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href="#Difficulties_with_LPG_as_automotive_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Difficulties with LPG as automotive fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_with_LPG_as_automotive_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vehicle manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.19</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.20</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.21</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.22</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.23</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.24</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.25</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.26</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.27</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.28</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.29</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.30</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.31</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>System types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>System components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Filler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoses,_pipes_and_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoses,_pipes_and_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hoses, pipes and fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoses,_pipes_and_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Tank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Converter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Mixer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vapour_phase_injectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapour_phase_injectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Vapour phase injectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapour_phase_injectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_phase_injectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_phase_injectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Liquid phase injectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_phase_injectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_and_electronic_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_and_electronic_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Electrical and electronic controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_and_electronic_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optional_valve_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_valve_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Optional valve protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_valve_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converter-and-mixer_system_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converter-and-mixer_system_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Converter-and-mixer system operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converter-and-mixer_system_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LPG_injection_for_diesel_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LPG_injection_for_diesel_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>LPG injection for diesel vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LPG_injection_for_diesel_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مركبة غاز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة غاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autogas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autogas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Υγραέριο κίνησης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υγραέριο κίνησης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autog%C3%A1s" title="Autogás – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autogás" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_carburant" title="GPL carburant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GPL carburant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="오토가스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토가스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autog%C4%81ze" title="Autogāze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autogāze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suskystintos_automobilin%C4%97s_dujos" title="Suskystintos automobilinės dujos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suskystintos automobilinės dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3g%C3%A1z" title="Autógáz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autógáz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">Liquefied petroleum gas</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may need to be rewritten</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autogas_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Autogas_station.jpg/220px-Autogas_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Autogas_station.jpg/330px-Autogas_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Autogas_station.jpg/440px-Autogas_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil">Shell</a> Autogas refuelling station.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Autogas</b> or <b>LPG</b> is <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG) used as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Stationary_engine" title="Stationary engine">stationary applications</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a>. It is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autogas is widely used as a "green" fuel, as its use reduces <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile emissions control">exhaust emissions</a> by around 15% compared to <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brignall2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brignall2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One litre of petrol produces 2.3 kg of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> when burnt, whereas the equivalent amount of autogas (1.33 litres due to the lower density of autogas) produces only 2 kg of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> when burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> emissions are 30% lower, compared to <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petrol</a> and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></a></span> by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a> (MON/RON) that is between 90 and 110 and an energy content (<a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">higher heating value</a>—HHV) that is between 25.5 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoules</a> per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> (for pure propane) and 28.7 megajoules per litre (for pure butane) depending upon the actual fuel composition. </p><p>Autogas is the fourth most popular automotive fuel in the world, with approximately 27.8 million of 1.47 billion passenger cars powered using the fuel, representing less than 2% of the total market share. Approximately half of all autogas-fueled passenger vehicles are in the five largest markets (in descending order): Turkey, Russia, South Korea, Poland, and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Autogas_Market_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autogas_Market-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_variations_and_confusion">Terminology variations and confusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology variations and confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries where <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petroleum spirits</a> is called <i>petrol</i> rather than <i>gasoline</i>, it is common for autogas to be simply referred to as <i>gas</i>. This can be confusing for people from countries where petrol is called <i>gasoline</i>, as they often use <i>gas</i> as an abbreviation of gasoline. </p><p>In the United States, autogas is more commonly known under the name of its primary constituent, <i>propane</i>. In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Propane_Education_and_Research_Council" title="Propane Education and Research Council">Propane Education and Research Council</a> adopted the term "Propane Autogas" to refer to LPG used in on-road motor vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the UK the terms <i>LPG</i> and <i>autogas</i> are used interchangeably. In Australia and the Netherlands, the common term is <i>LPG</i>. In Italy and France, <i>GPL</i> (an acronym for <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">gas di petrolio liquefatto</i> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">gaz de pétrole liquéfié</i>) is used. In Spain the term <i>GLP</i> (<i>gas licuado del petróleo</i>) is used. </p><p>In Asian countries, particularly those with historical American influences, such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the term <i>autogas</i> is not commonly recognised as a generic term, and the use of the terms <i>LPG</i> or <i>autoLPG</i> is more widely used by consumers, especially by taxi drivers, many of whom use converted vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The converted vehicles are commonly called <i>LPG vehicles</i> or <i>LPG cars</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difficulties_with_LPG_as_automotive_fuel">Difficulties with LPG as automotive fuel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Difficulties with LPG as automotive fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite LPG being widely used as a fuel for cars, motorists in need of autogas can sometimes face difficulties, especially in remote areas and in places where supply and demand are low. Therefore, they may need to plan their journeys around access to stations where LPG can reliably be obtained. Some autogas fuel-systems handle this with parallel autogas and petrol mechanisms in vehicles – allowing either autogas or petrol to be used at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engines</a> fuelled by gases date from at least 1823 with the work of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)" title="Samuel Brown (engineer)">Samuel Brown</a> in London. By 1935 Hanover had an autogas station,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a trial run took place with trucks travelling between Moscow and Leningrad in the same year. Initial use depended largely on the types of different/alternative fuels available and on their cost. More widespread application of autogas in transport systems came in the 1970s, especially for taxis (notably in the Netherlands, Italy, Bangkok and Istanbul)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and buses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_manufacturers">Vehicle manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vehicle manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Corporation">Toyota</a> made a number of LPG-only engines in their 1970s <i><a href="/wiki/Toyota_M_engine" title="Toyota M engine">M</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toyota_R_engine" title="Toyota R engine">R</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Y_engine" title="Toyota Y engine">Y</a></i> engine families. </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">A number of automobile manufacturers—<a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab automobile">Saab</a>), <a href="/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki" title="Maruti Suzuki">Maruti Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a>), <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Skoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>—have <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEM</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">bi-fuel</a></i> models that will run equally well on both LPG and petrol.