Application Layer Protocol: DNS, Sub-technique T1071.004 - Enterprise

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Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. </p><p>The DNS protocol serves an administrative function in computer networking and thus may be very common in environments. DNS traffic may also be allowed even before network authentication is completed. DNS packets contain many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Often known as DNS tunneling, adversaries may abuse DNS to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Palo Alto Networks. (n.d.). What Is DNS Tunneling?. Retrieved March 15, 2020."data-reference="PAN DNS Tunneling"><sup><a href="https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-dns-tunneling" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Galobardes, R. (2018, October 30). Learn how easy is to bypass firewalls using DNS tunneling (and also how to block it). Retrieved March 15, 2020."data-reference="Medium DnsTunneling"><sup><a href="https://medium.com/@galolbardes/learn-how-easy-is-to-bypass-firewalls-using-dns-tunneling-and-also-how-to-block-it-3ed652f4a000" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1071.004 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1071">T1071</a> </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0011">Command and Control</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Linux, Network, Windows, macOS </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Contributors: </span>Chris Heald; Jan Petrov, Citi </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.2 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>15 March 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>26 December 2023 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1071.004" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1071/004/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1071.004" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1071/004/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0504"> S0504 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0504"> Anchor </a> </td> <td> <p>Variants of <a href="/software/S0504">Anchor</a> can use DNS tunneling to communicate with C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020."data-reference="Cyberreason Anchor December 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.cybereason.com/blog/dropping-anchor-from-a-trickbot-infection-to-the-discovery-of-the-anchor-malware" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Grange, W. (2020, July 13). Anchor_dns malware goes cross platform. Retrieved September 10, 2020."data-reference="Medium Anchor DNS July 2020"><sup><a href="https://medium.com/stage-2-security/anchor-dns-malware-family-goes-cross-platform-d807ba13ca30" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0026"> G0026 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0026"> APT18 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0026">APT18</a> uses DNS for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved November 15, 2018."data-reference="PaloAlto DNS Requests May 2016"><sup><a href="https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/unit42-new-wekby-attacks-use-dns-requests-as-command-and-control-mechanism/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0087"> G0087 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0087"> APT39 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0087">APT39</a> has used remote access tools that leverage DNS in communications with C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Rusu, B. (2020, May 21). Iranian Chafer APT Targeted Air Transportation and Government in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 22, 2020."data-reference="BitDefender Chafer May 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/iranian-chafer-apt-targeted-air-transportation-and-government-in-kuwait-and-saudi-arabia/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0096"> G0096 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0096"> APT41 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0096">APT41</a> used DNS for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019."data-reference="FireEye APT41 Aug 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2022-02/rt-apt41-dual-operation.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Rostovcev, N. (2021, June 10). Big airline heist APT41 likely behind a third-party attack on Air India. Retrieved August 26, 2021."data-reference="Group IB APT 41 June 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.group-ib.com/blog/colunmtk-apt41/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0360"> S0360 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0360"> BONDUPDATER </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0360">BONDUPDATER</a> can use DNS and TXT records within its DNS tunneling protocol for command and control.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-9') id="scite-ref-9-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Wilhoit, K. and Falcone, R. (2018, September 12). OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved February 18, 2019."data-reference="Palo Alto OilRig Sep 2018"><sup><a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-oilrig-uses-updated-bondupdater-target-middle-eastern-government/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="8" aria-describedby="qtip-8">[9]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1063"> S1063 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1063"> Brute Ratel C4 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1063">Brute Ratel C4</a> can use DNS over HTTPS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-10') id="scite-ref-10-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Harbison, M. and Renals, P. (2022, July 5). When Pentest Tools Go Brutal: Red-Teaming Tool Being Abused by Malicious Actors. Retrieved February 1, 2023."data-reference="Palo Alto Brute Ratel July 2022"><sup><a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/brute-ratel-c4-tool/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="9" aria-describedby="qtip-9">[10]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-11') id="scite-ref-11-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kenefick, I. et al. (2022, October 12). Black Basta Ransomware Gang Infiltrates Networks via QAKBOT, Brute Ratel, and Cobalt Strike. Retrieved February 6, 2023."data-reference="Trend Micro Black Basta October 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/j/black-basta-infiltrates-networks-via-qakbot-brute-ratel-and-coba.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="10" aria-describedby="qtip-10">[11]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0114"> G0114 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0114"> Chimera </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0114">Chimera</a> has used <a href="/software/S0154">Cobalt Strike</a> to encapsulate C2 in DNS traffic.