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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bakteriologins_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakteriologins_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bakteriologins historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakteriologins_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ursprung_och_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ursprung_och_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ursprung och evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ursprung_och_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utseende" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utseende"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utseende</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utseende-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Förflyttning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Förflyttning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Förflyttning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Förflyttning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassificering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassificering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Klassificering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klassificering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Klassificering</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klassificering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exempel_på_bakterier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exempel_på_bakterier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Exempel på bakterier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exempel_på_bakterier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exempel_på_sjukdomar_som_bakterier_orsakar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exempel_på_sjukdomar_som_bakterier_orsakar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exempel på sjukdomar som bakterier orsakar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exempel_på_sjukdomar_som_bakterier_orsakar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bakterier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 172 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">172 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – acehnesiska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ – arameiska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka'i – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk'a laq'u – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk'a laq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Sè-khún – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बैक्टीरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बैक्टीरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – skotsk gaeliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gaeliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш – ingusjiska" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinungwana" title="Izinungwana – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinungwana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri – kinjarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinjarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – napolitanska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateri" title="Bateri – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bateri" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – karakalpakiska" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – sardinska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ – cherokesiska" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Bakterier" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton 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.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px; font-size:95%;width:20.3788em;padding:.18em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:lightgrey">Bakterier</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/250px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/375px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/500px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span> <div style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, 25 000 ggr förstoring</i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">Systematik</a></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi)">Domän</a></th><td class="" style=""><b>Bakterier</b><br />Bacteria</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Vetenskapligt_namn" title="Vetenskapligt namn">Vetenskapligt namn</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span style="float:right; font-size:70%;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bacteria">§</a></span> Bacteria</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lightgrey"><a href="/wiki/Stam_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stam (biologi)">Stammar</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidobacteria">Acidobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquificae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquificae [inte skriven än]">Aquificae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteroidetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacteroidetes [inte skriven än]">Bacteroidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobi [inte skriven än]">Chlorobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexi [inte skriven än]">Chloroflexi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes [inte skriven än]">Chrysiogenetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteres [inte skriven än]">Deferribacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus [inte skriven än]">Deinococcus-Thermus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi [inte skriven än]">Dictyoglomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres [inte skriven än]">Fibrobacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria [inte skriven än]">Fusobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes [inte skriven än]">Gemmatimonadetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae [inte skriven än]">Nitrospirae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes [inte skriven än]">Planctomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria [inte skriven än]">Thermodesulfobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermomicrobia [inte skriven