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles" title="Holden Special Vehicles">Holden Special Vehicles</a> (HSV) also offer <a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">bi-fuel</a> models; however, the vehicles use a different system from that of their donor vehicles from <a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a>, with HSV using technology from <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Autogas_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Autogas Systems">Orbital Autogas Systems</a>, which injects the autogas into the engine as a liquid instead of a gas for increased efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2011, Holden's Commodore range (sedan, wagon and ute) has been offered as a dedicated LPG vehicle, with an aluminium fuel tank in place of the petrol tank. </p><p>Petrol engined cars, trucks and buses which have not been fitted with LPG/autogas systems by the manufacturers can usually accept third party systems to enable them to use either LPG or petrol. ROUSH CleanTech manufactures designs, engineers, manufactures and installs propane autogas fuel systems for medium-duty Ford commercial vehicles and Type A and Type C Blue Bird school buses.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vialle" title="Vialle">Vialle</a> manufacture OEM <a href="/wiki/LPG_powered_scooters" class="mw-redirect" title="LPG powered scooters">LPG powered scooters</a> and LPG powered mopeds that run equally well on LPG. Ford Australia have offered an LPG-only variant of their Falcon model since 2000. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="4.0-litre E-Gas straight-six engine of a 2001 Ford AU Falcon."><img alt="4.0-litre E-Gas straight-six engine of a 2001 Ford AU Falcon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG/120px-EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG/180px-EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG/240px-EGasAUFalconEngineBay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 4.0-litre <i>E-Gas</i> <a href="/wiki/Straight-six" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-six">straight-six</a> engine of a 2001 <a href="/wiki/Ford_AU_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford AU Falcon">Ford AU Falcon</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alloytec_V6_(LPG)_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3.6-litre Alloytec bi-fuel (petrol and LPG) V6 engine of a 2006–2008 Holden VE Commodore."><img alt="3.6-litre Alloytec bi-fuel (petrol and LPG) V6 engine of a 2006–2008 Holden VE Commodore." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alloytec_V6_%28LPG%29_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg/120px-Alloytec_V6_%28LPG%29_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alloytec_V6_%28LPG%29_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg/180px-Alloytec_V6_%28LPG%29_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alloytec_V6_%28LPG%29_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg/240px-Alloytec_V6_%28LPG%29_engine_of_a_2006-2008_Holden_VE_Commodore_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 3.6-litre <i><a href="/wiki/GM_High_Feature_engine" title="GM High Feature engine">Alloytec</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">bi-fuel</a> (petrol and LPG) <a href="/wiki/V6_engine" title="V6 engine">V6 engine</a> of a 2006–2008 <a href="/wiki/Holden_VE_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holden VE Commodore">Holden VE Commodore</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries">Countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg/220px-2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg/330px-2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg/440px-2020_Global_Autogas_Consumption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Pie chart of 2020 autogas consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Autogas enjoys great popularity in numerous countries and territories, including: Australia, the European Union, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Northern Macedonia, South Korea, Serbia, Sri Lanka and Turkey. It is also available at larger petrol stations in several countries. In <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, for example, the transport ministry estimates as many as 20 to 30% of vehicles use autogas, because it offers a very cheap alternative to both diesel and petrol, being less than half the price of petrol and some 40% cheaper than diesel. The recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> rises in oil-derived fuel prices has significantly increased the difference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian government">Algerian government</a> has pursued a policy to promote the use of autogas in Algeria. The two main incentives for the government to put this policy into action were to take advantage of the large <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquefied Petroleum Gas">LPG</a> production and to reduce urban pollution. At the end of 2019, there were approximately 500,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the roads, supported by over 1000 refuelling stations.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Algerian government fixes the prices of all automotive fuels. Autogas is priced in Algeria at 61% of the price of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, making it an affordable option.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LPG was popular in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Australia</a>, because it was less than half the price of petrol in urban areas (approx <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$0.59</span>-0.75 per litre, as opposed to <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$1.10</span>-1.35 per litre for unleaded fuel and <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$1.15</span>-1.30 per litre for diesel, in February 2010), and it is locally produced. </p><p>The popularity of automotive LPG is declining, as more motorists purchase hybrid-electric cars.<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local car manufacturing that offered LPG as a factory option ceased, and a federal government excise on LPG commenced in 2011 making the fuel more expensive. </p><p>The two major local manufacturers, (<a href="/wiki/Ford_Australia" title="Ford Australia">Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a>), when they used to manufacture cars in Australia (production ceasing in 2016 and 2017 respectively), had offered factory fitted autogas in some models of their locally made large cars and commercial vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Australia">Mitsubishi Australia</a> formerly manufactured factory-fitted autogas vehicles locally but ceased manufacturing in 2008. All factory autogas vehicles, with the exception of the <i>E-Gas</i> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(Australia)" title="Ford Falcon (Australia)">Ford Falcon</a> model, were <i><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">bi-fuel</a></i> vehicles, meaning they have the capability to run on either petrol, autogas, or a combination.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles" title="Holden Special Vehicles">Holden Special Vehicles</a> offered a different autogas system from its parent, <a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a>, that injects the autogas into the engine as a liquid, allowing for higher efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Ford LPG vehicles that were locally made used liquid injected LPG and developed 3 kW more than the petrol equivalent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are approximately 310,000 autogas-powered cars on Australia's roads. The number of LPG/Dual fuel vehicles continues to decrease, falling by 34.2% (161,191) between 2013 and 2018. Over the same period, the number of registered electric vehicles increased by 159.2% to 8,334.<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a corresponding reduction in the number of LPG refuelling locations – less than 2,900 in 2018, down from 3,500 several years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst historically autogas was excise-free, it began being imposed on all vehicle fuels that were not previously subject to excise in 2011 and was added incrementally up to 2015. The excise on autogas started at 2.5 cents per litre in 2011 and reached 12.5 cents per litre in 2015. By comparison, the excise on petrol remained at its existing 38 cents per litre. The additional excise on autogas is offset somewhat by a subsidy that was implemented in 2006 for private motorists, paying either <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$2,000</span> to convert their existing vehicle to autogas, or <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$1,000</span> for purchasing a new vehicle that was manufactured to operate on autogas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsidy does not apply to business vehicles or vehicles with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_Vehicle_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Vehicle Mass">gross vehicle mass</a> of over 3,500 kilograms. In addition to the subsidy provided by the Australian federal government, the Western Australian government also provides a <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$1,000</span> subsidy under the long-running LPG subsidy scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of autogas (called LPG in both French and Dutch speaking Belgium) was once very popular in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Belgium</a>, thanks to the subsidies given by the government to install conversion kits. Since, 2003, when the subsidies disappeared, the number of cars running on LPG has decreased and the number of cars running on diesel has increased. This was partly due to the tax incentives to purchase diesel cars. In recent years, the use of autogas as a vehicle fuel has accounted for less than 2% of vehicle fuel use in Belgium. At the end of 2003, there was an estimate of 93,000 autogas-powered vehicles on Belgium, supported by 600 refuelling stations.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 there were 33,482 cars equipped with LPG and in 2012 it went down to 22,265. Since 2012 there has been a slight increase in the number of autogas-powered vehicles of around 14%. This increase is mainly due to the phasing-out of the tax incentives to buy diesel cars. The number of refuelling stations equipped with LPG has increased and in 2012 there were 727 stations. </p><p>In Belgium, autogas is totally free of excises, but not of VAT. As of June 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the price of a litre of autogas is around a third of the price of a litre of diesel, making it the cheapest car fuel available in Belgium. This is a strong incentive for cross-border LPG refuelling traffic with neighbouring countries, especially with France, where LPG is much more expensive. </p><p>To compensate for the loss of tax revenue, Belgian cars equipped with LPG pay a higher road tax than petrol or <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> (CNG) cars. In a Government's effort to incentivate the use of LPG cars, the registration tax paid by LPG cars is lower than the registration tax of CNG, petrol and diesel cars because. Thus since 2013, brand-new LPG cars (and LPG cars with less than one year of age) benefit from an important reduction in registration duty. </p><p>Despite the fact that autogas is excise free in Belgium, it is the cheapest car fuel in Belgium and that it enjoys an important reduction in registration duty, autogas has never reached again the levels of use that it once had in the 1990s. Belgium does not provide with subsidies for LPG or CNG car installations. The current subsidies provided to CNG car installations since 2014 are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> private industry. </p><p>Since 2013, OPEL is the only distributor that still sells brand-new factory-installed LPG cars in Belgium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autogas consumption in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> accounted for 14% the total fuel consumption in 2003, an amount which has tripled