant fossils from the Winton Formation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Belmont sheep station is part of the fossil-bearing rock units in the upper <a href="/wiki/Winton_Formation" title="Winton Formation">Winton Formation</a>, which has been dated to around or just after the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian-Turonian_boundary_event" title="Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event">boundary</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a> epochs of the Cretaceous—about 93.9 million years ago—based on <a href="/wiki/Uranium-lead_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-lead dating">uranium-lead dating</a> of detrital <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the geologically youngest rock unit of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesozoic era">Mesozoic era</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eromanga_Basin" title="Eromanga Basin">Eromanga Basin</a>. Six major <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a>, or distinct rock types, are found in the Winton Formation: two different types of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>-siltstone combinations (associated with meandering rivers, <a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">crevasse splays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> (associated with <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a> and ponds), sandy siltstones to silty mudstones (associated with <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flats</a>), plant-rich mudstone and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> (associated with swampy ground), <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)#clast_composition" title="Conglomerate (geology)">intraformational conglomerates</a> (associated with flooding). These rocks suggest that <i>Savannasaurus</i> lived on a freshwater floodplain covered in broad, <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meandering</a> river channels with low-energy waterflow, which was subject to occasional flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fletcher2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Cenomanian and Turonian, the Winton area had a latitude of around 50°S. Leaf fossils show that the climate was warm, with a mean annual temperature of 16 °C (61 °F), and wet, with a mean annual precipitation of over 1,300 millimetres (51 in). Although the weather was seasonal, there was no extreme cycle between the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> as is the case today. The <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> would have been eight to nine months long. However, weather patterns also appeared to have been cyclical on a multi-year basis, similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_decadal_oscillation" title="Pacific decadal oscillation">Pacific decadal oscillation</a>; this may also have influenced the sporadic flooding. <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a> were the most common plants in the Winton Formation; conifers included the <a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">cypress</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrosequoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrosequoia (page does not exist)">Austrosequoia</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">araucarias</a> <i>Araucaria</i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emwadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emwadea (page does not exist)">Emwadea</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">podocarp</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protophyllocladoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protophyllocladoxylon (page does not exist)">Protophyllocladoxylon</a></i>, while angiosperms included <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovellea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovellea (page does not exist)">Lovellea</a></i> and various unnamed forms. Other plants included the <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllopteroides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllopteroides (page does not exist)">Phyllopteroides</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tempskya" title="Tempskya">Tempskya</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverwort</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchantites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchantites (page does not exist)">Marchantites</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Equisetaceae" title="Equisetaceae">horsetail</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Equisetites" title="Equisetites">Equisetites</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">bennettitaleans</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Otozamites" title="Otozamites">Otozamites</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ptilophyllum" title="Ptilophyllum">Ptilophyllum</a></i>; and the <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">ginkgoalean</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fletcher2018_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australovenator2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Australovenator2.jpg/220px-Australovenator2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Australovenator2.jpg/330px-Australovenator2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Australovenator2.jpg/440px-Australovenator2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i> fed on <i>Savannasaurus</i> and other sauropods</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Savannasaurus</i> lived alongside a diverse vertebrate fauna in the upper Winton Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker2013_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary dinosaurs included the sauropods <i>Diamantinasaurus matildae</i> and <i>Wintonotitan wattsi</i>, the megaraptoran theropod <i>Australovenator wintonensis</i>, and indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">ankylosaurians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsilophodont">hypsilophodonts</a>. A tooth belonging to <i>Australovenator</i> was found near the <i>Savannasaurus</i> holotype, suggesting that its feeding was responsible for the specimen's disarticulation. Other <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ferrodraco" title="Ferrodraco">Ferrodraco lentoniT</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-pentland2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentland2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Isisfordia" title="Isisfordia">Isisfordia duncani</a></i>, along with other undescribed pterosaurs and crocodilians. Additional vertebrates known from the Winton Formation are <a href="/wiki/Chelidae" title="Chelidae">chelid</a> turtles; an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Varanoidea" title="Varanoidea">varanoid</a> lizard;<sup id="cite_ref-kear2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kear2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Metaceratodus" title="Metaceratodus">Metaceratodus ellioti</a></i> and <i>M. wollastoni</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fish</a> including <i><a href="/wiki/Cladocyclus" title="Cladocyclus">Cladocyclus geddesi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-berrell2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berrell2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invertebrates