än]">Thermomicrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae [inte skriven än]">Thermotogae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia [inte skriven än]">Verrucomicrobia</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bakterier</b> (<i>Bacteria</i>) eller <i>eubakterier</i> (<i>Eubacteria</i>) är encelliga <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganism" title="Mikroorganism">mikroorganismer</a> utan <a href="/wiki/Cellk%C3%A4rna" title="Cellkärna">cellkärna</a> och andra membranomslutna <a href="/wiki/Organell" title="Organell">organeller</a>; de har dock <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosomer</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bakterier räknas till <a href="/wiki/Prokaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryot">prokaryoterna</a> som även inkluderar <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi)">domänen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer">arkéer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakterier är vanligtvis ett antal <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" title="Mikrometer">mikrometer</a> långa och väger ett antal hundra <a href="/wiki/Femto" title="Femto">femtogram</a>. Bakterier kan ha ett varierande utseende, bland annat formade som <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A4r" title="Sfär">sfärer</a>, spiraler (<a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helix</a>) eller stavar. </p><p>Studier av bakterier kallas för <a href="/wiki/Bakteriologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriologi">bakteriologi</a> och är en gren inom <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologin</a>. Bakterier kan hittas i alla <a href="/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem">ekosystem</a> på <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">jorden</a>, i varma källor, bland <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivt_avfall" title="Radioaktivt avfall">radioaktivt avfall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Hav" title="Hav">havsvatten</a> och djupt ned i <a href="/wiki/Jordskorpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordskorpa">jordskorpan</a>. Vissa bakterier kan till och med överleva i extrem kyla och i <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuum</a>. I genomsnitt finns 40 miljoner bakterier i ett gram jord och en miljon bakterier i en milliliter <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6tvatten" title="Sötvatten">färskvatten</a>. Bakterier utgör en viktig länk i <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4ringskedja" title="Näringskedja">näringskedjor</a>, ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A4vefixering" title="Kvävefixering">kvävefixering</a> från <a href="/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A4r" title="Jordens atmosfär">jordens atmosfär</a>. De flesta arter av bakterier är fortfarande okända för vetenskapen. Orsaken är att de flesta bakteriearter inte kan odlas i ett <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium" title="Laboratorium">laboratorium</a> därför att deras tillväxtförhållanden är okända. Vissa bakterier växer enbart under särskilda betingelser.<sup id="cite_ref-Rappe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappe-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De finns i de mest extrema miljöer – i <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavelsprutande</a> undervattens<a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">vulkaner</a> med temperaturer över 100 °C, i heta källor på <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Saltgruva" title="Saltgruva">saltgruvor</a> och i <a href="/wiki/Saltsj%C3%B6" title="Saltsjö">saltsjöar</a> som <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6da_Havet" class="mw-redirect" title="Döda Havet">Döda Havet</a>, till och med på <a href="/wiki/Styrstav" title="Styrstav">styrstavar</a> i <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rnreaktor" title="Kärnreaktor">kärnreaktorer</a>. </p><p>Uppskattningsvis finns det 1,3 bakterier för varje människocell hos en människa, där de flesta bakterier finns i <a href="/wiki/Tarm" title="Tarm">tarmen</a> och <a href="/wiki/Hud" title="Hud">huden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots att de flesta av dessa bakterier är ofarliga kan de orsaka infektioner. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakteriologins_historia">Bakteriologins historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bakteriologins historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bakteriologins historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg/240px-Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg/360px-Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg/480px-Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="3156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, den första person som observerade bakterier genom ett <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakterier observerades första gången av den <a href="/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Nederländerna">nederländska</a> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsman" title="Vetenskapsman">vetenskapsmannen</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> år <a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a> genom ett enkelt <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a> som han själv byggt. Det han såg kallade han för "animalcules" och publicerade sina iakttagelser till <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> i London.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordet <i>bakterie</i> introduceras långt senare av <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg</a> år <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a>, och kan härledas från det grekiska ordet βακτήριον -α, som betyder "små stavar".