since 1999. By the end of 2003, there were an estimated 195,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the road, with around 1,500 refuelling stations. Autogas is also very popular with commercial users in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, as 90% of minibuses and <a href="/wiki/Taxicabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs">taxicabs</a> were able to run on the fuel. Vehicles originally manufactured to operate on autogas are virtually non-existent in Bulgaria, so the vast majority of the vehicles are third-party conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autogas" title="Special:EditPage/Autogas">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Autogas%22">"Autogas"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Autogas%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Autogas%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Autogas%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Autogas%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Autogas%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Autogas, or auto propane as it is more commonly referred to in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Canada">Canada</a>, is the most popular alternative fuel in the country. It is primarily used by high consumption public and private fleets (taxis, couriers, school buses and transit vehicles). </p><p>Canadian auto propane demand began to increase dramatically in the 1980s after the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> introduced a <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$400</span> grant in 1981 for consumers to convert their vehicles to run on propane in response to national energy security concerns. Some provinces also offered various grants and incentives for propane conversions. Vehicle conversions reached approximately 200,000 in the early 1990s, and auto propane was estimated to be available at over 5,000 locations. The Federal Government grant was discontinued in 1985. Auto propane demand began to decline in the early 1990s due to changes in technology and relatively low cost of gasoline and diesel fuel. </p><p>An increase in demand has occurred since 2010, as a result of lower prices relative to gasoline and diesel fuel and improved technology. In 2014, it is estimated that the number of auto propane vehicles on the road in Canada is between 25,000 – 50,000 and the number of fuelling stations is 2,000. In 2014, auto propane amounted to 7% of the total domestic propane consumption in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Auto propane is desirable for fleets due to the fact that in many cities in Canada it costs about 40% less than gasoline and diesel. Auto propane also enjoys favourable fuel tax status and is exempt from the federal excise tax and is taxed at a lower rate than gasoline and diesel in every province and territory. Average auto propane prices are reported by <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. </p><p>The only <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a> vehicle available for purchase in Canada is the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Bird_Corporation" title="Blue Bird Corporation">Blue Bird Corporation</a> Propane-Powered Vision. Others are pending. Aftermarket conversions represent the balance of the market. These conversions are typically performed on gasoline vehicles and may be either mono fuel (propane only) or dual fuel (operate on propane or gasoline). These conversions are performed in accordance to provincial and territorial regulations and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Standards Association">Canadian Standards Association</a> (CSA) <i>B149.5 – Installation code for propane fuel systems and tanks on highway vehicles</i>. Another propane option gaining some popularity is diesel blend where propane is blended into the diesel fuel as it is injected into the combustion chamber. This reduces diesel consumption and improves emissions. </p><p>The cost to convert a vehicle to propane in Canada is approximately <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$4,000</span> to <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$6,000</span> for the current vapour or liquid fuel injected technology, and fleet users can expect a payback on the conversion cost within a year. Converting a vehicle to propane is approximately half the cost of converting a vehicle to natural gas in Canada. In just about every case, a propane dispensing facility will cost significantly less money than any other fuel, including gasoline or diesel. Installing a propane fuelling station will typically cost up to 95% less than a natural gas fuelling station. A typical 2,000 USWG dispenser will cost approximately <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$30,000</span> and a larger high volume dispenser with a 5,000 USWG tank will cost <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$55,000</span> to <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$75,000</span>, not including site costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:68218_at_Badachu_(20060203162750).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/68218_at_Badachu_%2820060203162750%29.JPG/220px-68218_at_Badachu_%2820060203162750%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/68218_at_Badachu_%2820060203162750%29.JPG/330px-68218_at_Badachu_%2820060203162750%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/68218_at_Badachu_%2820060203162750%29.JPG/440px-68218_at_Badachu_%2820060203162750%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bus" title="Beijing Bus">Beijing Bus</a> used LPG buses from 1999 to 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Autogas consumption in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">China</a> has grown rapidly since the 1990s, has slowed down in the early 2000s, but has started to grow again in recent years. In 2009, autogas refuelling stations have spread to 25 cities and has become a major alternative fuel in China. Motorcycles account for a large portion of the autogas, with over 260,000 autogas motorcycles in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> alone. In <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, the local government is encouraging public transport to convert to autogas, and as of 2009 over 160,000 <a href="/wiki/Taxicabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs">taxicabs</a> run on the fuel as well as over 2,500 buses. The city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> accounted for 46.56% of national autogas consumption in 2009. Only 24% of China's <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquefied Petroleum Gas">Liquefied Petroleum Gas</a> is produced domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2008, approximately 30,000 Croatians drove using autogas, which at the time was available from 90 stations throughout the nation. In 2009, it was estimated that there were 60,000 autogas-powered cars on <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Croatia</a>'s roads,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2010, it is estimated that 150,000 drivers in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> were using autogas. This recent increase in popularity has largely been attributed to the lower price of autogas compared to petrol or diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Croatia exported 51% of domestically produced <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquefied Petroleum Gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG), leaving only 49% for consumption. Out of that 49%, 45% of domestically sold <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquefied Petroleum Gas">LPG</a> is used as autogas. Damir Stambuk from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Labour_and_Entrepreneurship_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship (Croatia)">Croatian Ministry of Economy</a>, which is also responsible for energy, said that Croatia is not yet ready for a regular autogas market due to a small network of stations, but in the future it will be.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 2003, the roads of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> had an estimated 145,000 autogas vehicles with 350 refuelling stations.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autogas has become uncommon in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Denmark" title="Energy in Denmark">Denmark</a> since taxes have risen, making LPG more expensive than unleaded petrol. As a result, there is no customer demand, leaving only around 13 refuelling stations. The stations are run by <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/YX_Energi" title="YX Energi">YX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OK_(Danish_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OK (Danish company) (page does not exist)">OK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uno-X" title="Uno-X">Uno-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Q8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoil">Statoil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was estimated that <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">France</a> would have over 62,500 autogas vehicles on the road by the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2003, there were an estimated 190,000 autogas vehicles in use with almost 1,900 refuelling stations. In 2005, autogas accounted for around 0.4% of the total automotive fuel use.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg/220px-LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg/330px-LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg/440px-LPG_Autogastankstelle_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Unmanned LPG-only station in Germany, payment per girocard</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Germany</a>, the fuel is called <i>Autogas</i> as well (CNG is known as <i>Erdgas</i>). There were 6,700 fuel stations selling autogas in 2014, supplying about 500,000 registered gas-fuelled cars (1.1 per cent of all cars in Germany). mylpg.eu lists 7.240 stations in 2016. In addition to filling stations, numerous suppliers of industrial gas run dedicated autogas stations on their premises. Most filling pumps use the ACME adapter but DISH can also be found. Special fuel tax rates make autogas rather cheap in Germany (about <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>0.52</span> per litre while 95-octane unleaded is <span class="nowrap">€1.40</span> per litre). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LPG or autogas, despite having existed for about three decades in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Greece</a> (initially used only in taxis, in 1999 it was legalized for all vehicles), has become popular in the last three to five years, mostly due to the increase in petrol prices. The number of refuelling points as well as conversion workshops is rapidly increasing. Currently (2012) there are about 404 filling stations. Some companies (e.g., Fiat, Toyota, Subaru, Opel, Chevrolet) offer some models with bi-fuel capability. The price at the end of 2012 was about 55% of the price of petrol. The most common term used for it is <i>ygraerio</i>, meaning "liquid gas".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Energy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, all taxicabs bar electric taxis rely on autogas. Many <a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">public light buses</a> also rely on autogas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autogas was very popular in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ireland" title="Energy in Ireland">Ireland</a> during the early 1980s, and the country had a large and extensive network of refuelling points. It proved popular at the time particularly as Ireland was in a deep recession for much of the 1980s. However autogas fell out of favor in the late 1990s and 2000s due to unreliable early autogas systems and as the country experienced massive economic growth and unprecedented wealth demand for conversions and autogas subsequently dwindled.