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-12') id="scite-ref-12-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved September 12, 2024."data-reference="NCC Group Chimera January 2021"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218064220/https://research.nccgroup.com/2021/01/12/abusing-cloud-services-to-fly-under-the-radar/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="11" aria-describedby="qtip-11">[12]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0080"> G0080 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0080"> Cobalt Group </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0080">Cobalt Group</a> has used DNS tunneling for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-13') id="scite-ref-13-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018."data-reference="Talos Cobalt Group July 2018"><sup><a href="https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/multiple-cobalt-personality-disorder.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="12" aria-describedby="qtip-12">[13]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-14') id="scite-ref-14-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018."data-reference="PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016"><sup><a href="https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="13" aria-describedby="qtip-13">[14]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-15') id="scite-ref-15-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Matveeva, V. (2017, August 15). Secrets of Cobalt. Retrieved October 10, 2018."data-reference="Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.group-ib.com/blog/cobalt" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="14" aria-describedby="qtip-14">[15]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0154"> S0154 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0154"> Cobalt Strike </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0154">Cobalt Strike</a> can use a custom command and control protocol that can be encapsulated in DNS. All protocols use their standard assigned ports.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-16') id="scite-ref-16-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017."data-reference="cobaltstrike manual"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825130434/https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="15" aria-describedby="qtip-15">[16]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-17') id="scite-ref-17-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Mavis, N. (2020, September 21). The Art and Science of Detecting Cobalt Strike. Retrieved September 12, 2024."data-reference="Talos Cobalt Strike September 2020"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219195905/https://talos-intelligence-site.s3.amazonaws.com/production/document_files/files/000/095/031/original/Talos_Cobalt_Strike.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="16" aria-describedby="qtip-16">[17]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-18') id="scite-ref-18-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Strategic Cyber LLC. (2020, November 5). Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Retrieved April 13, 2021."data-reference="Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708035426/https://www.cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual43.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="17" aria-describedby="qtip-17">[18]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0338"> S0338 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0338"> Cobian RAT </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0338">Cobian RAT</a> uses DNS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-19') id="scite-ref-19-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Yadav, A., et al. (2017, August 31). Cobian RAT – A backdoored RAT. Retrieved November 13, 2018."data-reference="Zscaler Cobian Aug 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/cobian-rat-backdoored-rat" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="18" aria-describedby="qtip-18">[19]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0029"> C0029 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0029"> Cutting Edge </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029">Cutting Edge</a>, threat actors used DNS to tunnel IPv4 C2 traffic.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-20') id="scite-ref-20-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024."data-reference="Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="19" aria-describedby="qtip-19">[20]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1014"> S1014 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1014"> DanBot </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1014">DanBot</a> can use use IPv4 A records and IPv6 AAAA DNS records in C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-21') id="scite-ref-21-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="SecureWorks 2019, August 27 LYCEUM Takes Center Stage in Middle East Campaign Retrieved. 2019/11/19 "data-reference="SecureWorks August 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.secureworks.com/blog/lyceum-takes-center-stage-in-middle-east-campaign" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="20" aria-describedby="qtip-20">[21]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1111"> S1111 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1111"> DarkGate </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1111">DarkGate</a> can cloak command and control traffic in DNS records from legitimate services to avoid reputation-based detection techniques. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-22') id="scite-ref-22-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024."data-reference="Ensilo Darkgate 2018"><sup><a href="https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/enter-the-darkgate-new-cryptocurrency-mining-and-ransomware-campaign" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="21" aria-describedby="qtip-21">[22]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0354"> S0354 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0354"> Denis </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0354">Denis</a> has used DNS tunneling for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-23') id="scite-ref-23-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018."data-reference="Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-cobalt-kitty-apt" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="22" aria-describedby="qtip-22">[23]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-24') id="scite-ref-24-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Shulmin, A., Yunakovsky, S. (2017, April 28). Use of DNS Tunneling for C&C Communications. Retrieved November 5, 2018."data-reference="Securelist Denis April 2017"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/use-of-dns-tunneling-for-cc-communications/78203/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="23" aria-describedby="qtip-23">[24]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-25') id="scite-ref-25-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018."data-reference="Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017"><sup><a href="https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Cybereason%20Labs%20Analysis%20Operation%20Cobalt%20Kitty.