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> demonstrerade år <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a> att <a href="/wiki/Fermentering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentering">jäsning</a> orsakas av mikroorganismer som tillväxer (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4st" title="Jäst">jäst</a> är dock inte en bakterie utan en <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryot</a>). En annan tidig pionjär inom bakteriologin var <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>, som var den första att koppla samman sjukdomar med bakterier, vilket han också tilldelades <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset" title="Nobelpriset">nobelpriset</a> för år <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kochs_postulat" title="Kochs postulat">Kochs postulat</a></i> är ett antal regler som ska vara uppfyllda om en mikroorganism ska kunna ge upphov till sjukdom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under större delen av 1800-talet var vetenskapen medveten om att bakterier orsakar många sjukdomar. Trots det fanns det inte anti-bakteriella behandlingar tillgängliga.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> utvecklades den första <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikum" title="Antibiotikum">antibiotikan</a> av <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>, som fått nobelpriset år <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> för sina insatser inom <a href="/wiki/Immunologi" title="Immunologi">immunologin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ett stort steg framåt inom studiet av bakterier kom <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> av <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> som föreslog att <a href="/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer">arkéer</a> (tidigare kallade för arkebakterier) härstammar från en separat evolutionär utvecklingslinje och inte är besläktade med bakterier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Woese drog sina slutsatser genom analyser av <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>-segment som anses vara kritiska delar för cellens funktion, och därmed har en låg genetisk variabilitet mellan olika arter. Arter inom samma domän bör därför ha likartat DNA i vissa regioner, medan arter mellan olika domäner har <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divergent_evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divergent evolution [inte skriven än]">divergerat</a> under <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ursprung_och_evolution">Ursprung och evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ursprung och evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ursprung och evolution"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Föregångaren till "moderna" bakterier var enkla mikroorganismer som utvecklades på jorden för 4 miljarder år sedan. För 3 miljarder år sedan existerade endast mikroskopiskt liv på jorden. Bakteriella <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossiler</a> har använts i evolutionärbiologiska studier men även genetiska studier av levande bakterier används för att få information om evolutionära samband. Sådana studier tyder på att den senaste föregångaren till bakterier och arkéer var en <a href="/wiki/Termofil" title="Termofil">termofil</a> som levde för 2,5–3,2 miljarder år sedan.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakterier var även inblandade när arkéer skiljde sig från eukaryoter. Eukaryoter uppstod genom att bakterier integrerade sig med föregångarna till eukaryota celler, något som föreslås i <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontteorin" title="Endosymbiontteorin">endosymbiontteorin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyall_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyall-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utseende">Utseende</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utseende" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utseende"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier uppvisar en stor variation i storlekar och former. I genomsnitt är bakterien 10 gånger mindre än en eukaryot cell och är vanligtvis 0,5–5,0 <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" title="Mikrometer">mikrometer</a> långa. Vid vissa infektioner, så som <a href="/wiki/Urinv%C3%A4gsinfektion" title="Urinvägsinfektion">urinvägsinfektion</a>, kan bakterierna växa intracellulärt till flera hundra mikrometer i längd genom att cell delningsmaskineriet stoppas<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett fåtal bakteriearter är dock ännu större; till exempel <i><a href="/wiki/Thiomargarita_namibiensis" title="Thiomargarita namibiensis">Thiomargarita namibiensis</a></i> och <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epulopiscium_fishelsoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epulopiscium fishelsoni [inte skriven än]">Epulopiscium fishelsoni</a></i> kan ha en längd på upptill en halv <a href="/wiki/Millimeter" title="Millimeter">millimeter</a> och är därmed synliga utan hjälpmedel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En av de minsta typerna av bakterier är <a href="/wiki/Mykoplasma" title="Mykoplasma">mykoplasma</a> som bland annat kan ge upphov till <a href="/wiki/Lunginflammation" title="Lunginflammation">lunginflammation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De flesta bakteriearter är antingen sfäriska, så kallade <a href="/wiki/Kocker" title="Kocker">kocker</a> eller stavformade, så kallade <a href="/wiki/Bacill" title="Bacill">baciller</a>. Vissa stavformade bakterier, till exempel <a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">vibrio</a> är skruvade; andra kan vara spiral-formerade och skruvade, till exempel <a href="/wiki/Spiroketer" title="Spiroketer">spiroketer</a>. Ett fåtal bakteriearter har former som liknar kuber.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakteriens form beror på <a href="/wiki/Cellv%C3%A4gg" title="Cellvägg">cellväggen</a> och <a href="/wiki/Cellskelett" title="Cellskelett">cytoskelettet</a> och är betydelsefullt för bakteriens liv, bland annat inhämtandet av näringsämnen, vidhäftandet till ytor, att simma genom vätskor och att undkomma rovdjur.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Många celler har på utsidan av sitt plasmamembran ett lager som kallas glykokalyx, slime eller kapsel m.m. Detta kan bestå av antingen polysackarider eller polypeptider eller båda delarna. Syftet är att skydda bakterien mot uttorkning men också att hjälpa den att fästa mot ytor. Kapseln är en vanlig komponent hos patogena bakterier eftersom komponenterna i kapseln gör att den liknar kroppsliga celler vilket försvårar för immunförsvaret att identifiera dem.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vissa bakteriearter har dessutom en så kallad <a href="/wiki/Endospor" title="Endospor">endospor</a>, av polysackarider och proteiner som ger bakterien ett skydd mot att <a href="/wiki/Fagocytera" class="mw-redirect" title="Fagocytera">fagocyteras</a> inuti ett större djur. Endosporen kan dessutom tjäna som näringsreserv under tider då bakterien befinner sig i en mer näringsfattig miljö.