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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_diversity_on_civic_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_diversity_on_civic_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Effect of diversity on civic engagement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_diversity_on_civic_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Luxembourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Scandinavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Russian Federation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_minorities_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_minorities_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Cultural minorities in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_minorities_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scheduled_Castes_(SC)_and_Scheduled_Tribes_(ST)_and_Other_Backward_Castes_(OBC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scheduled_Castes_(SC)_and_Scheduled_Tribes_(ST)_and_Other_Backward_Castes_(OBC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Castes (OBC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scheduled_Castes_(SC)_and_Scheduled_Tribes_(ST)_and_Other_Backward_Castes_(OBC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kazakhstan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_official_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_official_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Demographics and official languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_official_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Indigenous languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples'_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples'_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Indigenous peoples' rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples'_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mauritius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Oceania </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Oceania subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Papua New Guinea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Multiculturalism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="تعدد ثقافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعدد ثقافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismu" title="Multiculturalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Multiculturalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalizm" title="Multikulturalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Multikulturalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To-b%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="To-bûn-hòa-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To-bûn-hòa-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мультикультурализм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мультикультурализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Мултикултурализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мултикултурализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalisme" title="Multiculturalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Multiculturalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalismus" title="Multikulturalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Multikulturalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlddiwylliannaeth" title="Amlddiwylliannaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amlddiwylliannaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalisme" title="Multikulturalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Multikulturalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalismus" title="Multikulturalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Multikulturalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitmekultuurilisus" title="Mitmekultuurilisus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mitmekultuurilisus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Πολυπολιτισμικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυπολιτισμικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismo" title="Multiculturalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Multiculturalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multkulturismo" title="Multkulturismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Multkulturismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura-aniztasun" title="Kultura-aniztasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultura-aniztasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="چندگانگی فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندگانگی فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalisme" title="Multiculturalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multiculturalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilchult%C3%BArachas" title="Ilchultúrachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ilchultúrachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismo" title="Multiculturalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Multiculturalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="다문화주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다문화주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बहुसंस्कृतिवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुसंस्कृतिवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalizam" title="Multikulturalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Multikulturalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalisme" title="Multikulturalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Multikulturalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismo" title="Multiculturalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Multiculturalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רב-תרבותיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-תרבותיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalisme" title="Multikulturalisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Multikulturalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಹುಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಹುಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismus" title="Multiculturalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Multiculturalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikultur%C4%81lisms" title="Multikulturālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Multikulturālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugiakult%C5%ABri%C5%A1kumas" title="Daugiakultūriškumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daugiakultūriškumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalizmus" title="Multikulturalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Multikulturalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Мултикултурализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мултикултурализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ ပေါင်းစည်းနေထိုင်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ ပေါင်းစည်းနေထိုင်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalisme" title="Multiculturalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Multiculturalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="多文化主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多文化主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalisme" title="Multikulturalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Multikulturalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleirkulturell" title="Fleirkulturell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fleirkulturell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਹੁਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਹੁਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielokulturowo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wielokulturowość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielokulturowość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismo" title="Multiculturalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multiculturalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Multiculturalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мультикультурализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мультикультурализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismu" title="Multiculturalismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Multiculturalismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Multiculturalism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalizmi" title="Multikulturalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Multikulturalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multiculturalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalizmus" title="Multikulturalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Multikulturalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Мултикултуризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мултикултуризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulturalizam" title="Multikulturalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Multikulturalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monikulttuurisuus" title="Monikulttuurisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monikulttuurisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ngkultur" title="Mångkultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mångkultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பல்லினப்பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்லினப்பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="คตินิยมวัฒนธรรมหลากหลาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คตินิยมวัฒนธรรมหลากหลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Чандгонагии фарҳангӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чандгонагии фарҳангӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ok_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCrl%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Çok kültürlülük – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çok kültürlülük" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мультикультуралізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мультикультуралізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D9%BE_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83" title="كۆپ مەدەنىيەتچىلىك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆپ مەدەنىيەتچىلىك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_%C4%91a_v%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" title="Chủ nghĩa đa văn hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa đa văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="多元文化主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多元文化主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="多元文化主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多元文化主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="多元文化主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多元文化主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190656#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Existence of multiple cultural traditions within a single country</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reach_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reach_Toronto.jpg/220px-Reach_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reach_Toronto.jpg/330px-Reach_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reach_Toronto.jpg/440px-Reach_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Monument to Multiculturalism in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada. Four identical sculptures are located in <a href="/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa" title="East London, South Africa">East London (South Africa)</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a> (China), in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (Australia).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li>Multiculturalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Multiculturalism is the coexistence of multiple cultures. The word is used in sociology, in <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, and colloquially. In sociology and everyday usage, it is usually a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> in which various ethnic and cultural groups exist in a single society. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist (such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>) or a single country (such as Switzerland, Belgium, Singapore or Russia). Groups associated with an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a>, aboriginal or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autochthonous" class="extiw" title="wikt:autochthonous">autochthonous</a> ethnic group and settler-descended ethnic groups are often the focus.<a href="#cite_note-metafizika_journal-2">[2]</a> In reference to sociology, multiculturalism is the end-state of either a natural or artificial process (for example: legally controlled immigration) and occurs on either a large national scale or on a smaller scale within a nation's communities. On a smaller scale this can occur artificially when a jurisdiction is established or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different cultures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canada</a>). On a large scale, it can occur as a result of either legal or illegal migration to and from different jurisdictions around the world. In reference to political science, multiculturalism can be defined as a state's capacity to effectively and efficiently deal with cultural plurality within its sovereign borders. Multiculturalism as a political philosophy involves ideologies and policies which vary widely.<a href="#cite_note-Harper2011-3">[3]</a> It has been described as a "<a href="/wiki/Salad_bowl_(cultural_idea)" title="Salad bowl (cultural idea)">salad bowl</a>" and as a "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural mosaic</a>",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in contrast to a "<a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> States that embody multicultural ideals have arguably existed since ancient times. The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> followed a policy of incorporating and tolerating various cultures.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/220px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/330px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/440px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">Ethnographic</a> map of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria-Hungarian Empire">Austria-Hungarian Empire</a></figcaption></figure> A historical example of multiculturalism was the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, which had broken up in 1918 and under whose roof many different ethnic, linguistic and religious groups lived together. The Habsburg rule was mired in controversy, including events such as the <a href="/wiki/Siculicidium" title="Siculicidium">mass murder committed against Székelys by the Habsburg army</a> in 1764 and the destruction of Romanian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Churches and Monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> by Adolf Nikolaus von Buccow. <a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Both events had happened during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>. Today's topical issues such as social and cultural differentiation, multilingualism, competing identity offers or multiple cultural identities have already shaped the scientific theories of many thinkers of this multi-ethnic empire.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After the First World War, ethnic minorities were disadvantaged, forced to emigrate or even murdered in most regions in the area of the former Habsburg monarchy due to the prevailing nationalism at the time. In many areas, these ethnic mosaics no longer exist today. The ethnic mix of that time can only be experienced in a few areas, such as in the former Habsburg port city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> of multiculturalism, ideas are focused on the ways in which societies are either believed to or should, respond to cultural and Christian differences. It is often associated with "identity politics", "the politics of difference", and "the politics of recognition". It is also a matter of economic interests and political power.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In more recent times political multiculturalist ideologies have been expanding in their use to include and define disadvantaged groups such as African Americans and the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community, with arguments often focusing on ethnic and religious minorities, minority nations, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> and even people with disabilities. It is within this context in which the term is most commonly understood and the broadness and scope of the definition, as well as its practical use, has been the subject of serious debate. Most debates over multiculturalism center around whether or not multiculturalism is the appropriate way to deal with diversity and immigrant integration. The arguments regarding the perceived rights to a multicultural education include the proposition that it acts as a way to demand recognition of aspects of a group's culture subordination and its entire experience in contrast to a melting pot or non-multicultural societies. The term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation-states, which had seemingly achieved a de facto single national identity during the 18th and/or 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-ZarateLevy2011-11">[11]</a> Multiculturalism has been official policy in several <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western nations</a> since the 1970s, for reasons that varied from country to country,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> including the fact that many of the great cities of the Western world are increasingly made of a mosaic of cultures.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Canadian <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a> is often referred to as the origins of modern political awareness of multiculturalism.<a href="#cite_note-II2010.-18">[18]</a> Canada has provided provisions to the French speaking majority of Quebec, whereby they function as an autonomous community with special rights to govern the members of their community, as well as establish French as one of the official languages. In the Western English-speaking countries, multiculturalism as an official national policy started in Canada in 1971, followed by Australia in 1973 where it is maintained today.<a href="#cite_note-Reference-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-hon-tony-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-policy-22">[22]</a> It was quickly adopted as official policy by most member-states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Recently, right-of-center governments in several European states – notably the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> – have reversed the national policy and returned to an official monoculturalism.