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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of human awareness of NEOs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_human_awareness_of_NEOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encounters_with_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounters_with_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Encounters with Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounters_with_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Close_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Close approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth-grazers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth-grazers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Earth-grazers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth-grazers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Risk scales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highly_rated_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highly_rated_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Highly rated risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highly_rated_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects_to_minimize_the_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects_to_minimize_the_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Projects to minimize the threat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projects_to_minimize_the_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Number and classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Number_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Number and classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Number_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observational_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Observational biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observational_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near-Earth_asteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-Earth_asteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Near-Earth asteroids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-Earth_asteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Size distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Orbital classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-orbital_asteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-orbital_asteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Co-orbital asteroids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-orbital_asteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteoroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteoroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Meteoroids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteoroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near-Earth_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-Earth_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Near-Earth comets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-Earth_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_near-Earth_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_near-Earth_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Artificial near-Earth objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_near-Earth_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploratory_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploratory_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Exploratory missions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploratory_missions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exploratory missions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exploratory_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missions_to_NEAs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_to_NEAs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Missions to NEAs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_to_NEAs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asteroid_deflection_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_deflection_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Asteroid deflection tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_deflection_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Space mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_to_NECs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_to_NECs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Missions to NECs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_to_NECs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Near-Earth object</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabyaardevoorwerp" title="Nabyaardevoorwerp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nabyaardevoorwerp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="أجرام قريبة من الأرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أجرام قريبة من الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Калязямны аб’ект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калязямны аб’ект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Близкоземни астрономически обекти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Близкоземни астрономически обекти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadnohes_Objekt" title="Eadnohes Objekt – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eadnohes Objekt" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecte_proper_a_la_Terra" title="Objecte proper a la Terra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Objecte proper a la Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdnahes_Objekt" title="Erdnahes Objekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdnahes Objekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Γεωπλήσια αντικείμενα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωπλήσια αντικείμενα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objeto_pr%C3%B3ximo_a_la_Tierra" title="Objeto próximo a la Tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Objeto próximo a la Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apud-tera_objekto" title="Apud-tera objekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apud-tera objekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurretik_gertuko_objektu" title="Lurretik gertuko objektu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurretik gertuko objektu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جرم نزدیک به زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرم نزدیک به زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objet_g%C3%A9ocroiseur" title="Objet géocroiseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Objet géocroiseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ad_neas-Domhanda" title="Réad neas-Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réad neas-Domhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4" title="근지구 천체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근지구 천체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="पृथ्वी-समीप वस्तु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी-समीप वस्तु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objek_dekat_Bumi" title="Objek dekat Bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Objek dekat Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oggetto_near-Earth" title="Oggetto near-Earth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oggetto near-Earth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="גופים קרובי ארץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גופים קרובי ארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiolwa_cha_kukaribia_Dunia" title="Kiolwa cha kukaribia Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiolwa cha kukaribia Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erdnoen_Objet" title="Äerdnoen Objet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdnoen Objet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldk%C3%B6zeli_objektum" title="Földközeli objektum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földközeli objektum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Близуземски тела – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Близуземски тела" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objek_dekat_Bumi" title="Objek dekat Bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Objek dekat Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BF%91%E5%82%8D%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93" title="地球近傍天体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球近傍天体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordn%C3%A6re_objekt" title="Jordnære objekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordnære objekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%96%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ځمکې ته نږدې جسم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکې ته نږدې جسم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiekty_bliskie_Ziemi" title="Obiekty bliskie Ziemi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obiekty bliskie Ziemi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetos_pr%C3%B3ximos_da_Terra" title="Objetos próximos da Terra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Objetos próximos da Terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiecte_din_apropierea_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Obiecte din apropierea Pământului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obiecte din apropierea Pământului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Околоземный объект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Околоземный объект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Near-Earth object" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="تەنەکانی نزیک زەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#F4C430;">Near-Earth object</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroid2006DP14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Asteroid2006DP14.jpg/145px-Asteroid2006DP14.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Asteroid2006DP14.jpg/218px-Asteroid2006DP14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Asteroid2006DP14.jpg/290px-Asteroid2006DP14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="338" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Radar image of <a href="/wiki/(388188)_2006_DP14" title="(388188) 2006 DP14">(388188) 2006 DP14</a> recorded by a <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">DSN</a> antenna</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg/139px-The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg/209px-The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg/278px-The_VLT_images_the_very_faint_Near-Earth_Object_2009_FD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="754" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Very faint near-Earth asteroid <a href="/wiki/2009_FD" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 FD">2009 FD</a> as seen by the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a> telescope</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Hartley_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Comet_Hartley_2.jpg/288px-Comet_Hartley_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Comet_Hartley_2.jpg/432px-Comet_Hartley_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Comet_Hartley_2.jpg/576px-Comet_Hartley_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1171" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nucleus of near-Earth comet <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a> as seen by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> probe</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System body</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Found</th><td class="infobox-data">within 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">External links</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Near-Earth_objects" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Near-Earth objects">Media category</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/22px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/33px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/44px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265392" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q265392">Q265392</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:#de2821"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#de2821"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#de2821"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3535.8339851231px; border-left-color:#f7c35a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#f7c35a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#f7c35a"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 172.78695997079px; border-left-color:#66CCFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#66CCFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#66CCFF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:39.599429288701px 91.825297168096px 0 0; border-top-color:#009a39"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#009a39"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 34,000+ known NEOs, divided into several orbital subgroups<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollos</a>: 19,613 (56.48%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amors</a>: 12,213 (35.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Atens</a>: 2,744 (7.90%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a>: 122 (0.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Atira_asteroid" title="Atira asteroid">Atiras</a>: 33 (0.10%)</div> </div> </div></div> A near-Earth object (NEO) is any <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small Solar System body</a> orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> whose closest approach to the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a>) is less than 1.3 times the Earth–Sun distance (<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>, AU).<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a> This definition applies to the object's orbit around the Sun, rather than its current position, thus an object with such an orbit is considered an NEO even at times when it is far from making a close approach of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. If an NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's orbit, and the object is larger than 140 meters (460 ft) across, it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous object</a> (PHO).<a href="#cite_note-CHAPMAN04-3">[3]</a> Most known PHOs and NEOs are <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, but about 0.35% are <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> There are over 34,000 known <a href="#Near-Earth_asteroids">near-Earth asteroids</a> (NEAs) and over 120 known short-period <a href="#Near-Earth_comets">near-Earth comets</a> (NECs).<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> A number of solar-orbiting <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a> were large enough to be tracked in space before striking Earth. It is now widely accepted that collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-BROWN02-4">[4]</a> Asteroids as small as 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter can cause significant damage to the local environment and human populations.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Larger asteroids penetrate the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth, producing craters if they impact a continent or <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> if they impact the sea. Interest in NEOs has increased since the 1980s because of greater awareness of this risk. <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a> by deflection is possible in principle, and methods of mitigation are being researched.