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mikroorganism_stor_j%C3%A4mf%C3%B6_swe_020607.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mikroorganism_stor_j%C3%A4mf%C3%B6_swe_020607.png/250px-Mikroorganism_stor_j%C3%A4mf%C3%B6_swe_020607.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Mikroorganism_stor_j%C3%A4mf%C3%B6_swe_020607.png 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Storleksjämförelse mellan prokaryoter och andra organismer och biomolekyler.</figcaption></figure> <p>Många bakteriearter existerar som enstaka frilevande celler, andra bildar typiska mönster med andra bakterier som ett resultat av bakteriens tillväxt, exempelvis bildar <a href="/wiki/Neisseria" title="Neisseria">Neisseria</a> diploida par, <a href="/wiki/Streptokocker" title="Streptokocker">Streptokocker</a> bildar kedjor, och <a href="/wiki/Stafylokocker" title="Stafylokocker">Stafylokocker</a> bildar klasar (<i>kluster</i>). Bakterier kan även bilda filament, till exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinobakterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinobakterier [inte skriven än]">Actinobakterier</a>. </p><p>Bakterier växer oftast gemensamt på ytor och bildar aggregat av bakterier som kallas för <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>. Biofilm kan variera från ett fåtal mikrometer i tjocklek till en halvmeter i djup, och kan innehålla många arter, till exempel bakterier, protister och arkéer. Bakterier som lever i biofilm uppvisar ett systematiskt arrangemant av extracellulära komponenter, med vilka bakterierna har förmågan att kommunicera med varandra.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I naturliga miljöer, till exempel jord och växtytor, är huvuddelen av bakterierna bundna till ytor som utgör biofilm.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biofilm är även ett problem inom sjukvården därför att implantat och andra artificiella föremål i en sjuk person snabbt koloniseras av bakterier som bildar biofilm och därmed ofta infektioner. Bakterier som växer i biofilm är mer motståndskraftiga mot antibiotika.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signalering mellan bakterier i biofilm kallas för <a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">quorum sensing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Förflyttning"><span id="F.C3.B6rflyttning"></span>Förflyttning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Förflyttning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Förflyttning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier förflyttar sig på olika sätt. Några arter utsöndrar slem som de glider fram på. Andra har buntar av fina trådar som de skruvar sig fram med. Slutligen finns det bakterier som rör sig genom att vifta med ett eller flera utskott. Dessa pisklika bildningar kallas <a href="/wiki/Bakterieflagell" title="Bakterieflagell">bakterieflagell</a>. </p><p>Bakterierna rör sig mot näringsämnen och bort från giftiga ämnen. Rörelserna styrs av cellmembranet som innehåller receptorer för olika kemiska ämnen. Då ett skadligt ämne binder till en <a href="/wiki/Receptor" title="Receptor">receptor</a> börjar <a href="/wiki/Flagell" title="Flagell">flagellet</a> på denna sidan arbeta fortare. Detta resulterar i att cellen rör sig bort från det giftiga ämnet. När näringsrika ämnen binder till receptorerna minskar flagellets hastighet på den sidan av bakterien. Eftersom flagellet på bakteriens motsatta sida arbetar med samma hastighet rör sig cellen mot näringen. </p><p>Hos vissa bakterier tränger utskott av styva proteintrådar ut genom cellväggen, dessa kan fästa bakterien vid andra celler. Så använder gonorrébakterien utskotten när den sätter sig fast i människans slemhinnor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassificering">Klassificering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Klassificering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Klassificering"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier kan klassificeras utifrån en rad olika egenskaper. <a href="/wiki/Gramf%C3%A4rgning" title="Gramfärgning">Gramfärgning</a> är ett exempel. Gramfärgningen är antingen positiv (<a href="/wiki/Grampositiva_bakterier" title="Grampositiva bakterier">grampositiv</a>) eller negativ (<a href="/wiki/Gramnegativa_bakterier" title="Gramnegativa bakterier">gramnegativ</a>). Till de vanligaste premisserna vid klassificering av bakterier brukar höra huruvida bakterien trivs i en <a href="/wiki/Syre" title="Syre">syrerik</a> eller syrefattig miljö, och bakteriens form – det vill säga huruvida bakterien är stavformad eller kockformad. Numera sker mer och mer av klassificeringen genom <a href="/wiki/DNA-sekvensering" title="DNA-sekvensering">DNA-sekvensering</a> av bakteriella gener. Den vanligaste genen för sekvensering är 16s rDNA, som kodar för <a href="/w/index.php?title=16s_rRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16s rRNA [inte skriven än]">16s rRNA</a>, vilket är en viktig komponent i bakteriens <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exempel_på_bakterier"><span id="Exempel_p.C3.A5_bakterier"></span>Exempel på bakterier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Exempel på bakterier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Exempel på bakterier"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinorhizobium_meliloti" title="Sinorhizobium meliloti">Sinorhizobium meliloti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptomyces_coelicolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptomyces coelicolor [inte skriven än]">Streptomyces coelicolor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis" title="Mycoplasma hominis">Mycoplasma hominis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis" title="Lactococcus lactis">Lactococcus lactis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exempel_på_sjukdomar_som_bakterier_orsakar"><span id="Exempel_p.C3.A5_sjukdomar_som_bakterier_orsakar"></span>Exempel på sjukdomar som bakterier orsakar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Exempel på sjukdomar som bakterier orsakar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Exempel på sjukdomar som bakterier