<a href="#cite_note-Bissoondath-23">[23]</a>A similar reversal is the subject of debate in the United Kingdom, among others, due to evidence of incipient segregation and anxieties over "home-grown" <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Several heads-of-state or heads-of-government have expressed doubts about the success of multicultural policies: The United Kingdom's ex-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, Australia's ex-prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>, Spanish ex-prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a> and French ex-president <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> have voiced concerns about the effectiveness of their multicultural policies for integrating immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-PeskinWehrle2011-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Many nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas are culturally diverse and are 'multicultural' in a descriptive sense. In some, ethnic communalism is a major political issue. The policies adopted by these states often have parallels with multiculturalist policies in the Western world, but the historical background is different, and the goal may be a mono-cultural or <a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">mono-ethnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> – for instance in the Malaysian government's attempt to create a 'Malaysian race' by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG/220px-India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG/330px-India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG/440px-India_Square_JC_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">People of Indian origin</a> have been able to achieve a high <a href="/wiki/Demographic_profile" title="Demographic profile">demographic profile</a> in <a href="/wiki/India_Square" title="India Square">India Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey#Demographics" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, US, known as Little Bombay,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and one of at least 24 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">enclaves</a> characterized as a Little India which have emerged within the New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York City,<a href="#cite_note-Immigrants2014est-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants2013est-31">[31]</a> through the support of the surrounding community.</figcaption></figure> Multiculturalism is seen by its supporters as a fairer system that allows people to truly express who they are within a society, that is more tolerant and that adapts better to social issues.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> They argue that culture is not one definable thing based on one race or religion, but rather the result of multiple factors that change as the world changes. Historically, support for modern multiculturalism stems from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the "human rights revolution", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>; with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">European colonial system</a>, as colonized nations in Africa and <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/African_independence_movements" title="African independence movements">fought for their independence</a> and pointed out the discriminatory underpinnings of the colonial system; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, which criticized ideals of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> that often led to prejudices against those who did not act according to Anglo-American standards and which led to the development of academic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">ethnic studies</a> programs as a way to counteract the neglect of contributions by racial minorities in classrooms.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> As this history shows, multiculturalism in Western countries was seen to combat racism, to protect minority communities of all types, and to undo policies that had prevented minorities from having full access to the opportunities for freedom and equality promised by the liberalism that has been the hallmark of Western societies since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Contact_hypothesis" title="Contact hypothesis">contact hypothesis</a> in sociology is a well-documented phenomenon in which cooperative interactions with those from a different group than one's own reduce prejudice and inter-group hostility. <a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a> argues for "group differentiated rights", that help both religious and cultural minorities operate within the larger state as a whole, without impinging on the rights of the larger society. He bases this on his opinion that human rights fall short in protecting the rights of minorities, as the state has no stake in protecting the minorities.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> C. James Trotman argues that multiculturalism is valuable because it "uses several disciplines to highlight neglected aspects of our social history, particularly the histories of women and minorities [...and] promotes respect for the dignity of the lives and voices of the forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-Trotman2002-36">[36]</a> By closing gaps, by raising consciousness about the past, multiculturalism tries to restore a sense of wholeness in a <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> era that fragments human life and thought."<a href="#cite_note-Trotman2002-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Modood" title="Tariq Modood">Tariq Modood</a> argues that in the early years of the 21st century, multiculturalism "is most timely and necessary, and [...] we need more not less", since it is "the form of integration" that (1) best fits the ideal of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, (2) has "the best chance of succeeding" in the "post-<a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>, post <a href="/wiki/7/7" class="mw-redirect" title="7/7">7/7</a>" world, and (3) has remained "moderate [and] pragmatic".<a href="#cite_note-Modood2007-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikhu_Parekh" title="Bhikhu Parekh">Bhikhu Parekh</a> counters what he sees as the tendencies to equate multiculturalism with racial minorities "demanding special rights" and to see these as promoting a "thinly veiled racis[m]". Instead, he argues that multiculturalism is in fact "not about minorities" but "is about the proper terms of the relationship between different cultural communities", which means that the standards by which the communities resolve their differences, e.g., "the principles of justice" must not come from only one of the cultures but must come "through an open and equal dialogue between them."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Balibar characterizes criticisms of multiculturalism as "differentialist racism", which he describes as a covert form of racism that does not purport ethnic superiority as much as it asserts stereotypes of perceived "incompatibility of life-styles and traditions".<a href="#cite_note-Gunew_2004_80-39">[39]</a> While there is research that suggests that ethnic diversity increases chances of war, lower public goods provision and decreases democratization, there is also research that shows that ethnic diversity in itself is not detrimental to peace,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> public goods provision<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> or democracy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Rather, it was found that promoting diversity actually helps in advancing disadvantaged students.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A 2018 study in the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a> cast doubts on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater public goods provision.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A 2015 study in the American Journal of Sociology challenged past research showing that racial diversity adversely affected trust.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></div> Critics of multiculturalism often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical, or even desirable.<a href="#cite_note-Nagle2009-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajaee2000-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SandercockAttili2009-50">[50]</a> It is argued that <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a>, who would previously have been synonymous with a distinctive cultural identity of their own, lose out to enforced multiculturalism and that this ultimately erodes the host nations' distinct culture.<a href="#cite_note-Report_attacks_multiculturalism-51">[51]</a> Sarah Song views cultures as historically shaped entities by its members, and that they lack boundaries due to globalization, thereby making them stronger than others might assume.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> She goes on to argue against the notion of special rights as she feels cultures are mutually constructive, and are shaped by the dominant culture. Brian Barry advocates a difference-blind approach to culture in the political realm and he rejects group-based rights as antithetical to the universalist liberal project, which he views as based on the individual.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Moller_Okin" title="Susan Moller Okin">Susan Moller Okin</a>, a feminist professor of political philosophy, argued in 1999, in "Is multiculturalism bad for women?", that the principle that all cultures are equal means that the equal rights of women in particular are sometimes severely violated.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Harvard professor of political science <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> conducted a nearly decade-long study on how multiculturalism affects social trust.<a href="#cite_note-Putnam,_Robert_D._2007-55">[55]</a> He surveyed 26,200 people in 40 American communities, finding that when the data were adjusted for class, income and other factors, the more racially diverse a community is, the greater the loss of trust. People in diverse communities "don't trust the local mayor, they don't trust the local paper, they don't trust other people and they don't trust institutions," writes Putnam.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the presence of such ethnic diversity, Putnam maintains that, "[W]e hunker down. We act like turtles. The effect of diversity is worse than had been imagined. And it's not just that we don't trust people who are not like us. In diverse communities, we don't trust people who do not look like us".<a href="#cite_note-Putnam,_Robert_D._2007-55">[55]</a> Putnam has also stated, however, that "this allergy to diversity tends to diminish and to go away... I think in the long run we'll all be better."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Putnam denied allegations he was arguing against diversity in society and contended that his paper had been "twisted" to make a case against race-conscious admissions to universities. He asserted that his "extensive research and experience confirm the substantial benefits of diversity, including racial and ethnic diversity, to our society."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">Ethnologist</a> Frank Salter writes: <blockquote> Relatively homogeneous societies invest more in public goods, indicating a higher level of public altruism. For example, the degree of ethnic homogeneity correlates with the government's share of gross domestic product as well as the average wealth of citizens. Case studies of the United States, Africa and South-East Asia find that multi-ethnic societies are less charitable and less able to cooperate to develop public infrastructure. Moscow beggars receive more gifts from fellow ethnics than from other ethnies [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]. A recent multi-city study of municipal spending on public goods in the United States found that ethnically or racially diverse cities spend a smaller portion of their budgets and less per capita on public services than do the more homogeneous cities.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Lamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Lamm">Dick Lamm</a>, former three-term Democratic governor of the US state of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, argued that "diverse peoples worldwide are mostly engaged in hating each other—that is, when they are not killing each other. A diverse, peaceful, or stable society is against most historical precedent."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The American classicist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> used the perceived differences in "rationality" between Moctezuma and Cortés to argue that Western culture was superior to every culture in the entire world, which thus led him to reject multiculturalism as a false doctrine that placed all cultures on an equal footing.<a href="#cite_note-Hanson,_Victor_Davis_2001._p._205-61">[61]</a> In New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a>), which is officially bi-cultural, multiculturalism has been seen as a threat to the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> as an attempt by the New Zealand Government to undermine Māori demands for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and encourage assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Right wing sympathisers have been shown to increasingly take part in a multitude of online discursive efforts directed against global brands' multicultural advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Argentina" title="Demographics of Argentina">Demographics of Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">Immigration to Argentina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg/220px-Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg/330px-Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg/440px-Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2323" data-file-height="3272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Buenos_Aires" title="Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Buenos Aires">Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity</a> in Buenos Aires</figcaption></figure> Though not called Multiculturalism as such, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina#Preamble" title="Constitution of Argentina">preamble</a> of Argentina's constitution explicitly promotes <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">immigration</a>, and recognizes the individual's <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">multiple citizenship</a> from other countries. Though 97% of Argentina's population self-identify as of <a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">European descent</a> and mestizo<a href="#cite_note-CIA-64">[64]</a> to this day a high level of multiculturalism remains a feature of <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Culture">Argentina's culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Faulk2012-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> allowing foreign festivals and holidays (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a>), supporting all kinds of art or cultural expression from <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>, as well as their diffusion through an important multicultural presence in the media. In Argentina there are recognized regional languages <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_Province" title="Corrientes Province">Corrientes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Corrientes-5598-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Quechua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero_Province" title="Santiago del Estero Province">Santiago del Estero</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toba_Qom_language" title="Toba Qom language">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mocov%C3%AD_language" title="Mocoví language">Mocoví</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wich%C3%AD_languages" title="Wichí languages">Wichí</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kom-69">[69]</a> According to the National Institute of Indigenous Affairs published on its website, there are 1,779 registered indigenous communities in Argentina, belonging to 39 indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> is a diverse country made up of 36 different types of indigenous groups.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-72">[72]</a> Over 62% of Bolivia's population falls into these different indigenous groups, making it the most indigenous country in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-73">[73]</a> Out of the indigenous groups the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> are the largest.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-72">[72]</a> The latter 30% of the population is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>, which are a people mixed with European and indigenous ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-73">[73]</a> Bolivia's political administrations have endorsed multicultural politics and in 2009 Bolivia's Constitution was inscribed with multicultural principles.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Constitution of Bolivia</a> recognizes 36 official languages besides Spanish, each language has its own culture and indigenous group.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Bolivian culture is celebrated across the country and has heavy influences from the Aymara, the Quechua, the Spanish, and other popular cultures from around Latin America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiculturalismo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Multiculturalismo.jpg/220px-Multiculturalismo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Multiculturalismo.jpg/330px-Multiculturalismo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Multiculturalismo.jpg/440px-Multiculturalismo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>House with elements of people from different countries, including <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Carambe%C3%AD" title="Carambeí">Carambeí</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">south of the country</a>, a city of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> majority</figcaption></figure> Brazil has been known to acclaim multiculturalism and has undergone many changes regarding this in the past few decades. Brazil is a controversial country when it comes to defining a multicultural country.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> There are two views: the Harvard Institute of Economic Research states that Brazil has an intersection of many cultures because of recent migration, while the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> states that Brazil is culturally diverse but the majority of the country speaks <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Cities such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> are home to migrants from Japan, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> There is a multicultural presence in this city, and this is prevalent throughout Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil is a country that has made great strides to embrace migrant cultures. There has been increased awareness of <a href="/wiki/Anti-blackness" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-blackness">anti-blackness</a> and active efforts to combat racism. However, there is still a lack of school engagement in these matters.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhs_on_the_move!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg/220px-Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg/330px-Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg/440px-Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> celebrating the Sikh new year in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> Canadian society is often depicted as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural" often acknowledging several different cultures and beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Cotter2011rt-80">[80]</a> Multiculturalism (a <a href="/wiki/Just_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Society">Just Society</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>) was adopted as the official policy of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a> during the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau">Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a> in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Multiculturalism is reflected in the law through the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Multiculturalism_Act" title="Canadian Multiculturalism Act">Canadian Multiculturalism Act</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_(1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Act (1991)">Broadcasting Act of 1991</a> asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Raboy-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Canadian multiculturalism is looked upon with admiration outside the country, resulting in the Canadian public dismissing most critics of the concept.