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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بوابة:علم الفيروسات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:علم الفيروسات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Virologie" title="Portail:Virologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Virologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Virus" title="Portal:Virus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:V%C3%ADrus" title="Portal:Vírus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Vírus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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Latest updates: Feb 2021 (disease, virus, miscellany, intervention, outbreak, quotation, news), Jan 2021 (DYK, news), Nov 2020 (DYK, news, recommended articles), March 2020 (images, DYK, news), February 2020 (news), January 2020 (DYK, news, recommended articles), July 2019 (DYK, news), June 2019 (news), May 2019 (DYK, news, recommended articles), April 2019 (news, suggestions), March 2019 (news, recommended articles), January 2019 (DYK), July 2018 (quotations), May 2018 (images).</li></ul> <span style="font-size:90%;">Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CAREFUL">take care</a> when editing, especially if using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASSISTED">automated editing software</a>, and seek <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> before making major changes. 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.portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Viruses</div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FIntro&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="The_Viruses_PortalWelcome!" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="The_Viruses_PortalWelcome.21"></span><big><big>The Viruses Portal</big></big><br /><i>Welcome!</i></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symian_virus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The capsid of SV40, an icosahedral virus"><img alt="The capsid of SV40, an icosahedral virus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Symian_virus.png/220px-Symian_virus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Symian_virus.png/330px-Symian_virus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Symian_virus.png/440px-Symian_virus.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>The capsid of SV40, an icosahedral virus</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></b> are small <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">infectious agents</a> that can replicate only inside the living <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of an organism. Viruses infect all forms of life, including <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>. They are found in almost every <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity, with millions of different types, although only about 6,000 viruses have been described in detail. Some viruses cause disease in humans, and others are responsible for economically important diseases of livestock and crops. </p><p>Virus particles (known as virions) consist of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic material">genetic material</a>, which can be either <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> coat called the <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a>; some viruses also have an outer <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">envelope</a>. The capsid can take simple <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedral</a> forms, or more complex structures. The average virus is about 1/100 the size of the average bacterium, and most are too small to be seen directly with an <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical microscope</a>. </p><p>The origins of viruses are unclear: some may have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a>, others from bacteria. Viruses are sometimes considered to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce and evolve through natural selection. However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life". </p> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_viruses" title="Introduction to viruses">Introduction to viruses</a> • <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">More about viruses...</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Viruses&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Show new selections below</b></span></a></span></div> <div class="portal-column-left-wide"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_article%2F6&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_disease" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected disease</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herpes(PHIL_1573_lores).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cold sore on the lower lip (arrow)"><img alt="Cold sore on the lower lip (arrow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Herpes%28PHIL_1573_lores%29.jpg/180px-Herpes%28PHIL_1573_lores%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Herpes%28PHIL_1573_lores%29.jpg/270px-Herpes%28PHIL_1573_lores%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Herpes%28PHIL_1573_lores%29.jpg/360px-Herpes%28PHIL_1573_lores%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Cold sore on the lower lip (arrow)</figcaption></figure> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex">Herpes simplex</a></b> is caused by <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus</a> types 1 and 2 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i> family, with 60–95% of adults being infected with one of the types. Common forms of infection are <a href="/wiki/Herpes_labialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes labialis">oral herpes</a>, which can result in cold sores, and <a href="/wiki/Herpes_genitalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes genitalis">genital herpes</a>. Active disease often involves blisters containing infectious <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, although the genital form is frequently <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a>. Less common disorders associated with the viruses include <a href="/wiki/Herpetic_whitlow" title="Herpetic whitlow">herpetic whitlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes_gladiatorum" title="Herpes gladiatorum">herpes gladiatorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">ocular herpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">herpesviral encephalitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollaret%27s_meningitis" title="Mollaret's meningitis">Mollaret's meningitis</a>. </p><p>After initial infection, virus particles are transported along <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory nerves</a> to the cell bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a>, where they become <a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">latent</a> and remain lifelong. Periods of <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> alternate with outbreaks of active disease, in which the virus multiplies in the nerve cell and new virus particles are transported along the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">nerve fibre</a> to the nerve terminals in the skin, where they are released. What causes these recurrences is unclear. Transmission is usually by direct contact with a lesion or with body fluids, and can occur during periods of asymptomatic shedding. <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">Neonatal herpes</a> is possible after <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">transmission from the mother</a>. Barrier protection methods reduce genital herpes risk. No vaccine or cure exists, but <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral</a> treatment can alleviate symptoms and reduce viral shedding. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_article" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected article">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_picture%2F34&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_image" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected image</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="False-coloured transmission electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions"><img alt="False-coloured transmission electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg/350px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg/525px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg/700px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2390" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p>False-coloured transmission electron micrograph of <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a>, a novel <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>, showing the spikes (blue) forming a crown that give this group of RNA viruses their name. The spike protein interacts with the cellular receptor for the virus, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2">angiotensin-converting enzyme 2</a>. </p><p><small>Credit: <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> (13 February 2020)</small> </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected picture">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FNews&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="In_the_news" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">In the news</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1053378754">.mw-parser-output .itn-img{float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.2em}</style><div role="figure" class="itn-img"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 240px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 cases; black: highest prevalence; dark red to pink: decreasing prevalence; grey: no recorded cases or no data"><img alt="Map showing the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 cases; black: highest prevalence; dark red to pink: decreasing prevalence; grey: no recorded cases or no data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/240px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/360px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/480px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Map showing the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 cases; black: highest prevalence; dark red to pink: decreasing prevalence; grey: no recorded cases or no data</div></div> </div> <p><b>26 February:</b> In the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">ongoing pandemic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (SARS-CoV-2), more than 110 million confirmed cases, including 2.5 million deaths, have been documented globally since the outbreak began in December 2019. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19.who.int/">WHO</a></small> </p><p><b>18 February:</b> Seven asymptomatic cases of <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N8" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N8">avian influenza A subtype H5N8</a>, the first documented H5N8 cases in humans, are reported in <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>, Russia, after more than 100,0000 hens died on a poultry farm in December. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/don/26-feb-2021-influenza-a-russian-federation/en/">WHO</a></small> </p><p><b>14 February:</b> Seven cases of <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a> are reported in <a href="/wiki/Gou%C3%A9ck%C3%A9" title="Gouécké">Gouécké</a>, south-east <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/don/17-february-2021-ebola-gin/en/">WHO</a></small> </p><p><b>7 February:</b> A case of Ebola virus disease is detected in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Kivu Province">North Kivu Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/don/10-february-2021-ebola-drc/en/">WHO</a></small> </p><p><b>4 February:</b> An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever" title="Rift Valley fever">Rift Valley fever</a> is ongoing in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, with 32 human cases, including 11 deaths, since the outbreak started in November. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-february-2021-rift-valley-fever-kenya/en/">WHO</a></small> </p><p><b>21 November:</b> The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) gives <a href="/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency use authorization">emergency-use authorisation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab" title="Casirivimab/imdevimab">casirivimab/imdevimab</a>, a combination <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy" title="Monoclonal antibody therapy">monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy</a> for non-hospitalised people twelve years and over with mild-to-moderate <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a>, after granting emergency-use authorisation to the single mAb <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">bamlanivimab</a> earlier in the month. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19">FDA 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19">2</a></small> </p><p><b>18 November:</b> The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola virus disease</a> in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_%C3%89quateur" title="Province of Équateur">Équateur Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, which started in June, has been declared over; a total of 130 cases were recorded, with 55 deaths. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1077912">UN</a></small> </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/News/Archive" title="Portal:Viruses/News/Archive">More virus news</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_miscellany%2F3&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_article" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martinus Beijerinck in his laboratory in 1921"><img alt="Martinus Beijerinck in his laboratory in 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg/140px-Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg/210px-Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg/280px-Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Martinus Beijerinck in his laboratory in 1921</figcaption></figure> </div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_virology" title="History of virology">history of virology</a></b> is usually considered to begin in the late 19th century, when the first evidence for the existence of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> came from experiments using filters with pores small enough to retain <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Ivanovsky">Dmitry Ivanovsky</a> showed in 1892 that sap from a diseased <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco plant">tobacco plant</a> remained