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as Ireland once again entered <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">economic recession</a>, austerity measures and increased fuel taxation saw the price of traditional Diesel and petrol fuels skyrocket to record highs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has seen a small revival of autogas in Ireland in 2012 with new conversion outlets and refueling points opening again. It has been re-introduced to Ireland by the new <a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Polish diaspora</a> living in the country drawing upon their knowledge and expertise from Europe's biggest autogas market.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a much larger market for Autogas in Northern Ireland, due to UK Government supports. There are currently 86 LPG outlets on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> with 45 in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and 41 in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autogas is very popular in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Italy</a>. With over 1,000,000 autogas vehicles on the road,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the second largest autogas market in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> was one of the first countries in the world to introduce autogas, which happened in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of 2010 alone, more than 170,000 new autogas cars were registered.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> has been especially successful in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, with two-thirds of the vehicles sold in 2008 being autogas-capable.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self fill is not permitted in Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG/170px-In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG/255px-In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG/340px-In-vehicle_LPG_bottle_011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An autogas-powered <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a> in Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2013, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Japan</a> has about 280,000 autogas vehicles on the road, which is less than in recent years. However, the number of autogas vehicles on Japan's roads has been very unstable. The first autogas taxicabs were introduced in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. With a sharp decline in the 1990s, the number started to rise again in 2003. Between 2004 and 2010, the number dropped. The vast majority of autogas vehicles on Japanese roads are taxicabs or commercial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUTOGAS_INCENTIVE_POLICIES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is why, in 2010, the Japan LP Gas Association started an initiative to encourage corporations and motorists alike to switch to autogas vehicles. The initiative involves 27,000 Japanese retailers to introduce an autogas vehicle into their fleet every three years. Many of these corporations already have autogas vehicles, but Makoto Arahata from the Japanese LP Gas Association says that there is still much room for improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> is one of the countries with the highest rates of autogas use in Europe. Autogas is very popular in Lithuania and it is widely available. The distribution of most car brands are in the hands of the Polish distributors, therefore factory-installed LPG in brand-new cars are as common and widely available as they are in Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autogas was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Malta</a> on 22 May 2012 by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquigas" class="extiw" title="it:Liquigas">Liquigas</a> of Italy. The first filling station is located at the <a href="/wiki/Malta_International_Airport" title="Malta International Airport">Malta International Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadsbus_Zwolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stadsbus_Zwolle.jpg/300px-Stadsbus_Zwolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Stadsbus_Zwolle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Dutch bus on LPG. Note the white gas tanks on the roof of the bus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Use of autogas has varied in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It went up in the 1980s and has decreased ever since, except for an increase in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, there are around 220,000 autogas vehicles on the road (total cars being a little less than 8 million).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autogas is sold at most fuel stations, stations in urban areas may not supply it due to safety regulations with regard to LPG storage tanks. The 'Dutch Bayonet' is the standard filling device used. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Road_tax" title="Road tax">road tax</a> on autogas vehicles can be up to 2 times that of petrol powered vehicles. On the modern third generation (G3) autogas systems, the difference on tax is zero for cars up to 850 kg, but increases for heavier cars.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diesel tax is twice the petrol tax. Because the price of autogas is less than half that of petrol, fitting a car with an LPG system is only economically feasible at more than around 10,000 km/year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autogas" title="Special:EditPage/Autogas">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>LPG has modest popularity in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> among road users, and reached its peak during the period immediately following the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">oil crises of the 1970s</a>. As part of his <a href="/wiki/Think_Big" title="Think Big">Think Big</a> policies to encourage energy self-sufficiency, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Muldoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rob Muldoon">Rob Muldoon</a> heavily subsidised the construction of LPG infrastructure during the late 1970s and early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LPG was allowed to be used as an automotive fuel in 2005 and first Autogas station became operative in 2010 located at <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>. Up until 2014 there were only four Autogas stations operating in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> serving around 1000 vehicles. LPG failed to attract attention of the investors and customers due to extremely cheap prices of CNG as Pakistan had huge Natural Gas reserves. Pakistan in a decade became the largest consumer of CNG. This impacted Pakistan's reserves in a negative way and they receded in a quick span. In November 2013 Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority issued about 40 NoC's for setting up LPG Autogas stations mainly to PSO, a State owned Petroleum giant. However, in December 2013 Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) contrary to the rest of the world where LPG is promoted, declared LPG a risk to public safety thus banned LPG to be used in Public transport vehicles, thus closing the era of LPG in Pakistan even before it started. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg/70px-PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg/105px-PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg/140px-PL_road_sign_D-23a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Polish road sign indicating an Autogas station.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a> has one of the oldest and most successful autogas markets in Europe. It is the country with the highest rate of LPG use per capita, higher even than Italy. In 2011, there were 6050 autogas refuelling stations and 2,500,000 autogas vehicles on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of autogas vehicles in Poland increased by 8% in 2011, however autogas sales decreased by 3.7%. This is mostly due to older vehicles being replaced with newer, more fuel efficient ones. Almost half of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquefied Petroleum Gas">LPG</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Polish distributors offer brand-new factory installed LPG cars of mostly all brands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agzs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agzs.jpg/220px-Agzs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agzs.jpg/330px-Agzs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agzs.jpg/440px-Agzs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>LPG-station in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>. The entrance <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> says "газ" ("gas"), which in Russian is understood both as LPG and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg/220px-Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg/330px-Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg/440px-Propane_cylinder_on_GAZ_3302.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/GAZelle" title="GAZelle">GAZelle</a> powered by propane. The Russian word "<i>пропан</i>" means propane.</figcaption></figure> <p>Autogas is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a>. In its modern form it has been used since the 1970s, when high oil prices and difficulties in economically producing lightweight diesel engines motivated the <a href="/wiki/CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPSU">CPSU</a> to try autogas in light trucks and buses with carburettor engines. There are two types of autogas equipment and autogas stations as well: <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquefied Petroleum Gas">LPG</a> (propane-butane mix) and compressed <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (CNG, methane). Natural gas is stored at a higher pressure than LPG (200 bar vs. 10 bar for LPG). </p><p>The main consumer of LPG is commercial light-weight cargo transport (so as GAZelles in Russia are mostly LPG-powered). There are some community supported sources where people post gas station locations on the map.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sources may be used by some travelers going to Russia by car. First limited series of vehicles driven by multi-fuel including methane has appeared in the middle of the 20th century. </p><p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the number of autogas vehicles in Russia is actively growing. Some are built in the factory to use autogas and some are retrofitted existing vehicles. The average cost of a litre of petrol and diesel fuel in Russia is about 45 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> per litre. The cost of a litre of LPG is from 24 ₽ to 30 ₽, while fuel consumption is almost the same. In 2022, LPG prices fell down since January to 16-17 ₽ per litre, or even till 11-12 ₽ in some regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are a number of incentives also provided for owners to convert their cars to use autogas. There is also a huge disparity in the rate of development of methane and propane gas stations. The owners of gas vehicles themselves are very fond of their cars for the low cost of operation, but often complain about the inconvenience of placing cylinders in the cabin, as well as the fact that if for example the old "<a href="/wiki/GAZ_Volga" title="GAZ Volga">Volga</a>" costs about 30,000 ₽, then its gasification can cost twice as much. But gasification of new cars as already mentioned in the article is possible directly from the factory or by official dealers of car brands. </p><p>CNG is more commonly used for commercial passenger transport (taxis, city buses). Although the Russian government subsidizes conversion of petrol-powered vehicles to CNG by reimbursement of the majority of its price (CNG equipment costs twice more as LPG), it is not popular among private car owners because CNG tanks are much larger than LPG tanks and CNG stations are not common (LPG stations are as common as petrol and diesel stations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serbia has a well-developed autogas market. Many petrol-powered vehicles from the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, both locally made cars such as <a href="/wiki/Zastava_Koral" class="mw-redirect" title="Zastava Koral">Yugos</a> and imports from Western Europe, have been converted to LPG. Autogas systems used in Serbia are mostly from Italian companies like Lovato and Tartarini. As of August 2014, LPG is approximately 40% cheaper per litre than petrol. It is available at petrol stations in the cities and along major routes, as well as some dedicated stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Korea had the world's largest Autogas market, which peaked in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, the country has a fleet of 1.96 million registered autogas-powered cars, with 1,992 refueling stations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of the autogas fleet is light-duty vehicles used for commercial ends, such as taxis and rental cars.