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="24" aria-describedby="qtip-24">[25]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1021"> S1021 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1021"> DnsSystem </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1021">DnsSystem</a> can direct queries to custom DNS servers and return C2 commands using TXT records.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-26') id="scite-ref-26-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Shivtarkar, N. and Kumar, A. (2022, June 9). Lyceum .NET DNS Backdoor. Retrieved June 23, 2022."data-reference="Zscaler Lyceum DnsSystem June 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/lyceum-net-dns-backdoor" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="25" aria-describedby="qtip-25">[26]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0377"> S0377 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0377"> Ebury </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0377">Ebury</a> has used DNS requests over UDP port 53 for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-27') id="scite-ref-27-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="M.Léveillé, M.. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved April 19, 2019."data-reference="ESET Ebury Feb 2014"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="26" aria-describedby="qtip-26">[27]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1003"> G1003 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1003"> Ember Bear </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1003">Ember Bear</a> has used DNS tunnelling tools, such as dnscat/2 and Iodine, for C2 purposes.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-28') id="scite-ref-28-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="US Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency et al. (2024, September 5). Russian Military Cyber Actors Target U.S. and Global Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved September 6, 2024."data-reference="CISA GRU29155 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/aa24-249a-russian-military-cyber-actors-target-us-and-global-critical-infrastructure.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="27" aria-describedby="qtip-27">[28]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0046"> G0046 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0046"> FIN7 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0046">FIN7</a> has performed C2 using DNS via A, OPT, and TXT records.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-29') id="scite-ref-29-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Carr, N., et al. (2018, August 01). On the Hunt for FIN7: Pursuing an Enigmatic and Evasive Global Criminal Operation. Retrieved August 23, 2018."data-reference="FireEye FIN7 Aug 2018"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/08/fin7-pursuing-an-enigmatic-and-evasive-global-criminal-operation.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="28" aria-describedby="qtip-28">[29]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0666"> S0666 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0666"> Gelsemium </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0666">Gelsemium</a> has the ability to use DNS in communication with C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-30') id="scite-ref-30-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021."data-reference="ESET Gelsemium June 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eset_gelsemium.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="29" aria-describedby="qtip-29">[30]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0477"> S0477 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0477"> Goopy </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0477">Goopy</a> has the ability to communicate with its C2 over DNS.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-25') id="scite-ref-25-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018."data-reference="Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017"><sup><a href="https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Cybereason%20Labs%20Analysis%20Operation%20Cobalt%20Kitty.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="24" aria-describedby="qtip-24">[25]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0690"> S0690 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0690"> Green Lambert </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0690">Green Lambert</a> can use DNS for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-31') id="scite-ref-31-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 1). Made In America: Green Lambert for OS X. Retrieved March 21, 2022."data-reference="Objective See Green Lambert for OSX Oct 2021"><sup><a href="https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x68.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="30" aria-describedby="qtip-30">[31]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-32') id="scite-ref-32-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 18). Green Lambert and ATT&CK. Retrieved March 21, 2022."data-reference="Glitch-Cat Green Lambert ATTCK Oct 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.glitch-cat.com/blog/green-lambert-and-attack" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="31" aria-describedby="qtip-31">[32]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0170"> S0170 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0170"> Helminth </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0170">Helminth</a> can use DNS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-33') id="scite-ref-33-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017."data-reference="Palo Alto OilRig May 2016"><sup><a href="http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/the-oilrig-campaign-attacks-on-saudi-arabian-organizations-deliver-helminth-backdoor/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="32" aria-describedby="qtip-32">[33]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1027"> S1027 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1027"> Heyoka Backdoor </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1027">Heyoka Backdoor</a> can use DNS tunneling for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-34') id="scite-ref-34-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022."data-reference="SentinelOne Aoqin Dragon June 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/aoqin-dragon-newly-discovered-chinese-linked-apt-has-been-quietly-spying-on-organizations-for-10-years/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="33" aria-describedby="qtip-33">[34]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0070"> S0070 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0070"> HTTPBrowser </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0070">HTTPBrowser</a> has used DNS for command and control.