<a href="#cite_note-WhiteSimeon2009iu-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tierney2011ytg-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a> is often looked at as one of Canada's significant accomplishments,<a href="#cite_note-Sikka2014v-89">[89]</a> and a key distinguishing element of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-polls-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caplow2001a-91">[91]</a> In a 2002 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karīm al-Hussainī</a>, the 49th <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili Muslims</a>, described Canada as "the most successful <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralist society</a> on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for the world".<a href="#cite_note-GlobeMail20020202-92">[92]</a> He explained that the experience of Canadian governance—its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its people—is something that must be shared and would be of benefit to all societies in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-GlobeMail20020202-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> ran a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the most successful multicultural society in the West.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-93">[93]</a> The Economist argued that Canada's multiculturalism was a source of strength that united the diverse population and by attracting immigrants from around the world was also an engine of economic growth as well.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-93">[93]</a> Many public and private groups in Canada work to support both multiculturalism and recent immigrants to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In an effort to support recent Filipino immigrants to Alberta, for example, one school board partnered with a local university and an immigration agency to support these new families in their school and community.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_City_335.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mexico_City_335.jpg/220px-Mexico_City_335.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mexico_City_335.jpg/330px-Mexico_City_335.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mexico_City_335.jpg/440px-Mexico_City_335.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></figcaption></figure> Mexico has historically always been a multicultural country. After the betrayal of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> to the Aztecs, the Spanish conquered the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> and colonized indigenous people. They influenced the indigenous religion, politics, culture and ethnicity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Spanish opened schools in which they taught Christianity, and the Spanish language eventually surpassed indigenous languages, making it the most spoken language in Mexico. Mestizo was also born from the conquest, which meant being half-Indigenous and half-Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> has recently been integrating rapidly, doing much better than many cities in a sample conducted by the Intercultural Cities Index (being the only non-European city, alongside <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, on the index).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Mexico is an ethnically diverse country with a population composed of approximately 123 million in 2017. There is a wide variety of ethnic groups, the major group being <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">White Mexicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Mexicans">Indigenous Mexicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> There are many other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">Asian Mexicans</a>. From the year 2000 to 2010, the number of people in Mexico that were born in another country doubled, reaching a total of 961,121 people, mostly coming from Guatemala and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-IO_1-99">[99]</a> Mexico is quickly becoming a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>, with many immigrants coming into the country. It is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilization</a>, which influences their multiculturalism and diversity, by having different civilizations influence them. A distinguishable trait of Mexico's culture is the <a href="/wiki/Mestizaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizaje">mestizaje</a> of its people, which caused the combination of Spanish influence, their indigenous roots while also adapting the culture traditions from their immigrants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> is an exemplary country of multiculturalism, in 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática">INEI</a> reported a total population of 31 million people. They share their borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Chile and Bolivia, and have welcomed many immigrants into their country creating a diverse community. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambomachay,_Cuzco,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-31,_DD_93.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tambomachay%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_93.JPG/220px-Tambomachay%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_93.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tambomachay%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_93.JPG/330px-Tambomachay%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_93.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tambomachay%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_93.JPG/440px-Tambomachay%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_93.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7886" data-file-height="5257" /></a><figcaption>Tambomachay, Cuzco, Peru</figcaption></figure> Peru is the home to <a href="/wiki/Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindians">Amerindians</a> but after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a>, the Spanish brought African, and Asian peoples as slaves to Peru creating a mix of ethnic groups. After slavery was no longer permitted in Peru, African-Peruvians and Asian-Peruvians have contributed to Peruvian culture in many ways. Today, Amerindians make up 45% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a> 37%, <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> 15% and 3% is composed by <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a>, Chinese, and others.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1821, Peru's president José de San Martín gave foreigners the freedom to start industries in Peru's ground, 2 years after, foreigners that lived in Peru for more than 5 years were considered naturalized citizens, which then decreased to 3 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_education" title="Multicultural education">Multicultural education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/220px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/330px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/440px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2067" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/220px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/330px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/440px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Italy (Manhattan)">Little Italy</a> (top, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900) in New York City abuts <a href="/wiki/Manhattan%27s_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan's Chinatown">Manhattan's Chinatown</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG/250px-NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG/375px-NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>People waiting to cross <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg/270px-Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg/405px-Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg/540px-Many_ways_in_which_New_Yorkers_say_%22Merry_Christmas%22_or_its_equivalent._LOC_3797854913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Poster from 1907:</div> The many ways in which <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_New_York_City" title="Demographic history of New York City">New Yorkers</a> say "<a href="/wiki/Merry_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Merry Christmas">Merry Christmas</a>" or its equivalent; in <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Dutch Americans in New York City">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Irish Americans in New York City">Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (labeled as "<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Christian Hebrew</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_York_City" title="Italians in New York City">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_New_York_City" title="Japanese in New York City">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Russian Americans in New York City">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Ukrainian Americans in New York City">Ukrainian</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_New_York_City" title="Nicknames of New York City">Gotham</a>'s citizens have been called "The Sons of Elsewhere", and their language that spoken at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>..."</figcaption></figure> Although official multiculturalism policy is not established at the federal level, ethnic and cultural diversity is common in <a href="/wiki/Rural_diversity" title="Rural diversity">rural</a>, suburban and urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Continuous mass immigration was a feature of the United States economy and society since the first half of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Isaacs2007-102">[102]</a> The absorption of the stream of immigrants became, in itself, a prominent feature of America's <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myth</a>. The idea of the <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> that implies that all the immigrant cultures are mixed and amalgamated without state intervention.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The melting pot theory implied that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants, assimilated into American society at their own pace. This is different from multiculturalism as it is defined above, which does not include complete assimilation and integration.<a href="#cite_note-Suárez-OrozcoSuárez-Orozco2005-104">[104]</a> The melting pot tradition co-exists with a belief in national unity, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">American founding fathers</a>: <blockquote>Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people – a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs... This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg/220px-President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg/330px-President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg/440px-President_Clinton%27s_Initiative_on_Race.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Staff of President Clinton's <a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a>. The President's Initiative on Race was a critical element in President Clinton's effort to prepare the country to embrace diversity.</figcaption></figure> As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States, then as <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a> at the turn of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-CaputiFoster2006-106">[106]</a> It was partly in response to a new wave of European imperialism in sub-Saharan Africa and the massive immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the United States and Latin America. Philosophers, psychologists and historians and early sociologists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Kallen" title="Horace Kallen">Horace Kallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Locke" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain Locke">Alain Locke</a> developed concepts of cultural pluralism, from which emerged what we understand today as multiculturalism. In Pluralistic Universe (1909), William James espoused the idea of a "<a href="/wiki/Plural_society" title="Plural society">plural society</a>". James saw pluralism as "crucial to the formation of philosophical and social <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> to help build a better, more egalitarian society.<a href="#cite_note-Boening-107">[107]</a> The educational approach to multiculturalism has since spread to the grade school system, as school systems try to rework their curricula to introduce students to diversity earlier – often on the grounds that it is important for minority students to see themselves represented in the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-Volk2004-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Studies estimated 46 million Americans ages 14 to 24 to be the most diverse generation in American society.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2009 and 2010, controversy erupted in Texas as the state's curriculum committee made several changes to the state's requirements, often at the expense of minorities. They chose to juxtapose <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's second inaugural address">Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address</a> with that of Confederate president <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> they debated removing Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> and labor-leader <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and rejected calls to include more Hispanic figures, in spite of the high Hispanic population in the state.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> According to a 2000 analysis of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic terrorism in the United States</a>, "A distinctive feature of American terrorism is the ideological diversity of perpetrators. White racists are responsible for over a third of the deaths, and black militants have claimed almost as many. Almost all of the remaining deaths are attributable to Puerto Rican nationalists, Islamic extremists, revolutionary leftists and emigre groups."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Twenty years later, far-right and white racists were observed as the leading perpetrators of domestic terrorism in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> According to a 2020 study by the Strategic & International Studies, right-wing extremists are responsible for the murder of 329 people since 1994 <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> (over half due to the terrorist bombing of the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah building in Oklahoma City, which killed 168 people).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_of_diversity_on_civic_engagement">Effect of diversity on civic engagement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effect of diversity on civic engagement">edit</a>]</div> A 2007 study by <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert Putnam</a> encompassing 30,000 people across the US found that diversity had a negative effect on civic engagement. The greater the diversity, the fewer people voted and the less they volunteered for community projects; also, trust among neighbours was only half that of homogenous communities.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Putnam says, however, that "in the long run immigration and diversity are likely to have important cultural, economic, fiscal, and developmental benefits", as long as society successfully overcomes the short-term problems.<a href="#cite_note-Putnam,_Robert_D._2007-55">[55]</a> Putnam adds that his "extensive research and experience confirm the substantial benefits of diversity, including racial and ethnic diversity, to our society."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort,_Isla_de_San_Carlos,_Estado_Zulia,_Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort%2C_Isla_de_San_Carlos%2C_Estado_Zulia%2C_Venezuela.jpg/220px-San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort%2C_Isla_de_San_Carlos%2C_Estado_Zulia%2C_Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort%2C_Isla_de_San_Carlos%2C_Estado_Zulia%2C_Venezuela.jpg/330px-San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort%2C_Isla_de_San_Carlos%2C_Estado_Zulia%2C_Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort%2C_Isla_de_San_Carlos%2C_Estado_Zulia%2C_Venezuela.jpg/440px-San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_Fort%2C_Isla_de_San_Carlos%2C_Estado_Zulia%2C_Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5931" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Bartizan in Venezuela</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> Venezuela is home to a variety of ethnic groups, with an estimated population of 32 million, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Their population is composed of approximately 68% mestizo, which means of mixed race.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Venezuelan culture is mainly composed of a mixture of their indigenous culture, Spanish, and African.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-122">[122]</a> There was a heavy influence of Spanish culture due to the Spanish Conquest, which influenced their religion, language and traditions. African influence can be seen in their music.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-122">[122]</a> While Spanish is Venezuela's main language, there are more than 40 indigenous languages spoken to this day.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Multiculturalism" title="Special:EditPage/Multiculturalism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, with an estimated population of 51 million inhabitants, is populated by a great variety of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>. Approximately 49% of its population is <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>, 37% white, 10% <a href="/wiki/African_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="African descent">African descent</a>, 3.4% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> and 0.6 <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy people">Gypsy</a>. It is estimated that 18.8 million Colombians are direct descendants of Europeans, either by one of their parents or grandparents. Mainly from Spain, Italy, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and England, they represent 37% of its population. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> (Asian) descent also predominates in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrians</a>, Lebanese and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinians</a> are the largest post-independence immigrants to the country, so much so that Colombia has the second largest Arab colony in Latin America, with a little more than 3.2 million descendants, which represents 6.4% of its population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/170px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/255px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/340px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-linguistic map of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland1937linguistic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Poland1937linguistic.jpg/170px-Poland1937linguistic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Poland1937linguistic.jpg/255px-Poland1937linguistic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Poland1937linguistic.jpg/340px-Poland1937linguistic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-linguistic map of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> Historically, Europe has always been a mixture of Latin, Slavic, Germanic, Uralic, Celtic, Hellenic, Illyrian, Thracian and other cultures influenced by the importation of Jewish, Christian, Muslim and other belief systems; although the continent was supposedly unified by the super-position of Imperial Roman Christianity, it is accepted that geographic and cultural differences continued from antiquity into the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-OstergrenBossé2011-124">[124]</a> In the nineteenth century, the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> transformed the way Europeans thought about the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OstergrenBossé2011-124">[124]</a> Existing states were broken up and new ones created; the new <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a> were founded on the principle that each nation is entitled to its own <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and to engender, protect, and preserve its own unique culture and history. Unity, under this ideology, is seen as an essential feature of the nation and the nation-state; unity of descent, unity of culture, unity of language, and often unity of religion. The nation-state constitutes a culturally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homogeneity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Homogeneity">homogeneous</a> society, although some national movements recognised regional differences.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Where cultural unity was insufficient, it was encouraged and enforced by the state.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-126">[126]</a> The nineteenth century nation-states developed an array of policies – the most important was compulsory primary education in the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-126">[126]</a> The language itself was often standardised by a linguistic academy, and regional languages were ignored or suppressed. Some nation-states pursued violent policies of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-126">[126]</a> Some countries in the European Union have introduced policies for "social cohesion", "integration", and (sometimes) "assimilation". The policies include: <ul><li>Compulsory courses and/or tests on <a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">national history</a>, on the constitution and the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> (e.g., the computer-based test for individuals seeking naturalisation in the UK named <a href="/wiki/Life_in_the_United_Kingdom_test" title="Life in the United Kingdom test">Life in the United Kingdom test</a>)</li> <li>Introduction of an official national history, such as the national <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Netherlands" title="Canon of the Netherlands">canon</a> defined for the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Frits_van_Oostrom" title="Frits van Oostrom">van Oostrom</a> Commission,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and promotion of that history (e.g., by exhibitions about <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">national heroes</a>)</li> <li>Tests designed to elicit "unacceptable" values. In <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, immigrants are asked what they would do if their son says he is a homosexual (the desired answer is that they would accept it).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li></ul> Other countries have instituted policies which encourage cultural separation.<a href="#cite_note-ReitzBreton2009-129">[129]</a> The concept of "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a>" proposed by France in the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) negotiations in 1993 was an example of a measure aimed at protecting local cultures.<a href="#cite_note-GraberNenova2008-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG/220px-Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG/330px-Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG/440px-Synagogue_in_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Camia.jpg/220px-Camia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Camia.jpg/330px-Camia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Camia.jpg/440px-Camia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a> in Sofia</figcaption></figure> Since its establishment in the seventh century, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> has hosted many religions, ethnic groups and nations. The capital city <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> is the only European city that has peacefully functioning, within walking distance of 300 metres,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> four <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">Places of worship</a> of the major religions: Eastern Orthodox (<a href="/wiki/St_Nedelya_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St Nedelya Church">St Nedelya Church</a>), Islam (<a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a>), Roman Catholicism (<a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Joseph,_Sofia" title="Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia">St. Joseph Cathedral</a>), and Orthodox Judaism (<a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a>, the third-largest synagogue in Europe). This unique arrangement has been called by historians a "multicultural cliche".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> It has also become known as "The Square of Religious Tolerance"<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and has initiated the construction of a 100-square-metre scale model of the site that is to become a symbol of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Furthermore, unlike some other <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> allies or German-occupied countries excluding <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Bulgaria managed to save its entire 48,000-strong Jewish population during World War II from deportation to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> According to Dr Marinova-Christidi, the main reason for the efforts of Bulgarian people to save their Jewish population during WWII is that within the region, they "co-existed for centuries with other religions" – giving it a unique multicultural and multiethnic history.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Consequently, within the Balkan region, Bulgaria has become an example for multiculturalism in terms of variety of religions, artistic creativity<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Its largest ethnic minority groups, Turks and Roma, enjoy wide political representation. In 1984, following a campaign by the Communist regime for a forcible change of the Islamic names of the Turkish minority,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> an underground organisation called «National Liberation Movement of the Turks in Bulgaria» was formed which headed the Turkish community's opposition movement. On 4 January 1990, the activists of the movement registered an organisation with the legal name <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">Movement for Rights and Freedoms</a> (MRF) (in Bulgarian: Движение за права и свободи: in Turkish: Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi) in the Bulgarian city of Varna. At the moment of registration, it had 33 members, at present, according to the organisation's website, 68,000 members plus 24,000 in the organisation's youth wing <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030132259/http://www.dps.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0368&g=">[1]</a>. In 2012, Bulgarian Turks were represented at every level of government: local, with MRF having mayors in 35 municipalities, at parliamentary level with MRF having 38 deputies (14% of the votes in Parliamentary elections for 2009–13)<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and at executive level, where there is one Turkish minister, <a href="/wiki/Vezhdi_Rashidov" title="Vezhdi Rashidov">Vezhdi Rashidov</a>. 21 Roma political organisations were founded between 1997–2003 in Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration to France</a></div> After the end of World War II in 1945, immigration significantly increased. During the period of reconstruction, France lacked the labour to do so, and as a result; the French Government was eager to recruit immigrants coming from all over Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. Although there was a presence of, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_France" title="Vietnamese people in France">Vietnamese in France</a> since the late-nineteenth century (mostly students and workers), a wave of Vietnamese migrated after 1954. These migrants consisted of those who were loyal to the colonial government and those married to French colonists. Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Vietnam">partition of Vietnam</a>, students and professionals from <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> continued to arrive in France. Although many initially returned to the country after a few years, as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> situation worsened, a majority decided to remain in France and brought their families over as well.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> This period also saw a significant wave of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> started in 1954, there were already 200,000 Algerian immigrants in France.<a href="#cite_note-histoire-immigration.fr-152">[152]</a> However, because of the tension between the Algerians and the French, these immigrants were no longer welcome. This conflict between the two sides led to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris Massacre</a> of 17 October 1961, when the police used force against an Algerian demonstration on the streets of Paris. After the war, after Algeria gained its independence, the free circulation between France and Algeria was once again allowed, and the number of Algerian immigrants started to increase drastically. From 1962–75, the Algerian immigrant population increased from 350,000 to 700,000.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Many of these immigrants were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">harkis</a>", and the others were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">pieds-noirs</a>". The "harkis" were Algerians who supported the French during the Algerian War; once the war was over, they were deeply resented by other Algerians, and thus had to flee to France. The "pieds-noirs" were European settlers who moved to Algeria, but migrated back to France since 1962 when Algeria declared independence. According to Erik Bleich, multiculturalism in France faced stiff resistance in the educational sector, especially regarding recent Muslim arrivals from Algeria. Gatekeepers often warned that multiculturalism was a threat to the historic basis of French culture.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Jeremy Jennings finds three positions among elites regarding the question of reconciling traditional French Republican principles with multiculturalism. The traditionalists refuse to make any concessions and instead insist on clinging to the historic republican principles of <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">"laïcité"</a> and the secular state in which religion and ethnicity are always ignored. In the middle are modernising republicans who uphold republicanism but also accept some elements of cultural pluralism. Finally there are multiculturalist republicans who envision a pluralist conception of French identity and seek an appreciation of the positive values brought to France by the minority cultures.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A major attack on multiculturalism came in <a href="/wiki/Stasi_Commission" title="Stasi Commission">Stasi Report</a> of 2003 which denounces "Islamism" as deeply opposed to the mainstream interpretations of French culture. It is portrayed as a dangerous political agenda that will create a major obstacle for Muslims to comply with <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">French secularism or "laïcité "</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Murat Akan, however, argues that the Stasi Report and the new regulations against the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> and religious symbols in the schools must be set against gestures toward multiculturalism, such as the creation of Muslim schools under contract with the government.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration to Germany</a></div> In October 2010, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> told a meeting of younger members of her <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) party at <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, that attempts to build a multicultural society in Germany had "utterly failed",<a href="#cite_note-fail-158">[158]</a> stating: "The concept that we are now living side by side and are happy about it does not work".<a href="#cite_note-fail-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> She continued to say that immigrants should integrate and adopt Germany's culture and values. This has added to a growing debate within Germany<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> on the levels of immigration, its effect on Germany and the degree to which middle eastern immigrants have integrated into German society.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 2015, Merkel again criticized multiculturalism on the grounds that it leads to <a href="/wiki/Parallel_society" title="Parallel society">parallel societies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim Community of Germany is the first Muslim group to have been granted "corporation under public law status", putting the community on par with the major Christian churches and Jewish communities of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a>]</div> Luxembourg has one of the highest foreign-born populations in Europe, foreigners account for nearly half of the country's total population.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The majority of foreigners are from: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, France, Italy, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In total, 170 different nationalities make up the population of Luxembourg, out of this; 86% are of European descent.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-166">[166]</a> The official languages of Luxembourg are German, French, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a> all of which are supported in the Luxembourg government and education system.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2005, Luxembourg officially promoted and implemented the objectives of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. This Convention affirms multicultural policies in Luxembourg and creates political awareness of cultural diversity.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Multiculturalism in the Netherlands">Multiculturalism in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG/180px-S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG/270px-S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG/360px-S%C3%BCleymaniye-moskee1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Süleymanìye Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Tilburg" title="Tilburg">Tilburg</a>, built in 2001</figcaption></figure> Multiculturalism in the Netherlands began with major increases in immigration to the Netherlands during the mid-1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Wessendorf2010-169">[169]</a> As a consequence, an official national policy of multiculturalism was adopted in the early-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Wessendorf2010-169">[169]</a> Different groups could themselves determine religious and cultural matters, while state authorities would handle matters of housing and work policy.<a href="#cite_note-:8-170">[170]</a> In the 1990s, the public debate were generally optimistic on immigration and the prevailing view was that a multicultural policy would reduce the social economic disparities over time.<a href="#cite_note-:8-170">[170]</a> This policy subsequently gave way to more assimilationist policies in the 1990s and post-electoral surveys uniformly showed from 1994 onwards that a majority preferred that immigrants assimilated rather than retained the culture of their country of origin.<a href="#cite_note-Wessendorf2010-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the United States and the murders of <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a> (in 2002) and <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh</a> (in 2004), there was increased political debate on the role of multiculturalism in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-:8-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-ModoodTriandafyllidou2006-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Sacks">Lord Sacks</a>, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, made a distinction between tolerance and multiculturalism, citing the Netherlands as a tolerant, rather than multicultural, society.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In June 2011, the <a href="/wiki/First_Rutte_cabinet" title="First Rutte cabinet">First Rutte cabinet</a> said the Netherlands would turn away from multiculturalism: "Dutch culture, norms and values must be dominant" <a href="/wiki/Piet_Hein_Donner" title="Piet Hein Donner">Minister Donner</a> said.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> Since Antiquity, Romania has hosted many religious and ethnic groups, including Roma people, Hungarians, Germans, Turks, Greeks, Tatars, Slovaks, Serbs, Jews and others. Unfortunately, during the WW2 and the Communism, most of these ethnic groups chose to emigrate to other countries. However, since the 1990s, Romania has received a growing number of immigrants and refugees, most of them from the Arab World, Asia or Africa. Immigration is expected to increase in the future, as large numbers of Romanian workers leave the country and are being replaced by foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scandinavia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_(991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_%28991%29.jpg/220px-2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_%28991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_%28991%29.jpg/330px-2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_%28991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_%28991%29.jpg/440px-2017-09-01_HS-Reise_Multi-Kulti_in_Vuosaari_%28991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vuosaari" title="Vuosaari">Vuosaari</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, is highly multicultural.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></figcaption></figure> Multiculturalism in Scandinavia has centered on discussions about marriage, dress, religious schools, Muslim funeral rites and gender equality. <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriages</a> have been widely debated in Denmark, Sweden and Norway but the countries differ in policy and responses by authorities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-179">[179]</a> Sweden has the most permissive policies while Denmark the most restrictive ones. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Denmark" title="Immigration to Denmark">Immigration to Denmark</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Multiculturalism" title="Special:EditPage/Multiculturalism">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Multiculturalism" title="Talk:Multiculturalism">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Weasel plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Weasel" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">weasel words</a>: vague phrasing that often accompanies <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverifiable</a> information. Such statements should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">clarified or removed</a>. 