were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalves</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Alathyria" title="Alathyria">Alathyria jaqueti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyridella" title="Hyridella">Hyridella goondiwindiensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalovirgus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megalovirgus (page does not exist)">Megalovirgus wintonensis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prohyria (page does not exist)">Prohyria macmichaeli</a></i>, but also included the <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Melanoides" title="Melanoides">Melanoides</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpionfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionfly">scorpionflies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oribatida" title="Oribatida">oribatid</a> mites known from <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">silicified wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poropat2020_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poropat2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fletcher2018_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hocknull2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hocknull2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_paleontology" title="2016 in paleontology">2016 in paleontology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannasaurus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-poropat2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poropat2016_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Clade:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clade:_Dinosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropodomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buriolestes" title="Buriolestes">Buriolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantoscelus" title="Gigantoscelus">Gigantoscelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbiresaurus" title="Mbiresaurus">Mbiresaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pampadromaeus" title="Pampadromaeus">Pampadromaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saturnaliidae" title="Saturnaliidae">Saturnaliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buriolestes" title="Buriolestes">Buriolestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromogisaurus" title="Chromogisaurus">Chromogisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pampadromaeus" title="Pampadromaeus">Pampadromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_tupiniquim" title="Saturnalia tupiniquim">Saturnalia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bagualosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagualosauria">Bagualosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcusaurus" title="Arcusaurus">Arcusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asylosaurus" title="Asylosaurus">Asylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualosaurus" title="Bagualosaurus">Bagualosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Efraasia" title="Efraasia">Efraasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nambalia" title="Nambalia">Nambalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantydraco" title="Pantydraco">Pantydraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecodontosaurus" title="Thecodontosaurus">Thecodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unaysauridae" title="Unaysauridae">Unaysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaklapallisaurus" title="Jaklapallisaurus">Jaklapallisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocollum" title="Macrocollum">Macrocollum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unaysaurus" title="Unaysaurus">Unaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Plateosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateosauria">Plateosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosauravus" title="Plateosauravus">Plateosauravus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruehleia" title="Ruehleia">Ruehleia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xixiposaurus" title="Xixiposaurus">Xixiposaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateosauridae" title="Plateosauridae">Plateosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euskelosaurus" title="Euskelosaurus">Euskelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gresslyosaurus" title="Gresslyosaurus">Gresslyosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Issi" title="Issi">Issi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachysauriscus" title="Pachysauriscus">Pachysauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yimenosaurus" title="Yimenosaurus">Yimenosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Massopoda" title="Massopoda">Massopoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gryponyx" title="Gryponyx">Gryponyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyposaurus" title="Gyposaurus">Gyposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignavusaurus" title="Ignavusaurus">Ignavusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kholumolumo" title="Kholumolumo">Kholumolumo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musankwa" title="Musankwa">Musankwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarahsaurus" title="Sarahsaurus">Sarahsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Riojasauridae" title="Riojasauridae">Riojasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucnemesaurus" title="Eucnemesaurus">Eucnemesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojasaurus" title="Riojasaurus">Riojasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massospondylidae" title="Massospondylidae">Massospondylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adeopapposaurus" title="Adeopapposaurus">Adeopapposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coloradisaurus" title="Coloradisaurus">Coloradisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glacialisaurus" title="Glacialisaurus">Glacialisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignavusaurus" title="Ignavusaurus">Ignavusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyesaurus" title="Leyesaurus">Leyesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufengosaurus" title="Lufengosaurus">Lufengosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massospondylus" title="Massospondylus">Massospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngwevu" title="Ngwevu">Ngwevu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pradhania" title="Pradhania">Pradhania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarahsaurus" title="Sarahsaurus">Sarahsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingxiulong" title="Xingxiulong">Xingxiulong</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodiformes">Sauropodiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuxiongosaurus" title="Chuxiongosaurus">Chuxiongosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingshanosaurus" title="Jingshanosaurus">Jingshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_shouhu" title="Qianlong