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title="Bluesky"><span class="visuallyhidden">Bluesky</span></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="main wrap cf"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-8 main-content"> <article id="post-13032" class="post-13032 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-features category-highlights tag-black-holes tag-dark-matter tag-microlensing title-above" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <header class="post-header cf"> <div class="heading cf"> <h1 class="post-title item fn" itemprop="name"> How Much of Dark Matter Is Made Up of Tiny Black Holes? </h1>  </div> <div class="post-meta cf"> <span class="posted-by">By <span class="reviewer" itemprop="author"><a href="https://aasnova.org/person/kerry-hensley/" title="Kerry Hensley">Kerry Hensley</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on">on <span class="dtreviewed"> <time class="value-title" datetime="2024-11-22T12:00:41-05:00" title="2024-11-22" itemprop="datePublished">22 November 2024</time> </span> </span> <span class="subcat">Features</span> <span class="cats"> <div class="post-share"> <span class="text">Share:</span> <span class="share-links">  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fhow-much-of-dark-matter-is-made-up-of-tiny-black-holes%2F" class="fa fa-twitter" title="Tweet It"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Twitter</span></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fhow-much-of-dark-matter-is-made-up-of-tiny-black-holes%2F" class="fa fa-facebook" title="Share on Facebook"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Facebook</span></a> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fhow-much-of-dark-matter-is-made-up-of-tiny-black-holes%2F" class="fa fa-linkedin" title="Share on LinkedIn"> <span class="visuallyhidden">LinkedIn</span></a> <a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fhow-much-of-dark-matter-is-made-up-of-tiny-black-holes%2F" class="fa fa-google-plus" title="Share on Google+"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Google+</span></a> <a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fhow-much-of-dark-matter-is-made-up-of-tiny-black-holes%2F" class="fa fa-reddit" title="Share on Reddit"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Reddit</span></a> <a href="mailto:?subject=How%20Much%20of%20Dark%20Matter%20Is%20Made%20Up%20of%20Tiny%20Black%20Holes%3F&body=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fhow-much-of-dark-matter-is-made-up-of-tiny-black-holes%2F" class="fa fa-envelope-o" title="Share via Email"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Email</span></a> </span> </div> </span> </div> <div class="featured"> <a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/heic2210a.jpg" title="How Much of Dark Matter Is Made Up of Tiny Black Holes?" itemprop="image"> <img width="702" height="336" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/heic2210a-702x336.jpg" class="attachment-main-slider size-main-slider wp-post-image" alt="illustration of a black hole floating through space" title="How Much of Dark Matter Is Made Up of Tiny Black Holes?" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/heic2210a-702x336.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/heic2210a-1078x516.jpg 1078w" sizes="(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px" /> </a> <div class="caption">An illustration of a black hole floating through space, warping the light from stars and gas behind the black hole. [<a href="https://esahubble.org/images/heic2210a/">ESA/Hubble, Digitized Sky Survey, Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org), N. Bartmann</a>; <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a>]</div> </div> </header> <div class="post-container cf"> <div class="post-content-right"> <div class="post-content description " itemprop="articleBody"> <p>Could dark matter — the mysterious substance that makes up 85% of the mass of the universe — partially be black holes the size of planets? New research looks to the Milky Way’s neighbors for an answer.</p> <h4>Rogue Planets or Tiny Black Holes?</h4> <div id="attachment_13041" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-0" data-rl_title="Schematic of a black hole lensing the light from a background star as the black hole passes in front of the star from the vantage point of an observer on Earth. [NASA/ESA; CC BY 4.0]" data-rl_caption="Schematic of a black hole lensing the light from a background star as the black hole passes in front of the star from the vantage point of an observer on Earth. [NASA/ESA; CC BY 4.0]" title="Schematic of a black hole lensing the light from a background star as the black hole passes in front of the star from the vantage point of an observer on Earth. [NASA/ESA; CC BY 4.0]"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13041" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-13041" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e-260x291.jpg" alt="schematic of a gravitational microlensing event involving a black hole" width="260" height="291" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e-260x291.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e-702x786.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e-768x860.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e-600x672.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/opo0003e.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-13041" class="wp-caption-text">Schematic of a black hole lensing the light from a background star as the black hole passes in front of the star from the vantage point of an observer on Earth. Click to enlarge. [<a href="https://esahubble.org/images/opo0003e/">NASA/ESA</a>; <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a>]</p></div>Free-floating exoplanets and black holes once roamed the galaxy undetected. With the development of sensitive telescopes and attentive surveys, these objects are now revealed through <em>gravitational microlensing</em>. Microlensing surveys look for the short-lived increase in brightness caused by a foreground object passing in front of a background star and lensing, or focusing, the star’s light.</p> <p>Thanks to surveys like the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), researchers have identified thousands of microlensing events. Most of these events are due to stars, brown dwarfs, and stellar remnants, but a small number seem to arise from objects the size of planets. While the majority of astronomers attribute these signals to free-floating exoplanets unmoored from their host stars, others have proposed a more speculative cause: primordial planet-sized black holes. Primordial black holes are theorized to have formed early in the universe when dense regions collapsed directly into black holes without forming stars first.