orsakar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borrelia" title="Borrelia">Borrelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarr%C3%A9" title="Diarré">Diarré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difteri" title="Difteri">Difteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonorr%C3%A9" title="Gonorré">Gonorré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikhosta" title="Kikhosta">Kikhosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepra" title="Lepra">Lepra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%A4ltbrand" title="Mjältbrand">Mjältbrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stelkramp" title="Stelkramp">Stelkramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syfilis" title="Syfilis">Syfilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trakom" title="Trakom">Trakom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberkulos" title="Tuberkulos">Tuberkulos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakterieodling" title="Bakterieodling">Bakterieodling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">Antibiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobakterier" title="Cyanobakterier">Cyanobakterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemotaxis" title="Kemotaxis">Kemotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjugation_(bakteriell)" title="Konjugation (bakteriell)">Konjugation (bakteriell)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.liber.se/gy/prodstod/4701610_biologi/biologib/fragor_svar.pdf">”Svar till frågorna biologi B”</a>. <i><span>Svar till frågorna biologi B</span></i>. liber AB<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www4.liber.se/gy/prodstod/4701610_biologi/biologib/fragor_svar.pdf">http://www4.liber.se/gy/prodstod/4701610_biologi/biologib/fragor_svar.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 januari 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Svar+till+fr%C3%A5gorna+biologi+B&rft.atitle=Svar+till+fr%C3%A5gorna+biologi+B&rft.pub=liber+AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.liber.se%2Fgy%2Fprodstod%2F4701610_biologi%2Fbiologib%2Ffragor_svar.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larresurser.se/naturvetenskap/biologi_b.pdf">”Biologi B”</a>. <i><span>Studiehandledning</span></i>. Nationellt centrum för flexibelt lärande<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.larresurser.se/naturvetenskap/biologi_b.pdf">http://www.larresurser.se/naturvetenskap/biologi_b.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 januari 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Biologi+B&rft.atitle=Studiehandledning&rft.pub=Nationellt+centrum+f%C3%B6r+flexibelt+l%C3%A4rande&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larresurser.se%2Fnaturvetenskap%2Fbiologi_b.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFWoese_C,_Kandler_O,_Wheelis_M1990">Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (5 mars 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627233102/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">”Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> "87" (12): ss. 4576–4579. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2112744</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">originalet</a> den 27 juni 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627233102/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">https://web.archive.org/web/20080627233102/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Woese+C%2C+Kandler+O%2C+Wheelis+M&rft.au=Woese+C%2C+Kandler+O%2C+Wheelis+M&rft.date=5+mars+1990&rft.volume=%2287%22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B4576%E2%80%934579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080627233102%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F87%2F12%2F4576&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFFredrickson_J,_Zachara_J,_Balkwill_D,_et_al">Fredrickson J, Zachara J, Balkwill D, et al (<a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929074759/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/7/4230?view=long&pmid=15240306">”Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the hanford site, Washington state”</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> "70" (7): ss. 4230–4241. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240306?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15240306</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/7/4230?view=long&pmid=15240306">originalet</a> den 29 september 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929074759/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/7/4230?view=long&pmid=15240306">https://web.archive.org/web/20080929074759/http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/7/4230?view=long&pmid=15240306</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geomicrobiology+of+high-level+nuclear+waste-contaminated+vadose+sediments+at+the+hanford+site%2C+Washington+state&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Fredrickson+J%2C+Zachara+J%2C+Balkwill+D%2C+et+al&rft.au=Fredrickson+J%2C+Zachara+J%2C+Balkwill+D%2C+et+al&rft.date=%5B%5B2004%5D%5D&rft.volume=%2270%22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B4230%E2%80%934241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080929074759%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F70%2F7%2F4230%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15240306&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rappe-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Rappe_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFRappé_M,_Giovannoni_S">Rappé M, Giovannoni S. ”The uncultured microbial majority”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i> "57": ss. 369–394. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14527284?dopt=Abstract">PMID 14527284</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+uncultured+microbial+majority&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Rapp%C3%A9+M%2C+Giovannoni+S&rft.au=Rapp%C3%A9+M%2C+Giovannoni+S&rft.volume=%2257%22&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B369%E2%80%93394&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFSears_C">Sears C (<a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). ”A dynamic partnership: Celebrating our gut flora”. <i>Anaerobe</i> "11" (5): ss. 247–251. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16701579?