<a href="#cite_note-tsr20120514-6">[6]</a> Two scales, the simple <a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a> and the more complex <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo scale</a>, rate the risk presented by an identified NEO based on the probability of it impacting the Earth and on how severe the consequences of such an impact would be. Some NEOs have had temporarily positive Torino or Palermo scale ratings after their discovery. Since 1998, the United States, the European Union, and other nations have been scanning the sky for NEOs in an effort called <a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spaceguard-2004-7">[7]</a> The initial US Congress mandate to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to catalog at least 90% of NEOs that are at least 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in diameter, sufficient to cause a global catastrophe, was met by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-pia14734-8">[8]</a> In later years, the survey effort was expanded<a href="#cite_note-law-109-155-9">[9]</a> to include smaller objects<a href="#cite_note-ETech-10">[10]</a> which have the potential for large-scale, though not global, damage. NEOs have low surface gravity, and many have Earth-like orbits that make them easy targets for spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-NEA-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired20130323-12">[12]</a> As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, five near-Earth comets<a href="#cite_note-TaskForceReport-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeepImpactHartley-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsci20160930-15">[15]</a> and six near-Earth asteroids,<a href="#cite_note-Eros-NEAR-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toutatis-Change-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spacecom-Hayabusa2-2019-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-space-osiris-overview-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA220927-20">[20]</a> one of them with a moon,<a href="#cite_note-NASA220927-20">[20]</a> have been visited by spacecraft. Samples of three have been returned to Earth,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Hayabusa2-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-space-osiris-sample-22">[22]</a> and one successful deflection test was conducted.<a href="#cite_note-NASA221215-23">[23]</a> Similar missions are in progress. Preliminary plans for commercial <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">asteroid mining</a> have been drafted by private startup companies, but few of these plans were pursued.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes210831-24">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png/220px-Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png/330px-Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png/440px-Potentially_Hazardous_Asteroids_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Plot of orbits of known <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous asteroids</a> (size over 140 m (460 ft) and passing within 7.6×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 km (4.7×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 mi) of Earth's orbit) as of early 2013 (<a href="/wiki/File:PIA17041-Orbits-PotentiallyHazardousAsteroids-Early2013.jpg" title="File:PIA17041-Orbits-PotentiallyHazardousAsteroids-Early2013.jpg">alternate image</a>)</figcaption></figure> Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are formally defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) as all <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small Solar System bodies</a> with orbits around the Sun that are at least partially closer than 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU; Sun–Earth distance) from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-NEOs-25">[25]</a> This definition excludes larger bodies such as <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> which orbit bodies other than the Sun, like Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; and artificial bodies orbiting the Sun. A small Solar System body can be an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>, thus an NEO is either a near-Earth asteroid (NEA) or a near-Earth comet (NEC). The organisations cataloging NEOs further limit their definition of NEO to objects with an orbital period under 200 years, a restriction that applies to comets in particular,<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEOCC-DA-26">[26]</a> but this approach is not universal.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-NEOs-25">[25]</a> Some authors further restrict the definition to orbits that are at least partly further than 0.983 AU away from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> NEOs are thus not necessarily currently near the Earth, but they can potentially approach the Earth relatively closely. Many NEOs have complex orbits due to constant perturbation by the Earth's gravity, and some of them can temporarily change from an orbit around the Sun to one around the Earth, but the term is applied flexibly for these objects, too.<a href="#cite_note-ST111230-29">[29]</a> The orbits of some NEOs intersect that of the Earth, so they pose a collision danger.<a href="#cite_note-CHAPMAN04-3">[3]</a> These are considered <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous objects</a> (PHOs) if their estimated diameter is above 140 meters. PHOs include potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).<a href="#cite_note-MPC-PHA-list-30">[30]</a> PHAs are defined based on two parameters relating to respectively their potential to approach the Earth dangerously closely and the estimated consequences that an impact would have if it occurs.<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a> Objects with both an Earth <a href="/wiki/Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance" title="Minimum orbit intersection distance">minimum orbit intersection distance</a> (MOID) of 0.05 AU or less and an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> of 22.0 or brighter (a rough indicator of large size) are considered PHAs. Objects that either cannot approach closer to the Earth than 0.05 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (7,500,000 km; 4,600,000 mi), or which are fainter than H = 22.0 (about 140 m (460 ft) in diameter with assumed <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of 14%), are not considered PHAs.<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_human_awareness_of_NEOs">History of human awareness of NEOs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of human awareness of NEOs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png/220px-PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png/330px-PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png/440px-PSM_V76_D020_Path_of_halley_comet.png 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>1910 drawing of the path of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros_-_PIA02923_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/220px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/330px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/440px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>The near-Earth asteroid <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> as seen by the probe <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></figcaption></figure> The first near-Earth objects to be observed by humans were comets. Their extraterrestrial nature was recognised and confirmed only after <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> tried to measure the distance of a comet through its <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> in 1577 and the lower limit he obtained was well above the Earth diameter; the periodicity of some comets was first recognised in 1705, when <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> published his orbit calculations for the returning object now known as <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halley-synopsis-31">[31]</a> The 1758–1759 return of Halley's Comet was the first comet appearance predicted.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The extraterrestrial origin of <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteors</a> (shooting stars) was only recognised on the basis of the analysis of the 1833 <a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">Leonid meteor shower</a> by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Denison_Olmsted" title="Denison Olmsted">Denison Olmsted</a>. The 33-year period of the Leonids led astronomers to suspect that they originate from a comet that would today be classified as an NEO, which was confirmed in 1867, when astronomers found that the newly discovered comet <a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a> has the same orbit as the Leonids.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The first near-Earth asteroid to be discovered was <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Scholl-34">[34]</a> The asteroid was subject to several extensive observation campaigns, primarily because measurements of its orbit enabled a precise determination of the then imperfectly known distance of the Earth from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounters_with_Earth">Encounters with Earth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Encounters with Earth">edit</a>]</div> If a near-Earth object is near the part of its orbit closest to Earth's at the same time Earth is at the part of its orbit closest to the near-Earth object's orbit, the object has a close approach, or, if the orbits intersect, could even impact the Earth or its atmosphere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close_approaches">Close approaches</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Close approaches">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">List of asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></div> As of May 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, only 23 comets have been observed to pass within 0.1 AU (15,000,000 km; 9,300,000 mi) of Earth, including 10 which are or have been short-period comets.<a href="#cite_note-closest-NEC-36">[36]</a> Two of these near-Earth comets, Halley's Comet and <a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a>, have been observed during multiple close approaches.<a href="#cite_note-closest-NEC-36">[36]</a> The closest observed approach was 0.0151 AU (5.88 LD) for <a href="/wiki/Lexell%27s_Comet" title="Lexell's Comet">Lexell's Comet</a> on July 1, 1770.<a href="#cite_note-closest-NEC-36">[36]</a> After an orbit change due to a close approach of Jupiter in 1779, this object is no longer an NEC. The closest approach ever observed for a current short-period NEC is 0.0229 AU (8.92 LD) for <a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">Comet Tempel–Tuttle</a> in 1366.<a href="#cite_note-closest-NEC-36">[36]</a> Orbital calculations show that <a href="/wiki/P/1999_J6_(SOHO)" class="mw-redirect" title="P/1999 J6 (SOHO)">P/1999 J6 (SOHO)</a>, a faint <a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">sungrazing comet</a> and confirmed short-period NEC observed only during its close approaches to the Sun,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> passed Earth undetected at a distance of 0.0120 AU (4.65 LD) on June 12, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 1937, 800 m (2,600 ft) asteroid <a href="/wiki/69230_Hermes" title="69230 Hermes">69230 Hermes</a> was discovered when it passed the Earth at twice the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance" title="Lunar distance">distance of the Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadarHermes-39">[39]</a> On June 14, 1968, the 1.4 km (0.87 mi) diameter asteroid <a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a> passed Earth at a distance of 0.042 AU (6,300,000 km), or 16 times the distance of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-close-40">[40]</a> During this approach, Icarus became the first minor planet to be observed using <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pettengill-1969-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-1968-42">[42]</a> This was the first close approach predicted years in advance, since Icarus had been discovered in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Marsden1998-43">[43]</a> The first near-Earth asteroid known to have passed Earth closer than the distance of the Moon was <a href="/wiki/1991_BA" title="1991 BA">1991 BA</a>, a 5–10 m (16–33 ft) body which passed at a distance of 170,000 km (110,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> By the 2010s, each year, several mostly small NEOs pass Earth closer than the distance of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-closest-NEA-45">[45]</a> As astronomers became able to discover ever smaller and fainter and ever more numerous near-Earth objects, they began to routinely observe and catalogue close approaches.<a href="#cite_note-closest-NEA-45">[45]</a> As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, the closest approach without impact ever detected, other than <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fireball_(meteor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireball (meteor)">fireballs</a> that went through the atmosphere (see <a href="#Earth-grazers">#Earth-grazers</a> below), was an encounter with asteroid <a href="/wiki/2020_VT4" title="2020 VT4">2020 VT4</a> on November 14, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-NEO-close-46">[46]</a> The 5–11 m (16–36 ft) NEA was detected receding from Earth; calculations showed that on the day before, it had a close approach at about 6,750 km (4,190 mi) from the Earth's centre, or about 380 km (240 mi) above its surface.<a href="#cite_note-EarthSky-47">[47]</a> On November 8, 2011, asteroid <a href="/wiki/(308635)_2005_YU55" title="(308635) 2005 YU55">(308635) 2005 YU55</a>, relatively large at about 400 m (1,300 ft) in diameter, passed within 324,930 km (201,900 mi) (0.845 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance" title="Lunar distance">lunar distances</a>) of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On February 15, 2013, the 30 m (98 ft) asteroid <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a> (2012 DA14) passed approximately 27,700 km (17,200 mi) above the surface of Earth, closer than satellites in geosynchronous orbit.<a href="#cite_note-Duende-BBC-49">[49]</a> The asteroid was not visible to the unaided eye. This was the first sub-lunar close passage of an object discovered during a previous passage, and was thus the first to be predicted well in advance.<a href="#cite_note-Duende-predict-50">[50]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2258px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram showing spacecraft and asteroids (past and future) between the Earth and the Moon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg/2250px-Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="2250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg/3375px-Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg/4500px-Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="756" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg" title="File:Objects between earth and moon.jpg"> </a></div>Diagram showing spacecraft and asteroids (past and future) between the Earth and the Moon</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth-grazers">Earth-grazers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Earth-grazers">edit</a>]</div> Some small asteroids that enter the upper atmosphere of Earth at a shallow angle remain intact and leave the atmosphere again, continuing on a solar orbit. During the passage through the atmosphere, due to the burning of its surface, such an object can be observed as an <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a>. On August 10, 1972, a meteor that became known as the <a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">1972 Great Daylight Fireball</a> was witnessed by many people and even filmed as it moved north over the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> from the U.S. Southwest to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> It passed within 58 km (36 mi) of the Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On October 13, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">Earth-grazing meteoroid EN131090</a> was observed above Czechoslovakia and Poland, moving at 41.74 km/s (25.94 mi/s) along a 409 km (254 mi) trajectory from south to north. The closest approach to the Earth was 98.67 km (61.31 mi) above the surface. It was captured by two all-sky cameras of the <a href="/wiki/European_Fireball_Network" title="European Fireball Network">European Fireball Network</a>, which for the first time enabled geometric calculations of the orbit of such a body.<a href="#cite_note-AA-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts">Impacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_predicted_asteroid_impacts_on_Earth" title="List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth">List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth</a></div> When a near-Earth object impacts Earth, objects up to a few tens of metres across ordinarily explode in the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">upper atmosphere</a> (usually harmlessly), with most or all of the solids <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">vaporized</a> and only small amounts of meteorites arriving to the Earth surface, while larger objects hit the water surface, forming <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> waves, or the solid surface, forming <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The frequency of impacts of objects of various sizes is estimated on the basis of orbit simulations of NEO populations, the frequency of impact craters on the Earth and the Moon, and the frequency of close encounters.