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Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Multiculturalism##" title="Talk:Multiculturalism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (January 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2001, Denmark, a liberal-conservative coalition government with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a> which instituted less pluralistic policy, geared more towards <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-179">[179]</a> A 2018 study found that increases in local ethnic diversity in Denmark caused "rightward shifts in election outcomes by shifting electoral support away from traditional "big government" left‐wing parties and towards anti‐immigrant nationalist parties."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> For decades, Danish immigration policy was built upon the belief that, with support, immigrants and their descendants would eventually reach the same levels of education as Danes. In a 2019 report, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Immigration_Service" title="Danish Immigration Service">Danish Immigration Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Denmark)">Ministry of Education</a> found this to be false. The report found that, while the second-generation immigrants without a Western background do better than their parents, the same is not true for third-generation immigrants. One of the reasons given was that second-generation immigrants may marry someone from their country of origin, which may cause Danish not to be spoken at home, which would put the children at a disadvantage in school. Thereby, the process of integrating has to start from the beginning for each generation.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration to Norway</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_migrant_education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Norway_migrant_education.png/220px-Norway_migrant_education.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Norway_migrant_education.png/330px-Norway_migrant_education.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Norway_migrant_education.png/440px-Norway_migrant_education.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Educational attainment of migrants in Norway in 2018<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> Apart from citizens of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, all foreigners must apply for permanent residency in order to live and work in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 2017, the Norwegian immigrant population was made up of: citizens of EU and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> countries (41.2%); citizens of Asian countries, including Turkey (32.4%); citizens of African countries (13.7%); and citizens of non-EU/EEA European, North American, South American and Oceanian countries (12.7%).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In 2015, during the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>, a total of 31,145 asylum seekers, most of whom came from Afghanistan and Syria, crossed the Norwegian border.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2016, the number of asylum seekers dramatically reduced by almost 90%, with 3460 asylum seekers coming to Norway. This was partly due to the stricter border control across Europe, including an agreement between the EU and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> As of September 2019, 15 foreign residents who had travelled from Norway to Syria or Iraq to join the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> have had their residence permits revoked.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> has named the reduction of high levels of immigration from non-European countries one of their goals: <dl><dd>"Immigration from countries outside the EEA must be strictly enforced to ensure a successful integration. It can not be accepted that fundamental Western values and human rights are set aside by cultures and attitudes that certain groups of immigrants bring with them to Norway."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></dd></dl> An extreme form of opposition to immigration in Norway were <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">the 22/7 attacks</a> carried out by the terrorist <a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Anders Behring Breivik</a> on 22 July 2011. He killed 8 people by bombing government buildings in Oslo and massacred 69 young people at a youth summer camp held by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a>, who were in power at the time. He blamed the party for the high level of Muslim immigration and accused it of "promoting multiculturalism".<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration to Sweden</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A5ngfaldsbarometern_2014_cultural_distances_in_Sweden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/M%C3%A5ngfaldsbarometern_2014_cultural_distances_in_Sweden.png/322px-M%C3%A5ngfaldsbarometern_2014_cultural_distances_in_Sweden.png" decoding="async" width="322" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/M%C3%A5ngfaldsbarometern_2014_cultural_distances_in_Sweden.png/483px-M%C3%A5ngfaldsbarometern_2014_cultural_distances_in_Sweden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/M%C3%A5ngfaldsbarometern_2014_cultural_distances_in_Sweden.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Source: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle_University_College" title="Gävle University College">Gävle University College</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-192">[192]</a></figcaption></figure> Sweden has from the early 1970s experienced a greater share of non-Western immigration than the other Scandinavian countries, which consequently have placed multiculturalism on the political agenda for a longer period of time.<a href="#cite_note-:1-179">[179]</a> Sweden was the first country to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism in Europe. On 14 May 1975, a unanimous Swedish parliament passed an act on a new multiculturalist immigrant and ethnic minority policy put forward by the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> government, that explicitly rejected the ideal ethnic homogeneity and the policy of assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The three main principles of the new policy were equality, partnership and freedom of choice. The explicit policy aim of the freedom of choice principle was to create the opportunity for minority groups in Sweden to retain their own languages and cultures. From the mid-1970s, the goal of enabling the preservation of minorities and creating a positive attitude towards the new officially endorsed multicultural society among the majority population became incorporated into the Swedish constitution as well as cultural, educational and media policies. Despite the anti-multiculturalist protestations of the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>, multiculturalism remains official policy in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> A 2008 study which involved questionnaires sent to 5,000 people, showed that less than a quarter of the respondents (23%) wanted to live in areas characterised by cultural, ethnic and social diversity.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> A 2014 study published by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle_University_College" title="Gävle University College">Gävle University College</a> showed that 38% of the population never interacted with anyone from Africa and 20% never interacted with any non-Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The study concluded that while physical distance to the country of origin, also religion and other cultural expressions are significant for the perception of cultural familiarity. In general, peoples with Christianity as the dominant religion were perceived to be culturally closer than peoples from Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-192">[192]</a> A 2017 study by <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> also found that social trust was lower among people in regions with high levels of past non-Nordic immigration than among people in regions with low levels of past immigration.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The erosive effect on trust was more pronounced for immigration from culturally distant countries.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg/170px-Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg/255px-Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg/340px-Voivodina_Hungarians_national_costume_and_dance_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s" title="Csárdás">Csárdás</a> traditional Hungarian folk dance in <a href="/wiki/Doroslovo" title="Doroslovo">Doroslovo</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, there are 19 officially recognised ethnic groups with a status of national minorities.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous province</a> of Serbia, located in the northern part of the country. It has a multiethnic and multicultural identity;<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> there are more than 26 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vojvodina" title="Ethnic groups in Vojvodina">ethnic groups</a> in the province,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> which has six official languages.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Largest ethnic groups in Vojvodina are <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (67%), <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Serbia" title="Hungarians in Serbia">Hungarians</a> (13%), <a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_Serbia" title="Slovaks in Serbia">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Croats of Vojvodina">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians of Serbia">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_of_Serbia" title="Montenegrins of Serbia">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Rusyns</a>. The Chinese<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> and Arabs, are the only two significant immigrant minorities in Serbia. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Vojvodina" title="Radio Television of Vojvodina">Radio Television of Vojvodina</a> broadcasts program in ten local languages. The project by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vojvodina" title="Government of Vojvodina">Government of AP Vojvodina</a> titled "Promotion of Multiculturalism and Tolerance in Vojvodina", whose primary goal is to foster the cultural diversity and develop the atmosphere of interethnic tolerance among the citizens of Vojvodina, has been successfully implemented since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Serbia is continually working on improving its relationship and inclusion of minorities in its effort to gain full accession to the European Union. Serbia has initiated talks through Stabilisation and Association Agreement on 7 November 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Modern immigration to the United Kingdom</a></div> Multicultural policies<a href="#cite_note-Wotherspoon1995-207">[207]</a> were adopted by local administrations from the 1970s and 1980s onwards. In 1997, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government committed to a multiculturalist approach at a national level,<a href="#cite_note-Hadjetian2008-208">[208]</a> but after 2001, there was something of a <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_Kingdom" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">backlash</a>, led by centre-left commentators such as <a href="/wiki/David_Goodhart" title="David Goodhart">David Goodhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Phillips" title="Trevor Phillips">Trevor Phillips</a>. The Government then embraced a policy of <a href="/wiki/Community_cohesion" title="Community cohesion">community cohesion</a> instead. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> said in a speech that "state multiculturalism has failed".<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Critics argue that analyses which view society as 'too diverse' for social democracy and cohesion have "performative" effects regarding legitimate racism towards those classed as immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Russian Federation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian nationality law">Russian nationality law</a></div>The idea of multiculturalism in Russia is closely linked to the territory and the Soviet concept of "<a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">nationality</a>". The Federation is divided into a series of <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a> where each ethnic group has preponderance in deciding the laws that affect that republic. A distinction is then made between Rossiyane (Russian citizens) and Russkie (ethnic Russians). Each people within their territories has the right to practice their customs and traditions and even to impose their own laws, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, as long as they do not violate federal and constitutional laws of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG/220px-Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG/330px-Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG/440px-Farewell_Ritual_-_Durga_Idol_Immersion_Ceremony_-_Baja_Kadamtala_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-24_1458.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg/220px-Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg/330px-Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg/440px-Delhi_Jama_Masjid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid, Delhi</a>, one of the largest mosques in India</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/1961_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Census of India">1961 Census of India</a>, there are 1652 indigenous languages in the country.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture of India</a> has been shaped by its <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">long history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">unique geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">diverse demography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India's languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">dance</a>, music, architecture and customs differ from place to place within the country, but nevertheless possess a commonality. The culture of India is an amalgamation of these diverse <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">sub-cultures</a> spread all over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and traditions that are several millennia old.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The previously prevalent <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">Indian caste system</a> describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a> hereditary groups, often termed <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jātis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Religiously, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> form the majority, followed by Muslims. The statistics are: <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> (79.8%), <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (14.2%), <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (2.3%), <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> (1.7%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> (0.7%), <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> (0.23%), <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>, and others (0.65%).<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Linguistically, the two main language families in India are <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> (a branch of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>. In India's northeast, people speaking <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> group of languages such as <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Meitei-lon) and <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a> recognized by the Indian constitution and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> are commonly found. India (officially) follows a three-language policy. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (spoken in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>) is the official federal language, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a> has the federal status of associate/subsidiary official language and each state has its own state official language (in the Hindi <a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">sprachraum</a>, this reduces to bilingualism). Further, India does not have any national language.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic of India">The Republic of India</a>'s state boundaries are largely drawn based on linguistic groups; this decision led to the preservation and continuation of local ethno-linguistic sub-cultures, except for the Hindi sprachraum which is itself divided into many states. Thus, most states differ from one another in language, culture, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">literary style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">music</a> and festivities. India has encountered <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">religiously motivated violence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Moplah_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Moplah Riots">Moplah Riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">Bombay riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1984_Sikh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 Sikh genocide">1984 Sikh genocide</a>, the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2012_Assam_violence" title="2012 Assam violence">2012 Assam violence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2013_Muzaffarnagar_riots" title="2013 Muzaffarnagar riots">2013 Muzaffarnagar riots</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a>. This has resulted from traditionally disadvantaged communities in public employment such as the policing of the same locality, apprehension of owners in giving properties for sale or rent<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> and of society in accepting inter-marriages.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_minorities_in_India">Cultural minorities in India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cultural minorities in India">edit</a>]</div> The Indian constitution requires the various state-run institutions to provide quotas for minorities, which give these cultural minorities equal opportunities, as well as a forum through which they can actively participate in the institutions of the dominant culture.<a href="#cite_note-:03-221">[221]</a> Indian polity after the 1990s has been marked by a shift from secular principles to a landscape that is dominated by pro-Hindu propaganda; the <a href="/wiki/Bhartiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartiya Janata Party">Bhartiya Janata Party</a> has used this rhetoric by reconstructing Hinduism and bartering it under the guise of Indian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> However, the rise of pro-Hindu ideology, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>, has impinged on the rights of cultural minorities.