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-35') id="scite-ref-35-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018."data-reference="Dell TG-3390"><sup><a href="https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="34" aria-describedby="qtip-34">[35]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-36') id="scite-ref-36-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Shelmire, A.. (2015, July 6). Evasive Maneuvers. Retrieved January 22, 2016."data-reference="ThreatStream Evasion Analysis"><sup><a href="https://www.threatstream.com/blog/evasive-maneuvers-the-wekby-group-attempts-to-evade-analysis-via-custom-rop" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="35" aria-describedby="qtip-35">[36]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0260"> S0260 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0260"> InvisiMole </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0260">InvisiMole</a> has used a custom implementation of DNS tunneling to embed C2 communications in DNS requests and replies.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-37') id="scite-ref-37-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020."data-reference="ESET InvisiMole June 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="36" aria-describedby="qtip-36">[37]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0004"> G0004 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0004"> Ke3chang </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0004">Ke3chang</a> malware RoyalDNS has used DNS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-38') id="scite-ref-38-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Smallridge, R. (2018, March 10). APT15 is alive and strong: An analysis of RoyalCli and RoyalDNS. Retrieved April 4, 2018."data-reference="NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong"><sup><a href="https://research.nccgroup.com/2018/03/10/apt15-is-alive-and-strong-an-analysis-of-royalcli-and-royaldns/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="37" aria-describedby="qtip-37">[38]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1020"> S1020 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1020"> Kevin </a> </td> <td> <p>Variants of <a href="/software/S1020">Kevin</a> can communicate over DNS through queries to the server for constructed domain names with embedded information.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-39') id="scite-ref-39-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022."data-reference="Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021"><sup><a href="https://vblocalhost.com/uploads/VB2021-Kayal-etal.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="38" aria-describedby="qtip-38">[39]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0140"> G0140 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0140"> LazyScripter </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0140">LazyScripter</a> has leveraged dynamic DNS providers for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-40') id="scite-ref-40-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 24, 2021."data-reference="MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.malwarebytes.com/resources/files/2021/02/lazyscripter.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="39" aria-describedby="qtip-39">[40]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0167"> S0167 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0167"> Matryoshka </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0167">Matryoshka</a> uses DNS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-41') id="scite-ref-41-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017."data-reference="ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017"><sup><a href="http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Operation_Wilted_Tulip.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="40" aria-describedby="qtip-40">[41]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-42') id="scite-ref-42-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Minerva Labs LTD and ClearSky Cyber Security. (2015, November 23). CopyKittens Attack Group. Retrieved September 11, 2017."data-reference="CopyKittens Nov 2015"><sup><a href="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/minervaresearchpublic/CopyKittens/CopyKittens.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="41" aria-describedby="qtip-41">[42]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1015"> S1015 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1015"> Milan </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1015">Milan</a> has the ability to use DNS for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-43') id="scite-ref-43-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By "Siamesekitten" - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022."data-reference="ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.clearskysec.com/siamesekitten/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="42" aria-describedby="qtip-42">[43]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-39') id="scite-ref-39-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022."data-reference="Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021"><sup><a href="https://vblocalhost.com/uploads/VB2021-Kayal-etal.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="38" aria-describedby="qtip-38">[39]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-44') id="scite-ref-44-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Accenture. (2021, November 9). Who are latest targets of cyber group Lyceum?. Retrieved June 16, 2022."data-reference="Accenture Lyceum Targets November 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/cyber-defense/iran-based-lyceum-campaigns" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="43" aria-describedby="qtip-43">[44]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1047"> S1047 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1047"> Mori </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1047">Mori</a> can use DNS tunneling to communicate with C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-45') id="scite-ref-45-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022."data-reference="DHS CISA AA22-055A MuddyWater February 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-055a" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="44" aria-describedby="qtip-44">[45]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-46') id="scite-ref-46-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cyber National Mission Force. (2022, January 12). Iranian intel cyber suite of malware uses open source tools. Retrieved September 30, 2022."data-reference="CYBERCOM Iranian Intel Cyber January 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.cybercom.mil/Media/News/Article/2897570/iranian-intel-cyber-suite-of-malware-uses-open-source-tools/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="45" aria-describedby="qtip-45">[46]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0699"> S0699 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0699"> Mythic </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0699">Mythic</a> supports DNS-based C2 profiles.