<a href="#cite_note-Collins2005-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asher2005-56">[56]</a> The study of impact craters indicates that impact frequency has been more or less steady for the past 3.5 billion years, which requires a steady replenishment of the NEO population from the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_main_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid main belt">asteroid main belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a> One impact model based on widely accepted NEO population models estimates the average time between the impact of two stony asteroids with a diameter of at least 4 m (13 ft) at about one year; for asteroids 7 m (23 ft) across (which impacts with as much energy as the atomic bomb dropped on <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima</a>, approximately 15 kilotonnes of TNT) at five years, for asteroids 60 m (200 ft) across (an impact energy of 10 <a href="/wiki/Megatons" class="mw-redirect" title="Megatons">megatons</a>, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a> in 1908) at 1,300 years, for asteroids 1 km (0.62 mi) across at 440 thousand years, and for asteroids 5 km (3.1 mi) across at 18 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Earth-impact-57">[57]</a> Some other models estimate similar impact frequencies,<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a> while others calculate higher frequencies.<a href="#cite_note-Asher2005-56">[56]</a> For Tunguska-sized (10 megaton) impacts, the estimates range from one event every 2,000–3,000 years to one event every 300 years.<a href="#cite_note-Asher2005-56">[56]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location and impact energy of small asteroids impacting Earth's atmosphere"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/600px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/900px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/1200px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1064" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" title="File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg"> </a></div>Location and impact energy of small asteroids impacting Earth's atmosphere</div></div></div> The second-largest observed event after the Tunguska meteor was a 1.1 megaton air blast in 1963 near the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> between South Africa and Antarctica, which was detected only by <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> sensors.<a href="#cite_note-David_spacecom-58">[58]</a> However this may have been a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-silber-60">[60]</a> The third-largest, but by far best-observed impact, was the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> of 15 February 2013. A previously unknown 20 m (66 ft) asteroid exploded above this Russian city with an equivalent blast yield of 400–500 kilotons.<a href="#cite_note-David_spacecom-58">[58]</a> The calculated orbit of the pre-impact asteroid is similar to that of Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/2011_EO40" title="2011 EO40">2011 EO40</a>, making the latter the meteor's possible parent body.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg/220px-Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg/330px-Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg/440px-Sar2667_as_it_entered_Earth%27s_atmosphere_over_the_north_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Seven hours after discovery, <a href="/wiki/2023_CX1" title="2023 CX1">2023 CX1</a> burns up as a meteor over northern France</figcaption></figure> On October 7, 2008, 20 hours after it was first observed and 11 hours after its trajectory has been calculated and announced, 4 m (13 ft) asteroid <a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC3</a> blew up 37 km (23 mi) above the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian Desert</a> in Sudan. It was the first time that an asteroid was observed and its impact was predicted prior to its entry into the atmosphere as a <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a>. 10.7 kg of meteorites were recovered after the impact.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As of September 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, nine impacts have been predicted, all of them small bodies that produced meteor explosions,<a href="#cite_note-Spacecom240904-63">[63]</a> with some impacts in remote areas only detected by the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization#International_Monitoring_System_(IMS)" title="Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization">International Monitoring System (IMS)</a>, a network of infrasound sensors designed to detect the detonation of nuclear devices.<a href="#cite_note-S&T140102-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a> remains in its infancy and successfully predicted asteroid impacts are rare. The vast majority of impacts recorded by IMS are not predicted.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Observed impacts aren't restricted to the surface and atmosphere of Earth. Dust-sized NEOs have impacted man-made spacecraft, including the space probe <a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">Long Duration Exposure Facility</a>, which collected <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">interplanetary dust</a> in low Earth orbit for six years from 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin2010-66">[66]</a> Impacts on the Moon can be observed as flashes of light with a typical duration of a fraction of a second.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-lunar-impacts-67">[67]</a> The first lunar impacts were recorded during the 1999 Leonid storm.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Subsequently, several continuous monitoring programs were launched.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-lunar-impacts-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-2013-lunar-impact-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESA-lunar-impacts-70">[70]</a> A lunar impact that was observed on September 11, 2013, lasted 8 seconds, was likely caused by an object 0.6–1.4 m (2.0–4.6 ft) in diameter,<a href="#cite_note-2013-lunar-impact-69">[69]</a> and created a new crater 40 m (130 ft) across, was the largest ever observed as of July 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk">Risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Risk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toutatis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Toutatis.jpg/220px-Toutatis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Toutatis.jpg/330px-Toutatis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Toutatis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/4179_Toutatis" title="4179 Toutatis">4179 Toutatis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous object</a> that passed within 4 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">lunar distances</a> in September 2004 and currently has a minimum possible distance of 2.5 lunar distances</figcaption></figure> Through human history, the <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a> that any near-Earth object poses has been viewed having regard to both the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Human society">human society</a>. Through history, humans have associated NEOs with changing risks, based on religious, philosophical or scientific views, as well as humanity's technological or economical capability to deal with such risks.<a href="#cite_note-tsr20120514-6">[6]</a> Thus, NEOs have been seen as <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a> of natural disasters or wars; harmless spectacles in an unchanging universe; the source of era-changing cataclysms<a href="#cite_note-tsr20120514-6">[6]</a> or potentially poisonous fumes (during Earth's passage through the tail of Halley's Comet in 1910);<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and finally as a possible cause of a crater-forming impact that could even cause <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of humans and other life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-tsr20120514-6">[6]</a> The potential of catastrophic impacts by near-Earth comets was recognised as soon as the first orbit calculations provided an understanding of their orbits: in 1694, Edmond Halley presented a theory that <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Noah's flood</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was caused by a comet impact.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Human <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of near-Earth asteroids as benign objects of fascination or killer objects with high risk to <a href="/wiki/Human_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Human society">human society</a> has ebbed and flowed during the short time that NEAs have been scientifically observed.<a href="#cite_note-wired20130323-12">[12]</a> The 1937 close approach of Hermes and the 1968 close approach of Icarus first raised impact concerns among scientists. Icarus earned significant public attention due to alarmist news reports. while Hermes was considered a threat because it was lost after its discovery; thus its orbit and potential for collision with Earth were not known precisely.<a href="#cite_note-Marsden1998-43">[43]</a> Hermes, having a period of 2.13 years, was only re-discovered in 2003, and it is now known to be no threat for at least the next century.<a href="#cite_note-RadarHermes-39">[39]</a> Scientists have recognised the threat of impacts that create craters much bigger than the impacting bodies and have indirect effects on an even wider area since the 1980s, with mounting evidence for the theory that the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> (in which the non-avian dinosaurs died out) 65 million years ago was caused by a <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">large asteroid impact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tsr20120514-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapman1998-74">[74]</a> On March 23, 1989, the 300 m (980 ft) diameter Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/4581_Asclepius" title="4581 Asclepius">4581 Asclepius</a> (1989 FC) missed the Earth by 700,000 km (430,000 mi). If the asteroid had impacted it would have created the largest explosion in recorded history, equivalent to 20,000 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons of TNT</a>. It attracted widespread attention because it was discovered only after the closest approach.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> From the 1990s, a typical frame of reference in searches for NEOs has been the scientific concept of <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a>. The awareness of the wider public of the impact risk rose after the observation of the impact of the fragments of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> into Jupiter in July 1994.<a href="#cite_note-tsr20120514-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapman1998-74">[74]</a> In March 1998, early orbit calculations for recently discovered asteroid <a href="/wiki/(35396)_1997_XF11" title="(35396) 1997 XF11">(35396) 1997 XF11</a> showed a potential 2028 close approach 0.00031 AU (46,000 km) from the Earth, well within the orbit of the Moon, but with a large error margin allowing for a direct hit. Further data allowed a revision of the 2028 approach distance to 0.0064 AU (960,000 km), with no chance of collision. By that time, inaccurate reports of a potential impact had caused a media storm.<a href="#cite_note-Marsden1998-43">[43]</a> In 1998, the movies <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)" title="Deep Impact (film)">Deep Impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)" title="Armageddon (1998 film)">Armageddon</a> popularised the notion that near-Earth objects could cause catastrophic impacts.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman1998-74">[74]</a> Also at that time, a scare arose about a supposed 2003 impact of a planet called <a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a> with Earth, which persisted on the internet as the predicted impact date was moved to 2012 and then 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Molloy2017-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_scales">Risk scales</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Risk scales">edit</a>]</div> There are two schemes for the scientific classification of impact hazards from NEOs, as a way to communicate the risk of impacts to the general public. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torino_scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Torino_scale.svg/300px-Torino_scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Torino_scale.svg/450px-Torino_scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Torino_scale.svg/600px-Torino_scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a>. The scale in metres is the approximate diameter of an asteroid with a typical collision velocity. The x-axis is probability of an impact in the next 100 years.</figcaption></figure> The simple <a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a> was established at an IAU workshop in Torino in June 1999, in the wake of the public confusion about the impact risk of <a href="/wiki/1997_XF11" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 XF11">1997 XF11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEO-IAU-77">[77]</a> It rates the risks of impacts in the next 100 years according to impact energy and impact probability, using integer numbers between 0 and 10:<a href="#cite_note-torino-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <ul><li>ratings of 0 and 1 are of little concern, with a probability less than 1% of an impact in the next 100 years,</li> <li>ratings of 2 to 4 are used for events with increasing magnitude of concern to astronomers trying to make more precise orbit calculations,</li> <li>ratings of 5 to 7 are meant for impacts of increasing magnitude which are not certain but warrant public concern and governmental contingency planning,</li> <li>8 to 10 would be used for certain collisions of increasing severity.</li></ul> The more complex <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale</a>, established in 2002, compares the likelihood of an impact at a certain date to the probable number of impacts of a similar energy or greater until the possible impact, and takes the <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</a> of this ratio. Thus, a Palermo scale rating can be any positive or negative real number, and risks of any concern are indicated by values above zero. Unlike the Torino scale, the Palermo scale is not sensitive to newly discovered small objects with an orbit known with low confidence.<a href="#cite_note-palermo-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highly_rated_risks">Highly rated risks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Highly rated risks">edit</a>]</div> The National Aeronautics and Space Administration <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> maintains an automated system to evaluate the threat from known NEOs over the next 100 years, which generates the continuously updated <a href="/wiki/Sentry_Risk_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentry Risk Table">Sentry Risk Table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> All or nearly all of the objects are highly likely to drop off the list eventually as more observations come in, reducing the uncertainties and enabling more accurate orbital predictions.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-2006HZ51-82">[82]</a> A similar table is maintained on <a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a> (Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site) by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In March 2002, <a href="/wiki/(163132)_2002_CU11" title="(163132) 2002 CU11">(163132) 2002 CU11</a> became the first asteroid with a temporarily positive rating on the Torino Scale, with about a 1 in 9,300 chance of an impact in 2049.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Additional observations reduced the estimated risk to zero, and the asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table in April 2002.<a href="#cite_note-removed-85">[85]</a> It is now known that within the next two centuries, 2002 CU11 will pass the Earth at a safe closest distance (perigee) of 0.00425 AU (636,000 km; 395,000 mi) on August 31, 2080.