UN Fact-Finding Mission Should Recognize Gender Persecution in Iran

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Angry demonstrators have taken to the streets of major cities across Iran, including the capital Tehran, for eight straight nights since the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini. The Kurdish woman was pronounced dead after spending three days in a coma following her arrest by Iran's feared morality police for wearing the hijab headscarf in an \"improper\" way. 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Her work focuses on advancing strategic pathways to accountability and fostering coordinated action across jurisdictions, including through the use of Magnitsky sanctions. Skylar has authored numerous publications and is a frequent contributor to print and broadcast media. She provides expert commentary on Iran and the wider region, the challenges of achieving meaningful accountability, and broader issues in international human rights and criminal law. Previously, she worked on U.S. criminal justice reform and the humanitarian response in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. She is also active on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thompsonskylar/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.4'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/92572\/un-fact-finding-mission-should-recognize-gender-persecution-in-iran\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thompsonskylar/" title="Profile and articles by Skylar Thompson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Skylar Thompson</a></p><p class="date">February 23, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-bluesky-92572" class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92572/un-fact-finding-mission-should-recognize-gender-persecution-in-iran/?share=bluesky" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Bluesky" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Bluesky (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-92572" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon 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><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crimes-against-humanity/" rel="tag">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-persecution/" rel="tag">gender persecution</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag">Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/icc-policy-on-the-crime-of-gender-persecution/" rel="tag">ICC Policy on the Crime of Gender Persecution</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/iran/" rel="tag">Iran</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/iran-protests/" rel="tag">Iran protests</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rome-statute/" rel="tag">Rome Statute</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/un-human-rights-council/" rel="tag">UN Human Rights Council</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations (UN)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/womens-rights/" rel="tag">Women's Rights</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thompsonskylar/" title="Profile and articles by Skylar Thompson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Skylar Thompson</a></p><p class="date">February 23, 2024</p></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The situation of human rights in Iran, especially for women, remains dire, and the upcoming 55th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) holds unprecedented potential to propel accountability efforts on Iran forward should the U.N. Fact Finding Mission conclude that Iran has committed the crime against humanity of gender persecution and member States support the renewal of crucial oversight and investigative mechanisms. Without these actions, this session of the HRC could set the cause of human rights in Iran back decades. </span></p> <h4>The 55th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On Sept. 16, 2022, Mahsa Zhina Amini died in the custody of Iran’s morality police, who alleged she had not been in compliance with the country’s hijab laws. Her death, suspected to be from severe police brutality, sparked the “Woman, Life, Freedom” protests across Iran and around the world.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two months later, in November 2022, a Special Session of the HRC </span><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-iran/index"><span style="font-weight: 400;">established</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> an independent international fact finding mission (FFMI) Now for over a year, the FFMI has been investigating alleged human rights violations and potential violations of international law in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The investigation focuses especially on human rights with respect to women and children and the gendered dimension of such violations. The FFMI will deliver its comprehensive report during the upcoming 55th session of the HRC, tentatively scheduled for Mar. 18. With the delivery of this report, the FFMI will have the opportunity to make a first of its kind finding about crimes committed against civilians.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The session also marks the end of the mandate of the current U.N. Special Rapporteur (UNSR) on the Islamic Republic of Iran, Dr. Javaid Rehman, and separately the need to renew the mandate itself. If this position is to continue its work, the HRC must vote in favor of its renewal.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The culmination of these events calls for three strong actions on human rights in Iran:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The FFMI, in its comprehensive report, must recognize that Iran has committed the crime against humanity of gender persecution since at least Sep. 16, 2022. </span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Member States must support the renewal of the mandate of the FFMI so that investigations and preservation of evidence may continue beyond March. </span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Member States must renew the mandate of the UNSR on the Islamic Republic of Iran. </span></li> </ol> <h4>Crimes Against Humanity in Iran Since at Least September 16, 2022</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While the mandate of the FFMI is focused on international human rights law and does not expressly mention international criminal law as a legal framework, according to the </span><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/ffmi-iran/FFM-Iran-TORs-EN.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Terms of Reference</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the FFMI shall also consider other international legal obligations held by Iran “including in relation to crimes under international law.” The FFMI’s approach is consistent with the one adopted by U.N. commissions of inquiry and fact-finding missions with similar mandates in relation to international crimes.