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16701579</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+dynamic+partnership%3A+Celebrating+our+gut+flora&rft.jtitle=Anaerobe&rft.aulast=Sears+C&rft.au=Sears+C&rft.date=%5B%5B2005%5D%5D&rft.volume=%2211%22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B247%E2%80%93251&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFLeeuwenhoek_A1753">Leeuwenhoek A (5 mars 1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1700.0013">”Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs”</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions (<a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a>–<a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>)</i> "22": ss. 509–518<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1700.0013">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1700.0013</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Part+of+a+Letter+from+Mr+Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%2C+concerning+the+Worms+in+Sheeps+Livers%2C+Gnats%2C+and+Animalcula+in+the+Excrements+of+Frogs&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+%28%5B%5B1683%5D%5D%E2%80%93%5B%5B1775%5D%5D%29&rft.aulast=Leeuwenhoek+A&rft.au=Leeuwenhoek+A&rft.date=5+mars+1753&rft.volume=%2222%22&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B509%E2%80%93518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1700.0013&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Accessed <a href="/wiki/30_november" title="30 november">November 30</a>. <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFLeeuwenhoek_A1753">Leeuwenhoek A (5 mars 1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1702.0042">”Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them”</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)</i> "23": ss. 1304–1311<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1702.0042">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1702.0042</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Part+of+a+Letter+from+Mr+Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%2C+F.+R.+S.+concerning+Green+Weeds+Growing+in+Water%2C+and+Some+Animalcula+Found+about+Them&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+%281683%E2%80%931775%29&rft.aulast=Leeuwenhoek+A&rft.au=Leeuwenhoek+A&rft.date=5+mars+1753&rft.volume=%2223%22&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B1304%E2%80%931311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1702.0042&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Accessed November 30. 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bacteria">Etymology of the word "bacteria"</a> Online Etymology dictionary. Accessed <a href="/wiki/23_november" title="23 november">November 23</a> 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905</a> Nobelprize.org Accessed <a href="/wiki/22_november" title="22 november">November 22</a> 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFO'Brien_S,_Goedert_J">O'Brien S, Goedert J (<a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>). ”HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled”. <i>Curr Opin Immunol</i> "8" (5): ss. 613–618. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8902385?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8902385</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HIV+causes+AIDS%3A+Koch%27s+postulates+fulfilled&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Immunol&rft.aulast=O%27Brien+S%2C+Goedert+J&rft.au=O%27Brien+S%2C+Goedert+J&rft.date=%5B%5B1996%5D%5D&rft.volume=%228%22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B613%E2%80%93618&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFThurston_A">Thurston A (<a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>). ”Of blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds: the history of the control of sepsis”. <i>Aust N Z J Surg</i> "70" (12): ss. 855–861. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11167573?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11167573</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Of+blood%2C+inflammation+and+gunshot+wounds%3A+the+history+of+the+control+of+sepsis&rft.jtitle=Aust+N+Z+J+Surg&rft.aulast=Thurston+A&rft.au=Thurston+A&rft.date=%5B%5B2000%5D%5D&rft.volume=%2270%22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B855%E2%80%93861&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html">Biography of Paul Ehrlich</a> Nobelprize.org Accessed <a href="/wiki/26_november" title="26 november">November 26</a> 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFWoese_C,_Fox_G1977">Woese C, Fox G (5 mars 1977). ”Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms”. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> "74" (11): ss. 5088–5090. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/270744?dopt=Abstract">PMID 270744</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+structure+of+the+prokaryotic+domain%3A+the+primary+kingdoms&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Woese+C%2C+Fox+G&rft.au=Woese+C%2C+Fox+G&rft.date=5+mars+1977&rft.volume=%2274%22&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B5088%E2%80%935090&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Woese_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFWoese_C,_Kandler_O,_Wheelis_M1990">Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (5 mars 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627233102/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">”Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> "87" (12): ss. 4576–4579. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2112744</a>. 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Microbiology</i> "3" (8): ss. 601–610. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012516?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16012516</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bacterial+cell+shape&rft.jtitle=Nature+reviews.+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Cabeen+M%2C+Jacobs-Wagner+C&rft.au=Cabeen+M%2C+Jacobs-Wagner+C&rft.date=5+mars+2005&rft.volume=%223%22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B601%E2%80%93610&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFYoung_K2006">Young K (5 mars 2006). ”The selective value of bacterial shape”. <i>Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, MMBR</i> "70" (3): ss. 660–703. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959965?