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-47') id="scite-ref-47-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Thomas, C. (n.d.). Mythc Documentation. Retrieved March 25, 2022."data-reference="Mythc Documentation"><sup><a href="https://docs.mythic-c2.net/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="46" aria-describedby="qtip-46">[47]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0228"> S0228 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0228"> NanHaiShu </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0228">NanHaiShu</a> uses DNS for the C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-48') id="scite-ref-48-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="F-Secure Labs. (2016, July). NANHAISHU RATing the South China Sea. Retrieved July 6, 2018."data-reference="fsecure NanHaiShu July 2016"><sup><a href="https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/nanhaishu_whitepaper.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="47" aria-describedby="qtip-47">[48]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1090"> S1090 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1090"> NightClub </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1090">NightClub</a> can use a DNS tunneling plugin to exfiltrate data by adding it to the subdomain portion of a DNS request.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-49') id="scite-ref-49-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 25, 2023."data-reference="MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="48" aria-describedby="qtip-48">[49]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0049"> G0049 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0049"> OilRig </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0049">OilRig</a> has used DNS for C2 including the publicly available <code>requestbin.net</code> tunneling service.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-50') id="scite-ref-50-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Unit42. (2016, May 1). Evasive Serpens Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved February 6, 2023."data-reference="Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023"><sup><a href="https://pan-unit42.github.io/playbook_viewer/?pb=evasive-serpens" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="49" aria-describedby="qtip-49">[50]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-51') id="scite-ref-51-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017."data-reference="FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/10703/296317/apt34-new-targeted-attack-in-the-middle-east" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="50" aria-describedby="qtip-50">[51]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-52') id="scite-ref-52-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Bromiley, M., et al.. (2019, July 18). Hard Pass: Declining APT34’s Invite to Join Their Professional Network. Retrieved August 26, 2019."data-reference="FireEye APT34 July 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/07/hard-pass-declining-apt34-invite-to-join-their-professional-network.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="51" aria-describedby="qtip-51">[52]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-53') id="scite-ref-53-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran’s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021."data-reference="Check Point APT34 April 2021"><sup><a href="https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/irans-apt34-returns-with-an-updated-arsenal/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="52" aria-describedby="qtip-52">[53]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0124"> S0124 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0124"> Pisloader </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0124">Pisloader</a> uses DNS as its C2 protocol.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-54') id="scite-ref-54-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016."data-reference="Palo Alto DNS Requests"><sup><a href="http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/unit42-new-wekby-attacks-use-dns-requests-as-command-and-control-mechanism/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="53" aria-describedby="qtip-53">[54]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0013"> S0013 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0013"> PlugX </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0013">PlugX</a> can be configured to use DNS for command and control.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-35') id="scite-ref-35-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018."data-reference="Dell TG-3390"><sup><a href="https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="34" aria-describedby="qtip-34">[35]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0145"> S0145 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0145"> POWERSOURCE </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0145">POWERSOURCE</a> uses DNS TXT records for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-55') id="scite-ref-55-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Miller, S., et al. (2017, March 7). FIN7 Spear Phishing Campaign Targets Personnel Involved in SEC Filings. Retrieved March 8, 2017."data-reference="FireEye FIN7 March 2017"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808125108/https:/www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/fin7_spear_phishing.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="54" aria-describedby="qtip-54">[55]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-56') id="scite-ref-56-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Brumaghin, E. and Grady, C.. (2017, March 2). Covert Channels and Poor Decisions: The Tale of DNSMessenger. Retrieved March 8, 2017."data-reference="Cisco DNSMessenger March 2017"><sup><a href="http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/03/dnsmessenger.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="55" aria-describedby="qtip-55">[56]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0184"> S0184 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0184"> POWRUNER </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0184">POWRUNER</a> can use DNS for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-57') id="scite-ref-57-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017."data-reference="FireEye APT34 Dec 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/targeted-attack-in-middle-east-by-apt34.