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autogas (called GLP in Spain) was restricted by law to taxis and public transport buses for many decades. In recent years the market has been liberalised and autogas has been made available to all kinds of vehicles. The Spanish government subsidises the installations of autogas in cars and the purchase of brand-new factory-installed autogas cars. There are many factory-installed autogas brand-new cars available for purchase. While the number of autogas-powered cars is increasing every year, it is still low. The main barrier for a major expansion of the number of autogas-powered cars is that the number of refuelling stations for autogas is also still low, but it is increasing quickly too. By the end of 2015 there were 342 stations selling autogas in Spain. Spain is currently the only country using the new EU-wide common standard connector for autogas, the Euroconnector or Euronozzle adapter. The Euronozzle adapter was supposed to replace the current three different LPG filling systems (ACME, Bajonet and Dish) in Europe, but that would be expensive, so investments in such a change-over have not started yet. Before Euronozzle, Spain used a form of Bajonet. Spain's neighbouring countries France and Portugal continue to use Dish adapters for filling vehicles up with LPG. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> has for over 15 years run LPG taxi cabs in Bangkok,<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand08_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand08-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though autos and buses had erroneously labelled NGV stickers when in fact, they were LPG. A low cost local modification industry had sprung up in Thailand, with costs of conversion as low as <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$800</span>, as well as strong local knowhow to avoid its major safety issues. By 2008, half of all taxicabs had switched from gasoline to LPG by low cost local modification. Despite a government push, the number of LPG vehicles continues to grow and outpace NGVs. The number of autogas vehicles has continues to see high growth,<sup id="cite_ref-bangkokpost_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangkokpost-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite a push for operators to switch to <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">NGV</a> (CNG), there has been considerable resistance due to inherent costs. As of January 2013, Thailand has 1,014,000 LPG fueled vehicles, and consumed 606,000 tonnes in 2012 of LPG, while 483 stations serve some 380,000 CNG vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-bangkokpost_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangkokpost-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has the highest percentage of autogas vehicles in the world. Some 37% of passenger cars run on autogas, and autogas consumption now exceeds petrol consumption. The Turkish government regulated the autogas price to provide consumers with a net economic advantage of 20–35%. As of the end of 2010, there are 8,500 autogas <a href="/wiki/Fueling_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueling station">fueling stations</a> around the country and market growth has been supported by a network of 1,000 licensed conversion shops.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Turkish Statistics Institute's report, the nation had over 16,500,000 vehicles in January 2012. 50.3% are passenger vehicles. 16.2% light weight trucks, 15.7% motorcycles, 9.2% tractors, 4.6% heavy weight trucks, 2.5% mini buses for transportation, 1.4% buses and 0.1% special purpose vehicles. </p><p>Currently, average 50,000 new generation cars are sold per month. </p><p>LPG is dominantly used in Turkey as an autogas while there are only around 500 CNG fuelled cars and there are only two CNG filling stations. </p><p>In Turkey, Diesel vehicles are usually not converted to LPG because of unsuccessful applications in the past. For that reason, installations are often not made to light and heavy weight trucks, tractors, bus and mini-buses and motorcycles, because the owners of conversion workshops are fearful of the risks. </p><p>8.3 million LPG cars are passenger vehicles. 33% of the passenger cars (2,739,000) are diesel powered and 67% are petrol powered (5,561,000). As there is no conversion to diesel cars, among 5,561,000 petrol powered passenger cars, According to the reports of the MMO, (Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, authorized to check emissions and licenses) there were 3.1 million LPG fuelled vehicles by the end of the year 2011. </p><p>This means more than 55% of petrol powered passenger vehicles are already converted to LPG. </p><p>The converted vehicles were mostly carburetted engines. Nearly 90% of the old carburetted engines have already been converted and day by day, new generation vehicle owners are also choosing LPG as an alternative fuel. </p><p>The reason of this high LPG application is because of the Turkish government's application of high taxes upon petrol and diesel prices, and because of these taxes, Turkey finds itself using the second most expensive petrol in the world (after Norway) even though Turkey has borders with OPEC countries exporting crude oil and petroleum to the world and has the lowest transportation costs. Turkish people found the only solution to save money from their road expenses by converting their cars to autogas which gives them an advantage of 35% to 40% savings. </p><p>This big conversion is the success of Turkish autogas kits and autogas tanks manufacturers starting from 1995, even though autogas use became legal in 2000. At the same time, Italian companies also supplied systems through several companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ukraine has a well-developed autogas market. Many petrol-powered vehicles from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, both locally made cars such as <a href="/wiki/Lanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanos">ZAZ</a> and imports from Western Europe, have been converted to LPG. One may also buy a factory-prepared LPG car. As of August 2017, LPG is approximately 2 times cheaper per litre than petrol. It is widely available at petrol stations in the cities and along major routes, as well as some dedicated stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the LPG trade association<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the UK there are about 1500 refuelling stations that cater for the 160,000 LPG powered vehicles on UK roads. This represents less than 1% of vehicles. The only Government incentive to use LPG is the lower road fuel tax applied to LPG compared to petrol. As of January 2012, the saving of about 60 pence per litre is the highest it has ever been and that combined with conversion prices being an historic low should result in an increase in LPG conversions. Technology has reached the point where almost all conversions are 'Sequential Vapour Injection', and in the UK there is a large number of kits<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Need explicit web page, not readers can not be expected to search the entire web site (January 2012)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with various price and quality ranges to choose from, resulting in a very competitive market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG/220px-Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG/330px-Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG/440px-Propane-powered_Ford_van_Wayne_Michigan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="3019" /></a><figcaption>Propane-powered Ford van in <a href="/wiki/Wayne,_Michigan" title="Wayne, Michigan">Wayne, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Autogas is on the rise in the United States. As of February 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States has more than 147,000<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> autogas vehicles on the road, accounting for just 2% of the world's total and as of June 2013, the United States has 2,843 autogas <a href="/wiki/Fueling_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueling station">fueling stations</a>, making it easier for drivers to refuel across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> has a website that autogas drivers can easily locate autogas fueling stations near them as well as other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative fuels">alternative fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of converting a car to use petrol or autogas at a turn of a knob starts from <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$3,000</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autogas use by car drivers can help the United States to reduce dependence on foreign oil as 90% of all U.S. Autogas is produced in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, a provision was enacted that placed a 50-cent per gallon tax credit on propane autogas as part of H.R. 4853, making it $1 per gallon cheaper than petrol on average. The alternative fuel credit was extended in 2010 and remained in effect until the end of 2011. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Autogas_for_America" title="Autogas for America">Autogas for America</a> claims to be the unified voice of the autogas industry in the United States. Composed of autogas experts, transportation industry specialists and environmental advocates, Autogas for America says it "leverages industry cooperation to widen recognition of autogas among the US public, media and government."