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1950_DA_(color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1950_DA_%28color%29.png/220px-1950_DA_%28color%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1950_DA_%28color%29.png/330px-1950_DA_%28color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1950_DA_%28color%29.png/440px-1950_DA_%28color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Radar image of asteroid <a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">(29075) 1950 DA</a></figcaption></figure> Asteroid <a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">(29075) 1950 DA</a> was lost after its 1950 discovery, since its observations over just 17 days were insufficient to precisely determine its orbit. It was rediscovered in December 2000 prior to a close approach the next year, when new observations, including radar imaging, allowed much more precise orbit calculations. It has a diameter of about a kilometer (0.6 miles), and an impact would therefore be globally catastrophic. Although this asteroid will not strike for at least 800 years and thus has no Torino scale rating, it was added to the Sentry list in April 2002 as the first object with a Palermo scale value greater than zero.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-NEOs-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEO-1950DA-87">[87]</a> The then-calculated 1 in 300 maximum chance of impact and +0.17 Palermo scale value was roughly 50% greater than the background risk of impact by all similarly large objects until 2880.<a href="#cite_note-NEO-1950DA-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> After additional radar<a href="#cite_note-Farnocchia2013-89">[89]</a> and optical observations, as of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, the probability of this impact is assessed at 1 in 34,000.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> The corresponding Palermo scale value of −2.05 is still the second highest for all objects on the Sentry List Table.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> On December 24, 2004, 370 m (1,210 ft) asteroid <a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a> (at the time known only by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) was assigned a 4 on the Torino scale, the highest rating given to date, as the information available at the time translated to a 1.6% chance of Earth impact in April 2029.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As observations were collected over the next three days, the calculated chance of impact increased to as high as 2.7%,<a href="#cite_note-cneosnews164-91">[91]</a> then fell back to zero, as the uncertainty zone for this close approach no longer included the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> There was still some uncertainty about potential impacts during later close approaches, however, as the precision of orbital calculations improved due to additional observations, the risk of impact at any date was completely eliminated by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Consequently, Apophis was removed from the Sentry Risk Table.<a href="#cite_note-removed-85">[85]</a> In February 2006, <a href="/wiki/(144898)_2004_VD17" title="(144898) 2004 VD17">(144898) 2004 VD17</a>, having a diameter around 300 metres, was assigned a Torino Scale rating of 2 due to a close encounter predicted for May 4, 2102.<a href="#cite_note-Morrison-VD17-94">[94]</a> After additional observations allowed increasingly precise predictions, the Torino rating was lowered first to 1 in May 2006, then to 0 in October 2006, and the asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table entirely in February 2008.<a href="#cite_note-removed-85">[85]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF12</a> was listed with the highest chance of impacting Earth, at 1 in 22 on September 5, 2095. At only 7 m (23 ft) across, the asteroid however is much too small to be considered a <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentially hazardous asteroid">potentially hazardous asteroid</a> and it poses no serious threat: the possible 2095 impact therefore rated only −3.32 on the Palermo Scale.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> Observations during the August 2022 close approach were expected to ascertain whether the asteroid will impact or miss Earth in 2095.<a href="#cite_note-2022recovery-95">[95]</a> As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, the risk of the 2095 impact was put at 1 in 10, still the highest, with a Palermo Scale rating of −2.98.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projects_to_minimize_the_threat">Projects to minimize the threat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Projects to minimize the threat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NEA_by_survey_(1995-2024).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/NEA_by_survey_%281995-2024%29.svg/350px-NEA_by_survey_%281995-2024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/NEA_by_survey_%281995-2024%29.svg/525px-NEA_by_survey_%281995-2024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/NEA_by_survey_%281995-2024%29.svg/700px-NEA_by_survey_%281995-2024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NEA_1_km_or_more.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NEA_1_km_or_more.svg/350px-NEA_1_km_or_more.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NEA_1_km_or_more.svg/525px-NEA_1_km_or_more.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NEA_1_km_or_more.svg/700px-NEA_1_km_or_more.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Annual NEA discoveries by survey: all NEAs (top) and NEAs > 1 km (bottom)</div></div></div></div> A year before the 1968 close approach of asteroid Icarus, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> students launched Project Icarus, devising a plan to deflect the asteroid with rockets in case it was found to be on a collision course with Earth.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Project Icarus received wide media coverage, and inspired the 1979 disaster movie <a href="/wiki/Meteor_(film)" title="Meteor (film)">Meteor</a>, in which the US and the USSR join forces to blow up an Earth-bound fragment of an asteroid hit by a comet.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The first astronomical program dedicated to the discovery of near-Earth asteroids was the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Planet-Crossing_Asteroid_Survey" title="Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey">Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey</a>. The link to impact hazard, the need for dedicated survey telescopes and options to head off an eventual impact were first discussed at a 1981 <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Snowmass,_Colorado" title="Snowmass, Colorado">Snowmass, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman1998-74">[74]</a> Plans for a more comprehensive survey, named the Spaceguard Survey, were developed by NASA from 1992, under a mandate from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vulcano1995-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-spaceguard-1998-99">[99]</a> To promote the survey on an international level, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) organised a workshop at <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Vulcano</a>, Italy in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-Vulcano1995-98">[98]</a> and set up <a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a> also in Italy a year later.<a href="#cite_note-spaceguard-2004-7">[7]</a> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> gave NASA a mandate to detect 90% of near-earth asteroids over 1 km (0.62 mi) diameter (that threaten global devastation) by 2008.<a href="#cite_note-spaceguard-1998-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-shigad-100">[100]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif/300px-PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif/450px-PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif/600px-PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Asteroids discovered in the first three years of the <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer#NEOWISE_(pre-hibernation)" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Near-Earth Object WISE</a> program, starting in December 2013, with green dots showing NEAs</div></figcaption></figure> Several <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_surveys" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical surveys">surveys</a> have undertaken "<a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a>" activities (an umbrella term), including <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research</a> (LINEAR), <a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a> (NEAT), <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search</a> (LONEOS), <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a> (CSS), <a href="/wiki/Campo_Imperatore_Near-Earth_Object_Survey" title="Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey">Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey</a> (CINEOS), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Spaceguard_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Spaceguard Association">Japanese Spaceguard Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiago-DLR_Asteroid_Survey" title="Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey">Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey</a> (ADAS) and <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer#NEOWISE_(pre-hibernation)" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Near-Earth Object WISE</a> (NEOWISE). As a result, the ratio of the known and the estimated total number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km in diameter rose from about 20% in 1998 to 65% in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-spaceguard-2004-7">[7]</a> 80% in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-shigad-100">[100]</a> and 93% in 2011. The original Spaceguard goal has thus been met, only three years late.<a href="#cite_note-pia14734-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-WISE-asteroid-census-101">[101]</a> As of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, 861 NEAs larger than 1 km have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> In 2005, the original USA Spaceguard mandate was extended by the <a href="/wiki/George_E._Brown,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Brown, Jr.">George E. Brown, Jr.</a> Near-Earth Object Survey Act, which calls for NASA to detect 90% of NEOs with diameters of 140 m (460 ft) or greater, by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-law-109-155-9">[9]</a> In January 2020, it was estimated that less than half of these have been found, but objects of this size hit the earth only about once in 2000 years.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In December 2023, the ratio of discovered NEOs with diameters of 140 m (460 ft) or greater was estimated at 38%.<a href="#cite_note-Grav2023-103">[103]</a> The Chile-based <a href="/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory" title="Vera C. Rubin Observatory">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a>, which will survey the southern sky for transient events from 2025, is expected to increase the number of known asteroids by a factor of 10 to 100 and increase the ratio of known NEOs with diameters of 140 m (460 ft) or greater to at least 60%,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> satellite, to be launched in 2027, is expected to push the ratio to 76%.<a href="#cite_note-Grav2023-103">[103]</a> Given the rarity of impacts by objects this big mentioned above, there are probably no objects of 140 metres or larger that will hit the earth in the next few centuries. In January 2016, NASA announced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a> (PDCO) to track NEOs larger than about 30–50 m (98–164 ft) in diameter and coordinate an effective threat response and mitigation effort.<a href="#cite_note-ETech-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Survey programs aim to identify threats years in advance, giving humanity time to prepare a space mission to avert the threat. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">REP. STEWART: ... are we technologically capable of launching something that could intercept [an asteroid]? ... DR. A'HEARN: No. If we had spacecraft plans on the books already, that would take a year ... I mean a typical small mission ... takes four years from approval to start to launch ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stewart_(politician)" title="Chris Stewart (politician)">Rep. Chris Stewart (R, UT)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_A%27Hearn" title="Michael A'Hearn">Dr. Michael F. A'Hearn</a>, April 10, 2013, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-US-Congress-20130410-106">[106]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a> project, by contrast, aims to find impacting asteroids shortly before impact, much too late for deflection maneuvers but still in time to evacuate and otherwise prepare the affected Earth region.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Another project, the <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a> (ZTF), which surveys for objects that change their brightness rapidly,<a href="#cite_note-AT-20180207-108">[108]</a> also detects asteroids passing close to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-AT-20180208-109">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_near-Earth_object_observation_projects" title="List of near-Earth object observation projects">List of near-Earth object observation projects</a></div> Scientists involved in NEO research have also considered options for actively averting the threat if an object is found to be on a collision course with Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman1998-74">[74]</a> All viable methods aim to deflect rather than destroy the threatening NEO, because the fragments would still cause widespread destruction.<a href="#cite_note-TaskForceReport-13">[13]</a> Deflection, which means a change in the object's orbit months to years prior to the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">predicted impact</a>, also requires orders of magnitude less energy.<a href="#cite_note-TaskForceReport-13">[13]</a> For a given amount of energy, a greater effect on the momentum of the object can be had by causing some of it to be blasted off it, as was done in the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> (see below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_and_classification">Number and classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Number and classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Known_NEAs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Known_NEAs.svg/400px-Known_NEAs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Known_NEAs.svg/600px-Known_NEAs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Known_NEAs.svg/800px-Known_NEAs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Cumulative discoveries of near-Earth asteroids known by size, 1980–2024</figcaption></figure> When an NEO is detected, like all other small Solar System bodies, its positions and brightness are submitted to the (IAU's) <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> (MPC) for cataloging. The MPC maintains separate lists of confirmed NEOs and potential NEOs.<a href="#cite_note-MPC-NEO-confirm-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The MPC maintains a separate list for the potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).<a href="#cite_note-MPC-PHA-list-30">[30]</a> NEOs are also catalogued by two separate units of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>: the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS)<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-intro-112">[112]</a> and the Solar System Dynamics Group.<a href="#cite_note-JPL-SSD-NEA-113">[113]</a> CNEOS's catalog of near-Earth objects includes the approach distances of asteroids and comets.<a href="#cite_note-NEO-close-46">[46]</a> NEOs are also catalogued by a unit of <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, the Near-Earth Objects Coordination Centre (NEOCC).<a href="#cite_note-NEOCC-about-114">[114]</a> Near-Earth objects are classified as <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> depending on size, composition, and orbit. Those which are asteroids can additionally be members of an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">asteroid family</a>, and comets create meteoroid streams that can generate <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor showers</a>. As of March 30, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a> and according to statistics maintained by CNEOS, 34,725 NEOs have been discovered. Only 122 (0.35%) of them are comets, whilst 34,603 (99.65%) are asteroids. 2,406 of those NEOs are classified as potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> As of April 5, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, 1,712 NEAs appear on the <a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry impact risk page</a> at the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> website.