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="56" aria-describedby="qtip-56">[57]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-51') id="scite-ref-51-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017."data-reference="FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/10703/296317/apt34-new-targeted-attack-in-the-middle-east" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="50" aria-describedby="qtip-50">[51]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0269"> S0269 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0269"> QUADAGENT </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0269">QUADAGENT</a> uses DNS for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-58') id="scite-ref-58-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, July 25). OilRig Targets Technology Service Provider and Government Agency with QUADAGENT. Retrieved August 9, 2018."data-reference="Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018"><sup><a href="https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-oilrig-targets-technology-service-provider-government-agency-quadagent/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="57" aria-describedby="qtip-57">[58]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0495"> S0495 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0495"> RDAT </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0495">RDAT</a> has used DNS to communicate with the C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-59') id="scite-ref-59-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Falcone, R. (2020, July 22). OilRig Targets Middle Eastern Telecommunications Organization and Adds Novel C2 Channel with Steganography to Its Inventory. Retrieved July 28, 2020."data-reference="Unit42 RDAT July 2020"><sup><a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/oilrig-novel-c2-channel-steganography/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="58" aria-describedby="qtip-58">[59]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0125"> S0125 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0125"> Remsec </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0125">Remsec</a> is capable of using DNS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-60') id="scite-ref-60-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Symantec Security Response. (2016, August 8). Backdoor.Remsec indicators of compromise. Retrieved August 17, 2016."data-reference="Symantec Remsec IOCs"><sup><a href="http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/Symantec_Remsec_IOCs.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="59" aria-describedby="qtip-59">[60]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-61') id="scite-ref-61-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Retrieved August 17, 2016."data-reference="Kaspersky ProjectSauron Full Report"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/files/2016/07/The-ProjectSauron-APT_research_KL.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="60" aria-describedby="qtip-60">[61]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-62') id="scite-ref-62-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Technical Analysis. Retrieved August 17, 2016."data-reference="Kaspersky ProjectSauron Technical Analysis"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/files/2016/07/The-ProjectSauron-APT_Technical_Analysis_KL.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="61" aria-describedby="qtip-61">[62]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0596"> S0596 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0596"> ShadowPad </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0596">ShadowPad</a> has used DNS tunneling for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-63') id="scite-ref-63-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kaspersky Lab. (2017, August). ShadowPad: popular server management software hit in supply chain attack. Retrieved March 22, 2021."data-reference="Kaspersky ShadowPad Aug 2017"><sup><a href="https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2017/08/07172148/ShadowPad_technical_description_PDF.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="62" aria-describedby="qtip-62">[63]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1019"> S1019 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1019"> Shark </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1019">Shark</a> can use DNS in C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-43') id="scite-ref-43-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By "Siamesekitten" - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022."data-reference="ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.clearskysec.com/siamesekitten/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="42" aria-describedby="qtip-42">[43]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-44') id="scite-ref-44-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Accenture. (2021, November 9). Who are latest targets of cyber group Lyceum?. Retrieved June 16, 2022."data-reference="Accenture Lyceum Targets November 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/cyber-defense/iran-based-lyceum-campaigns" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="43" aria-describedby="qtip-43">[44]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0633"> S0633 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0633"> Sliver </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0633">Sliver</a> can support C2 communications over DNS.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-64') id="scite-ref-64-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021."data-reference="Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-further-TTPs-associated-with-SVR-cyber-actors.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="63" aria-describedby="qtip-63">[64]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-65') id="scite-ref-65-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kervella, R. (2019, August 4). Cross-platform General Purpose Implant Framework Written in Golang. Retrieved July 30, 2021."data-reference="Bishop Fox Sliver Framework August 2019"><sup><a href="https://labs.bishopfox.com/tech-blog/sliver" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="64" aria-describedby="qtip-64">[65]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-66') id="scite-ref-66-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="BishopFox. (n.d.). Sliver DNS C2 . Retrieved September 15, 2021."data-reference="GitHub Sliver C2 DNS"><sup><a href="https://github.com/BishopFox/sliver/wiki/DNS-C2" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="65" aria-describedby="qtip-65">[66]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0615"> S0615 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0615"> SombRAT </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0615">SombRAT</a> can communicate over DNS with the C2 server.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-67') id="scite-ref-67-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2020, November 12). The CostaRicto Campaign: Cyber-Espionage Outsourced. Retrieved May 24, 2021."data-reference="BlackBerry CostaRicto November 2020"><sup><a href="https://blogs.blackberry.com/en/2020/11/the-costaricto-campaign-cyber-espionage-outsourced" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="66" aria-describedby="qtip-66">[67]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-68') id="scite-ref-68-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="McLellan, T. and Moore, J. et al. (2021, April 29). UNC2447 SOMBRAT and FIVEHANDS Ransomware: A Sophisticated Financial Threat. Retrieved June 2, 2021."data-reference="FireEye FiveHands April 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/04/unc2447-sombrat-and-fivehands-ransomware-sophisticated-financial-threat.