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alternative Fuel Association of America based in New York is the largest association of its kind; it give incentives of up to $4,000 to the owners of fleets who retrofit their vehicle to autogas; the Association works closely with CNG and LPG Max of America, one of the pioneer companies in the LPG and CNG conversions in America. </p><p>Piston-powered <a href="/wiki/Small_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Small aircraft">small aircraft</a> that use autogas require a <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Type_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental Type Certificate">Supplemental Type Certificate</a> issued by the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_types">System types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: System types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vialle_LPI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vialle_LPI.jpg/170px-Vialle_LPI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vialle_LPI.jpg/255px-Vialle_LPI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vialle_LPI.jpg/340px-Vialle_LPI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vialle" title="Vialle">Vialle</a> LPI liquid injection on a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Lexus_IS" title="Lexus IS">Lexus IS</a> 300 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_JZ_engine#2JZ-GE" title="Toyota JZ engine">2JZ-GE</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The different autogas systems generally use the same type of filler, tanks, lines and fittings but use different components in the engine bay. Liquid injection systems use special tanks with circulation pumps and return lines similar to petrol <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> systems. </p><p>There are three basic types of autogas system. The oldest of these is the conventional <i>converter-and-mixer</i> system, which has existed since the 1940s and is still widely used today. The other two types are known as <i>injection</i> systems, but there are significant differences between the two. </p><p>A converter-mixer system uses a converter to change liquid fuel from the tank into vapour, then feeds that vapour to the mixer where it is mixed with the intake air. This is also known as a venturi system or "single point" system. </p><p>Vapour phase injection systems also use a converter, but unlike the mixer system, the gas exits the converter at a regulated pressure. The gas is then injected into the air intake manifold via a series of electrically controlled injectors. The injector opening times are controlled by the autogas control unit. This unit works in much the same way as a petrol fuel injection control unit. This allows much more accurate metering of fuel to the engine than is possible with mixers, improving economy and/or power while reducing emissions. </p><p>Liquid phase injection systems do not use a converter, but instead deliver the liquid fuel into a <i>fuel rail</i> in much the same manner as a petrol injection system. These systems are still very much in their infancy. Because the fuel vaporises in the intake, the air around it is cooled significantly. This increases the density of the intake air and can potentially lead to substantial increases in engine power output, to the extent that such systems are usually <i>de-tuned</i> to avoid damaging other parts of the engine. Liquid phase injection has the potential to achieve much better economy and power plus lower emission levels than are possible using mixers or vapour phase injectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_components">System components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: System components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGasFalconFiller.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/EGasFalconFiller.JPG/220px-EGasFalconFiller.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/EGasFalconFiller.JPG/330px-EGasFalconFiller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/EGasFalconFiller.JPG/440px-EGasFalconFiller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Fuel filler in E-Gas Ford Falcon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutogasFillerBare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AutogasFillerBare.JPG/220px-AutogasFillerBare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AutogasFillerBare.JPG/330px-AutogasFillerBare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AutogasFillerBare.JPG/440px-AutogasFillerBare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Filler with mounting and cover removed</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filler">Filler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Filler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LPG fuelling connectors world map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg/220px-LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg/330px-LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg/440px-LPG_fueling_connectors_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>LPG fuelling connectors world map</figcaption></figure> <p>The fuel is transferred into a vehicle tank as liquid by connecting the <a href="/wiki/Gas_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pump">bowser</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling station</a> to the <i>filler</i> fitting on the vehicle. </p><p>The type of filler used varies from country to country, and in some cases different types are used within the same country.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four types are: </p> <ol><li>ACME thread. This type has a threaded fitting onto which the bowser nozzle is screwed before the trigger is pulled to establish a seal before fuel transfer. This type is used in Australia, US, Germany, Belgium, Republic of Ireland. Some LPG filling stations in the United Kingdom also use ACME.</li> <li>'Dutch' bayonet.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type establishes a gas-proof seal by a push and twist action. This type is used in the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Switzerland. Some LPG filling stations in Norway also use bayonet. Spain was using a longer version of bayonet when LPG was still for taxis only, but has switched to Euronozzle when LPG sales were made available to the general public.</li> <li>'Italian' dish. This type is used in Italy, France, Portugal, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Sweden.</li> <li>Euronozzle.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new type of adaptor was developed to minimize or eliminate the small amount of gas that escapes when disconnecting the filler hose from the vehicle. The Euronozzle is (or was) supposed to become a unified new filling system for the entire European continent, but investments in such a change-over have failed to start. As of 2018 Spain remains the only country in Europe that has adopted the Euronozzle adaptor, a decision that was made when Spain had to redevelop a filling station network for LPG from practically zero.</li></ol> <p>Adaptors that allow a vehicle fitted with a particular system to refuel at a station equipped with another system are available. </p><p>The fill valve contains a check valve so that the liquid in the line between the filler and the tank(s) does not escape when the bowser nozzle is disconnected. </p><p>In installations where more than one tank is fitted, T-fittings may be used to connect the tanks to one filler so that the tanks are filled simultaneously. In some applications, more than one filler may be fitted, such as on opposite sides of the vehicle. These may be connected to separate tanks, or may be connected to the same tanks using T-fittings in the same manner as for connecting multiple tanks to one filler. </p><p>Fillers are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> to avoid the possibility of sparks when attaching or removing the bowser that might occur if <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> fittings were used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoses,_pipes_and_fittings"><span id="Hoses.2C_pipes_and_fittings"></span>Hoses, pipes and fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hoses, pipes and fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutogasLinesFittings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AutogasLinesFittings.JPG/220px-AutogasLinesFittings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AutogasLinesFittings.JPG/330px-AutogasLinesFittings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AutogasLinesFittings.JPG/440px-AutogasLinesFittings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Gas lines and fittings. Containment hose, liquid hose, copper pipe with flared end plus brass elbows and T fitting</figcaption></figure> <p>The hose between the filler and tank(s) is called the <i>fill hose</i> or <i>fill line</i>. The hose or pipe between the tank(s) and the converter is called the <i>service line</i>. These both carry liquid under pressure. </p><p>The flexible hose between the converter and mixer is called the <i>vapour hose</i> or <i>vapour line</i>. This line carries vapour at low pressure and has a much larger diameter to suit. </p><p>Where the tank valves are located inside an enclosed space such as the boot of a sedan, a plastic <i>containment</i> hose is used to provide a gas-tight seal between the gas components and the inside of the vehicle. </p><p>Liquid hoses for LPG are specifically designed and rated for the pressures that exist in LPG systems, and are made from materials designed to be compatible with the fuel. Some hoses are made with <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimped</a> fittings, while others are made using <i>re-usable</i> fittings that are pressed or screwed onto the end of the hose. </p><p>Rigid sections of liquid line are usually made using copper tubing, although in some applications, steel pipes are used instead. The ends of the pipes are always double-flared and fitted with flare nuts to secure them to the fittings. </p><p>Liquid line fittings are mostly made from brass. The fittings typically adapt from a thread in a component, such as a <a href="/wiki/British_standard_pipe_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="British standard pipe thread">BSP</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_pipe_thread" title="National pipe thread">NPT</a> threaded hole on a tank, to an SAE flare fitting to suit the ends of pipes or hoses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tank">Tank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG/220px-AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG/330px-AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG/440px-AutogasTankInSedanBoot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Autogas tank in boot of Volvo sedan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutogasAPATankValves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AutogasAPATankValves.JPG/220px-AutogasAPATankValves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AutogasAPATankValves.JPG/330px-AutogasAPATankValves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AutogasAPATankValves.JPG/440px-AutogasAPATankValves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Tank valves. From left, relief valve (with red cap), service valve, gauge and fill valve</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vialle_round_lpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vialle_round_lpg.jpg/220px-Vialle_round_lpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vialle_round_lpg.jpg/330px-Vialle_round_lpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vialle_round_lpg.jpg/440px-Vialle_round_lpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Autogas tank inside spare wheel recess</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gas_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas tank">Gas tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">Storage tank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">Pressure vessel</a></div></i></dd></dl> <p>Vehicles are often fitted with only one tank, but multiple tanks are used in a some applications. In passenger car applications, the tank is typically either a cylindrical tank, made from steel, mounted in the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (automobile)">boot</a> of the vehicle or a toroidal tank (also steel) or set of permanently interconnected cylinders placed in the spare wheel well. In commercial vehicle applications, the tanks are generally cylindrical tanks mounted either in the cargo space or on the chassis underneath the body. Increasingly, the tank is an aluminium Conformable Tank, which is lighter, has more capacity and cannot rust. </p><p>The tanks have fittings for filling, liquid outlet, emergency relief of excess pressure, fuel level gauge and sometimes a vapour outlet. These may be separate valves mounted into a series of 3 to 5 holes in a plate welded into the tank shell, or may be assembled onto a <i>multi-valve</i> unit which is bolted into one large hole on a boss welded, or in the case of an aluminium tank, extruded as part of the tank shell. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG/220px-LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG/330px-LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG/440px-LPG_Fill_and_AFL_valves_apart.