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> All but 95 of these NEAs are less than 50 meters in diameter and none of the listed objects are placed even in the "green zone" (Torino Scale 1), meaning that none warrant the attention of the general public.<a href="#cite_note-torino-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observational_biases">Observational biases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Observational biases">edit</a>]</div> The main problem with estimating the number of NEOs is that the probability of detecting one is influenced by a number of aspects of the NEO, starting naturally with its size but also including the characteristics of its orbit and the reflectivity of its surface.<a href="#cite_note-science.sciencemag.org-115">[115]</a> What is easily detected will be more counted, and these <a href="/wiki/Observational_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Observational bias">observational biases</a> need to be compensated when trying to calculate the number of bodies in a population from the list of its detected members.<a href="#cite_note-science.sciencemag.org-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_an_asteroid_that_orbits_closer_to_the_Sun_than_Earth%E2%80%99s_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of an asteroid that orbits closer to the Sun than Earth's orbit, showing its dark side</figcaption></figure> Bigger asteroids reflect more light, and the two biggest near-Earth objects, <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> and <a href="/wiki/1036_Ganymed" title="1036 Ganymed">1036 Ganymed</a>, were naturally also among the first to be detected.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-116">[116]</a> 1036 Ganymed is about 35 km (22 mi) in diameter and 433 Eros is about 17 km (11 mi) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-116">[116]</a> Meanwhile, the apparent brightness of objects that are closer is higher, introducing a bias that favours the discovery of NEOs of a given size that get closer to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a> Earth-based astronomy requires dark skies and hence nighttime observations, and even space-based telescopes avoid looking into directions close to the Sun, thus most NEO surveys are blind towards objects passing Earth on the side of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEOS-orbit-118">[118]</a> This bias is further enhanced by the effect of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_phase" title="Planetary phase">phase</a>: the narrower the angle of the asteroid and the Sun from the observer, the lesser part of the observed side of the asteroid will be illuminated.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a> Another bias results from the different surface brightness or albedo of the objects, which can make a large but low-albedo object as bright as a small but high-albedo object.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEOS-why-infrared-119">[119]</a> In addition, the reflexivity of asteroid surfaces is not uniform but increases towards the direction opposite of illumination, resulting in the phenomenon of phase darkening, which makes asteroids even brighter when the Earth is close to the axis of sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a> An asteroid's observed albedo usually has a strong peak or <a href="/wiki/Opposition_surge" title="Opposition surge">opposition surge</a> very close to the direction opposite of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a> Different surfaces display different levels of phase darkening, and research showed that, on top of albedo bias, this favours the discovery of silicon-rich <a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type asteroids</a> over carbon-rich <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C types</a>, for example.<a href="#cite_note-LuuJewitt1989-117">[117]</a> As a result of these observational biases, in Earth-based surveys, NEOs tended to be discovered when they were in opposition, that is, opposite from the Sun when viewed from the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Grav2023-103">[103]</a> The most practical way around many of these biases is to use <a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal infrared">thermal infrared</a> telescopes in space that observe their thermal emissions instead of the light they reflect, with a sensitivity that is almost independent of the illumination.<a href="#cite_note-Grav2023-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEOS-why-infrared-119">[119]</a> In addition, space-based telescopes in an orbit around the Sun in the shadow of the Earth can make observations as close as 45 degrees to the direction of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-NEOS-orbit-118">[118]</a> Further observational biases favour objects that have more frequent encounters with the Earth, which makes the detection of <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Atens</a> more likely than that of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollos</a>; and objects that move slower when encountering the Earth, which makes the detection of NEAs with low eccentricities more likely.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Such observational biases must be identified and quantified to determine NEO populations, as studies of asteroid populations then take those known observational selection biases into account to make a more accurate assessment.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In the year 2000 and taking into account all known observational biases, it was estimated that there are approximately 900 near-Earth asteroids of at least kilometer size, or technically and more accurately, with an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> brighter than 17.75.<a href="#cite_note-science.sciencemag.org-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near-Earth_asteroids">Near-Earth asteroids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Near-Earth asteroids">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg/220px-ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg/330px-ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg/440px-ESO-Asteroid_Toutatis-phot-28c-04-normal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>One-minute path of asteroid <a href="/wiki/4179_Toutatis" title="4179 Toutatis">4179 Toutatis</a> in the sky during its September 2004 close approach (<a href="/wiki/Paranal_Observatory" title="Paranal Observatory">Paranal Observatory</a>)</figcaption></figure> These are asteroids in a near-Earth orbit without the tail or coma of a comet. As of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, 34,603 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are known, 2,406 of which are both sufficiently large and may come sufficiently close to Earth to be classified as potentially hazardous.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> NEAs survive in their orbits for just a few million years.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a> They are eventually eliminated by planetary <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a>, causing ejection from the Solar System or a <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">collision</a> with the Sun, a planet, or other celestial body.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a> With orbital lifetimes short compared to the age of the Solar System, new asteroids must be constantly moved into near-Earth orbits to explain the observed asteroids. The accepted origin of these asteroids is that <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">main-belt asteroids</a> are moved into the inner Solar System through <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonances</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a> The interaction with Jupiter through the resonance <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbs</a> the asteroid's orbit and it comes into the inner Solar System. The asteroid belt has gaps, known as <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gaps</a>, where these resonances occur as the asteroids in these resonances have been moved onto other orbits. New asteroids migrate into these resonances, due to the <a href="/wiki/Yarkovsky_effect" title="Yarkovsky effect">Yarkovsky effect</a> that provides a continuing supply of near-Earth asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Compared to the entire mass of the asteroid belt, the mass loss necessary to sustain the NEA population is relatively small; totalling less than 6% over the past 3.5 billion years.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a> The composition of near-Earth asteroids is comparable to that of asteroids from the asteroid belt, reflecting a variety of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">asteroid spectral types</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> A small number of NEAs are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct comets">extinct comets</a> that have lost their volatile surface materials, although having a faint or intermittent comet-like tail does not necessarily result in a classification as a near-Earth comet, making the boundaries somewhat fuzzy. The rest of the near-Earth asteroids are driven out of the asteroid belt by gravitational interactions with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Many asteroids have <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">minor-planet moons</a>). As of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, 97 NEAs were known to have at least one moon, including three known to have two moons.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The asteroid <a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">3122 Florence</a>, one of the largest PHAs<a href="#cite_note-MPC-PHA-list-30">[30]</a> with a diameter of 4.5 km (2.8 mi), has two moons measuring 100–300 m (330–980 ft) across, which were discovered by radar imaging during the asteroid's 2017 approach to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Florence-moons-126">[126]</a> In May 2022, an algorithm known as Tracklet-less Heliocentric Orbit Recovery or THOR and developed by University of Washington researchers to discover asteroids in the solar system was announced as a success.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center confirmed a series of first candidate asteroids identified by the algorithm.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size_distribution">Size distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Size distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEA_by_size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NEA_by_size.svg/400px-NEA_by_size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NEA_by_size.svg/600px-NEA_by_size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NEA_by_size.svg/800px-NEA_by_size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Known near-Earth asteroids by size</figcaption></figure> While the size of a very small fraction of these asteroids is known to better than 1%, from <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> observations, from images of the asteroid surface, or from <a href="/wiki/Occultation#Occultations_by_asteroids" title="Occultation">stellar occultations</a>, the diameter of the vast majority of near-Earth asteroids has only been estimated on the basis of their brightness and a representative asteroid surface reflectivity or <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, which is commonly assumed to be 14%.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-intro-112">[112]</a> Such indirect size estimates are uncertain by over a factor of 2 for individual asteroids, since asteroid albedos can range at least as low as 5% and as high as 30%. This makes the volume of those asteroids uncertain by a factor of 8, and their mass by at least as much, since their assumed density also has its own uncertainty. Using this crude method, an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> of 17.75 roughly corresponds to a diameter of 1 km (0.62 mi)<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-intro-112">[112]</a> and an absolute magnitude of 22.0 to a diameter of 140 m (460 ft).<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a> Diameters of intermediate precision, better than from an assumed albedo but not nearly as precise as good direct measurements, can be obtained from the combination of reflected light and thermal infrared emission, using a thermal model of the asteroid to estimate both its diameter and its albedo. The reliability of this method, as applied by the <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a> and NEOWISE missions, has been the subject of a dispute between experts, with the 2018 publication of two independent analyses, one criticising and another giving results consistent with the WISE method.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180614-129">[129]</a> In 2000, NASA reduced from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 its estimate of the number of existing near-Earth asteroids over one kilometer in diameter, or more exactly brighter than an absolute magnitude of 17.75.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitzetal00-131">[131]</a> Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/LINEAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LINEAR">LINEAR</a> survey provided an alternative estimate of 1,227+170 −90.<a href="#cite_note-LINEAR-asteroid-census-132">[132]</a> In 2011, on the basis of NEOWISE observations, the estimated number of one-kilometer NEAs was narrowed to 981±19 (of which 93% had been discovered at the time), while the number of NEAs larger than 140 meters across was estimated at 13,200±1,900.<a href="#cite_note-pia14734-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-WISE-asteroid-census-101">[101]</a> The NEOWISE estimate differed from other estimates primarily in assuming a slightly lower average asteroid albedo, which produces larger estimated diameters for the same asteroid brightness. This resulted in 911 then known asteroids at least 1 km across, as opposed to the 830 then listed by CNEOS from the same inputs but assuming a slightly higher albedo.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2017, two studies using an improved statistical method reduced the estimated number of NEAs brighter than absolute magnitude 17.75 (approximately over one kilometer in diameter) slightly to 921±20.<a href="#cite_note-NEA1km-est-2017-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tricario-135">[135]</a> The estimated number of near-Earth asteroids brighter than absolute magnitude of 22.0 (approximately over 140 m across) rose to 27,100±2,200, double the WISE estimate, of which about a fourth were known at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Tricario-135">[135]</a> The number of asteroids brighter than H = 25, which corresponds to about 40 m (130 ft) in diameter, is estimated at 840,000±23,000—of which about 1.3 percent had been discovered by February 2016; the number of asteroids brighter than H = 30 (larger than 3.5 m (11 ft)) is estimated at 400±100 million—of which about 0.003 percent had been discovered by February 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Tricario-135">[135]</a> As of March 30, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, and using diameters mostly estimated crudely from a measured absolute magnitude and an assumed albedo, 861 NEAs listed by CNEOS, including 152 PHAs, measure at least 1 km in diameter, and 10,832 known NEAs, including 2,406 PHAs, are larger than 140 m in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> The smallest known near-Earth asteroid is 2022 WJ1 with an absolute magnitude of 33.58,<a href="#cite_note-JPL-SSD-NEA-113">[113]</a> corresponding to an estimated diameter of about 0.7 m (2.3 ft).<a href="#cite_note-h-136">[136]</a> The largest such object is <a href="/wiki/1036_Ganymed" title="1036 Ganymed">1036 Ganymed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JPL-SSD-NEA-113">[113]</a> with an absolute magnitude of 9.26 and directly measured irregular dimensions which are equivalent to a diameter of about 38 km (24 mi).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbital_classification">Orbital classification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Orbital classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo_orbit_types.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Neo_orbit_types.jpg/310px-Neo_orbit_types.