infectious despite having been filtered; this agent, later known as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a>, was the first virus to be demonstrated. In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Loeffler" title="Friedrich Loeffler">Friedrich Loeffler</a> and Paul Frosch showed that <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth</a>, an animal disease, was caused by a filterable agent. That year, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a> <i>(pictured)</i> called the filtered infectious substance a "virus" – often considered to mark the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a>, viruses that infect bacteria, were characterised by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Twort" title="Frederick Twort">Frederick Twort</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_d%27Herelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix d'Herelle">Félix d'Herelle</a> in the early 20th century. In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milton_Rivers" title="Thomas Milton Rivers">Thomas Milton Rivers</a> defined viruses as obligate parasites. Viruses were demonstrated to be particles, rather than a fluid, by <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a>, and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscope</a> in 1931 allowed them to be visualised. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_miscellany" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected miscellany">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_outbreak%2F4&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_outbreak" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected outbreak</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The deer mouse was the reservoir for Sin Nombre hantavirus in the Four Corners outbreak."><img alt="The deer mouse was the reservoir for Sin Nombre hantavirus in the Four Corners outbreak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg/180px-DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg/270px-DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg/360px-DiGangi-Deermouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/1993_Four_Corners_hantavirus_outbreak" title="1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak">1993 hantavirus outbreak</a></b> in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region of southwest USA was of a novel <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">hantavirus</a>, subsequently named <a href="/wiki/Sin_Nombre_virus" title="Sin Nombre virus">Sin Nombre virus</a>. It caused the previously unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> – the first time that a hantavirus had been associated with <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> symptoms. Mild <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">flu-like symptoms</a> were followed by the sudden onset of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary oedema">pulmonary oedema</a>, which was fatal in half of those affected. A total of 24 cases were reported in April–May 1993, with many of those affected being from the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> territory. Hantavirus infection of humans generally occurs by inhaling aerosolised urine and faeces of <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, in this case the <a href="/wiki/Peromyscus" title="Peromyscus">deer mouse</a> (<i>Peromyscus</i>; <i>pictured</i>). </p><p>Previously documented hantavirus disease had been confined to Asia and Europe, and these were the first human cases to be recognised in the USA. Subsequent investigation revealed undiagnosed cases dating back to 1959, and Navajo people recalled similar outbreaks in 1918, 1933 and 1934. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_outbreak" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected outbreak">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_quotation%2F7&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_quotation" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected quotation</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Viruses are living chemicals... </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p>—<b><a href="/wiki/Alison_Jolly" title="Alison Jolly">Alison Jolly</a></b> </p> </div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_quotation" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected quotation">More quotations</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FRecommended&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Recommended_articles" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Recommended articles</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b>Viruses & Subviral agents:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bat_virome" title="Bat virome">bat virome</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elephant_endotheliotropic_herpesvirus" title="Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus">elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus</a> • <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> • <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_viruses" title="Introduction to viruses">introduction to viruses</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Playa_de_Oro_virus" title="Playa de Oro virus">Playa de Oro virus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">poliovirus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> </p><p><b>Diseases:</b> <a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">colony collapse disorder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> • <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">hepatitis E</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a> • <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Myxomatosis" title="Myxomatosis">myxomatosis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> </p><p><b>Epidemiology & Interventions:</b> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bernard_Matthews_H5N1_outbreak" title="2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak">2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations" title="Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a> • <a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a> • <a href="/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 flu pandemic">2009 flu pandemic</a> • <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">HIV/AIDS in Malawi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> • <a href="/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Ebola virus epidemic">West African Ebola virus epidemic</a> </p><p><b>Virus–Host interactions:</b> <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> • <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> </p><p><b>Methodology:</b> <a href="/wiki/Metagenomics" title="Metagenomics">metagenomics</a> </p><p><b>Social & Media:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On" title="And the Band Played On">And the Band Played On</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Contagion_(2011_film)" title="Contagion (2011 film)"><i>Contagion</i></a> • <a href="/wiki/Flu_Season_(Parks_and_Recreation)" title="Flu Season (Parks and Recreation)">"Flu Season"</a><i> • <a href="/wiki/Frank%27s_Cock" title="Frank's Cock">Frank's Cock</a></i><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Race_Against_Time:_Searching_for_Hope_in_AIDS-Ravaged_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa">Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa</a></i><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses" title="Social