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Fill valve and AFL</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern fill valves are usually fitted with an <i>automatic fill limiter</i> (AFL) to prevent overfilling. The AFL has a float arm which restricts the flow significantly but does not shut it off entirely. This is intended to cause the pressure in the line to rise enough to tell the bowser to stop pumping but not cause dangerously high pressures. Before AFLs were introduced, it was common for the filler (with integral check valve) to be screwed directly into the tank, as the operator had to open an <i>ullage</i> valve at the tank while filling, allowing vapour out of the top of the tank and stopping filling when liquid started coming out of the ullage valve to indicate that the tank was full. Modern tanks are not fitted with ullage valves. </p><p>The liquid outlet is usually used to supply fuel to the engine, and is usually referred to as the <i>service valve</i>. Modern service valves incorporate an electric shut-off solenoid. In applications using very small engines such as small generators, vapour may be withdrawn from the top of the tank instead of liquid from the bottom of the tank. </p><p>The emergency pressure relief valve in the tank is called a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a> relief valve. It is designed to open if the pressure in the tank is dangerously high, thus releasing some vapour to the atmosphere to reduce the pressure in the tank. The release of a small quantity of vapour reduces the pressure in the tank, which causes some of the liquid in the tank to vaporise to re-establish equilibrium between liquid and vapour. The <i>latent heat of vaporisation</i> causes the tank to cool, which reduces pressure even further. </p><p>The gauge sender is usually a magnetically coupled arrangement, with a float arm inside the tank rotating a magnet, which rotates an external gauge. The external gauge is usually readable directly, and most also incorporate an electronic sender to operate a fuel gauge on the dashboard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valves">Valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of types of valve used in autogas systems. The most common ones are <i>shut-off</i> or <i>filter-lock</i> valves, which are used to stop flow in the service line. These may be operated by vacuum or electricity. On <a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">bi-fuel</a> systems with a petrol <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburettor</a>, a similar shut-off valve is usually fitted in the petrol line between the pump and carburettor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valves</a> are fitted in the filler and on the fill input to the fuel tank to prevent fuel flowing back the wrong way. </p><p>Service valves are fitted to the outlet from the tank to the service line. These have a tap to turn the fuel on and off. The tap is usually only closed when the tank is being worked on. In some countries, an electrical shut-off valve is built into the service valve. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG/220px-AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG/330px-AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG/440px-AutogasSherwoodValves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Two Sherwood valves. 1995 on left, 1989 on right</figcaption></figure> <p>Where multiple tanks are fitted, a combination of check valves and a hydrostatic relief valve are usually installed to prevent fuel from flowing from one tank to another. In Australia, there is a common assembly designed for this purpose. It is a combined twin check valve and hydrostatic relief valve assembly built in the form of a T-fitting, such that the lines from the tanks come into the sides of the valve and the outlet to the converter comes out the end. Because there is only one common brand of these valves, they are known colloquially as a <i>Sherwood valve</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Converter">Converter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Converter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The converter (also known as vaporiser or reducer) is a device designed to change the fuel from a pressurised liquid to a vapour at around atmospheric pressure for delivery to the mixer or vapour phase injectors. Because of the refrigerant characteristic of the fuel, heat must be put into the fuel by the converter. This is usually achieved by having engine coolant circulated through a heat exchanger that transfers heat from that coolant to the LPG. </p><p>There are two distinctly different basic types of converter for use with mixer type systems. The <i>European</i> style of converter is a more complex device that incorporates an idle circuit and is designed to be used with a simple fixed venturi mixer. The <i>American</i> style of converter is a simpler design which is intended to be used with a variable venturi mixer that incorporates an idle circuit. </p><p>Engines with a low power output such as; scooters, quad bikes and generators can use a simpler type of converter (also known as governor or regulator). These converters are fed with fuel in vapour form. Evaporation takes place in the tank where refrigeration occurs as the liquid fuel boils. The tanks large surface area exposed to the ambient air temperature combined with the low power output (fuel requirement) of the engine make this type of system viable. The refrigeration of the fuel tank is proportional to fuel demand hence this arrangement is only used on smaller engines. This type of converter can either be fed with vapour at tank pressure (called a 2-stage regulator) or be fed via a tank mounted regulator at a fixed reduced pressure (called a single stage regulator). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG/220px-OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG/330px-OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG/440px-OHG_X-450_AirValveOpen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>OHG X-450 mixer showing air valve open to full load position</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixer">Mixer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Mixer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mixer is the device that mixes the fuel into the air flowing to the engine. The mixer incorporates a <a href="/wiki/Venturi_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturi pump">venturi</a> designed to draw the fuel into the airflow due to the movement of the air. </p><p>Mixer type systems have existed since the 1940s and some designs have changed little over that time. Mixers are now being increasingly superseded by injectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vapour_phase_injectors">Vapour phase injectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Vapour phase injectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most vapour phase injection systems mount the solenoids in a manifold block or <i>injector rail</i>, then run hoses to the nozzles, which are screwed into holes drilled and tapped into the runners of the intake manifold. There is usually one nozzle for each cylinder. Some vapour injection systems resemble petrol injection, having separate injectors that fit into the manifold or head in the same manner as petrol injectors, and are fed fuel through a <i>fuel rail</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Injector.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/Injector.gif" decoding="async" width="151" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption>Vapour phase injectors</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_phase_injectors">Liquid phase injectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Liquid phase injectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liquid phase injectors are mounted onto the engine in a manner similar to petrol injectors, being mounted directly at the inlet manifold and fed liquid fuel from a fuel rail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_and_electronic_controls">Electrical and electronic controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Electrical and electronic controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four distinct electrical systems that may be used in autogas systems – <a href="/wiki/Fuel_gauge" title="Fuel gauge">fuel gauge</a> sender, fuel shut-off, <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">closed loop</a> feedback mixture control and injection control. </p><p>In some installations, the fuel gauge sender fitted to the autogas tank is matched to the original fuel gauge in the vehicle. In others, an additional gauge is added to display the level of fuel in the autogas tank separately from the existing petrol gauge. </p><p>In most modern installations, an electronic device called a <i>tachometric relay</i> or <i>safety switch</i> is used to operate electrical shut-off solenoids. These work by sensing that the engine is running by detecting ignition pulses. Some systems use an engine oil pressure sensor instead. In all installations, there is a filterlock (consisting of a filter assembly and a vacuum or electric solenoid operated shut-off valve) located at the input to the converter. In <i>European</i> converters, there is also a solenoid in the converter to shut off the idle circuit. These valves are usually both connected to the output of the tachometric relay or oil pressure switch. Where solenoids are fitted to the outputs of fuel tanks, these are also connected to the output of the tachometric relay or oil pressure switch. In installations with multiple tanks, a switch or <i>changeover</i> <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> may be fitted to allow the driver to select which tank to use fuel from. On <a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">bi-fuel</a>, the switch used to change between fuels is used to turn off the tachometric relay. </p><p>Closed loop feedback systems use an electronic controller that operates in much the same way as in a petrol <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> systems, using an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor" title="Oxygen sensor">oxygen sensor</a> to effectively measure the air/fuel mixture by measuring the oxygen content of the exhaust and control valve on the converter or in the vapour line to adjust the mixture. Mixer type systems that do not have a closed loop feedback fitted are sometimes referred to as <i>open loop</i> systems. </p><p>Injection systems use a computerised control system which is very similar to that used in petrol injection systems. In virtually all systems, the injection control system integrates the tachometric relay and closed loop feedback functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optional_valve_protection">Optional valve protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Optional valve protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valve_protector_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Valve_protector_system.jpg/170px-Valve_protector_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Valve_protector_system.jpg/255px-Valve_protector_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Valve_protector_system.jpg/340px-Valve_protector_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>INTEC electronic valve protection system</figcaption></figure> <p>Many LPG equipment installers recommend the installation of so-called valve protection systems. These can consist in the most simple case of a bottle containing valve protection liquid. The liquid is drawn into the air intake system and distributed into the engines' cylinders along with the fuel and air. </p><p>More sophisticated systems can consist of a piggyback ECU that is synchronised with the LPG injector ECU. This results in a more precise injection of valve protection fluid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Converter-and-mixer_system_operation">Converter-and-mixer system operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Converter-and-mixer system operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The designs of converters and mixers are matched to each other by matching sizes and shapes of components within the two. </p><p>In most areas of the world the word "converter" is not commonly used. 