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16959965</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+selective+value+of+bacterial+shape&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+molecular+biology+reviews%2C+MMBR&rft.aulast=Young+K&rft.au=Young+K&rft.date=5+mars+2006&rft.volume=%2270%22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B660%E2%80%93703&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bauman, R. (2012) Mikrobiology with diseases by bodysystem. Sida: 59. 3.uppl. San Francisco: Pearson Education</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bauman, R. (2012) Mikrobiology with diseases by bodysystem. Sida: 75. 3.uppl. San Francisco: Pearson Education</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFEricson_E,_Ericson_T2010">Ericson E, Ericson T (2010). <i><span>Klinisk mikrobiologi.</span></i> (4. uppl.). Stockholm: Liber AB. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-47-08446-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-47-08446-3">ISBN 978-91-47-08446-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klinisk+mikrobiologi.&rft.aulast=Ericson+E%2C+Ericson+T&rft.au=Ericson+E%2C+Ericson+T&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=4.+uppl.&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Liber+AB&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin</span></i>. 2008</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFDonlan_R">Donlan R (<a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>). ”Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces”. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i> "8" (9): ss. 881–890. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194761?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12194761</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biofilms%3A+microbial+life+on+surfaces&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.aulast=Donlan+R&rft.au=Donlan+R&rft.date=%5B%5B2002%5D%5D&rft.volume=%228%22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B881%E2%80%93890&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFBranda_S,_Vik_S,_Friedman_L,_Kolter_R2005">Branda S, Vik S, Friedman L, Kolter R (5 mars 2005). ”Biofilms: the matrix revisited”. <i>Trends in Microbiology</i> "13" (1): ss. 20–26. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639628?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15639628</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biofilms%3A+the+matrix+revisited&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Branda+S%2C+Vik+S%2C+Friedman+L%2C+Kolter+R&rft.au=Branda+S%2C+Vik+S%2C+Friedman+L%2C+Kolter+R&rft.date=5+mars+2005&rft.volume=%2213%22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B20%E2%80%9326&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Davey_32-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFDavey_M,_O'toole_G2000">Davey M, O'toole G (5 mars 2000). ”Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics”. <i>Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, MMBR</i> "64" (4): ss. 847–867. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11104821?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11104821</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microbial+biofilms%3A+from+ecology+to+molecular+genetics&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+molecular+biology+reviews%2C+MMBR&rft.aulast=Davey+M%2C+O%27toole+G&rft.au=Davey+M%2C+O%27toole+G&rft.date=5+mars+2000&rft.volume=%2264%22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B847%E2%80%93867&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFDonlan_RM,_Costerton_JW2002">Donlan RM, Costerton JW (5 mars 2002). ”Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms”. <i>Clin Microbiol Rev</i> "15" (2): ss. 167–193. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932229?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11932229</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biofilms%3A+survival+mechanisms+of+clinically+relevant+microorganisms&rft.jtitle=Clin+Microbiol+Rev&rft.aulast=Donlan+RM%2C+Costerton+JW&rft.au=Donlan+RM%2C+Costerton+JW&rft.date=5+mars+2002&rft.volume=%2215%22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B167%E2%80%93193&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bakterier"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px 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href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4004296-0">4004296-0</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Nationella_parlamentsbiblioteket" title="Nationella parlamentsbiblioteket">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570000">00570000</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Tjeckiska_nationalbiblioteket" title="Tjeckiska nationalbiblioteket">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114113&CON_LNG=ENG">ph114113</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Spaniens_nationalbibliotek" title="Spaniens nationalbibliotek">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525557">XX525557</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="navbox-inner" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";letter-spacing:0.1px;;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Taxonomy" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Wikidata:WikiProject Taxonomy">Katalogdata</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/BioLib" title="BioLib">BioLib</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14778">14778</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Artdatabanken" title="Artdatabanken">Dyntaxa</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyntaxa.se/taxon/info/5000052">5000052</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/288">288</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3">3</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Inaturalist" title="Inaturalist">Inaturalist</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/67333,%2047319,%20372737">67333, 47319, 372737</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=50">50</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2">2</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/WoRMS" class="mw-redirect" title="WoRMS">WoRMS</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=6">6</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>:<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/562108">562108</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>•<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LPSN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LPSN [inte skriven än]">LPSN</a>:<span 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