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gender persecution is recognized under international treaty and customary law. The </span><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rome Statute</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is the first international treaty that articulates the crime against humanity of persecution on gender grounds. While Iran is not party to the Rome Statute, persecution has long been recognized under customary international law. This custom is supported by the International Law Commission in the Draft Articles on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity (Draft Articles) adopting the Rome Statute definition of persecution in 2019. The recognition of gender persecution also gained momentum recently when the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC adopted a </span><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2022-12/2022-12-07-Policy-on-the-Crime-of-Gender-Persecution.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">policy</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> paper on gender persecution. Given this grounding in law, investigating Iran’s crimes through the lens of gender persecution holds promise for tangible outcomes.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In order for the FFMI to reach the conclusion that crimes against humanity of gender persecution have been committed, it must be able to </span><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">demonstrate </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">that there has been an intentional and severe deprivation of fundamental rights contrary to international law by reason of the identity of the group; or collectively, that victims were targeted because of their identity as a member of a group or collectively on gender grounds.It must also find that the acts of persecution have been committed “in connection with” other crimes under the ICC’s jurisdiction, or any other underlying acts of crimes against humanity, as well as that the persecutory acts are part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit an attack. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In analyzing events that took place from Sep. 16, 2022, onwards, there is strong evidence that the violent acts perpetrated by authorities against individuals opposing the regime can be considered underlying acts of crimes against humanity according to Article 7 of the Rome Statute or severe deprivation of fundamental rights contrary to international law. These events include the excessive use of </span><a href="https://spreadingjustice.org/bloody-friday-of-zahedan-a-convergence-of-national-outrage-and-baloch-repression/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">force</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> resulting in death and serious injury and potentially amounting to </span><a href="https://www.hra-iran.org/en/uncategorized/executive-summary-crimes-against-humanity-in-iran-political-and-gender-persecution"><span style="font-weight: 400;">murder</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">; other inhumane acts in the form of deplorable conditions of </span><a href="https://spreadingjustice.org/mahsa-amini-the-seismic-tragedy-that-is-triggering-a-tsunami-that-should-not-be-ignored/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">detention</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.en-hrana.org/a-comprehensive-report-of-the-first-82-days-of-nationwide-protests-in-iran/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">abuses</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> committed at the time of arrest and against detainees, resulting in suffering or serious injury to the bodies or to the mental or physical health of the detainees; </span><a href="https://www.hra-iran.org/en/uncategorized/executive-summary-crimes-against-humanity-in-iran-political-and-gender-persecution"><span style="font-weight: 400;">torture</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/7480/2023/en/#:~:text=Intelligence%20and%20security%20forces%20committed,or%20covering%20up%20survivors%27%20complaints."><span style="font-weight: 400;">rape</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/7480/2023/en/#:~:text=Intelligence%20and%20security%20forces%20committed,or%20covering%20up%20survivors%27%20complaints."><span style="font-weight: 400;">sexual violence</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><a href="https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/iranian-society-under-crackdown"><span style="font-weight: 400;">imprisonment</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">; violations of the rights to </span><a href="https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/iranian-society-under-crackdown"><span style="font-weight: 400;">peaceful assembly</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, freedom of </span><a href="https://www.en-hrana.org/a-comprehensive-report-of-the-first-82-days-of-nationwide-protests-in-iran/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">thought</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, conscience and religion, expression, and movement; and violation of the rights to </span><a href="https://www.hra-iran.org/en/uncategorized/executive-summary-crimes-against-humanity-in-iran-political-and-gender-persecution"><span style="font-weight: 400;">privacy</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, to participation in public affairs, and the rights to work and education.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These acts were committed notably against women and girls for non-compliance with mandatory hijab laws or for opposing established gender norms and discriminatory policies. These violations were used to enforce restrictions on women and girls as they and their </span><a href="https://www.en-hrana.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/82-Day-WLF-Protest-in-Iran-2022-English.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">supporters</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> flooded the streets. Women and girls were also targets of gender specific acts of violence, including slapping across the face; having their hair pulled; </span><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/iran-security-forces-used-rape-and-other-sexual-violence-to-crush-woman-life-freedom-uprising-with-impunity/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sexual assault</span></a> <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/iran-security-forces-used-rape-and-other-sexual-violence-to-crush-woman-life-freedom-uprising-with-impunity/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rape</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and targeted gunfire to their faces, </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/dec/08/iranian-forces-shooting-at-faces-and-genitals-of-female-protesters-medics-say"><span style="font-weight: 400;">genitals</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/dec/08/iranian-forces-shooting-at-faces-and-genitals-of-female-protesters-medics-say"><span style="font-weight: 400;">breasts</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. These acts highlight the Iranian authorities’ persecutory intent against women and girls. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The multiple acts of violence committed by the Iranian security forces in the context of the “Woman, Life, Freedom” protests amount to an </span><a href="https://www.icty.org/x/cases/contempt_seselj/acjug/en/100519_ajudg.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">attack.</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> This attack was directed at a specific subset of the civilian population of Iran who participated in the protests against the regime. The widespread nature of the violence reached </span><a href="https://www.en-hrana.org/statements/hra-urges-u-n-fact-finding-mission-to-recognize-commission-of-crimes-against-humanity/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">every</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> province in the country. The number of killed, injured, arrested, and disappeared sits in the tens of thousands. The pattern of abuse across the State as well as the vast use of public resources signals the systematic nature of the abuse. The public manner by which the authorities denounced and demanded local police and security to violently repress protests signals that the above acts were part of an official state policy where agents were acting under the direct order of high-ranking officials.</span></p> <h4>FFMI report holds the potential for first of its kind findings on Iran</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The FFMI should have sufficient information to recognize that the widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population that took place following the death in detention of Mahsa Zhina Amini amounts to the crime against humanity and in particular of gender persecution. Staff and experts alike have received ample evidence over the past 15 months. Civil society has also consistently provided analysis of the facts. This analysis includes the joint </span><a href="https://www.uprights.org/news/uprights-provided-its-legal-expertise-to-human-rights-activists-in-iran-in-the-drafting-of-a-submission-before-the-united-nations-fact-finding-mission-on-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-ffmi"><span style="font-weight: 400;">submission</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to the FFMI by my own team at </span><a href="https://www.hra-iran.org/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Human Rights Activists</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with the support of </span><a href="https://www.uprights.org/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">UpRights</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on the crime against humanity of gender and political persecution, </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The FFMI’s conclusions should emphasize that women, girls, and LGBTQI+ individuals perceived as not conforming with or opposing the established gender norms and discriminatory policies have been specifically targeted by the Iranian authorities, their agents, and security forces. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recognizing the crimes that have been committed in this way paves a real path forward, opening the door to additional international accountability mechanisms. It also assures that victims know they are seen and heard. A failure to recognize the gravity of crimes perpetrated by Iranian authorities in the context of the protests will be a grave failure for the very women and girls who have suffered for so long. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beyond crimes against humanity, the report should include a comprehensive section on the lack of individual accountability as well as the need for redress and ensuring that justice is achieved. While specific individuals may not be included in the forthcoming report, any potential evidence against perpetrators should be actively shared. Given the FFMI’s mandate to collect and preserve evidence with a view to cooperate with legal proceedings, the FFMI should ensure that, where possible, and where consent of victims and witnesses has been given, it cooperates with investigators, prosecutors, and relevant national jurisdictions building case files against alleged Iranian perpetrators. If the international community has any hope of seeking tangible accountability in the context of Iran, it must ensure these steps are taken. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While the findings in the forthcoming report are crucial, the investigations must not cease –because the violence hasn’t. Member States must support the renewal of the FFMI’s mandate. Human rights organizations continue to see women, girls, LGBTQI+ individuals, and men that support them persecuted at the hands of authorities and the situation grows worse by the day. Iran’s prisons hold </span><a href="https://www.en-hrana.org/statements/hra-press-release-international-women-human-rights-defenders-day-and-their-challenging-path-in-iran/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">women</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for failure to comply with mandatory hijab laws; the State has expanded its </span><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2023/09/iran-concerns-over-chastity-and-hijab-bill"><span style="font-weight: 400;">authority</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to police physical and virtual spaces, imposing fines and harsh punishments for failure to comply; women’s rights activists are pre-emptively detained, harassed, and accused of conspiring with foreign States; the government drafts and passes </span><a href="https://www.en-hrana.org/statements/irans-new-hijab-bill-stirs-controversy-and-concern/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">legislation</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> aimed at the repression of women in society; and individuals charged in relation to the “Woman, Life, Freedom” protests remain held in detention, with one individual, </span><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/middleeast/iran-executes-protester-mental-health-intl-hnk/index.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mohammad Gobadlou</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, executed just last month while suffering from a mental illness. In addition, evidence continues to pour in from the events of Sep. 16 onward. Iran, while claiming to investigate internally, has held no one responsible for injuries, arbitrary detentions, sexual assaults, and torture, and with no domestic investigations, the renewal of this mandate remains the only mechanism in place to lay the groundwork for accountability.