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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian-born psychical researcher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Hodgson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Hodgson_psychical_researcher.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Richard_Hodgson_psychical_researcher.png/220px-Richard_Hodgson_psychical_researcher.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Richard_Hodgson_psychical_researcher.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1855-09-24</span>)</span>24 September 1855<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1905<span style="display:none">(1905-12-21)</span> (aged 50)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Boston, Massachusetts, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Psychical researcher</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Hodgson</b> (24 September 1855 – 21 December 1905) was an Australian-born <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">psychical researcher</a> who investigated spiritualist mediums such as <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a>. During his later life, Hodgson became a spiritualist medium himself and believed to be in communication with spirits. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hodgson was born in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Australia</a> on 24 September 1855 to Mr. R. Hodgson, leather merchant of Melbourne. He had completed his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL.D.</a> courses in Melbourne by 1877, when he was only twenty-two years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctorate was received in 1878 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. </p><p>In the 1880s he moved to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to study Mental and Moral Science at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>. Two of his lecturers were <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a>. Sidgwick sponsored Hodgson to study in Jena in Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> provided a very flattering letter of introduction <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> (SPR) in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodgson joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a> in 1887 to serve as its secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hodgson was sent by the SPR in 1884 to India to investigate <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a> and concluded that her claims of <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> power were fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the phenomena that Hodgson investigated was the supposed miraculous <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical</a> letters from the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81tm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahātmā">Mahatmas</a> which were said to magically appear over a four-year period in a cabinet in the Shrine Room at the Theosophical headquarters in Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodgson in his report wrote that the letters were frauds and had been written by Blavatsky herself who had put them in the cabinet from an opening in her bedroom located behind the Shrine room.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent analysis by <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Harrison" title="Vernon Harrison">Vernon Harrison</a> revealed that Hodgson's report rested on faulty methodology and cherry-picked data, belying a strong underlying bias to which evidence was fitted while alternative interpretations were ignored, even going so far as to say that his "report is riddled with slanted statements, conjectures advanced as fact or probable fact, uncorroborated testimony of unnamed witnesses, selection of evidence and downright falsity."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a believer in <a href="/wiki/Mental_mediumship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental mediumship">mental mediumship</a>, Hodgson was a critic of <a href="/wiki/Physical_mediumship" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical mediumship">physical mediumship</a> which he claimed was fraudulent. Some of the mediums that he exposed as frauds were <a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A. T. Baird author of the book <i>Richard Hodgson</i> published by Psychic Press Limited, London in 1949 is the only biography of Hodgson. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> praised the work of Hodgson in debunking fraudulent mediums but wrote he was credulous on his study of <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe1920_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe1920-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. T. Hackett dedicated his book <i>My Commonplace Book</i> to Hodgson and stated that about one-third of the main quotations in the book came direct from Hodgson.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eusapia_Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eusapia Palladino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a> with Oliver Lodge, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_W._H._Myers" title="Frederic W. H. Myers">Frederic W. H. Myers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Ochorowicz" title="Julian Ochorowicz">Julian Ochorowicz</a> investigated the medium <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a> in the summer of 1894 at his house in the Ile Roubaud in the Mediterranean. Richet claimed furniture moved during the séance and that some of the phenomena was the result of a supernatural agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann1919_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann1919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hodgson claimed there was inadequate control during the séances and the precautions described did not rule out trickery. Hodgson wrote all the phenomena "described could be account for on the assumption that Eusapia could get a hand or foot free." Lodge, Myers and Richet disagreed, but Hodgson was later proven correct in the Cambridge sittings as Palladino was observed to have used tricks exactly the way he had described them.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann1919_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann1919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1895, Hodgson was invited to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to Myers' house in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> for a series of investigations into the <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a> of Palladino.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann1919_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann1919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to reports by Hodgson, Myers and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, all the phenomena observed in the Cambridge sittings were the result of trickery. Her fraud was so clever, according to Myers, that it "must have needed long practice to bring it to its present level of skill."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Cambridge sittings the results proved disastrous for her mediumship. During the séances Palladino was caught cheating in order to free herself from the physical controls of the experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann1919_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann1919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palladino was found liberating her hands by placing the hand of the controller on her left on top of the hand of the controller on her right. Instead of maintaining any contact with her, the observers on either side were found to be holding each other's hands and this made it possible for her to perform tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodgson had observed Palladino free a hand to move objects and use her feet to kick pieces of furniture in the room. Because of the discovery of fraud, the British SPR investigators such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a> considered Palladino's mediumship to be permanently discredited and because of her fraud she was banned from any further experiments with the SPR in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, Myers was invited to a series of séances in Paris with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a>. In contrast to the previous séances in which he had observed fraud he claimed to have observed convincing phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim1985_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidgwick reminded Myers of Palladino's trickery in the previous investigations as "overwhelming" but Myers did not change his position. This enraged Hodgson, then editor of SPR publications to ban Myers from publishing anything on his recent sittings with Palladino in the SPR journal. Hodgson was convinced Palladino was a fraud and supported Sidgwick in the "attempt to put that vulgar cheat Eusapia beyond the pale."