shouhu">Qianlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seitaad" title="Seitaad">Seitaad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingxiulong" title="Xingxiulong">Xingxiulong</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yizhousaurus" title="Yizhousaurus">Yizhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunnanosaurus" title="Yunnanosaurus">Yunnanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchisauria" title="Anchisauria">Anchisauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aardonyx" title="Aardonyx">Aardonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anchisaurus" title="Anchisaurus">Anchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelotia" title="Camelotia">Camelotia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irisosaurus" title="Irisosaurus">Irisosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamplughsaura" title="Lamplughsaura">Lamplughsaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonerasaurus" title="Leonerasaurus">Leonerasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanorosaurus" title="Melanorosaurus">Melanorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meroktenos" title="Meroktenos">Meroktenos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mussaurus" title="Mussaurus">Mussaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefapanosaurus" title="Sefapanosaurus">Sefapanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Buriolestes schultzi"><img alt="Buriolestes schultzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/140px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/210px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/280px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantydraco_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pantydraco caducus"><img alt="Pantydraco caducus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/140px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/210px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/280px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Massospondylus_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Massospondylus carinatus"><img alt="Massospondylus carinatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/140px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/210px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/280px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis"><img alt="Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/140px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/210px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/280px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amygdalodon" title="Amygdalodon">Amygdalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blikanasaurus" title="Blikanasaurus">Blikanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinshakiangosaurus" title="Chinshakiangosaurus">Chinshakiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongxianosaurus" title="Gongxianosaurus">Gongxianosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isanosaurus" title="Isanosaurus">Isanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonerasaurus" title="Leonerasaurus">Leonerasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protognathosaurus" title="Protognathosaurus">Protognathosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schleitheimia" title="Schleitheimia">Schleitheimia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lessemsauridae" title="Lessemsauridae">Lessemsauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingentia" title="Ingentia">Ingentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ledumahadi" title="Ledumahadi">Ledumahadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessemsaurus" title="Lessemsaurus">Lessemsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gravisauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravisauria">Gravisauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeodontosaurus" title="Archaeodontosaurus">Archaeodontosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotasaurus" title="Kotasaurus">Kotasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ohmdenosaurus" title="Ohmdenosaurus">Ohmdenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhoetosaurus" title="Rhoetosaurus">Rhoetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanpasaurus" title="Sanpasaurus">Sanpasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhongosaurus" title="Zizhongosaurus">Zizhongosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodontidae" title="Vulcanodontidae">Vulcanodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus" title="Tazoudasaurus">Tazoudasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodon" title="Vulcanodon">Vulcanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatosaurus" title="Asiatosaurus">Asiatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualia" title="Bagualia">Bagualia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauriscus" title="Cetiosauriscus">Cetiosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dashanpusaurus" title="Dashanpusaurus">Dashanpusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dystrophaeus" title="Dystrophaeus">Dystrophaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobaria" title="Jobaria">Jobaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebulasaurus" title="Nebulasaurus">Nebulasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perijasaurus" title="Perijasaurus">Perijasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shunosaurus" title="Shunosaurus">Shunosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinophorosaurus" title="Spinophorosaurus">Spinophorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkheimeria" title="Volkheimeria">Volkheimeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauridae" title="Cetiosauridae">Cetiosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosaurus" title="Cetiosaurus">Cetiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chebsaurus" title="Chebsaurus">Chebsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferganasaurus" title="Ferganasaurus">Ferganasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lapparentosaurus" title="Lapparentosaurus">Lapparentosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagosaurus" title="Patagosaurus">Patagosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisauridae" title="Mamenchisauridae">Mamenchisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Analong" title="Analong">Analong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anhuilong" title="Anhuilong">Anhuilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauriscus" title="Cetiosauriscus">Cetiosauriscus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanjiesaurus" title="Chuanjiesaurus">Chuanjiesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datousaurus" title="Datousaurus">Datousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eomamenchisaurus" title="Eomamenchisaurus">Eomamenchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huangshanlong" title="Huangshanlong">Huangshanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudiesaurus" title="Hudiesaurus">Hudiesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingiella" title="Jingiella">Jingiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamelisaurus" title="Klamelisaurus">Klamelisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omeisaurus" title="Omeisaurus">Omeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qijianglong" title="Qijianglong">Qijianglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhomaleopakhus" title="Rhomaleopakhus">Rhomaleopakhus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tienshanosaurus" title="Tienshanosaurus">Tienshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonganosaurus" title="Tonganosaurus">Tonganosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wamweracaudia" title="Wamweracaudia">Wamweracaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangtitan" title="Xinjiangtitan">Xinjiangtitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmousaurus" title="Yuanmousaurus">Yuanmousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zigongosaurus" title="Zigongosaurus">Zigongosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turiasauria" title="Turiasauria">Turiasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanzia" title="Amanzia">Amanzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losillasaurus" title="Losillasaurus">Losillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mierasaurus" title="Mierasaurus">Mierasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moabosaurus" title="Moabosaurus">Moabosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narindasaurus" title="Narindasaurus">Narindasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oplosaurus" title="Oplosaurus">Oplosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tendaguria" title="Tendaguria">Tendaguria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turiasaurus" title="Turiasaurus">Turiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zby" title="Zby">Zby</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below ↓ )</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below ↓ )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_sauropods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious sauropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bothriospondylus" title="Bothriospondylus">Bothriospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiodon" title="Cardiodon">Cardiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodocus" title="Dinodocus">Dinodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantosaurus" title="Gigantosaurus">Gigantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosodon" title="Neosodon">Neosodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qinlingosaurus" title="Qinlingosaurus">Qinlingosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrasaurus" title="Ultrasaurus">Ultrasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulcanodon karibaensis"><img alt="Vulcanodon karibaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/140px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/210px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/280px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barapasaurus tagorei"><img alt="Barapasaurus tagorei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/140px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/210px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/280px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patagosaurus fariasi"><img alt="Patagosaurus fariasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/140px-Patagosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/210px-Patagosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/280px-Patagosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="845" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turiasaurus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turiasaurus riodevnesis"><img alt="Turiasaurus riodevnesis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/140px-Turiasaurus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/210px-Turiasaurus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/280px-Turiasaurus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="1261" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Diplodocoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diplodocoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haplocanthosaurus" title="Haplocanthosaurus">Haplocanthosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocimorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocimorpha">Diplodocimorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisauridae" title="Rebbachisauridae">Rebbachisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agustinia" title="Agustinia">Agustinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazonsaurus" title="Amazonsaurus">Amazonsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campananeyen" title="Campananeyen">Campananeyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comahuesaurus" title="Comahuesaurus">Comahuesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharatitanis" title="Dzharatitanis">Dzharatitanis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histriasaurus" title="Histriasaurus">Histriasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavocatisaurus" title="Lavocatisaurus">Lavocatisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maraapunisaurus" title="Maraapunisaurus">Maraapunisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nopcsaspondylus" title="Nopcsaspondylus">Nopcsaspondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidersaura" title="Sidersaura">Sidersaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenoposeidon" title="Xenoposeidon">Xenoposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zapalasaurus" title="Zapalasaurus">Zapalasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khebbashia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khebbashia">Khebbashia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limaysaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limaysaurinae">Limaysaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathartesaura" title="Cathartesaura">Cathartesaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limaysaurus" title="Limaysaurus">Limaysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rayososaurus" title="Rayososaurus">Rayososaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebbachisaurinae">Rebbachisaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demandasaurus" title="Demandasaurus">Demandasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itapeuasaurus" title="Itapeuasaurus">Itapeuasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katepensaurus" title="Katepensaurus">Katepensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigersaurus" title="Nigersaurus">Nigersaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisaurus" title="Rebbachisaurus">Rebbachisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataouinea" title="Tataouinea">Tataouinea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flagellicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellicaudata">Flagellicaudata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">Dicraeosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amargatitanis" title="Amargatitanis">Amargatitanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bajadasaurus" title="Bajadasaurus">Bajadasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachytrachelopan" title="Brachytrachelopan">Brachytrachelopan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicraeosaurus" title="Dicraeosaurus">Dicraeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyslocosaurus" title="Dyslocosaurus">Dyslocosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaatedocus" title="Kaatedocus">Kaatedocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingwulong" title="Lingwulong">Lingwulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilmatueia" title="Pilmatueia">Pilmatueia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smitanosaurus" title="Smitanosaurus">Smitanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suuwassea" title="Suuwassea">Suuwassea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tharosaurus" title="Tharosaurus">Tharosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocidae" title="Diplodocidae">Diplodocidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurinae" title="Apatosaurinae">Apatosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias" title="Amphicoelias">Amphicoelias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantosaurus" title="Atlantosaurus">Atlantosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontosaurus" title="Brontosaurus">Brontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocinae" title="Diplodocinae">Diplodocinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardetosaurus" title="Ardetosaurus">Ardetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinheirosaurus" title="Dinheirosaurus">Dinheirosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galeamopus" title="Galeamopus">Galeamopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaatedocus" title="Kaatedocus">Kaatedocus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leinkupal" title="Leinkupal">Leinkupal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Supersaurus" title="Supersaurus">Supersaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tornieria" title="Tornieria">Tornieria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicraeosaurus hansemanni"><img alt="Dicraeosaurus hansemanni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/140px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/210px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/280px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="718" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diplodocus carnegii"><img alt="Diplodocus carnegii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/140px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/210px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/280px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5362" data-file-height="2578" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Macronaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macronaria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrosaurus" title="Abrosaurus">Abrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aragosaurus" title="Aragosaurus">Aragosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bashunosaurus" title="Bashunosaurus">Bashunosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daanosaurus" title="Daanosaurus">Daanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dashanpusaurus" title="Dashanpusaurus">Dashanpusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuzhoulong" title="Yuzhoulong">Yuzhoulong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhasaurus" title="Lourinhasaurus">Lourinhasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrodon" title="Astrodon">Astrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriatitan" title="Duriatitan">Duriatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucamerotus" title="Eucamerotus">Eucamerotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fushanosaurus" title="Fushanosaurus">Fushanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusuisaurus" title="Fusuisaurus">Fusuisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelorosaurus" title="Pelorosaurus">Pelorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugocaudia" title="Rugocaudia">Rugocaudia</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">Brachiosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abydosaurus" title="Abydosaurus">Abydosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlasaurus" title="Atlasaurus">Atlasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarosaurus" title="Cedarosaurus">Cedarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galvesaurus" title="Galvesaurus">Galvesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffatitan" title="Giraffatitan">Giraffatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusotitan" title="Lusotitan">Lusotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonorasaurus" title="Sonorasaurus">Sonorasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soriatitan" title="Soriatitan">Soriatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venenosaurus" title="Venenosaurus">Venenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vouivria" title="Vouivria">Vouivria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somphospondyli" title="Somphospondyli">Somphospondyli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkharavia" title="Arkharavia">Arkharavia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrophocaudia" title="Astrophocaudia">Astrophocaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrosaurus" title="Austrosaurus">Austrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brohisaurus" title="Brohisaurus">Brohisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontomerus" title="Brontomerus">Brontomerus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chubutisaurus" title="Chubutisaurus">Chubutisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongbeititan" title="Dongbeititan">Dongbeititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europatitan" title="Europatitan">Europatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuititan" title="Fukuititan">Fukuititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garumbatitan" title="Garumbatitan">Garumbatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxititan" title="Jiangxititan">Jiangxititan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiutaisaurus" title="Jiutaisaurus">Jiutaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningotitan" title="Liaoningotitan">Liaoningotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liubangosaurus" title="Liubangosaurus">Liubangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceanotitan" title="Oceanotitan">Oceanotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padillasaurus" title="Padillasaurus">Padillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pukyongosaurus" title="Pukyongosaurus">Pukyongosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruixinia" title="Ruixinia">Ruixinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibirotitan" title="Sibirotitan">Sibirotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triunfosaurus" title="Triunfosaurus">Triunfosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euhelopodidae" title="Euhelopodidae">Euhelopodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australodocus" title="Australodocus">Australodocus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiayusaurus" title="Chiayusaurus">Chiayusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erketu" title="Erketu">Erketu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gannansaurus" title="Gannansaurus">Gannansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobititan" title="Gobititan">Gobititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangosaurus" title="Phuwiangosaurus">Phuwiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiaowanlong" title="Qiaowanlong">Qiaowanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silutitan" title="Silutitan">Silutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambatitanis" title="Tambatitanis">Tambatitanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangvayosaurus" title="Tangvayosaurus">Tangvayosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongjinglong" title="Yongjinglong">Yongjinglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunmenglong" title="Yunmenglong">Yunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasauria" title="Diamantinasauria">Diamantinasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australotitan" title="Australotitan">Australotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarmientosaurus" title="Sarmientosaurus">Sarmientosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Savannasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintonotitan" title="Wintonotitan">Wintonotitan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelorosaurus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pelorosaurus brevis"><img alt="Pelorosaurus brevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/140px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/210px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/280px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauroposeidon proteles"><img alt="Sauroposeidon proteles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/140px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/210px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/280px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wintonotitan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wintonotitan wattsi"><img alt="Wintonotitan wattsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/140px-Wintonotitan.