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> This can be seen in the large scale violence against cultural minorities, the <a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">votebank</a> politics used by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, and the promotion of issues faced by the larger religious communities over those faced by the backward groups in religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scheduled_Castes_(SC)_and_Scheduled_Tribes_(ST)_and_Other_Backward_Castes_(OBC)">Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Castes (OBC)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Castes (OBC)">edit</a>]</div> Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are constitutionally recognized terms in India and constitute approximately 25% of the Indian population. Moreover more than 40 percent of India's population belongs to the Other Backward Castes as per the National Sample Survey Office or the NSSO which is a government organization for conducting surveys in India. So the total size of the lower castes in India is estimated to be around 70 percent of the country's population whereas the upper caste make up around 18 percent of the population. It has also been noted that a person of the upper caste generally tends to be fairer in skin whereas the lower caste tend to be darker. These groups have been provided with reservations that constitutionally guarantee them representation in governmental institutions, a mandate suggested by the Mandal Commission.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The Indian constitution also provides SC's and ST's with protective measures that ensure equality, which is the main issue faced by members of both communities. However, while scheduled castes have turned into important political communities that the state concerns itself about, scheduled tribes continue to be politically marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-:03-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture of Indonesia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">diversity</a> and multiculturalism is a daily fact of life in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. There are over <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">1,300 ethnic groups</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> 95% of those are of <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">Native Indonesian</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia who make up nearly 42% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-ISAS-229">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> are the next largest groups in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ISAS-229">[229]</a> There are also more than <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">700 living languages spoken in Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> and although predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Muslim</a> the country also has large <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hindu</a> populations. Indonesia's national motto, <a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</a> ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one") enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> the national ideology, articulates the diversity that shapes the country.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The government nurtures and promotes the diversity of Indonesian local culture; adopting a pluralist approach. Due to migration within Indonesia (as part of government <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">transmigration programs</a> or otherwise), there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions. The Javanese for example, moved from their traditional homeland in Java to the other parts of the archipelago. The expansion of the Javanese and their influence throughout Indonesia has raised the issue of <a href="/wiki/Javanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanization">Javanization</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a>, Madurese, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> and Makassar people, as a result of their merantau (migrating) culture are also quite widely distributed throughout the Indonesian archipelago, while <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesians</a> can be found in most urban areas. Because of urbanization, major Indonesian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta">Greater Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> have attracted large numbers of Indonesians from various ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds. Jakarta in particular has almost all Indonesian ethnic groups represented. However, this transmigration program and close interactions between people of different cultural backgrounds caused socio-cultural problems, as the inter-ethnics interactions have not always been conducted harmoniously. After the <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998 into the 2000s, numbers of inter-ethnic and inter-religious clashes erupted in Indonesia. Like the clashes between native <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> tribes against <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> transmigrants in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sambas_riots" title="Sambas riots">Sambas riots</a> in 1999<a href="#cite_note-hrw-232">[232]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sampit_conflict" title="Sampit conflict">Sampit conflict</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-flashpoint-233">[233]</a> There were also clashes between Muslims and Christians, such as <a href="/wiki/Poso_riots" title="Poso riots">violence erupted in Poso</a> between 1998 and into 2000,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_flashpoints-234">[234]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">violences in Maluku</a> between 1999 and into 2002.<a href="#cite_note-timedirty-235">[235]</a> Nevertheless, Indonesia today still struggles and has managed to maintain unity and inter-cultural harmony, through a national adherence of pro-pluralism policy of Pancasila; promoted and enforced by the government and its people. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a> are the largest foreign-origin minority that has resided in Indonesia for generations. Despite centuries of acculturation with native Indonesians, because of their disproportionate influence on Indonesian economy, and alleged question of national loyalty, Chinese Indonesians have suffered <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-236">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> Orde Baru or New Order adopted a forced <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> policy; which indicated that Chinese cultural elements were unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan200824-237">[237]</a> Chinese Indonesians were forced to adopt <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Indonesian-sounding names</a>, and the use of Chinese culture and language was banned.<a href="#cite_note-:7-236">[236]</a> The violence targeting Chinese Indonesians erupted during <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto#Riots_of_13–14_May" title="Fall of Suharto">riots in 1998.</a> As the looting and destruction took place, a number of Chinese Indonesians, as well as looters, were killed. The Chinese Indonesians were treated as the scapegoat of <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Asian Financial Crisis">1997 Asian Financial Crisis</a>, a result of ongoing discrimination and segregation policies enforced during Suharto's New Order regime. Soon after the fourth Indonesian President, <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a> came into power in 1999, he quickly abolished some of the discriminatory laws in efforts to promote acceptance and to improve inter-racial relationships, such as abolishing the ban on Chinese culture; allowing Chinese traditions to be practised freely. Two years later President <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a> declared that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> (Imlek) would be marked as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">national holiday</a> from 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetiono20031099-238">[238]</a> Tense incidents however have included attacks on Chinese temples<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and Indonesian politician <a href="/wiki/Basuki_Tjahaja_Purnama" title="Basuki Tjahaja Purnama">Basuki Tjahaja Purnama</a> being given a two year prison sentence for <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> due to comments he made to his supporters in September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1951_anti-Chechen_pogrom_in_Eastern_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 anti-Chechen pogrom in Eastern Kazakhstan">1951 anti-Chechen pogrom in Eastern Kazakhstan</a></div> There are sizeable populations of ethnic Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uighurs, Tatars, Germans and more in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-historykz-242">[242]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Kazakhstan was one of a few countries in post-Soviet territories that avoided interethnic clashes and conflicts in the period of USSR's final crisis and its eventual breakup.<a href="#cite_note-DND-243">[243]</a> In 1995, Kazakhstan created the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_People_of_Kazakhstan" title="Assembly of People of Kazakhstan">Assembly of People of Kazakhstan</a>, an advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Daly-244">[244]</a> However, recent ethnic clashes and discrimination have been reported for groups such as Christians,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> ultraconservative Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> ethnic <a href="/wiki/Dungans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungans">Dungans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera (Malaysia)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics of Malaysia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> is a multiethnic country, with <a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malays</a> making up the majority, close to 58% of the population. About 25% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Malaysian">Malaysians of Chinese descent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Malaysian">Malaysians of Indian descent</a> comprise about 7% of the population. The remaining 10% comprises: <ul><li>Native <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysians</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Bajau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun">Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan">Kadazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau">Melanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay">Sarawakian Malays</a>, etc.</li> <li>Other native tribes of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> and Siamese people, and</li> <li>Non-native tribes of Peninsular Malaysia such as the <a href="/wiki/Chettiar" title="Chettiar">Chettiars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakan</a> and the Portuguese.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">Malaysian New Economic Policy</a> or NEP serves as a form of "racial equalization" in the view of the Malay-controlled government.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> It promotes structural changes in various aspects of life from education to economic to social integration. Established after the <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May racial riots</a> of 1969, it sought to address the "significant imbalance" in the economic sphere where the minority especially the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> population had substantial control over commercial activity in the country. Critics of this policy has called it synonymous to racial discrimination and synonymous to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_(crime)#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid (crime)">Apartheid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> has a long history of international trade contacts, influencing its ethnic and religious composition. Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> before the 18th century, the ethnic composition changed dramatically when the British introduced new industries, and imported Chinese and Indian labor. Several regions in the then <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Malacca and Singapore became Chinese dominated. Until the riots 1969, co-existence between the three ethnicities (and other minor groups) was largely peaceful, although the three main racial groups for the most part lived in separate communities – the Malays in the villages, the Chinese in the urban areas, and the Indians in the towns and plantation. More Malays however have moved into the cities since the 1970s, and the proportion of the non-Malays have been decreasing continually, especially the Chinese, due in large part to lower birth-rate and emigration as a result of <a href="/wiki/Institutionalized_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalized discrimination">institutionalized discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Preceding independence of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">social contract</a> was negotiated as the basis of a new society. The contract as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">1957 Malayan Constitution and the 1963 Malaysian Constitution</a> states that the immigrant groups are granted citizenship, and Malays' special rights are guaranteed. This is often referred to the <a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumiputra">Bumiputra</a> policy. These <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralist</a> policies have come under pressure from racialist Malay parties, who oppose perceived subversion of Malay rights. The issue is sometimes related to the controversial <a href="/wiki/Status_of_religious_freedom_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of religious freedom in Malaysia">status of religious freedom in Malaysia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodlands_Town_Park_East,_Singapore,_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Woodlands_Town_Park_East%2C_Singapore%2C_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg/220px-Woodlands_Town_Park_East%2C_Singapore%2C_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Woodlands_Town_Park_East%2C_Singapore%2C_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg/330px-Woodlands_Town_Park_East%2C_Singapore%2C_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Woodlands_Town_Park_East%2C_Singapore%2C_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg/440px-Woodlands_Town_Park_East%2C_Singapore%2C_looking_north_towards_Marsiling_Rise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>High density public housing in Singapore, which are a common sight in the country, consists of different ethnic groups living together.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Immigration to Singapore</a></div> Due to historical immigration trends, Singapore has a Chinese majority population with significant minority populations of <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a>). Other prominent smaller groups include <a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasians_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasians in Singapore">Eurasians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Europe">Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, and Canadians. Besides English, Singapore recognizes three other languages—<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. English was established as the medium of instruction in schools during the 1960s and 1970s and is the language of trade and government while the other three languages are taught as second languages ("mother tongues"). Besides being a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> country, Singapore also acknowledges festivals celebrated by the three main ethnic communities. Under the <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Plan_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffles Plan of Singapore">Raffles Plan of Singapore</a>, the city was divided into ethnic enclaves such as <a href="/wiki/Geylang" title="Geylang">Geylang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a>. Housing in Singapore is governed by the Ethnic Integration Policy, which ensures an even ethnic distribution throughout Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> A similar policy exists in politics as all <a href="/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Representation Constituency">Group Representation Constituencies</a> are required to field at least one candidate from an ethnic minority.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Today, such ethnic enclaves has mostly been eliminated, due to the contemporary Singapore's government policy to encourage further ethnic integration between the different <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">races of Singapore</a>. A prominent example is its public housing system. Unlike other countries, public housing is not ostracised by a wide majority of the population and its government, and acts as a necessary and vital measure to provide immaculate and safe housing surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Amenity" title="Amenity">public amenities</a> at affordable prices, especially during its rapid development and industrialisation in the early years of independence.<a href="#cite_note-LKS-258">[258]</a> It is also meant to foster <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">social cohesion</a> between the social classes and races of Singapore, and prevent neglected areas or districts and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a> from developing – known as the Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP).<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> As such, it is considered a unique part of Singaporean culture, being commonly associated with the country.<a href="#cite_note-SGCUL-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Korea" title="Immigration to South Korea">Immigration to South Korea</a></div> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> remains a relatively homogenous country ethnically, linguistically, and culturally.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Foreigners, expatriates, and immigrants are often rejected by the mainstream South Korean society and face discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> This can be seen as a result of World War II where the first noteworthy wave of multiculturalism between American servicemen and Korean women occurred. South Korea has been long regarded as an ethnic homogeneous country, therefore, the rise in mixed-race children was seen as a new phenomenon. Before the 1990s, the term honhyeol was commonly used to identify multiracial individuals in Korea – primarily in relation to the children of Korean women and American servicemen;<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> this common term strengthened the association of multiracial people with a sense of alienation, rather than promoting cultural diversity within Korea. Not only did this term effectively discriminate against mixed-race Koreans but it also made a clear distinction between native Koreans and mixed-race Koreans. Han Geon-Soo 2007 notes the increased use of the word "multiculturalism" in South Korea: "As the increase of foreign migrants in [South] Korea transforms a single-ethnic homogeneous [South] Korean society into multiethnic and multicultural one, [the South] Korean government and the civil society pay close attention to multiculturalism as an alternative value to their policy and social movement." He argued, however, that "the current discourses and concerns on multiculturalism in [South] Korea" lacked "the constructive and analytical concepts for transforming a society".<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The same year, Stephen Castles of the International Migration Institute argued: <dl><dd>"Korea no longer has to decide whether it wants to become a multicultural society. It made that decision years ago – perhaps unconsciously – when it decided to be a full participant in the emerging global economy. It confirmed that decision when it decided to actively recruit foreign migrants to meet the economic and demographic needs of a fast-growing society. Korea is faced by a different decision today: what type of multicultural society does it want to be?"<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Korea_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Times">Korea Times</a> suggested in 2009 that South Korea was likely to become a multicultural society.