history of viruses">social history of viruses</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • "<a href="/wiki/Steve_Burdick" title="Steve Burdick">Steve Burdick</a>" • <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Is_Now_(Millennium)" title="The Time Is Now (Millennium)">"The Time Is Now"</a> • "<a href="/wiki/What_Lies_Below" class="mw-disambig" title="What Lies Below">What Lies Below</a>" </p><p><b>People:</b> <a href="/wiki/Brownie_Mary" title="Brownie Mary">Brownie Mary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Bobbi_Campbell" title="Bobbi Campbell">Bobbi Campbell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aniru_Conteh" title="Aniru Conteh">Aniru Conteh</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_hepatitis_C" title="List of people with hepatitis C">people with hepatitis C</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Bette_Korber" title="Bette Korber">Bette Korber</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linda_Laubenstein" title="Linda Laubenstein">Linda Laubenstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_poliomyelitis_survivors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of poliomyelitis survivors">poliomyelitis survivors</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sonnabend" title="Joseph Sonnabend">Joseph Sonnabend</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eli_Todd" title="Eli Todd">Eli Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div class="portal-column-right-narrow"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_virus%2F2&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_virus" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected virus</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HI-virion-structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of HIV structure"><img alt="Diagram of HIV structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HI-virion-structure.svg/160px-HI-virion-structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HI-virion-structure.svg/240px-HI-virion-structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HI-virion-structure.svg/320px-HI-virion-structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">Human immunodeficiency virus</a></b> (HIV) is a <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">lentivirus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a> family. Two types of HIV have been characterised: HIV-1 is the more <a href="/wiki/Virulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Virulent">virulent</a> and is responsible for most infections worldwide; HIV-2 is mainly confined to West Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV#Genome_organization" title="Structure and genome of HIV">genome</a> consists of two copies of a single-stranded +RNA, which contains nine genes. The roughly spherical virus particle has a diameter of about 120 nm; it is <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">enveloped</a> and contains a conical <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> made of around 2,000 copies of the <a href="/wiki/P24_capsid_protein" title="P24 capsid protein">p24</a> protein. The envelope <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a>, a trimeric complex of <a href="/wiki/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120" title="Envelope glycoprotein GP120">gp120</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gp41" title="Gp41">gp41</a>, binds to <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a>, the primary <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> on the host cell. </p><p>Transmission occurs by the transfer of bodily fluids including <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal fluids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>, in which the virus is present both as free virus particles and within infected <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">immune cells</a>. HIV infects key cells in the human immune system including CD4<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>. Infection leads to low levels of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells via several mechanisms, resulting in a progressive immunodeficiency disease known as <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_virus" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected virus">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FDid_you_know%2F37&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Did_you_know?" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know.3F"></span>Did you know?</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erica_Schwartz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erica Schwartz in 2011"><img alt="Erica Schwartz in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erica_Schwartz.jpg/100px-Erica_Schwartz.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erica_Schwartz.jpg/150px-Erica_Schwartz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erica_Schwartz.jpg/200px-Erica_Schwartz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> </p> </div> <ul><li>...that <b><a href="/wiki/Erica_Schwartz" title="Erica Schwartz">Erica Schwartz</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> provided health protection guidance for the US military's response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Ebola virus epidemic">West Africa Ebola outbreak</a>?</li> <li>...that more than 3 million people have downloaded the <b><a href="/wiki/COVID_Symptom_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID Symptom Study">COVID Symptom Study</a></b> app in the UK and the US?</li> <li>...that the wild mushroom <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lactifluus_piperatus" title="Lactifluus piperatus">Lactifluus piperatus</a></b></i>, which oozes peppery milk when cut, has been used in the treatment of viral <a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">warts</a>?</li> <li>...that during the <b><a href="/wiki/1967_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">1967 outbreak</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Foot_and_mouth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot and mouth disease">foot and mouth disease</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, around 430,000 animals were slaughtered?</li> <li>...that <b><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Mboup" title="Souleymane Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</a></b> and his team discovered <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV#HIV-2" title="Subtypes of HIV"><span class="nowrap">HIV-2</span></a> in Senegal in 1985?