'Regulator' or 'reducer' or 'vaporizer' are more popular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because it has 3 main functions: </p> <ol><li>Reducer: reduces the high pressure of incoming liquid phase LPG down to atmospheric pressure.</li> <li>Regulator: regulates the gas flow according to the requirement of the engine.</li> <li>Vaporizer: vaporizes the liquid form LPG into gas form by using the hot coolant circulation of the engine.</li></ol> <p>In European style systems, the size and shape of the <a href="/wiki/Venturi_tube#Venturi_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturi tube">venturi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburettor</a> is designed to match the converter. In USA style systems, the air valve and metering pins in the mixer are sized to match the diaphragm size and spring stiffness in the converter. In both cases, the components are matched by the manufacturers and only basic adjustments are needed during installation and tuning. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG/220px-OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG/330px-OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG/440px-OHG_X-450_MixerOnRochesterThrottlebody.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Autogas carburettor consisting of OHG X-450 mixer, adapter and Rochester throttlebody</figcaption></figure> <p>An autogas carburettor may simply consist of a throttlebody and a mixer, sometimes fitted together using an adapter, the venturi is not needed. </p><p>Cold start enrichment is achieved by the fact that the engine coolant is cold when the engine is cold. This causes denser vapour to be delivered to the mixer. As the engine warms up, the coolant temperature rises until the engine is at <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> and the mixture has leaned off to the normal running mixture. Depending on the system, the throttle may need to be held open further when the engine is cold in the same manner as with a petrol carburettor. On others, the normal mixture is intended to be somewhat lean and no cold-start throttle increase is needed. Because of the way enrichment is achieved, no additional <i>choke</i> butterfly is required for cold starting with LPG. Some evaporators have an electric choke valve, energising this valve, before starting the engine, will spray some LPG vapour into the carburetor to help cold start. </p><p>The temperature of the engine is critical to the tuning of an autogas system. The engine <a href="/wiki/Thermostat#Wax_pellet" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a> effectively controls the temperature of the converter, thus directly affecting the mixture. A faulty thermostat, or a thermostat of the wrong temperature range for the design of the system may not operate correctly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The power output capacity of a system is limited by the ability of the converter to deliver a stable flow of vapour. A coolant temperature lower than intended will reduce the maximum power output possible, as will an air bubble trapped in the cooling circuit or complete loss of coolant. All converters have a limit, beyond which mixtures become unstable. Unstable mixtures typically contain tiny droplets of liquid fuel that were not heated enough in the converter and will vaporise in the mixer or intake to form an excessively rich mixture. When this occurs, the mixture will become so rich that the engine will flood and stall. Because the outside of the converter will be at or below 0 °C when this happens, water vapour from the air will freeze onto the outside of the converter, forming an icy white layer. Some converters are very susceptible to cracking when this happens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LPG_injection_for_diesel_vehicles">LPG injection for diesel vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: LPG injection for diesel vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LPG may be used for a supplemental fuel for diesels of all sizes. Diesel contains 128,700 BTU per US gallon, where propane contains 91,690 BTU per US gallon. If LPG is 30–40% less expensive, there may very well be a saving. Any actual savings are dependent on the relative cost of diesel versus LPG. In Australia, where diesel costs substantially more than LPG, savings of 10 to 20% are claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-dga_econ_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dga_econ-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above systems add small quantities of LPG with the primary aim of improving economy, but much larger quantities of LPG can be injected in order to increase power. Even at full output a diesel engine runs about 50% lean of <a href="/wiki/Air-fuel_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-fuel ratio">stoichiometric</a> to avoid black smoke production, so there is a substantial amount of oxygen in the intake charge which is not consumed in the combustion process. This oxygen is therefore available for the combustion of a substantial addition of LPG resulting in a large increase in power output. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">Gas engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSynákČulíkRievajGaňa2019" class="citation journal cs1">Synák, František; 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+Fuel+prices+set+to+hit+record+high&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fireland%2F2012%2F0820%2F1224322499005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2012/0724/1224320699978.html">"A gas idea that might just gain traction in Irish motoring"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806205524/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2012/0724/1224320699978.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=A+gas+idea+that+might+just+gain+traction+in+Irish+motoring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Ffinance%2F2012%2F0724%2F1224320699978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilpga.ie/autogas-outlets.php">"ILPGA – Autogas outlets in Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027103829/http://ilpga.ie/autogas-outlets.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ILPGA+%E2%80%93+Autogas+outlets+in+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filpga.ie%2Fautogas-outlets.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.pl/maps/ms?vps=2&hl=pl&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=214379981455406153958.0004c8b7d951e7988c000">"LPG Outlets in Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LPG+Outlets+in+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.pl%2Fmaps%2Fms%3Fvps%3D2%26hl%3Dpl%26ie%3DUTF8%26oe%3DUTF8%26msa%3D0%26msid%3D214379981455406153958.0004c8b7d951e7988c000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715191321/http://www.roadrunnerautogas.com/LPG.html">"Road Runner Auto Gas"</a>. Road Runner Auto Gas. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadrunnerautogas.com/LPG.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Runner+Auto+Gas&rft.pub=Road+Runner+Auto+Gas&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadrunnerautogas.com%2FLPG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Tyler2010" class="citation web cs1">David Tyler (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928035129/http://www.worldlpgas.com/gain/autogas-is-best/autogas-market-insight-from-around-the-world/">"Autogas (LPG)"</a>. World LP Gas Association. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+LPG+kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintlpg.co.uk%2Fwhich-lpg-kit.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gas2.org/2012/02/14/propane-autogas-the-sleeping-giant-of-alternative-fuel/">"Propane Autogas: The Sleeping Giant of Alternative Fuel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111015018/http://gas2.org/2012/02/14/propane-autogas-the-sleeping-giant-of-alternative-fuel/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U.S. Department of Energy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625171410/http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Fuels+Data+Center&rft.atitle=Alternative+Fueling+Station+Locator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdc.energy.gov%2Fafdc%2Flocator%2Fstations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyfinance.com/2012/10/10/almost-23-million-autogas-vehicles-will-be-operati/">"Almost 23 Million Autogas Vehicles Will be Operating on Roads Worldwide by 2020, Forecasts Pike Rese"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013001820/http://www.dailyfinance.com/2012/10/10/almost-23-million-autogas-vehicles-will-be-operati/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Almost+23+Million+Autogas+Vehicles+Will+be+Operating+on+Roads+Worldwide+by+2020%2C+Forecasts+Pike+Rese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyfinance.com%2F2012%2F10%2F10%2Falmost-23-million-autogas-vehicles-will-be-operati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/propan1/a/propaneconvert.htm">"Propane and LPG Conversions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925025442/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/propan1/a/propaneconvert.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autogasforamerica.org/pdf/Propane_AutoGas_Tax_Credit_Extensions_Summary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+4853+Legislation+Summary+of+Provisions+Affecting+Autogas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautogasforamerica.org%2Fpdf%2FPropane_AutoGas_Tax_Credit_Extensions_Summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316171942/http://www.autogasforamerica.org/about-us/declaration">"Autogas for America Declaration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autogasforamerica.org/about-us/declaration">the original</a> on 16 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autogas+for+America+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautogasforamerica.org%2Fabout-us%2Fdeclaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614103624/http://www.boostlpg.co.uk/driver_industry/going_abroad.htm">"Effective Ways to Reduce Stress on the Road Going Abroad"</a>. <i>BoostLPG</i>. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boostlpg.co.uk/driver_industry/going_abroad.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BoostLPG&rft.atitle=Effective+Ways+to+Reduce+Stress+on+the+Road+Going+Abroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boostlpg.co.uk%2Fdriver_industry%2Fgoing_abroad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drivelpg.co.uk/uploads/DOC4F73097FA55DF.pdf">DriveLPG.co.uk has instruction how to use 2 types of bayonet filler guns for refuelling with LPG (PDF-file)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mylpg.eu/adapters#Euro_adapter">"LPG Adapters"</a>. <i>myLPG.eu</i>. Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myLPG.eu&rft.atitle=LPG+Adapters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mylpg.eu%2Fadapters%23Euro_adapter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dga_econ-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dga_econ_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205033551/http://www.dieselgasaustralia.com.au/default.aspx?ID=Economy">"Economy"</a>. <i>Diesel Gas Australia</i>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dieselgasaustralia.com.au/default.aspx?ID=Economy">the original</a> on 5 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diesel+Gas+Australia&rft.atitle=Economy&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dieselgasaustralia.com.au%2Fdefault.aspx%3FID%3DEconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogas&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air <br />engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a 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boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" 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