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Neo_orbit_types.jpg/465px-Neo_orbit_types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Neo_orbit_types.jpg/620px-Neo_orbit_types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>NEA orbital groups (NASA/JPL)</figcaption></figure> Near-Earth asteroids are divided into groups based on their <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> (a), <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a> distance (q), and <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">aphelion</a> distance (Q):<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEOCC-DA-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Atira_asteroid" title="Atira asteroid">Atiras</a> or Apoheles have orbits strictly inside Earth's orbit: an Atira asteroid's aphelion distance (Q) is smaller than Earth's perihelion distance (0.983 AU). That is, Q < 0.983 AU, which implies that the asteroid's semi-major axis is also less than 0.983 AU.<a href="#cite_note-atiras-138">[138]</a> This group includes asteroids on orbits that never get close to Earth, including the sub-group of <a href="/wiki/Atira_asteroid#ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim_asteroids" title="Atira asteroid">ꞌAylóꞌchaxnims</a>, which orbit the Sun entirely within the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (planet)">Venus</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and which include the hypothetical sub-group of <a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a>, which have orbits entirely within the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Atens</a> have a semi-major axis of less than 1 AU and cross Earth's orbit. Mathematically, a < 1.0 AU and Q > 0.983 AU. (0.983 AU is Earth's perihelion distance.)</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollos</a> have a semi-major axis of more than 1 AU and cross Earth's orbit. Mathematically, a > 1.0 AU and q < 1.017 AU. (1.017 AU is Earth's aphelion distance.)</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amors</a> have orbits strictly outside Earth's orbit: an Amor asteroid's perihelion distance (q) is greater than Earth's aphelion distance (1.017 AU). Amor asteroids are also near-earth objects so q < 1.3 AU. In summary, 1.017 AU < q < 1.3 AU. (This implies that the asteroid's semi-major axis (a) is also larger than 1.017 AU.) Some Amor asteroid orbits cross the orbit of Mars.</li></ul> Some authors define Atens differently: they define it as being all the asteroids with a semi-major axis of less than 1 AU.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-galache-142">[142]</a> That is, they consider the Atiras to be part of the Atens.<a href="#cite_note-galache-142">[142]</a> Historically, until 1998, there were no known or suspected Atiras, so the distinction wasn't necessary. Atiras and Amors do not cross the Earth's orbit and are not immediate impact threats, but their orbits may change to become Earth-crossing orbits in the future.<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> As of March 30, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, 33 Atiras, 2,744 Atens, 19,613 Apollos and 12,213 Amors have been discovered and cataloged.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-orbital_asteroids">Co-orbital asteroids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Co-orbital asteroids">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg/220px-Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg/330px-Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg/440px-Lagrange_Horseshoe_Orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The five Lagrangian points relative to the Sun and Earth and possible orbits along gravitational contours</figcaption></figure> Most NEAs have orbits that are significantly more <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> than that of the Earth and the other major planets and their orbital planes can <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">tilt</a> several degrees relative to that of the Earth. NEAs which have orbits that do resemble the Earth's in eccentricity, inclination and semi-major axis are grouped as <a href="/wiki/Arjuna_asteroid" title="Arjuna asteroid">Arjuna asteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2023FY3_2024-144">[144]</a> Within this group are NEAs that have the same orbital period as the Earth, or a <a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">co-orbital configuration</a>, which corresponds to an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> at a ratio of 1:1. All co-orbital asteroids have special orbits that are relatively stable and, paradoxically, can prevent them from getting close to Earth: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan (astronomy)">Trojans</a>: Near the orbit of a planet, there are five gravitational equilibrium points, the <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a>, in which an asteroid would orbit the Sun in fixed formation with the planet. Two of these, 60 degrees ahead and behind the planet along its orbit (designated L4 and L5 respectively) are stable; that is, an asteroid near these points would stay there for millions of years even if lightly perturbed by other planets and by non-gravitational forces. Trojans circle around L4 or L5 on paths resembing a <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuentes-horseshoe-145">[145]</a> As of October 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, Earth has two confirmed Trojans:<a href="#cite_note-CastroCisneros2023-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/(706765)_2010_TK7" title="(706765) 2010 TK7">(706765) 2010 TK7</a> and <a href="/wiki/(614689)_2020_XL5" title="(614689) 2020 XL5">(614689) 2020 XL5</a>, both circling Earth's L4 point.<a href="#cite_note-WISE-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trojan2-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit" title="Horseshoe orbit">Horseshoe librators</a>: The region of stability around L4 and L5 also includes orbits for co-orbital asteroids that run around both L4 and L5. Relative to the Earth and Sun, the orbit can resemble the circumference of a horseshoe, or may consist of annual loops that wander back and forth (<a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">librate</a>) in a horseshoe-shaped area. In both cases, the Sun is at the horseshoe's center of gravity, Earth is in the gap of the horseshoe, and L4 and L5 are inside the ends of the horseshoe. This orbital type is less stable than a <a href="#cite_note-Fuentes-horseshoe-145">[145]</a> As of October 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, at least 13 horseshoe librators of Earth have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-CastroCisneros2023-146">[146]</a> The most-studied and, at about 5 km (3.1 mi), largest is <a href="/wiki/3753_Cruithne" title="3753 Cruithne">3753 Cruithne</a>, which travels along bean-shaped annual loops and completes its horseshoe libration cycle every 770–780 years.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/(419624)_2010_SO16" title="(419624) 2010 SO16">(419624) 2010 SO16</a> is an asteroid on a relatively stable circumference-of-a-horseshoe orbit, with a horseshoe <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">libration</a> period of about 350 years.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-satellite" title="Quasi-satellite">Quasi-satellites</a>: Quasi-satellites are co-orbital asteroids on a normal elliptic orbit with a higher eccentricity than Earth's, which they travel in a way synchronised with Earth's motion. Since the asteroid orbits the Sun slower than Earth when further away and faster than Earth when closer to the Sun, when observed in a rotating frame of reference fixed to the Sun and the Earth, the quasi-satellite appears to orbit Earth in a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde</a> direction in one year, even though it is not bound gravitationally. As of October 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, six asteroids were known to be a quasi-satellite of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-CastroCisneros2023-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/469219_Kamo%CA%BBoalewa" title="469219 Kamoʻoalewa">469219 Kamoʻoalewa</a> is Earth's closest quasi-satellite, in an orbit that has been stable for almost a century.<a href="#cite_note-Fuentes-2016HO3-152">[152]</a> This asteroid is thought to be a piece of the Moon ejected during an impact.<a href="#cite_note-CastroCisneros2023-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Orbit calculations show that almost all quasi-satellites and many horseshoe librators repeatedly transfer between horseshoe and quasi-satellite orbits.<a href="#cite_note-Fuentes-2016HO3-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiRuzza2023-154">[154]</a> One of these objects, <a href="/wiki/2003_YN107" title="2003 YN107">2003 YN107</a>, was observed during its transition from a quasi-satellite orbit to a horseshoe orbit in 2006; it is expected to transfer back to a quasi-satellite orbit sometime around year 2066.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A quasi-satellite discovered in 2023 but then found in old photographs back to 2012, <a href="/wiki/2023_FW13" title="2023 FW13">2023 FW13</a>, was found to have an orbit that is stable for about 4,000 years, from 100 BC to AD 3700.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>Asteroids on compound orbits: orbital calculations show that some co-orbital asteroids transit between horseshoe and quasi-satellite orbits during every horseshoe resp. quasi-satellite cycle. Theoretically, similar continuous transitions between Trojan and horseshoe orbits are possible, too. As of January 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, at least 20 Earth co-orbital NEAs are thought to be in the horseshoe-like phase of compound orbits.<a href="#cite_note-DiRuzza2023-154">[154]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif/220px-Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif/330px-Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif/440px-Animation_of_2020_CD3%27s_orbit_around_Earth.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <a href="/wiki/2020_CD3" title="2020 CD3">2020 CD3</a>'s orbit around Earth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  2020 CD3 · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Moon · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Earth</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_satellite" title="Temporary satellite">Temporary satellites</a>: NEAs can also transfer between solar orbits and distant Earth orbits, becoming gravitationally bound temporary satellites. According to simulations, temporary satellites are typically caught when they pass Earth's L1 or L2 Lagrangian points at the time Earth is either at the point in its orbit closest or farthest from the Sun, complete a couple of orbits around Earth, and then return to a heliocentric orbit due to perturbations from the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-ST111230-29">[29]</a> Strictly speaking, temporary satellites aren't co-orbital asteroids, and they can have orbits of the broader Arjuna type before and after capture by Earth, but simulations show that they can be captured from, or transfer to, horseshoe orbits.<a href="#cite_note-2023FY3_2024-144">[144]</a> The simulations also indicate that Earth typically has at least one temporary satellite 1 m (3.3 ft) across at any given time, but they are too faint to be detected by current surveys.<a href="#cite_note-ST111230-29">[29]</a> As of August 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, four temporary satellites have been observed:<a href="#cite_note-2023FY3_2024-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_VG" title="1991 VG">1991 VG</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fuente-Marcos-2018-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_RH120" title="2006 RH120">2006 RH120</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_CD3" title="2020 CD3">2020 CD3</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naidu2020-159">[159]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_NX1" title="2022 NX1">2022 NX1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2023FY3_2024-144">[144]</a> Calculations for the 5 m (16 ft) asteroid <a href="/wiki/2023_FY3" title="2023 FY3">2023 FY3</a> showed repeated transitions into temporary satellite orbits both in the past and the future 10,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-2023FY3_2024-144">[144]</a></li></ul> Near-Earth asteroids also include the co-orbitals of Venus. As of January 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, all known co-orbitals of Venus have orbits with high eccentricity, also crossing Earth's orbit.<a href="#cite_note-DiRuzza2023-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteoroids">Meteoroids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Meteoroids">edit</a>]</div> In 1961, the IAU defined <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a> as a class of solid interplanetary objects distinct from asteroids by their considerably smaller size.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin2010-66">[66]</a> This definition was useful at the time because, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a>, all historically observed meteors were produced by objects significantly smaller than the smallest asteroids then observable by telescopes.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin2010-66">[66]</a> As the distinction began to blur with the discovery of ever smaller asteroids and a greater variety of observed NEO impacts, revised definitions with size limits have been proposed from the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin2010-66">[66]</a> In April 2017, the IAU adopted a revised definition that generally limits meteoroids to a size between 30 μm and 1 m in diameter, but permits the use of the term for any object of any size that caused a meteor, thus leaving the distinction between asteroid and meteoroid blurred.<a href="#cite_note-met-def-2017-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near-Earth_comets">Near-Earth comets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Near-Earth comets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg/220px-Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg/330px-Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg/440px-Halley%27s_Comet_-_May_29_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> during its 0.10 AU<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> approach of Earth in May 1910</figcaption></figure> Near-Earth comets (NECs) are objects in a near-Earth orbit with a tail or coma made up of dust, gas or ionized particles emitted by a solid nucleus. Comet nuclei are typically less dense than asteroids but they pass Earth at higher relative speeds, thus the impact energy of a comet nucleus is slightly larger than that of a similar-sized asteroid.<a href="#cite_note-NEOSDT2003-163">[163]</a> NECs may pose an additional hazard due to fragmentation: the meteoroid streams which produce meteor showers may include large inactive fragments, effectively NEAs.<a href="#cite_note-Jenniksens2005-164">[164]</a> Although no impact of a comet in Earth's history has been conclusively confirmed, the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a> may have been caused by a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">Comet Encke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Comets are commonly divided between short-period and long-period comets. Short-period comets, with an orbital period of less than 200 years, originate in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, beyond the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>; while long-period comets originate in the <a href="/wiki/Oort_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Oort Cloud">Oort Cloud</a>, in the outer reaches of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-TaskForceReport-13">[13]</a> The orbital period distinction is of importance in the evaluation of the risk from near-Earth comets because short-period NECs are likely to have been observed during multiple apparitions and thus their orbits can be determined with some precision, while long-period NECs can be assumed to have been seen for the first and last time when they appeared since the start of precise observations, thus their approaches cannot be predicted well in advance.<a href="#cite_note-TaskForceReport-13">[13]</a> Since the threat from long-period NECs is estimated to be at most 1% of the threat from NEAs, and long-period comets are very faint and thus difficult to detect at large distances from the Sun, Spaceguard efforts have consistently focused on asteroids and short-period comets.