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="67" aria-describedby="qtip-67">[68]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0157"> S0157 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0157"> SOUNDBITE </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0157">SOUNDBITE</a> communicates via DNS for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-69') id="scite-ref-69-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017."data-reference="FireEye APT32 May 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="68" aria-describedby="qtip-68">[69]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0559"> S0559 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0559"> SUNBURST </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0559">SUNBURST</a> used DNS for C2 traffic designed to mimic normal SolarWinds API communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-70') id="scite-ref-70-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021."data-reference="FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/12/evasive-attacker-leverages-solarwinds-supply-chain-compromises-with-sunburst-backdoor.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="69" aria-describedby="qtip-69">[70]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0663"> S0663 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0663"> SysUpdate </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0663">SysUpdate</a> has used DNS TXT requests as for its C2 communication.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-71') id="scite-ref-71-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Daniel Lunghi. (2023, March 1). Iron Tiger’s SysUpdate Reappears, Adds Linux Targeting. Retrieved March 20, 2023."data-reference="Lunghi Iron Tiger Linux"><sup><a href="https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/23/c/iron-tiger-sysupdate-adds-linux-targeting.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="70" aria-describedby="qtip-70">[71]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0146"> S0146 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0146"> TEXTMATE </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0146">TEXTMATE</a> uses DNS TXT records for C2.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-55') id="scite-ref-55-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Miller, S., et al. (2017, March 7). FIN7 Spear Phishing Campaign Targets Personnel Involved in SEC Filings. Retrieved March 8, 2017."data-reference="FireEye FIN7 March 2017"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808125108/https:/www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/fin7_spear_phishing.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="54" aria-describedby="qtip-54">[55]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0081"> G0081 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0081"> Tropic Trooper </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0081">Tropic Trooper</a>'s backdoor has communicated to the C2 over the DNS protocol.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-72') id="scite-ref-72-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper’s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020."data-reference="TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020"><sup><a href="https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/Tech-Brief-Tropic-Trooper-s-Back-USBferry-Attack-Targets-Air-gapped-Environments.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="71" aria-describedby="qtip-71">[72]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0022"> S0022 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0022"> Uroburos </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0022">Uroburos</a> has encoded outbound C2 communications in DNS requests consisting of character strings made to resemble standard domain names. The actual information transmitted by <a href="/software/S0022">Uroburos</a> is contained in the part of the character string prior to the first ‘.’ character.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-73') id="scite-ref-73-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence "Snake" Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023."data-reference="Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/aa23-129a_snake_malware_2.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="72" aria-describedby="qtip-72">[73]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0514"> S0514 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0514"> WellMess </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0514">WellMess</a> has the ability to use DNS tunneling for C2 communications.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-74') id="scite-ref-74-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="PWC. (2020, July 16). How WellMess malware has been used to target COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved September 24, 2020."data-reference="PWC WellMess July 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/cyber-security-services/insights/cleaning-up-after-wellmess.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="73" aria-describedby="qtip-73">[74]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-75') id="scite-ref-75-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020."data-reference="NCSC APT29 July 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-APT29-targets-COVID-19-vaccine-development-V1-1.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="74" aria-describedby="qtip-74">[75]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1037"> M1037 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1037"> Filter Network Traffic </a> </td> <td> <p>Consider filtering DNS requests to unknown, untrusted, or known bad domains and resources. Resolving DNS requests with on-premise/proxy servers may also disrupt adversary attempts to conceal data within DNS packets. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1031"> M1031 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1031"> Network Intrusion Prevention </a> </td> <td> <p>Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0029"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">DS0029</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">Network Traffic</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Content">Network Traffic Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s), leveraging SSL/TLS inspection for DNS over TLS (DoT) and DNS over HTTPS (DoH), that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datacomponent datasource" id="uses-DS0029-Network Traffic Flow"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Flow">Network Traffic Flow</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for DNS traffic to/from known-bad or suspicious domains and analyze traffic flows that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, or gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-dns-tunneling" target="_blank"> Palo Alto Networks. (n.d.). What Is DNS Tunneling?. 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