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/210px-Wintonotitan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/280px-Wintonotitan.png 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Titanosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titanosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdarainurus" title="Abdarainurus">Abdarainurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptosaurus" title="Aegyptosaurus">Aegyptosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andesaurus" title="Andesaurus">Andesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arackar" title="Arackar">Arackar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argyrosaurus" title="Argyrosaurus">Argyrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atacamatitan" title="Atacamatitan">Atacamatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austroposeidon" title="Austroposeidon">Austroposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrosasaurus" title="Barrosasaurus">Barrosasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baurutitan" title="Baurutitan">Baurutitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonatitan" title="Bonatitan">Bonatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealosaurus" title="Borealosaurus">Borealosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brasilotitan" title="Brasilotitan">Brasilotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choconsaurus" title="Choconsaurus">Choconsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daxiatitan" title="Daxiatitan">Daxiatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangosaurus" title="Dongyangosaurus">Dongyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaltitan" title="Elaltitan">Elaltitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandititan" title="Gandititan">Gandititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamititan" title="Hamititan">Hamititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijutitan" title="Kaijutitan">Kaijutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karongasaurus" title="Karongasaurus">Karongasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laplatasaurus" title="Laplatasaurus">Laplatasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyarosaurus" title="Magyarosaurus">Magyarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malarguesaurus" title="Malarguesaurus">Malarguesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malawisaurus" title="Malawisaurus">Malawisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mnyamawamtuka" title="Mnyamawamtuka">Mnyamawamtuka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narambuenatitan" title="Narambuenatitan">Narambuenatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjatitan" title="Ninjatitan">Ninjatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normanniasaurus" title="Normanniasaurus">Normanniasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nullotitan" title="Nullotitan">Nullotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pellegrinisaurus" title="Pellegrinisaurus">Pellegrinisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrasaurus" title="Petrobrasaurus">Petrobrasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitekunsaurus" title="Pitekunsaurus">Pitekunsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapetosaurus" title="Rapetosaurus">Rapetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukwatitan" title="Rukwatitan">Rukwatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruyangosaurus" title="Ruyangosaurus">Ruyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tengrisaurus" title="Tengrisaurus">Tengrisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiamat_valdecii" title="Tiamat valdecii">Tiamat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traukutitan" title="Traukutitan">Traukutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trigonosaurus" title="Trigonosaurus">Trigonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonidosaurus" title="Sonidosaurus">Sonidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uberabatitan" title="Uberabatitan">Uberabatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volgatitan" title="Volgatitan">Volgatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshanosaurus" title="Xianshanosaurus">Xianshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasauria" title="Diamantinasauria">Diamantinasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lirainosaurinae" title="Lirainosaurinae">Lirainosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelosaurus" title="Ampelosaurus">Ampelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsinganosaurus" title="Atsinganosaurus">Atsinganosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garrigatitan" title="Garrigatitan">Garrigatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lirainosaurus" title="Lirainosaurus">Lirainosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lohuecotitan" title="Lohuecotitan">Lohuecotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansourasaurus" title="Mansourasaurus">Mansourasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paludititan" title="Paludititan">Paludititan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutitanosauria" title="Eutitanosauria">Eutitanosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inawentu" title="Inawentu">Inawentu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menucocelsior" title="Menucocelsior">Menucocelsior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colossosauria" title="Colossosauria">Colossosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctosaurus" title="Antarctosaurus">Antarctosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baalsaurus" title="Baalsaurus">Baalsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonitasaura" title="Bonitasaura">Bonitasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chucarosaurus" title="Chucarosaurus">Chucarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jainosaurus" title="Jainosaurus">Jainosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quetecsaurus" title="Quetecsaurus">Quetecsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tengrisaurus" title="Tengrisaurus">Tengrisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vahiny" title="Vahiny">Vahiny</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rinconsauria" title="Rinconsauria">Rinconsauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adamantisaurus" title="Adamantisaurus">Adamantisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muyelensaurus" title="Muyelensaurus">Muyelensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overosaurus" title="Overosaurus">Overosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panamericansaurus" title="Panamericansaurus">Panamericansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinconsaurus" title="Rinconsaurus">Rinconsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolosaurini" title="Aeolosaurini">Aeolosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeolosaurus" title="Aeolosaurus">Aeolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrudatitan" title="Arrudatitan">Arrudatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravasaurus" title="Bravasaurus">Bravasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caieiria" title="Caieiria">Caieiria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondwanatitan" title="Gondwanatitan">Gondwanatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Punatitan" title="Punatitan">Punatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shingopana" title="Shingopana">Shingopana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lognkosauria" title="Lognkosauria">Lognkosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilasaura" title="Drusilasaura">Drusilasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharatitanis" title="Dzharatitanis">Dzharatitanis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futalognkosaurus" title="Futalognkosaurus">Futalognkosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxititan" title="Jiangxititan">Jiangxititan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendozasaurus" title="Mendozasaurus">Mendozasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notocolossus" title="Notocolossus">Notocolossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagotitan" title="Patagotitan">Patagotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puertasaurus" title="Puertasaurus">Puertasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasauroidea" title="Saltasauroidea">Saltasauroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bustingorrytitan" title="Bustingorrytitan">Bustingorrytitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titanomachya" title="Titanomachya">Titanomachya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Udelartitan" title="Udelartitan">Udelartitan</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nemegtosauridae" title="Nemegtosauridae">Nemegtosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemegtosaurus" title="Nemegtosaurus">Nemegtosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaesitosaurus" title="Quaesitosaurus">Quaesitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapuiasaurus" title="Tapuiasaurus">Tapuiasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Igai" title="Igai">Igai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isisaurus" title="Isisaurus">Isisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingxiusaurus" title="Qingxiusaurus">Qingxiusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaesitosaurus" title="Quaesitosaurus">Quaesitosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudiinae" title="Opisthocoelicaudiinae">Opisthocoelicaudiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abditosaurus" title="Abditosaurus">Abditosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baurutitan" title="Baurutitan">Baurutitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia" title="Opisthocoelicaudia">Opisthocoelicaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pellegrinisaurus" title="Pellegrinisaurus">Pellegrinisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qunkasaura" title="Qunkasaura">Qunkasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtitan" title="Zhuchengtitan">Zhuchengtitan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurinae" title="Saltasaurinae">Saltasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abditosaurus" title="Abditosaurus">Abditosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonatitan" title="Bonatitan">Bonatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibirania" title="Ibirania">Ibirania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuquensaurus" title="Neuquensaurus">Neuquensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralititan" title="Paralititan">Paralititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocasaurus" title="Rocasaurus">Rocasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurus" title="Saltasaurus">Saltasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamanasaurus" title="Yamanasaurus">Yamanasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_titanosaurs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious titanosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bruhathkayosaurus" title="Bruhathkayosaurus">Bruhathkayosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylodoniscus" title="Campylodoniscus">Campylodoniscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clasmodosaurus" title="Clasmodosaurus">Clasmodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselosaurus" title="Hypselosaurus">Hypselosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuticosaurus" title="Iuticosaurus">Iuticosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loricosaurus" title="Loricosaurus">Loricosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrurosaurus" title="Macrurosaurus">Macrurosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcoelus" title="Microcoelus">Microcoelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mongolosaurus" title="Mongolosaurus">Mongolosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titanosaurus" title="Titanosaurus">Titanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andesaurus_LM.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andesaurus delgadoi"><img alt="Andesaurus delgadoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/140px-Andesaurus_LM.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/210px-Andesaurus_LM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/280px-Andesaurus_LM.png 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ampelosaurus atacis"><img alt="Ampelosaurus atacis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/140px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/210px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/280px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="380" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Futalognkosaurus dukei"><img alt="Futalognkosaurus dukei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="734" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saltasaurus loricatus"><img alt="Saltasaurus loricatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/140px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/210px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/280px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_in_sauropodomorph_research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics in sauropodomorph research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauropod_neck_posture" title="Sauropod neck posture">Sauropod neck posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauropod_hiatus" title="Sauropod hiatus">Sauropod hiatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sauropod_species" title="List of sauropod species">List of sauropod species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Savannasaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27494215" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27494215">Q27494215</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/47459445">47459445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9355152">9355152</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7663792">7663792</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=347241">347241</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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