<a href="#cite_note-Vulcano1995-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEOSDT2003-163">[163]</a> Both NASA's CNEOS<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-NEO-groups-2">[2]</a> and ESA's NEOCC<a href="#cite_note-NEOCC-DA-26">[26]</a> restrict their definition of NECs to short-period comets. As of March 30, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, 122 such objects have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comet_Swift-Tuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Swift-Tuttle">Comet 109P/Swift–Tuttle</a>, which is also the source of the <a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseid meteor shower</a> every year in August, has a roughly 130-year orbit that passes close to the Earth. During the comet's September 1992 recovery, when only the two previous returns in 1862 and 1737 had been identified, calculations showed that the comet would pass close to Earth during its next return in 2126, with an impact within the range of uncertainty. By 1993, even earlier returns (back to at least 188 AD) had been identified, and the longer observation arc eliminated the impact risk. The comet will pass Earth in 2126 at a distance of 23 million kilometers. In 3044, the comet is expected to pass Earth at less than 1.6 million kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_near-Earth_objects">Artificial near-Earth objects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Artificial near-Earth objects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J002e3_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/J002e3_animated.gif/220px-J002e3_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/J002e3_animated.gif/330px-J002e3_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/J002e3_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a> discovery images taken on September 3, 2002. J002E3 is in the circle</figcaption></figure> Defunct <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">space probes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">final stages of rockets</a> can end up in near-Earth orbits around the Sun, and be re-discovered by NEO surveys when they return to Earth's vicinity. An object classified as asteroid <a href="/wiki/1991_VG" title="1991 VG">1991 VG</a> was discovered during its transition from a temporary satellite orbit around Earth to a solar orbit in November 1991, and could only be observed until April 1992. Some scientists suspected it to be a returning piece of man-made space debris. After new observations in 2017 provided better data on its orbit and surface characteristics, a new study found the artificial origin unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-Fuente-Marcos-2018-157">[157]</a> In September 2002, astronomers found an object designated <a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a>. The object was on a temporary satellite orbit around Earth, leaving for a solar orbit in June 2003. Calculations showed that it was also on a solar orbit before 2002, but was close to Earth in 1971. J002E3 was identified as the third stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket that carried <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-rocket-or-rock-168">[168]</a> In 2006, two more apparent temporary satellites were discovered which were suspected of being artificial.<a href="#cite_note-rocket-or-rock-168">[168]</a> One of them was eventually confirmed as an asteroid and classified as the temporary satellite 2006 RH120.<a href="#cite_note-rocket-or-rock-168">[168]</a> The other, <a href="/wiki/6Q0B44E" title="6Q0B44E">6Q0B44E</a>, was confirmed as an artificial object, but its identity is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-rocket-or-rock-168">[168]</a> Another temporary satellite was discovered in 2013, and was designated 2013 QW1 as a suspected asteroid. It was later found to be an artificial object of unknown origin. 2013 QW1 is no longer listed as an asteroid by the Minor Planet Center.<a href="#cite_note-rocket-or-rock-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPC_QW1-169">[169]</a> In September 2020, an object detected on an orbit very similar to that of the Earth was temporarily designated <a href="/wiki/2020_SO" title="2020 SO">2020 SO</a>. However, orbital calculations and spectral observations confirmed that the object was the <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur rocket booster</a> of the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a> uncrewed lunar lander.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In some cases, active space probes on solar orbits have been observed by NEO surveys and erroneously catalogued as asteroids before identification. During its 2007 flyby of Earth on its route to a comet, ESA's space probe <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> was detected unidentified and classified as asteroid 2007 VN84, with an alert issued due to its close approach.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The designation 2015 HP116 was similarly removed from asteroid catalogues when the observed object was identified with <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a>, ESA's <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space observatory</a> for <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Other artificial near-Earth objects include <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploratory_missions">Exploratory missions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Exploratory missions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></div> Some NEOs are of special interest because the <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">sum total of changes in orbital speed</a> required to send a spacecraft on a mission to physically explore an NEO – and thus the amount of rocket fuel required for the mission – is lower than what is necessary for even lunar missions, due to their combination of low velocity with respect to Earth and weak gravity. They may present interesting scientific opportunities both for direct geochemical and astronomical investigation, and as potentially economical sources of extraterrestrial materials for human exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-NEA-11">[11]</a> This makes them an attractive target for exploration.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_to_NEAs">Missions to NEAs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Missions to NEAs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg/220px-PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg/330px-PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg/440px-PIA02475_Eros%27_Bland_Butterscotch_Colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Different views of <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> as seen by NASA's <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> probe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_(square).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png/220px-Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png/330px-Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png/440px-Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Image mosaic of asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a>, target of NASA's <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> probe</figcaption></figure> The IAU held a minor planets workshop in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, in March 1971. At that point, launching a spacecraft to asteroids was considered premature; the workshop only inspired the first astronomical survey specifically aiming for NEAs.<a href="#cite_note-wired20130323-12">[12]</a> Missions to asteroids were considered again during a workshop at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> held by NASA's Office of Space Science in January 1978. Of all of the near-Earth asteroids (NEA) that had been discovered by mid-1977, it was estimated that spacecraft could <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous</a> with and return from only about 1 in 10 using less <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsive energy</a> than is necessary to reach <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. It was recognised that due to the low surface gravity of all NEAs, moving around on the surface of an NEA would cost very little energy, and thus space probes could gather multiple samples.<a href="#cite_note-wired20130323-12">[12]</a> Overall, it was estimated that about one percent of all NEAs might provide opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human-crewed</a> missions, or no more than about ten NEAs known at the time. A five-fold increase in the NEA discovery rate was deemed necessary to make a crewed mission within ten years worthwhile.<a href="#cite_note-wired20130323-12">[12]</a> The first near-Earth asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft was <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> when <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> probe orbited it from February 2000, landing on the surface of the 17 km (11 mi) asteroid in February 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Eros-NEAR-16">[16]</a> A second NEA, the 535 m (1,755 ft) long peanut-shaped <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">25143 Itokawa</a>, was explored from September 2005 to April 2007 by <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayabusa (spacecraft)">Hayabusa</a> mission, which succeeded in taking material samples back to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Itokawa-hayabusa-175">[175]</a> A third NEA, the 2.26 km (1.40 mi) long elongated <a href="/wiki/4179_Toutatis" title="4179 Toutatis">4179 Toutatis</a>, was explored by <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a> spacecraft during a flyby in December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Toutatis-Change-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAU-NEOs-25">[25]</a> The 980 m (3,220 ft) Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">162173 Ryugu</a> was explored from June 2018<a href="#cite_note-arrival-176">[176]</a> until November 2019<a href="#cite_note-Spacecom-Hayabusa2-2019-18">[18]</a> by JAXA's <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> space probe, which returned a sample to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Hayabusa2-21">[21]</a> A second sample-return mission, NASA's <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> probe, targeted the 500 m (1,600 ft) Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-space-osiris-launch-177">[177]</a> which, as of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit">[update]</a>, has the highest cumulative Palermo scale rating (−1.59 for several close encounters between 2178 and 2290).<a href="#cite_note-Current_Impact_Risks-81">[81]</a> On its journey to Bennu, the probe had searched unsuccessfully for Earth's Trojan asteroids,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> entered into orbit around Bennu in December 2018, touched down on its surface in October 2020,<a href="#cite_note-space-osiris-overview-19">[19]</a> and was successful in returning samples to Earth three years later.<a href="#cite_note-space-osiris-sample-22">[22]</a> China plans to launch its own sample-return mission, <a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a>, in May 2025, targeting Earth quasi-satellite 469219 Kamoʻoalewa and returning samples to Earth in late 2027.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> After completing its mission to Bennu, the probe OSIRIS-REx was redirected towards 99942 Apophis, which it is planned to orbit from April 2029.<a href="#cite_note-space-osiris-overview-19">[19]</a> After completing its exploration of 162173 Ryugu, the mission of the Hayabusa2 space probe was extended, to include flybys of S-type Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/98943_Torifune" title="98943 Torifune">98943 Torifune</a> in July 2026 and fast-rotating Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/1998_KY26" title="1998 KY26">1998 KY26</a> in July 2031.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In 2025, JAXA plans to launch another probe, <a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a>, to explore Apollo asteroid <a href="/wiki/3200_Phaethon" title="3200 Phaethon">3200 Phaethon</a>, the parent body of the <a href="/wiki/Geminids" title="Geminids">Geminid meteor shower</a>, during a flyby.<a href="#cite_note-space-20231106-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asteroid_deflection_tests">Asteroid deflection tests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Asteroid deflection tests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DART-impact-SAAO-Lesedi-Mookodi.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DART-impact-SAAO-Lesedi-Mookodi.gif/220px-DART-impact-SAAO-Lesedi-Mookodi.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/DART-impact-SAAO-Lesedi-Mookodi.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Spread of the plume from the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> space probe on asteroid moon <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a> (<a href="/wiki/SAAO" class="mw-redirect" title="SAAO">SAAO</a>)</figcaption></figure> On September 26, 2022, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> spacecraft reached the system of <a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">65803 Didymos</a> and impacted the Apollo asteroid's moon <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a>, in a test of a method of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">planetary defense</a> against near-Earth objects.<a href="#cite_note-NASA220927-20">[20]</a> In addition to telescopes on or in orbit around the Earth, the impact was observed by the Italian mini-spacecraft or <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSat</a> LICIACube, which separated from DART 15 days before impact.<a href="#cite_note-NASA220927-20">[20]</a> The impact shortened the orbital period of Dimorphos around Didymos by 33 minutes, indicating that the moon's momentum change was 3.6 times the momentum of the impacting spacecraft, thus most of the change was due to the ejected material of the moon itself.<a href="#cite_note-NASA221215-23">[23]</a> In October 2024, ESA launched the spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a>, which is to enter orbit around Didymos in December 2026, to study the consequences of the DART impact.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> China plans to launch its own asteroid deflection probe, targeting 30 m (98 ft) Aten asteroid <a href="/wiki/2019_VL5" title="2019 VL5">2019 VL5</a>, in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_mining">Space mining</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Space mining">edit</a>]</div> From the 2000s, there were plans for the commercial exploitation of near-Earth asteroids, either through the use of robots or even by sending private commercial astronauts to act as space miners, but few of these plans were pursued.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes210831-24">[24]</a> In April 2012, the company <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Resources" title="Planetary Resources">Planetary Resources</a> announced its plans to <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mine asteroids</a> commercially. In a first phase, the company reviewed data and selected potential targets among NEAs. In a second phase, space probes would be sent to the selected NEAs; mining spacecraft would be sent in a third phase.<a href="#cite_note-ST-AsteroidMining-184">[184]</a> Planetary Resources launched two testbed satellites in April 2015<a href="#cite_note-Arkyd6LeftBuilding-185">[185]</a> and January 2018,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and the first prospecting satellite for the second phase was planned for a 2020 launch prior to the company closing and its assets purchased by ConsenSys Space in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Arkyd6LeftBuilding-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-oneyearsinceplanetaryresources-187">[187]</a> Another American company established with the goal of space mining, <a href="/wiki/AstroForge" title="AstroForge">AstroForge</a>, plans to launch the probe Odin (formerly Brokkr-2)<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> in December 2024,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> with the goal of performing a flyby of an as yet undisclosed asteroid to confirm if it is a metal-rich <a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type asteroid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and then follow it up in 2025 with the probe Vestri, which is to land on the same asteroid.