</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Viruses/Did you know">More DYKs</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_biography%2F8&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Sanger"><img alt="Frederick Sanger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/130px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/195px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/260px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></b> (13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was a British <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a>, the only person to have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> twice. </p><p>He started to research <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> sequencing in the early 1960s. In 1975, he co-invented the "Plus and Minus" technique for <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequencing DNA</a>, which could sequence 80 nucleotides at once, a significant improvement on earlier techniques. Using this method, his group sequenced most of the 5,386 nucleotides of <a href="/wiki/Phi_X_174" title="Phi X 174">φX174</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> – the first virus and the first DNA <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> to be completely sequenced – and showed that some of its genes overlapped. In 1977, he and his group pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Sanger_sequencing" title="Sanger sequencing">Sanger (or dideoxy chain-termination) method</a> for sequencing DNA and used it to sequence the 48,502 bp <a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">bacteriophage λ</a>. His technique remained the most widely used sequencing method until the mid-2000s, and was used to generate the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">first human genome sequence</a>. Sanger is also known for <a href="/wiki/Protein_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein sequence">sequencing</a> bovine <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> to be sequenced. The <a href="/wiki/Sanger_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanger Institute">Sanger Institute</a> was named for him. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_biography" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected biography">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FCalendar%2FFebruary&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="In_this_month" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">In this month</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivanovsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dmitri Ivanovsky"><img alt="Dmitri Ivanovsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Ivanovsky.jpg/76px-Ivanovsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Ivanovsky.jpg/115px-Ivanovsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/26/Ivanovsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p><b>February 1939:</b> First virology journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Virology" title="Archives of Virology">Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung</a></i>, appeared </p><p><b>8 February 1951:</b> Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> cell line from a <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical carcinoma</a> biopsy, the first immortal human cell line </p><p><b>12 February 1892:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovsky" title="Dmitri Ivanovsky">Dmitri Ivanovsky</a> <i>(pictured)</i> demonstrated transmission of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic disease</a> by extracts filtered through <a href="/wiki/Chamberland_filter" title="Chamberland filter">Chamberland filters</a>; sometimes considered the beginning of virology </p><p><b>19 February 1966:</b> <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> disease <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(disease)" title="Kuru (disease)">kuru</a> shown to be transmissible </p><p><b>23 February 2018:</b> <a href="/wiki/Baloxavir_marboxil" title="Baloxavir marboxil">Baloxavir marboxil</a>, the first anti-<a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> agent to target the cap-dependent <a href="/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease">endonuclease</a> activity of the viral polymerase, approved in Japan </p><p><b>27 February 2005:</b> <a href="/wiki/H1N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> influenza strain resistant to <a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">oseltamivir</a> reported in a human patient </p><p><b>24 February 1977:</b> <a href="/wiki/Phi_X_174" title="Phi X 174">Phi X 174</a> sequenced by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Fred Sanger</a> and coworkers, the first virus and the first DNA genome to be sequenced </p><p><b>28 February 1998:</b> Publication of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a>'s <i>Lancet</i> paper, subsequently discredited, linking the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> with autism, which started the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="MMR vaccine controversy">MMR vaccine controversy</a> </p> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Calendar/Archive" title="Portal:Viruses/Calendar/Archive">More events</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FSelected_intervention%2F8&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_intervention" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected intervention</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of oseltamivir"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of oseltamivir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png/160px-Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png/240px-Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png/320px-Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="913" /></a></span> </p> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">Oseltamivir</a></b> (also <b>Tamiflu</b>) is an oral <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral drug</a> against <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> (flu). It was the second inhibitor of the viral <a href="/wiki/Viral_neuraminidase" title="Viral neuraminidase">neuraminidase</a> to be developed, after <a href="/wiki/Zanamivir" title="Zanamivir">zanamivir</a>, and the first to be taken as an oral tablet. It was originally synthesised from <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">shikimic acid</a> extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">star anise</a> plant. Oseltamivir is a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> that requires metabolism in the liver to the active form, oseltamivir carboxylate. This binds at the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> of the neuraminidase <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>, preventing it from cleaving <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acid</a> to release the virus particle from the host cell. Oseltamivir can reduce the duration of influenza symptoms by 0.5–1 days. Debate is ongoing about whether it also reduces the risk of complications, such as pneumonia. Nausea and vomiting are the main adverse events. Resistance to oseltamivir has been observed in some strains of influenza virus, especially <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N1">H1N1</a> strains. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Selected_intervention" title="Portal:Viruses/Selected intervention">Archive</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FCategories&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Subcategories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Subcategories</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p>Subcategories of <a href="/wiki/Category:Virology" title="Category:Virology">virology</a>: <br /> </p> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Virology" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virology" title="Category:Virology">Virology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Branches_of_virology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Branches_of_virology" title="Category:Branches of virology">Branches of virology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Viruses" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Viruses" title="Category:Viruses">Viruses</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Diagnostic_virology" title="Category:Diagnostic virology">Diagnostic virology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Viral_diseases" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Viral_diseases" title="Category:Viral diseases">Viral diseases</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Viral_genes" title="Category:Viral genes">Viral genes</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_of_virology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_virology" title="Category:History of virology">History of virology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Virology_journals" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virology_journals" title="Category:Virology journals">Virology journals</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Viral_life_cycle" title="Category:Viral life cycle">Viral life cycle</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Virology_organizations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virology_organizations" title="Category:Virology organizations">Virology organizations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Viral_proteins" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Viral_proteins" title="Category:Viral proteins">Viral proteins</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Satellite_viruses" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellite_viruses" title="Category:Satellite viruses">Satellite viruses</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Slow_virus_diseases" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Slow_virus_diseases" title="Category:Slow virus diseases">Slow virus diseases</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Subviral_agents" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Subviral_agents" title="Category:Subviral agents">Subviral agents</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Viroids" title="Category:Viroids">Viroids</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Virologists" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virologists" title="Category:Virologists">Virologists</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Virotherapy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virotherapy" title="Category:Virotherapy">Virotherapy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div 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style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">Viral disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_viral_infections" title="Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections">Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">Viral load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_quantification" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral quantification">Viral quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotropic_virus" title="Neurotropic virus">Neurotropic virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="History of viruses">History of viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="I:_dsDNA_viruses41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">I: <a href="/wiki/DsDNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA virus">dsDNA viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caudovirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudovirales">Caudovirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myoviridae" title="Myoviridae">Myoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podoviridae" title="Podoviridae">Podoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siphoviridae" title="Siphoviridae">Siphoviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales">Herpesvirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alloherpesviridae" title="Alloherpesviridae">Alloherpesviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malacoherpesviridae" title="Malacoherpesviridae">Malacoherpesviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ligamenvirales" title="Ligamenvirales">Ligamenvirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipothrixviridae" title="Lipothrixviridae">Lipothrixviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudiviridae" title="Rudiviridae">Rudiviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleocytoplasmic_large_DNA_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses">NLCDV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Ascoviridae" title="Ascoviridae">Ascoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfarviridae" title="Asfarviridae">Asfarviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iridoviridae" title="Iridoviridae">Iridoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marseilleviridae" title="Marseilleviridae">Marseilleviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimiviridae" title="Mimiviridae">Mimiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phycodnaviridae" title="Phycodnaviridae">Phycodnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i>nonenveloped:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">Papillomaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papovavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papovavirus">Papovaviridae</a></i> (obsolete)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polyomaviridae" title="Polyomaviridae">Polyomaviridae</a></i></li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baculoviridae" title="Baculoviridae">Baculoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corticoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticoviridae">Corticoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hytrosaviridae" title="Hytrosaviridae">Hytrosaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimaviridae">Nimaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nudiviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudiviridae">Nudiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerolipoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphaerolipoviridae">Sphaerolipoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tectivirus" title="Tectivirus">Tectiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turriviridae" title="Turriviridae">Turriviridae</a></i></li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Salterprovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Salterprovirus">Salterprovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="II:_ssDNA_viruses41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">II: <a href="/wiki/SsDNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="SsDNA virus">ssDNA viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidnaviridae">Bidnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circoviridae" title="Circoviridae">Circoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geminiviridae" title="Geminiviridae">Geminiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Inoviridae">Inoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microviridae" title="Microviridae">Microviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanoviridae" title="Nanoviridae">Nanoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvoviridae" title="Parvoviridae">Parvoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bacilladnavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacilladnavirus">Bacilladnavirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="III:_dsRNA_viruses209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">III: <a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_viruses" title="Double-stranded RNA viruses">dsRNA viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amalgaviridae" title="Amalgaviridae">Amalgaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birnaviridae" title="Birnaviridae">Birnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysoviridae" title="Chrysoviridae">Chrysoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cystoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystoviridae">Cystoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endornaviridae" title="Endornaviridae">Endornaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoviridae">Hypoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megabirnaviridae" title="Megabirnaviridae">Megabirnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partitiviridae" title="Partitiviridae">Partitiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picobirnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobirnaviridae">Picobirnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadriviridae" title="Quadriviridae">Quadriviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Totiviridae" title="Totiviridae">Totiviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IV:_(+)ssRNA_viruses_(primarily_icosahedral)209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IV: <a href="/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive-sense ssRNA virus">(+)ssRNA viruses</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Icosahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Icosahedral">icosahedral</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nidovirales" title="Nidovirales">Nidovirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arterivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterivirus">Arteriviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesoniviridae" title="Mesoniviridae">Mesoniviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roniviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roniviridae">Roniviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Picornavirales" title="Picornavirales">Picornavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Comoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Comoviridae">Comoviridae</a></i> (obsolete)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicistroviridae" title="Dicistroviridae">Dicistroviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iflaviridae" title="Iflaviridae">Iflaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marnaviridae" title="Marnaviridae">Marnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picornavirus" title="Picornavirus">Picornaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secoviridae" title="Secoviridae">Secoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequiviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequiviridae">Sequiviridae</a></i> (obsolete)</li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillarnavirus" title="Bacillarnavirus">Bacillarnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labyrnavirus" title="Labyrnavirus">Labyrnavirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tymovirales" title="Tymovirales">Tymovirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphaflexiviridae" title="Alphaflexiviridae">Alphaflexiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betaflexiviridae" title="Betaflexiviridae">Betaflexiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gammaflexiviridae" title="Gammaflexiviridae">Gammaflexiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tymoviridae" title="Tymoviridae">Tymoviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphatetraviridae" title="Alphatetraviridae">Alphatetraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alvernaviridae" title="Alvernaviridae">Alvernaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astroviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astroviridae">Astroviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnaviridae" title="Barnaviridae">Barnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benyviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Benyviridae">Benyviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bromoviridae" title="Bromoviridae">Bromoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caliciviridae" title="Caliciviridae">Caliciviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmotetraviridae" title="Carmotetraviridae">Carmotetraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Closteroviridae" title="Closteroviridae">Closteroviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hepeviridae" title="Hepeviridae">Hepeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviviridae">Leviviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luteoviridae" title="Luteoviridae">Luteoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Narnaviridae">Narnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodaviridae" title="Nodaviridae">Nodaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Permutotetraviridae" title="Permutotetraviridae">Permutotetraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potyviridae" title="Potyviridae">Potyviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Togaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaviridae">Togaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tombusviridae" title="Tombusviridae">Tombusviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgaviridae" title="Virgaviridae">Virgaviridae</a></i></li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cilevirus" title="Cilevirus">Cilevirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higrevirus" title="Higrevirus">Higrevirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idaeovirus" title="Idaeovirus">Idaeovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ourmiavirus" title="Ourmiavirus">Ourmiavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polemovirus" title="Polemovirus">Polemovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sobemovirus" title="Sobemovirus">Sobemovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="V:_(-)ssRNA_viruses_(primarily_helical)209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">V: <a href="/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative-sense ssRNA virus">(-)ssRNA viruses</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helical</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mononegavirales" title="Mononegavirales">Mononegavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bornavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornavirus">Bornaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyamiviridae" title="Nyamiviridae">Nyamiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arenavirus" title="Arenavirus">Arenaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunyaviridae">Bunyaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophioviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioviridae">Ophioviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i></li> <li><b>genera</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Deltavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltavirus">Deltavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emaravirus" title="Emaravirus">Emaravirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenuivirus" title="Tenuivirus">Tenuivirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varicosavirus" title="Varicosavirus">Varicosavirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="VI:_ssRNA-RT_viruses49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">VI: <a href="/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="SsRNA-RT virus">ssRNA-RT viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaviridae" title="Metaviridae">Metaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoviridae" title="Pseudoviridae">Pseudoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retroviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroviridae">Retroviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="VII:_dsDNA-RT_viruses49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">VII: <a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caulimoviridae" title="Caulimoviridae">Caulimoviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hepadnaviridae" title="Hepadnaviridae">Hepadnaviridae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div class="portal-column-left"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FOpentask&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Things_to_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things to do</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:Viruses" title="Portal talk:Viruses">Comment</a></b> on what you like and dislike about this portal</li> <li>Join the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Viruses" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses">Viruses WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b>Tag articles</b> on viruses and virology with the <a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Viruses" title="Template:WikiProject Viruses">project banner</a> by adding {{WikiProject Viruses}} to the talk page</li> <li>Assess <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unassessed_virus_articles" title="Category:Unassessed virus articles">unassessed articles</a></b> against the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Viruses/Guidelines#Review_and_assessment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses/Guidelines">project standards</a></li> <li>Create <b>requested pages:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_virus_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of virus species">red-linked viruses</a> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_genera_of_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of genera of viruses">red-linked virus genera</a></li> <li><b>Expand a <a href="/wiki/Category:Virus_stubs" title="Category:Virus stubs">virus stub</a></b> into a full article, adding images, citations, references and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Viruses/Templates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses/Templates">taxoboxes</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Viruses/Guidelines#Article_mechanics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses/Guidelines">project guidelines</a></li> <li>Create a new article (or expand an old one 5-fold) and nominate it for the <b>main page <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Did_you_know" title="Wikipedia:Did you know">Did You Know?</a></b> section</li> <li>Improve a <a href="/wiki/Category:B-Class_virus_articles" title="Category:B-Class virus articles">B-class article</a> and nominate it for <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="Wikipedia:Good articles">Good Article</a><span title="Good article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Good article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/16px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/24px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/32px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></span> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">Featured Article</a><span title="Featured article"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></span> status</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses/Suggest" title="Portal:Viruses/Suggest">Suggest articles, pictures, interesting facts, events and news</a></b> to be featured here on the portal</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div class="portal-column-right"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AViruses%2FProjects&action=edit"><span style="color:White">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="WikiProjects_&_Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="WikiProjects_.26_Portals"></span>WikiProjects & Portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/80px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/120px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/160px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1739" /></a></span> <big><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Viruses" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses">WikiProject Viruses</a></b></big><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <b>Related WikiProjects</b><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Medicine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Microbiology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Microbiology">Microbiology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Molecular_and_Cell_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology">Molecular & Cellular Biology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Veterinary_medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Veterinary medicine">Veterinary Medicine</a> </p> <b>Related Portals</b><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/27px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/41px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/54px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/10px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/21px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/23px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/36px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/47px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg/14px-Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg/21px-Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg/28px-Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="3871" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pandemics" title="Portal:Pandemics">Pandemics</a></li></ul></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:White;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#4c7b97;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:White;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:White;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Viruses" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Viruses">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Viruses">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Viruses">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Viruses">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Viruses">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Viruses">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/53px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/70px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Viruses">Wikispecies</a></span><br />Directory of species</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Viruses" class="extiw" 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