<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim1985_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It wasn't until the 1908 sittings in Naples that the SPR reopened the Palladino file.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leonora_Piper">Leonora Piper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leonora Piper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonorapiper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leonorapiper.jpg/170px-Leonorapiper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leonorapiper.jpg/255px-Leonorapiper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Leonorapiper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hodgson was one of the very few psychical researchers who believed <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a>'s controls were spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, 1895 Dean Bridgman Connor a young electrician died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> in an American Hospital in Mexico. His death was notified to his parents living in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>. Connor's father claimed to have experienced a dream that his son was not dead, but alive and held captive in Mexico. There was publicity over the incident and Hodgson consulted Piper in which she gave several séances. It was alleged that Piper's spirit control claimed Conner was alive in a lunatic asylum kept by a "Dr. Cintz".<sup id="cite_ref-Clodd1917_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodd1917-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthony Philpott a journalist for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> travelled to Mexico to investigate the incident but could find no lunatic asylum or Dr. Cintz as described by Piper's control. Philpott visited the hospital where Connor was reported to have died and interviewed the nurse Helen Smith (Mrs. F. U. Winn) in <a href="/wiki/Tuxpan,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuxpan, Veracruz">Tuxpan, Veracruz</a> who attended Connor and she confirmed he had died of typhoid fever in the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return to Boston, Hodgson would not believe Philpott and insisted that Connor was alive and that if he had the money he would go to Mexico and find him. Philpott offered to pay his expenses and advertised the offer, however Hodgson declined the offer and did not go to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Clodd1917_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodd1917-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the incorrect information the Dean Connor case has been described as an incident that has cast doubt on Piper's alleged ability to contact the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Blum" title="Deborah Blum">Deborah Blum</a> has written that Hodgson was personally obsessed with Piper. Hodgson would stand outside her house, observing her for long periods of time even in the winter <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a> of 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American psychologist <a href="/wiki/Morton_Prince" title="Morton Prince">Morton Prince</a> who knew Hodgson well commented that the mediumship of Piper had "wrecked" his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hodgson, during the latter days of his life, would allow no one to enter the privacy of his room in 15 Charles Street. During these years Hodgson believed that he constantly received direct communication with the regular band of spirits in charge of Piper. He received these messages when alone in the evening. He allowed no one to enter his room. Hodgson was afraid they would disturb the "magnetic atmosphere".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told very few people about this.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodgson's lover, Jessie D., died in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a séance Piper's control told Hodgson he would get married, have two children and have a long life but Hodgson died a few months later, unmarried and childless.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Hodgson between December 1905 and the beginning of 1908 Piper held about seventy séances during which the spirit of Hodgson was said to have communicated through her.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the control of Piper sounded nothing like Hodgson. According to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> "when Hodgson died in 1905 and left a large amount of manuscript in cipher, she could not get the least clue to it. When friends put test questions to the spirit of Hodgson about his early life in Australia, the answers were all wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe1920_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe1920-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hodgson control was asked the name of his schoolmaster in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> but failed to give the correct answer, Hodgson's sister who was sent the messages was not convinced they were from Hodgson.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he died Hodgson had written a test letter, and claimed that if he was to communicate through Piper he would reveal the contents inside the letter. Piper's Hodgson control failed to reveal the test letter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> stated Hodgson was an unreliable source on account of a letter he saw in the 2nd edition <i>Spiritualism and Oliver Lodge</i> by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a>, from a cousin of George Pellew to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a>, alleging that Hodgson claimed that Professor Fiske from his séance with Piper was "absolutely convinced" Piper's control was the real George Pellew, but that when Pellew's brother contacted Fiske about it, he replied it was "a lie" as Piper had been "silent or entirely wrong" on all his questions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gauld" title="Alan Gauld">Alan Gauld</a>, referring to this letter as published by Clodd, stated that it was "wholly unreliable", noted that Hodgson in his original report wrote that Fiske had a negative attitude, and noted that Hodgson himself considered the Fiske sittings to be of no evidential value.<sup id="cite_ref-GauldPiper_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GauldPiper-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychologist and psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James Hyslop</a> dedicated his 1905 book <i>Science and a Future Life</i>, a study of the mediumship of Piper, to Hodgson, writing that Hodgson's research led him to the conclusions defended in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_Report" title="Hodgson Report">Hodgson Report</a> (Richard Hodgson's 1885 SPR negative report on <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4992757">"OBITUARY: MR. RICHARD HODGSON.: AN OLD MELBOURNIAN"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a></i>. Vol. XLVIII, no. 14, 722. South Australia. 23 December 1905. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=OBITUARY%3A+MR.+RICHARD+HODGSON.%3A+AN+OLD+MELBOURNIAN.&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.issue=14%2C+722&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1905-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article4992757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hodgson+%28parapsychologist%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208791289">"THE LATE DR. HODGSON"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_and_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="The Express and Telegraph">The Express and Telegraph</a></i>. Vol. XLIII, no. 12, 679. South Australia. 26 December 1905. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+and+Telegraph&rft.atitle=THE+LATE+DR.+HODGSON.&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=12%2C+679&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1905-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article208791289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hodgson+%28parapsychologist%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60637/60637-h/60637-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of My Commonplace Book, by J. T. Hackett"</a>. <i>gutenberg.org</i>. p. 209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+My+Commonplace+Book%2C+by+J.+T.+Hackett.