</span></p> <h4>The U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Islamic Republic of Iran<span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> </span></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Member States must also support the renewal of the </span><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-iran"><span style="font-weight: 400;">mandate</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of the U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Iran. This critical mandate ensures there is continued reporting of widespread and systemic rights violations occurring within the country. These violations span far beyond the narrow mandate of the FFMI and the renewal of the mandate ensures that the repression of minorities; violations of labor rights, freedom of expression and political freedoms, violations of the the right to life, including via imposition of the death penalty (including on juvenile offenders), and the right to freedom of religion; and torture and inhumane treatment and punishments, among others, are adequately documented and archived.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Given the overwhelming evidence, the FFMI must find that the crime against humanity of gender persecution has been committed in Iran. Member States must actively support and renew the mandates of the FFMI and the UNSR on Iran, and the world must demonstrate that it will continue to seek justice for victims despite the regime’s ongoing attempts to silence them.</span></p> <h6><em>IMAGE: Women chant slogans and hold up signs depicting the image of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini, who died while in the custody of Iranian authorities, during a demonstration denouncing her death by Iraqi and Iranian Kurds outside the UN offices in Arbil, the capital of Iraq’s autonomous Kurdistan region, on September 24, 2022. (Photo by SAFIN HAMID/AFP via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crimes-against-humanity/" rel="tag">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/gender-persecution/" rel="tag">gender persecution</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag">Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/icc-policy-on-the-crime-of-gender-persecution/" rel="tag">ICC Policy on the Crime of Gender Persecution</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/iran/" rel="tag">Iran</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/iran-protests/" rel="tag">Iran protests</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/rome-statute/" rel="tag">Rome Statute</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/un-human-rights-council/" rel="tag">UN Human Rights Council</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations (UN)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/womens-rights/" rel="tag">Women's Rights</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Here’s How That Can Resume in the Second Term.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105708/icc-standard-proof-head-state/">Does the Int’l Criminal Court Impose Too Low a Standard of Proof to Arrest a Head of State?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/trumbullcharlie/" title="Profile and articles by Charlie Trumbull" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charlie Trumbull</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105638/biden-bosnia-security-troops/">Biden’s Unfinished Business: A Bridge to Shore Up a European Flank – in the Balkans</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bassuenerkurt/" title="Profile and articles by Kurt Bassuener" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kurt Bassuener</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105640/georgia-protests-us-sanctions/">Georgia Risks Falling to a Violent One-Party Regime. The Biden Administration Must Act Now to Stop Its Slide.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105627/syria-freedom-governance-local-approach-constitutionalism/">Syrians’ Pursuit of Freedom and Self-Governance: Prioritizing a Locally-Driven and Incremental Approach to Constitutionalism</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alrwishdideyaa/" title="Profile and articles by Deyaa Alrwishdi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Deyaa Alrwishdi</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105593/foreign-agent-laws-impact/">The Spreading Impact of Restrictive ‘Foreign Agent’ Laws and How to Stop Them</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cameronjasmine/" title="Profile and articles by Jasmine D. Cameron" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jasmine D. Cameron</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nicolafernandag/" title="Profile and articles by Fernanda G. Nicola" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fernanda G. Nicola</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105552/public-framing-mass-deportation/">The Public Framing of Mass Deportation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coxadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Cox" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Cox</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105538/interpol-transparency-reform/">Interpol General Assembly Inches Forward on Transparency, Still Needs Reform Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105406/georgia-protests-letter-us-diplomats/">Open Letter on Georgia from Former US Diplomats</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/herbstjohne/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) John E. Herbst" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) John E. Herbst</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105321/military-immigration-enforcement-deportation/">Deployment of the U.S. Military for Immigration Enforcement: A Primer</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants-2/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106653/collection-trump-administration-executive-actions/">Collection: Just Security’s Coverage of the Trump Administration Executive Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104281/symposium-harold-hongju-koh-national-security-constitution/">Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh’s ‘The National Security Constitution in the 21st Century’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. 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class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thompsonskylar/">Skylar <span>Thompson</span></a></h4><p>Skylar Thompson (<a href="https://twitter.com/SkyylarThompson">@SkyylarThompson</a>) Skylar Thompson (@SkyylarThompson) is the Deputy Director of Human Rights Activists in Iran (HRA), where she leads efforts pursuing justice and accountability for violations of human rights and international law in the Islamic Republic of Iran.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary 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UN Fact-Finding Mission Should Recognize Gender Persecution in Iran