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_to_NECs">Missions to NECs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Missions to NECs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/220px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/330px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/440px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Nucleus of comet <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> as seen by ESA's <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> probe</figcaption></figure> The first near-Earth comet visited by a space probe was <a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a> in 1985, when the NASA/ESA probe <a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a> (ICE) passed through its coma. In March 1986, ICE, along with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> probes <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a> probes <a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a> and ESA probe <a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> flew by the nucleus of Halley's Comet. In 1992, Giotto also visited another NEC, <a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TaskForceReport-13">[13]</a> In November 2010, after completing its primary mission to non-near-Earth comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a>, the NASA probe <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> flew by the near-Earth comet <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeepImpactHartley-14">[14]</a> In August 2014, ESA probe Rosetta began orbiting near-Earth comet <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a>, while its lander <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> landed on its surface in November 2014. After the end of its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet's surface in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-newsci20160930-15">[15]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_object&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Day" title="Asteroid Day">Asteroid Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed moons of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURONEAR" title="EURONEAR">EURONEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">Interstellar interpoler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">List of Earth-crossing asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters on Earth">List of impact craters on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEOShield" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOShield">NEOShield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Near-Earth_objects" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Near-Earth objects">Near-Earth objects</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/">Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brera.mi.astro.it/sormano/teca.html">Table of Asteroids Next Closest Approaches to the Earth</a> – Sormano Astronomical Observatory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallbodies.ru/en/">Catalogue of the Solar System Small Bodies Orbital Evolution</a> – Samara State Technical University</li></ul> <dl><dt>Minor Planet Center</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/NEO/toconfirm_tabular.html">The NEO Confirmation Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ar_h-zAccsY">Minor Planet Center: Asteroid Hazards, Part 2: The Challenge of Detection</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (min. 7:14)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M_27st1ZCI">Minor Planet Center: Asteroid Hazards, Part 3: Finding the Path</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (min. 5:38)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Asteroids" title="Template:Asteroids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroids" title="Template talk:Asteroids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asteroids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">Notable asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_asteroid_physical_characteristics" title="Standard asteroid physical characteristics">Physical characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_method" title="Dynamic method">dynamic method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_keyhole" title="Gravitational keyhole">Gravitational keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_asteroid" title="Binary asteroid">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">contact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_pair" title="Asteroid pair">Asteroid pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomar%E2%80%93Leiden_survey" title="Palomar–Leiden survey">Palomar–Leiden survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">Contact binary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Distribution_within_the_Solar_System" title="Asteroid">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus trojan">Uranus trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interior to Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Near-Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atira_asteroid" title="Atira asteroid">Atira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Between Earth and the main belt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active asteroids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Outer Solar System, does not include <a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">distant minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune-crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">Exoasteroids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Classification" title="Asteroid">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Orbital_classification" title="Asteroid">Orbital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asteroid_groups_and_families" title="Category:Asteroid groups and families">(list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Spectral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types#Tholen_classification" title="Asteroid spectral types">Tholen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid#C-group_(Tholen)" title="C-type asteroid">C-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-type_asteroid" title="B-type asteroid">B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_asteroid" title="F-type asteroid">F-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_asteroid" title="G-type asteroid">G-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-type_asteroid" title="X-type asteroid">X-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-type_asteroid" title="E-type asteroid">E-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_asteroid" title="P-type asteroid">P-type</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>small classes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_asteroid" title="A-type asteroid">A-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-type_asteroid" title="D-type asteroid">D-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-type_asteroid" title="J-type asteroid">J-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_asteroid" title="T-type asteroid">T-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_asteroid" title="Q-type asteroid">Q-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_asteroid" title="R-type asteroid">R-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-type_asteroid" title="V-type asteroid">V-type</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types#SMASS_classification" title="Asteroid spectral types">SMASS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid#C-group_(SMASS)" title="C-type asteroid">C-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-type_asteroid" title="B-type asteroid">B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a></li> <li>Cg</li> <li>Ch</li> <li>Cgh</li> <li>Cb</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_asteroid" title="A-type asteroid">A-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_asteroid" title="Q-type asteroid">Q-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_asteroid" title="R-type asteroid">R-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_asteroid" title="K-type asteroid">K-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-type_asteroid" title="L-type asteroid">L-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a></li> <li>Sa</li> <li>Sq</li> <li>Sr</li> <li>Sk</li> <li>Sl</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-type_asteroid" title="X-type asteroid">X-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-type_asteroid" title="X-type asteroid">X-type</a></li> <li>Xe</li> <li>Xc</li> <li>Xk</li></ul></li> <li>small types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-type_asteroid" title="T-type asteroid">T-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-type_asteroid" title="D-type asteroid">D-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-type_asteroid#Ld-type_asteroids" title="L-type asteroid">Ld-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-type_asteroid" title="O-type asteroid">O-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-type_asteroid" title="V-type asteroid">V-type</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">Asteroids visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_asteroids" title="Category:Lists of asteroids">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-Earth_asteroids_by_distance_from_Sun" title="List of near-Earth asteroids by distance from Sun">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_minor_planet" title="Lost minor planet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid-discovering_observatories" title="List of asteroid-discovering observatories">Discovering observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Space missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Day" title="Asteroid Day">Asteroid Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_in_fiction" title="Asteroids in fiction">Asteroids in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroids_in_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of asteroids in astrology">Asteroids in astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occultation#Occultations_by_smaller_bodies" title="Occultation">occultation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asteroids" title="Category:Asteroids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_impact_events" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_impact_events" title="Template:Modern impact events"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_impact_events" title="Template talk:Modern impact events"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_impact_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern impact events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_impact_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Modern impact events</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Pre-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1490 <a href="/wiki/Qingyang_event" title="Qingyang event">Qingyang</a></li> <li>1783 <a href="/wiki/1783_Great_Meteor" title="1783 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li> <li>1860 <a href="/wiki/1860_Great_Meteor" title="1860 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li> <li>1908 <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska</a></li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/1913_Great_Meteor_Procession" title="1913 Great Meteor Procession">Great Meteor Procession</a></li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/1930_Curu%C3%A7%C3%A1_River_event" title="1930 Curuçá River event">Curuçá River</a></li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Chicora_meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicora meteor">Chicora meteor</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite" title="Sikhote-Alin meteorite">Sikhote-Alin meteor</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteor</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">Great Daylight Fireball</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">Earth-grazing meteoroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Post-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Eastern_Mediterranean_event" title="2002 Eastern Mediterranean event">2002 Eastern Mediterranean event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Carancas_impact_event" title="2007 Carancas impact event">2007 Carancas impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC3 impact</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Buzzard_Coulee_meteorite" title="Buzzard Coulee meteorite">Buzzard Coulee meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide" title="2009 Sulawesi superbolide">2009 Sulawesi superbolide</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill_meteorite" title="Sutter's Mill meteorite">Sutter's Mill meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_meteoroid" title="2012 United Kingdom meteoroid">2012 United Kingdom meteoroid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Novato_meteorite" title="Novato meteorite">Novato meteor</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_meteorite" title="Braunschweig meteorite">Braunschweig meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ontario_fireball" title="2014 Ontario fireball">2014 Ontario fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kerala_meteoroid" title="2015 Kerala meteoroid">2015 Kerala meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Thailand_bolide" title="2015 Thailand bolide">2015 Thailand bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1190F" title="WT1190F">WT1190F impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China_bolide" title="2017 China bolide">2017 China bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA impact</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_China_bolide" title="2020 China bolide">2020 China bolide</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_meteorite" title="Winchcombe meteorite">Winchcombe meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_EB5" title="2022 EB5">2022 EB5 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_WJ1" title="2022 WJ1">2022 WJ1 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_CX1" title="2023 CX1">2023 CX1 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_BX1" title="2024 BX1">2024 BX1 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_RW1" title="2024 RW1">2024 RW1 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_UQ" title="2024 UQ">2024 UQ impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impact events on Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impact events on Jupiter</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predicted_asteroid_impacts_on_Earth" title="List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth">Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides" title="List of bolides">Bolides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air bursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorite_falls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meteorite falls">Meteorite falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Planetary_defense" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_defense" title="Template talk:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Planetary_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Planetary defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_laser_ablation" title="Asteroid laser ablation">Asteroid laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_tractor" title="Gravity tractor">Gravity tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd" title="Ion-beam shepherd">Ion-beam shepherd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li>Damage scales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEO</a> tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Optical_Ground_Station" title="ESA Optical Ground Station">OGS Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Schmidt_CCD_Asteroid_Program" title="Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program">SCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Spaceguard_Association" title="Japan Spaceguard Association">Japan Spaceguard Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoritical Society">Meteoritical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance#Ongoing_projects" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">NEOShield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Potential threats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">1950 DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_events" title="Category:Impact events">Impact events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_meteoroids" title="Category:Fiction about meteoroids">Fiction about meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_impact_events" title="Category:Fiction about impact events">Fiction about impact events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Small_Solar_System_bodies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template talk:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Small_Solar_System_bodies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_designation" title="Minor-planet designation">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">Meanings of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Spectral types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">Distant minor planet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long-period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a 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