&rft.pages=209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F60637%2F60637-h%2F60637-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hodgson+%28parapsychologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a>. (2006). <i>The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channeling, and Spirit Communication</i>. Visible Ink Press. p. 177. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0780809222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0780809222">978-0780809222</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Rosemary Guiley</a>. (1994). <i>The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits</i>. 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Visible Ink Press. pp. 210–211. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578592098" title="Special:BookSources/978-1578592098">978-1578592098</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/hpb-spr/hpbspr-h.htm">Harrison, Vernon <i>H. P. Blavatsky and the SPR</i> (1997)</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55700-119-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55700-119-7">1-55700-119-7</a>. Accessed 29 March 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a>. (1920). <i>Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847</i>. Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 176–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCabe1920-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCabe1920_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCabe1920_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a>. (1920). <i>Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined</i>. London: Watts & Co. pp. 101–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60637/60637-h/60637-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of My Commonplace Book, by J. T. Hackett"</a>. <i>gutenberg.org</i>. pp. [vii], [x]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+My+Commonplace+Book%2C+by+J.+T.+Hackett.&rft.pages=vii%2C+x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F60637%2F60637-h%2F60637-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hodgson+%28parapsychologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann1919-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann1919_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann1919_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann1919_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann1919_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Mann. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/folliesfraudsofs00manniala#page/114/mode/2up"><i>The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism</i></a>. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. pp. 115-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a>. (1920). <i>Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others</i>. London, Watts & Co. p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brower2001_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brower2001_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Brady Brower. (2010). <i>Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252077517" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252077517">978-0252077517</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppenheim1985-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim1985_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim1985_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Oppenheim. (1985). <i>The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150-151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521265058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521265058">978-0521265058</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a>. (2003). <i>Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591020868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591020868">978-1591020868</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark Bell, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Jay_Hudson" title="Thomson Jay Hudson">Thomson Jay Hudson</a>. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/spiritismhypnot00hudsgoog#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Spiritism, Hypnotism and Telepathy: As Involved in the Case of Mrs. Leonora E. Piper and the Society for Psychical Research</i></a>. Medico-Legal Journal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clodd1917-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clodd1917_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodd1917_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a>. (1917). <i>The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism</i>. Grant Richards, London. pp. 208-209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a>. (1979). <i>Search for the Soul</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers. p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Neher. (2011). <i>Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination</i>. Dover Publications. pp. 217-218. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486261676" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486261676">978-0486261676</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Blum" title="Deborah Blum">Deborah Blum</a>. (2006). <i>Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death</i>. Penguin Books. p. 142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143038955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143038955">978-0143038955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Oppenheim. (1985). <i>The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 376. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521265058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521265058">978-0521265058</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a>. (1930). <i>Story of Psychic Science</i>. London: Rider & Co. p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Baird. (1949). <i>The Life of Richard Hodgson</i>. Psychic Press Limited, London. pp. 301-302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Baird. (1949). <i>The Life of Richard Hodgson</i>. Psychic Press Limited, London. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://randi.org/encyclopedia/Piper,%20Leonora%20E..html"><i>Leonora Piper</i></a> in <i>An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</i>. St. Martin's Griffin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312151195" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312151195">978-0312151195</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesca Bordogna. (2008). <i>William James at the Boundaries: Philosophy, Science, and the Geography of Knowledge</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226066523" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226066523">978-0226066523</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a>. (1911). <i>The Newer Spiritualism</i>. Henry Holt and Company. p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rinn">Joseph Rinn</a>. (1950). <i>Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among the Spiritualists</i>. Truth Seeker Company. p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a>. (1920). <i>Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined</i>. London: Watts & Co. pp. 101-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GauldPiper-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GauldPiper_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Gauld. (1968). <i>Founders of Psychical Research</i>. Schocken Books. pp. 361-363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">Hyslop, James</a>. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scienceandfutur00hysl#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Science and a Future Life</i></a>. Boston : H.B. Turner & Co.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mme._d%27Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_O%27Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritist_centre" title="Spiritist centre">Spiritist centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualists%27_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. Forbes Winslow">Lyttelton Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648302#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120448424">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hodgson, Richard, 1855-1905"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97025047">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13487439r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13487439r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p184567904">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810593084105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293155505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1462183">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hodgson-richard-3777">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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