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In 2010, an opinion editorial written by Peter Underwood for the <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> stated: "Media in [South] Korea is abuzz with the new era of multiculturalism. With more than one million foreigners in [South] Korea, 2 percent of the population comes from other cultures." He further opined: <dl><dd>"If you stay too long, Koreans become uncomfortable with you. [...] Having a two percent foreign population unquestionably causes ripples, but having one million temporary foreign residents does not make Korea a multicultural society. [...] In many ways, this homogeneity is one of Korea's greatest strengths. Shared values create harmony. Sacrifice for the nation is a given. Difficult and painful political and economic initiatives are endured without discussion or debate. It is easy to anticipate the needs and behavior of others. It is the cornerstone that has helped Korea survive adversity. But there is a downside, too. [...] Koreans are immersed in their culture and are thus blind to its characteristics and quirks. Examples of group think are everywhere. Because Koreans share values and views, they support decisions even when they are obviously bad. Multiculturalism will introduce contrasting views and challenge existing assumptions. While it will undermine the homogeneity, it will enrich Koreans with a better understanding of themselves."<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></dd></dl> In 2010, results from the Korean Identity Survey suggested that government programs promoting multiculturalism had seen some success with over 60% of Koreans supporting the idea a multicultural society.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> However, the same poll in 2015 showed that support of a multicultural society had dropped to 49.7% suggesting a possible return to ethnic exclusivism.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration to Turkey</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is a country that borders both Europe and Asia and is above Africa. It is home to several ethnic groups including Turkish, Arab, Armenian, Assyrian, Greek, Kurdish, and Jewish. There are cultural influences dating back to ancient Hellenic, Semitic and Iranian civilizations which diffused and mingled in myriad ways over a period of centuries.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-270">[270]</a> In recent years there has been an increase of diversity acceptance in Turkey, mainly because there was fear of losing values of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman past</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> is found in central Africa consisting of a diverse geographical and cultural area that makes it one of the most diverse countries known today. Ranging from mountains, deserts, and rainforests, to coast-lands and savanna grasslands, its diverse geography makes a large diverse population possible. This diverse geography resembles Africa as a whole and due to this, many people commonly label Cameroon as "Africa in Miniature".<a href="#cite_note-:02-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demographics_and_official_languages">Demographics and official languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Demographics and official languages">edit</a>]</div> Before Cameroon's independence, it was under British and French colonial rule from 1916–1961.<a href="#cite_note-:13-273">[273]</a> Upon gaining <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, a major colonial influence was evident, having both English and French become the national language to roughly 25,000,000 Cameroonian residents.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-275">[275]</a> Apart from these two major languages, a new language consisting of a mixture of French, English, and <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_English" title="Cameroonian Pidgin English">Pidgin</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Frananglais</a> gained popularity among Cameroonian residents.<a href="#cite_note-:2-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_languages">Indigenous languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Indigenous languages">edit</a>]</div> Although these three languages are the most common in Cameroon, there are still approximately 273 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> languages being spoken throughout the country, making it not only culturally diverse but linguistically as well.<a href="#cite_note-:3-277">[277]</a> Among those who speak these indigenous languages are people from <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>, Sudanic, <a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Mbororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbororo">Mbororo</a>) and even primitive hunter-gatherer groups known as <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">Pygmies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_peoples'_rights">Indigenous peoples' rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples' rights">edit</a>]</div> Although native to Cameroonian land, they faced constant discrimination much like other indigenous groups around the world. The United Nations General Assembly (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UNGA</a>) adopted the United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (<a href="/wiki/UNDRIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDRIP">UNDRIP</a>) in 2007. What this allowed was the protection of land and resource rights and prevented others from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Exploitation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Exploitation">exploiting</a> or violating them.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In 2016, a group of indigenous Baka and Bagyeli groups united to form Gbabandi. Gbabandi allowed these indigenous groups to have a form of representation and a declared list of requirements that people of Cameroon had to abide by. Among these requirements were guaranteed land rights, peoples' consent to the usage of their sacred land, traditional chiefs and the ability to participate in "local, regional, and national levels" of political and economic matters. As a result, this established a sense of justice and acknowledgment among indigenous groups in Cameroon and posed for future battles for indigenous peoples' rights.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> Multiculturalism has been a characteristic feature of the island of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LionnetShi2005-282">[282]</a> This is mainly because of colonization that has been present from, the English, the French, and the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> However, the Mauritian society includes people from many different ethnic and religious groups: Hindu, Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritian">Indo-Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian Creole people">Mauritian Creoles</a> (of African and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a> descent), Buddhist and Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sino-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Mauritian">Sino-Mauritians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Mauritian">Franco-Mauritians</a> (descendants of the original French colonists).<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Mauritius has embraced intertwining of cultures from the origin of the country, and has coined the term fruit-salad, which is a much more appealing term in comparison to melting-pot showing that they were not forced to these cultures.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration to South Africa</a></div> South Africa is the fifth-most populous country and one of the most developed countries in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> South Africa also officially recognises 11 languages including English, making it third behind Bolivia and India in most official languages.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> The three most common languages are Zulu, Xhosa, and Afrikaans. Though South Africa's cultural traditions may decline as it becomes more and more Westernised due to its development, it is still known for its diverse culture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism in Australia</a></div> The next country to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism after Canada was Australia, a country with similar immigration situations and similar policies, for example the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immi.gov.au-288">[288]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> retains multiculturalism in policy and as a defining aspect of Australia today.<a href="#cite_note-Reference-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-policy-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-hon-tony-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinatown_Sydney.jpg/180px-Chinatown_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinatown_Sydney.jpg/270px-Chinatown_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinatown_Sydney.jpg/360px-Chinatown_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Sydney" title="Chinatown, Sydney">Sydney's Chinatown</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a> was dismantled after World War II by various changes to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">immigration policy</a>, although the official policy of multiculturalism was not formally introduced until 1972.<a href="#cite_note-GalliganRavenhill1997-289">[289]</a> The election of <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">John Howard's Liberal-National Coalition</a> government in 1996 was a major watershed for Australian multiculturalism. <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a> had long been a critic of multiculturalism, releasing his <a href="/wiki/One_Australia_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One Australia policy">One Australia policy</a> in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Cornelius2004-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Practical_Reference_to_Religious_Diversity_for_Operational_Police_and_Emergency_Services" title="A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services">A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services</a>, first published in 1999, was a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Police_Multicultural_Advisory_Bureau" title="Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau">Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau</a> designed to offer guidance to police and emergency services personnel on how religious affiliation can affect their contact with the public.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-dunn-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The first edition covered <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a>, Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> faiths, with participation of representatives of the various religions.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> The second edition, published in 2002, added Christian, <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> religions and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> to the list of religions.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Contact between people of different cultures in Australia has been characterised by tolerance and engagement, but have also occasionally resulted in conflict and rifts.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Australia's diverse migrant communities have brought with them food, lifestyle and cultural practices, many of which have been absorbed into mainstream Australian culture.<a href="#cite_note-Reference-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20">[20]</a> Members of a multicultural community who are not of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Australian">Anglo-Australian</a> background or not <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">"assimilated"</a> are often referred to in policy discourse as <a href="/wiki/Culturally_and_linguistically_diverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally and linguistically diverse">culturally and linguistically diverse</a> (CALD), introduced in 1996 to replace non-English speaking background (NESB).<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> New Zealand is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> Oceanic country that adopted its multicultural policies post World War II. The country used to have immigration policies similar to Australia's <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a> and the United States <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> but it would later follow suit with Australia and Canada in the 1970s and adopt similar multicultural policies. The relaxation of migration led to an influx of new migration to New Zealand in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> This led to an increase of Asian and Pacific islander peoples on the island, and ultimately a more diverse European population.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In 1985, the Law Commission Act was passed which required the New Zealand Law Commission to review laws while taking into account both the indigenous <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> of New Zealand and New Zealand's multicultural character.<a href="#cite_note-auto-305">[305]</a> In 1987, New Zealand officially recognized the indigenous Māori language as a national language.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> The revitalization in the Māori language led to its immersion in schools and television broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In 2001, the New Zealand government opened an Office of Ethnic Affairs to advise its local governments on the advancement of ethnic diversity and affairs of its multicultural communities.<a href="#cite_note-auto-305">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dual_place_names_in_New_Zealand" title="List of dual place names in New Zealand">Many landmarks</a> on the island have both their Māori and English names officially recognized. Māori makes up 3.7% of the population's speaking language.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> A 2013 census of New Zealand's population showed that 74% of the population identifies ethnically as European, while the latter 15% majority identify as Māori. The remainder identify as Asian, Arab, African, Pacific Islander and Latin American. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Papua New Guinea">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> is one of the most multicultural countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> This Oceanian country is home to over eight million people<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> that are divided into hundreds of different indigenous ethnic groups and cultures with over 820 different indigenous languages.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> A majority of the indigenous groups are <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuans</a> who have ancestors that lived in New Guinea over ten thousand years ago. The latter majority are <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> whose ancestors arrived less than four thousand years ago. The island's population is also made up of many <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> citizens from China, Australia, Indonesia, Europe and the Philippines. In 1975, the island population was found to be made up of 40,000 of these diverse expatriate citizens.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Despite the large amount of culturally diverse locations on the island, the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Early_Agricultural_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuk Early Agricultural Site">Kuk Early Agricultural Site</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World heritage location.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_empathy" title="Ethnocultural empathy">Ethnocultural empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centre_for_Pluralism" title="Global Centre for Pluralism">Global Centre for Pluralism</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybridity" title="Hybridity">Hybridity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime" title="Immigration and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitkultur" title="Leitkultur">Leitkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_without_Culture" title="Multiculturalism without Culture">Multiculturalism without Culture</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_art" title="Multicultural art">Multicultural art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_education" title="Multicultural education">Multicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikulti" title="Multikulti">Multikulti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_personal_autonomy" title="National personal autonomy">National personal autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_society" title="Parallel society">Parallel society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradox of intolerance">Paradox of intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Nation">Rainbow Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_for_the_Study_of_the_Multi-Ethnic_Literature_of_the_United_States" title="The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States">The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrooted_Childhoods" title="Unrooted Childhoods">Unrooted Childhoods</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">Unity in diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsFletcher-Janzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Cecil R.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine, eds. (2008). "Pluralism, Cultural". Encyclopedia of Special Education. Wiley. pp. 1591–1592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470373699.speced1627">10.1002/9780470373699.speced1627</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-37369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-37369-9"><bdi>978-0-470-37369-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pluralism%2C+Cultural&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Special+Education&rft.pages=1591-1592&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470373699.speced1627&rft.isbn=978-0-470-37369-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metafizika_journal-2"><a href="#cite_ref-metafizika_journal_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasimova2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gasimova, Narmina (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110181145/https://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5,No.4,Serial.20,pp.77-87.pdf">"Multiculturalism as the main philosophical concept in the social development of modern society"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafizika_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metafizika (journal) (page does not exist)">Metafizika</a> (in Azerbaijani). 5 (4): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2617-751X">2617-751X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2616-6879">2616-6879</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117709579">1117709579</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5%2CNo.4%2CSerial.20%2Cpp.77-87.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 November 2022. 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Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America (3rd edition; 6 vol. 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=197&Ntk=P_EPI&Ntt=508676737550071330333596981793254059&Ntx=mode%2Bmatchallpartial">Online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacs2007-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaacs2007_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Katherine_Isaacs2007" class="citation book cs1">Ann Katherine Isaacs (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5asNot0c5kwC&pg=PA38">Immigration and emigration in historical perspective</a>. Edizioni Plus. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-498-8"><bdi>978-88-8492-498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+emigration+in+historical+perspective&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-498-8&rft.au=Ann+Katherine+Isaacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5asNot0c5kwC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Zangwill, Israel. 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Retrieved 29 January 2019. <q>Danmarks integrationspolitik har i årtier været bygget op om troen på, at med den rette hjælp vil indvandrere og deres efterkommerne generation for generation falde til. En ny undersøgelse rammer en pæl gennem den forestilling. Den fastslår, at tredjegenerationsindvandrerne ikke får bedre karakterer i folkeskolen end generationen før dem. At der ikke er flere, som færdiggør en ungdomsuddannelse. Og at der ikke er flere, som får et arbejde. Det fremgår af »Analyse af børn af efterkommere med ikke-vestlig baggrund«, som er udarbejdet af Integrationsministeriet og Undervisningsministeriet. Den kortlægger for første gang, hvordan tredjegenerationsindvandrerne klarer sig på centrale parametre. // »Vi ved fra forskningen, at børn, som taler dansk i hjemmet, klarer sig bedre i skolen. Men mange gifter sig med én, som kommer direkte fra hjemlandet. Det vil sige, at integrationen starter forfra i hver generation,« siger Merete Riisager.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berlingske.dk&rft.atitle=Opr%C3%A5b+fra+ministre%3A+Problemer+med+integration+af+b%C3%B8rn+af+ikkevestlige+indvandrere&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlingske.dk%2Fcontent%2Fitem%2F1329273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019094846/https://uim.dk/nyheder/2018/2018-12/tredjegenerationsindvandrere-klarer-sig-ikke-bedre-end-anden-generation">"Tredjegenerationsindvandrere klarer sig ikke bedre end anden generation – Udlændinge- og Integrationsministeriet"</a>. uim.dk. 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Store Norske Leksikon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Store+Norske+Leksikon&rft.atitle=Asylsituasjonen+i+Norge+2015+og+2016&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Garvik&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fasylsituasjonen_i_Norge_2015_og_2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen2016" class="citation web cs1">Amundsen, Bård (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forskning.no/innvandring-samfunn-samfunnskunnskap/2016/12/fra-30-000-til-3000-asylsokere-hva-har-skjedd">"Fra 30 000 til 3000 asylsøkere, hva har skjedd?"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+%7C+Culture%2C+History%2C+%26+People&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPapua-New-Guinea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/PG">"Papua New Guinea"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2FPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Brian2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Barry" title="Brian Barry">Barry Brian</a> (30 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COkp0MUhV-4C&pg=PP1">Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01001-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Equality%3A+An+Egalitarian+Critique+of+Multiculturalism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01001-7&rft.au=Barry+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOkp0MUhV-4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumann,_Gerd1999" class="citation book cs1">Baumann, Gerd (22 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJqENtElDAC&pg=PP1">The Multicultural Riddle: Rethinking National, Ethnic, and Religious Identities</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92213-5"><bdi>978-0-415-92213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Multicultural+Riddle%3A+Rethinking+National%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Religious+Identities&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92213-5&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzJqENtElDAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_David1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, David (10 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PhRagnCkF0C&pg=PP1">Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12159-0"><bdi>978-0-415-12159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+States%3A+Rethinking+Difference+and+Identity&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12159-0&rft.au=Bennett%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PhRagnCkF0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzilai,_Gad2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gad_Barzilai" title="Gad Barzilai">Barzilai, Gad</a> (9 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHWXPvD3TGcC&pg=PP1">Communities And Law: Politics And Cultures of Legal Identities</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03079-8"><bdi>978-0-472-03079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+And+Law%3A+Politics+And+Cultures+of+Legal+Identities&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03079-8&rft.au=Barzilai%2C+Gad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHWXPvD3TGcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaravantes,_Ernesto2010" class="citation book cs1">Caravantes, Ernesto (30 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fF9TI8BsOdAC&pg=PP1">From melting pot to witch's cauldron: how multiculturalism failed America</a>. Government Institutes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5056-4"><bdi>978-0-7618-5056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+melting+pot+to+witch%27s+cauldron%3A+how+multiculturalism+failed+America&rft.pub=Government+Institutes&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5056-4&rft.au=Caravantes%2C+Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfF9TI8BsOdAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksen,_Jens-Martin_and_Stjernfelt,_Frederik2012" class="citation book cs1">Eriksen, Jens-Martin and Stjernfelt, Frederik (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com/teloscasteriksen-and-stjernfelts-the-democratic-contradictions-of-multiculturalism/">The democratic contradictions of multiculturalism</a>. Telos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0914386469" title="Special:BookSources/978-0914386469"><bdi>978-0914386469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+democratic+contradictions+of+multiculturalism&rft.pub=Telos+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0914386469&rft.au=Eriksen%2C+Jens-Martin+and+Stjernfelt%2C+Frederik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telospress.com%2Fteloscasteriksen-and-stjernfelts-the-democratic-contradictions-of-multiculturalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFillion,_Réal_Robert2008" class="citation book cs1">Fillion, Réal Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eh9JrJH1HiwC&pg=PP1">Multicultural dynamics and the ends of history: exploring Kant, Hegel, and Marx</a>. University of Ottawa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0670-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0670-5"><bdi>978-0-7766-0670-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+dynamics+and+the+ends+of+history%3A+exploring+Kant%2C+Hegel%2C+and+Marx&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0670-5&rft.au=Fillion%2C+R%C3%A9al+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deh9JrJH1HiwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortier,_Anne-Marie2008" class="citation book cs1">Fortier, Anne-Marie (2 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ReWEWKXwrsC&pg=PP1">Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the Limits of the Civil Nation</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39608-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39608-0"><bdi>978-0-415-39608-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Horizons%3A+Diversity+and+the+Limits+of+the+Civil+Nation&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39608-0&rft.au=Fortier%2C+Anne-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ReWEWKXwrsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldber,_David_Theo1994" class="citation book cs1">Goldber, David Theo (1994). Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader. Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18912-1"><bdi>978-0-631-18912-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism%3A+A+Critical+Reader&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18912-1&rft.au=Goldber%2C+David+Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_AveryNewfield,_Christopher1996" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Avery & Newfield, Christopher (1996). Mapping Multiculturalism. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2547-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-2547-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Multiculturalism&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2547-5&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Avery&rft.au=Newfield%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried,_Paul2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried, Paul</a> (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkDOtBZHm5UC&pg=PP1">Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy</a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1520-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1520-8"><bdi>978-0-8262-1520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+and+the+Politics+of+Guilt%3A+Toward+a+Secular+Theocracy&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1520-8&rft.au=Gottfried%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkDOtBZHm5UC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Icart, Jean-Claude (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319070206/http://www3.nfb.ca/duneculturealautre/theme_article.php?id=2006&pubid=18197">"Racism in Canada"</a> in Across Cultures Montreal: National Film Board of Canada.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Progress_OrganizationUNESCO1978" class="citation book cs1">International Progress Organization & <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YI_nZjqwPIYC&pg=PP1">Cultural self-comprehension of nations</a>. International Progress Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7711-0311-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7711-0311-8"><bdi>978-3-7711-0311-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+self-comprehension+of+nations&rft.pub=International+Progress+Organization&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-7711-0311-8&rft.au=International+Progress+Organization&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYI_nZjqwPIYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse,_Barnor2000" class="citation book cs1">Hesse, Barnor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KiWYDGkcipQC&pg=PP1">Un/settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, "transruptions"</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-560-8"><bdi>978-1-85649-560-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un%2Fsettled+Multiculturalisms%3A+Diasporas%2C+Entanglements%2C+%22transruptions%22&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-560-8&rft.au=Hesse%2C+Barnor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKiWYDGkcipQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKymlicka,_Will1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka, Will</a> (1 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5Kaqqy-W78C&pg=PP1">Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152097-6"><bdi>978-0-19-152097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Citizenship%3A+A+Liberal+Theory+of+Minority+Rights&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-152097-6&rft.au=Kymlicka%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5Kaqqy-W78C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988">)</li> <li>Kymlicka, Will (8 December 2005). Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford University Press. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019927763X" title="Special:BookSources/019927763X">019927763X</a>)</li> <li>Ley, David "multiculturalism" in Gregory, Derek (ed.) (2009) The Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.) Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendola,_LouisAlio,_Jacqueline2013" class="citation book cs1">Mendola, Louis; Alio, Jacqueline (2013). The Peoples of Sicily: A Multicultural Legacy. Trinacria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-79694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-79694-9"><bdi>978-0-615-79694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Sicily%3A+A+Multicultural+Legacy&rft.pub=Trinacria&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-615-79694-9&rft.au=Mendola%2C+Louis&rft.au=Alio%2C+Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModood,_TariqWerbner,_Phina1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Modood" title="Tariq Modood">Modood, Tariq</a> & Werbner, Phina (15 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqRPR6RA-x0C&pg=PP1">The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity, and Community</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-422-9"><bdi>978-1-85649-422-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Multiculturalism+in+the+New+Europe%3A+Racism%2C+Identity%2C+and+Community&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-422-9&rft.au=Modood%2C+Tariq&rft.au=Werbner%2C+Phina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqRPR6RA-x0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkin,_Susan_Moller1999" class="citation book cs1">Okin, Susan Moller (9 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oOCjHMn_SbUC&pg=PP1">Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4099-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-4099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Multiculturalism+Bad+for+Women%3F&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4099-1&rft.au=Okin%2C+Susan+Moller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoOCjHMn_SbUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParekh,_Bhikhu_C.2002" class="citation book cs1">Parekh, Bhikhu C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ajx-AoUIW6wC&pg=PP1">Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00995-0"><bdi>978-0-674-00995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Multiculturalism%3A+Cultural+Diversity+and+Political+Theory&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00995-0&rft.au=Parekh%2C+Bhikhu+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjx-AoUIW6wC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Putnam, Robert D.</a> (June 2007). "E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century". <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Political_Studies" title="Scandinavian Political Studies">Scandinavian Political Studies</a>. 30 (2): 137–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.2007.00176.x">10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14234366">14234366</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science">The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=E+Pluribus+Unum%3A+Diversity+and+community+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-174&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.2007.00176.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14234366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Russon" title="John Russon">Russon, John</a> (2003). Human experience philosophy, neurosis, and the elements of everyday life. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791486757" title="Special:BookSources/9780791486757"><bdi>9780791486757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+experience+philosophy%2C+neurosis%2C+and+the+elements+of+everyday+life&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780791486757&rft.aulast=Russon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailer2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sailer" title="Steve Sailer">Sailer, Steve</a> (15 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174328/http://www.amconmag.com/article/2007/jan/15/00007/">"Fragmented future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>. Jon Basil Utley. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/article/2007/jan/15/00007/">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=Fragmented+future&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.aulast=Sailer&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amconmag.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2Fjan%2F15%2F00007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Charles2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Charles</a> (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnebqvkFiCwC&pg=PP1">Multiculturalism</a> (Expanded Paperback ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2140-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2140-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-2140-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism&rft.edition=Expanded+Paperback&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2140-2&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnebqvkFiCwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremblay,_Arjun2019" class="citation book cs1">Tremblay, Arjun (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hoV-uwEACAAJ">Diversity in Decline: The rise of the political right and the Fate of Multiculturalism</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-02299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-02299-0"><bdi>978-3-030-02299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+Decline%3A+The+rise+of+the+political+right+and+the+Fate+of+Multiculturalism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-02299-0&rft.au=Tremblay%2C+Arjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhoV-uwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (September–October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/225/slavoj-zizek-multiculturalism-or-the-cultural-logic-of-multinational-capitalism">"Multiculturalism, or, the cultural logic of multinational capitalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. I (225): 28–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Multiculturalism%2C+or%2C+the+cultural+logic+of+multinational+capitalism&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=225&rft.pages=28-51&rft.date=1997-09%2F1997-10&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F225%2Fslavoj-zizek-multiculturalism-or-the-cultural-logic-of-multinational-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulticulturalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiculturalism" title="Template:Multiculturalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiculturalism" title="Template talk:Multiculturalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiculturalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiculturalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiculturalism_(cultural_mosaic)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiculturalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural mosaic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Multiculturalism_Act" title="Canadian Multiculturalism Act">Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_media_in_Canada" title="Multicultural media in Canada">media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Multiculturalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Culture" title="Wikipedia:Culture">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture">Changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=38706">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&oldid=1255337663">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&oldid=1255337663</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiculturalism" title="Category:Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_politics" title="Category:Cultural 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