</p> <p>Previous research has suggested that if the observed microlensing signals are due to primordial planet-mass black holes rather than planets, as much as 10% of the mass attributed to dark matter is made up of tiny, ancient black holes. It’s an enticing theory, but a highly speculative one — how can we tell if the microlensing signals come from planets or planet-sized black holes?</p> <h4>OGLEing Microlensing Events</h4> <p>In their recent research article, Przemek Mróz (University of Warsaw) and collaborators showed that answering this question is all about looking in the right place. In the Milky Way’s disk and bulge, where stars and planets are common, it’s impossible to distinguish between microlensing signals from planets and planet-sized black holes. Away from these heavily populated areas, interference from stellar and planetary signals should be minimal, and microlensing signals could reveal primordial planet-mass black holes — should they exist — floating through the Milky Way’s dark-matter halo.</p> <div id="attachment_13043" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-1" data-rl_title="The survey's search area overlaid on images of the Large (left) and Small (right) Magellanic Clouds. [Mróz et al. 2024]" data-rl_caption="The survey's search area overlaid on images of the Large (left) and Small (right) Magellanic Clouds. [Mróz et al. 2024]" title="The survey's search area overlaid on images of the Large (left) and Small (right) Magellanic Clouds. [Mróz et al. 2024]"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13043" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-13043" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr-260x130.jpg" alt="microlensing survey search area in the Magellanic Clouds" width="260" height="130" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr-260x130.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr-702x351.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr-768x385.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr-600x300.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr-1320x661.jpg 1320w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f2_hr.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-13043" class="wp-caption-text">The survey’s search area overlaid on images of the Large (left) and Small (right) Magellanic Clouds. [Mróz et al. 2024]</p></div>From October 2022 to May 2024, Mróz’s team carried out the OGLE High-cadence Magellanic Clouds Survey, peering through the Milky Way’s sparsely populated halo toward the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, two of the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies.</p> <p>The resulting dataset included 17.6 million light curves from stars in the Magellanic Clouds, which the team whittled down using several criteria. First, they required that the light curves show an increase in brightness but be otherwise steady, eliminating variable stars and reducing the dataset to 2,538 light curves. Then, they removed false positives and light curves affected by imaging artifacts, leaving 308 light curves. Finally, they eliminated all light curves that weren’t fit well by a microlensing model — leaving just two possible microlensing events.</p> <h4>And Then There Was One</h4> <div id="attachment_13042" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-2" data-rl_title="The two microlensing candidates found in the authors' survey. The top plot shows what is likely a bona fide microlensing signal, while the bottom plot shows what the authors believe is a stellar flare. [Mróz et al. 2024]" data-rl_caption="The two microlensing candidates found in the authors' survey. The top plot shows what is likely a bona fide microlensing signal, while the bottom plot shows what the authors believe is a stellar flare. [Mróz et al. 2024]" title="The two microlensing candidates found in the authors' survey. The top plot shows what is likely a bona fide microlensing signal, while the bottom plot shows what the authors believe is a stellar flare. [Mróz et al. 2024]"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13042" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-13042" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr-260x336.jpg" alt="plots of candidate microlensing signals" width="260" height="336" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr-260x336.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr-702x908.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr-768x993.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr-600x776.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad8e68f3_hr.jpg 1021w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-13042" class="wp-caption-text">The two microlensing candidates found in the authors’ survey. The top plot shows what is likely a bona fide microlensing signal, while the bottom plot shows what the authors believe is a stellar flare. [Mróz et al. 2024]</p></div>A close inspection of the remaining two candidates revealed that only one was likely to be a genuine microlensing event; the other appeared to be an interloping Milky Way star emitting a flare. The detection of just a single microlensing event in this expansive survey strongly limits the number of primordial planet-mass black holes in the Milky Way and, by extension, the contribution of these black holes to the overall mass of dark matter.</p> <p>Extrapolating from their observations, Mróz’s team calculated that primordial planet-mass black holes — between roughly half the mass of the Moon up to the dividing line between planets and brown dwarfs — can make up at most just 1% of all dark matter. This in turn suggests that the microlensing signals previously attributed to primordial planet-mass black holes are instead due to the more mundane (though still fascinating) population of exoplanets without host stars.</p> <h4>Citation</h4> <p>“Limits on Planetary-Mass Primordial Black Holes from the OGLE High-Cadence Survey of the Magellanic Clouds,” Przemek Mróz et al 2024 <em>ApJL</em> <b>976</b> L19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad8e68">doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad8e68</a></p> <div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/black-holes/" rel="tag">black holes</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/dark-matter/" rel="tag">dark matter</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/microlensing/" rel="tag">microlensing</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="comments"> <div id="comments"> <p class="nocomments"></p> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-4 sidebar"> <ul> <li id="bunyad-related-posts-widget-2" class="widget related-posts"> <h3 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