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<span>Marriage and the Congress of Rastatt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_the_Congress_of_Rastatt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ambassador</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ambassador-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ambassador subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ambassador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dresden_and_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dresden_and_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dresden and Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dresden_and_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Détente_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Détente_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Détente with France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Détente_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_France's_ally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_France's_ally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>As France's ally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_France's_ally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_neutral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_neutral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>As a neutral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_neutral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_coalition_partner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_coalition_partner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>As a coalition partner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_coalition_partner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Paris and Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aachen,_Teplice,_Karlsbad,_Troppau,_and_Laibach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aachen,_Teplice,_Karlsbad,_Troppau,_and_Laibach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Aachen, Teplice, Karlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aachen,_Teplice,_Karlsbad,_Troppau,_and_Laibach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chancellor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chancellor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chancellor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chancellor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hanover,_Verona,_and_Czernowitz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanover,_Verona,_and_Czernowitz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hanover, Verona, and Czernowitz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanover,_Verona,_and_Czernowitz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian_Diets,_Alexander_I's_death,_and_problems_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_Diets,_Alexander_I's_death,_and_problems_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hungarian Diets, Alexander I's death, and problems in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian_Diets,_Alexander_I's_death,_and_problems_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Question_revisited_and_peace_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Question_revisited_and_peace_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Eastern Question revisited and peace in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Question_revisited_and_peace_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile,_return,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile,_return,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exile, return, and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile,_return,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historians'_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians'_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historians' assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians'_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Klemens von Metternich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="كليمنس فون مترنيش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليمنس فون مترنيش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_fon_Metternix" title="Klemens fon Metternix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klemens fon Metternix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96" title="ক্লেমেন্স ভন মেটরনিখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লেমেন্স ভন মেটরনিখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Клеменс фон Меттерних – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Клеменс фон Меттерних" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85" title="Клеменс Венцэль фон Метэрніх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клеменс Венцэль фон Метэрніх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Клеменс фон Метерних – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клеменс фон Метерних" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Κλέμενς φον Μέττερνιχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλέμενς φον Μέττερνιχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="کلمنس ونتسل فون مترنیخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمنس ونتسل فون مترنیخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%A9%98%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A9%94%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%ED%9E%88_%ED%9B%84%EC%9E%91" title="클레멘스 폰 메테르니히 후작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클레멘스 폰 메테르니히 후작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AD" title="Կլեմենս Վենցել Լոտար Մետեռնիխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլեմենս Վենցել Լոտար Մետեռնիխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="मेटरनिख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेटरनिख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9A" title="קלמנס ונצל פון מטרניך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלמנס ונצל פון מטרניך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="კლემენს ვენცელ ლოთარ მეტერნიხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლემენს ვენცელ ლოთარ მეტერნიხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Клеменс фон Меттерних – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клеменс фон Меттерних" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Vencelus_Nepomucus_Lotharius_Metternicus" title="Clemens Vencelus Nepomucus Lotharius Metternicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clemens Vencelus Nepomucus Lotharius Metternicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C4%93menss_fon_Meternihs" title="Klēmenss fon Meternihs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klēmenss fon Meternihs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Клеменс фон Метерних – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клеменс фон Метерних" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലെമൻസ് വോൺ മെറ്റർനിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലെമൻസ് വോൺ മെറ്റർനിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="კლემენს ფონ მეტერნიხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლემენს ფონ მეტერნიხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="كليمنس فون مترنيش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليمنس فون مترنيش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%92" title="クレメンス・フォン・メッテルニヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレメンス・フォン・メッテルニヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metternich" title="Metternich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Metternich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AE" title="میترنخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میترنخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="کليمينس اون ميترنيخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کليمينس اون ميترنيخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Меттерних, Клеменс фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меттерних, Клеменс фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Wenzel_Lothar_Metternich" title="Clemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Clemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="کلێمنس فۆن مێتەرنیش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلێمنس فۆن مێتەرنیش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Клеменс Венцел фон Метерних – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клеменс Венцел фон Метерних" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_Metternich" title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_ng_Metternich" title="Klemens ng Metternich – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Klemens ng Metternich" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85" title="Клемент фон Меттерніх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клемент фон Меттерніх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" title="梅特涅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="梅特涅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Klemens von Metternich" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E9%97%A8%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" title="克莱门斯·梅特涅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克莱门斯·梅特涅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" title="梅特涅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梅特涅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" title="克萊門斯·馮·梅特涅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克萊門斯·馮·梅特涅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian diplomat, foreign minister and Chancellor (1773–1859)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Metternich" redirects here. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Metternich" title="House of Metternich">House of Metternich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metternich_(name)" title="Metternich (name)">Metternich (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">His Most Serene Highness</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Klemens von Metternich</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;">Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/250px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/330px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/500px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Prince_Metternich" title="Portrait of Prince Metternich">Portrait of Prince Metternich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, 1815</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_under_Austrian_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors">Chancellor of the Austrian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 May 1821 – 13 March 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_von_Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky" title="Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky">Franz Anton</a> as Minister-President</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_the_Austrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire">Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 October 1809 – 13 March 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Stadion,_Count_von_Warthausen" title="Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen">Count Warthausen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Ficquelmont" title="Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont">Count Charles-Louis de Ficquelmont</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 1773<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1773-05-15</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Electorate of Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1859<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1859-06-12</span>)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">German Austrian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Princess Eleonore von Kaunitz</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1795; died 1825)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Baroness Antoinette von Leykam</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1827; died 1829)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Countess Melanie Zichy-Ferraris</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1831; died 1854)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Issue">See descendants list</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Franz Georg Karl, Count of Metternich-Winneburg</li><li>Countess Beatrix von Kageneck</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, minister of state, conservatism, <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Klemens von Metternich's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Signatur_Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich.PNG/128px-Signatur_Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich.PNG" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Signatur_Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich.PNG/192px-Signatur_Klemens_Wenzel_Lothar_von_Metternich.PNG 1.5x, 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Category:Conservatism in Austria">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Austria</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/120px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/250px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Austria" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austrian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Austria-Hungary" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics#Austria" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza_affair" title="Ibiza affair">Ibiza affair</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Burger" title="Rudolf Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">von Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_H%C3%B6belt" title="Lothar Höbelt">Höbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Character">Sex and Character</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Menace_of_the_Herd,_or_Procrustes_at_Large" class="mw-redirect" title="The Menace of the Herd, or Procrustes at Large">The Menace of the Herd</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1966)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Figl" title="Leopold Figl">Figl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">von Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Karl_Sigmund_von_Hohenwart" title="Count Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart">von Hohenwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kickl" title="Herbert Kickl">Kickl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klaus" title="Josef Klaus">Klaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Nehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Louis of Liechtenstein">de Paula Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rosenkranz" title="Barbara Rosenkranz">Rosenkranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Seipel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Stadler" title="Ewald Stadler">Stadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Strache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Taaffe,_11th_Viscount_Taaffe" title="Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe">Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">Waldheim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dichand" title="Hans Dichand">Dichand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Feigl" title="Erich Feigl">Feigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Marie Schönfeld">Schönfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tschugguel" title="Alexander Tschugguel">Tschugguel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_of_Austria" title="Christian Party of Austria">Christian Party of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Conservatives" title="The Reform Conservatives">The Reform Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Stronach" title="Team Stronach">Team Stronach</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-Yellow_Alliance" title="Black-Yellow Alliance">Black-Yellow Alliance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitäre Bewegung Österreich</a></i></li> <li><a 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title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MET</span>-ər-nikh</i></a>; 15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <b>Klemens von Metternich</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkleːmens<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɛtɐniç]</a></span>) or <b>Prince Metternich</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> statesman and diplomat in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. A conservative, Metternich was at the center of the European <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a> for three decades as Austrian foreign minister from 1809 and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_under_Austrian_emperors" title="List of heads of government under Austrian emperors">chancellor</a> from 1821 until the liberal <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> forced his resignation. </p><p>Born into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Metternich" title="House of Metternich">House of Metternich</a> in 1773 as the son of a diplomat, Metternich received a good education at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">Mainz</a>. Metternich rose through key diplomatic posts, including ambassadorial roles in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a>. One of his first assignments as Foreign Minister was to engineer a <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with France that included the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to the Austrian archduchess <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a>. Soon after, he engineered Austria's entry into the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> on the Allied side, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> that divided post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers. For his service to the Austrian Empire, he was given the title of Prince in October 1813. </p><p>Under his guidance, the "Metternich system" of international congresses continued for another decade as Austria aligned itself with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and to a lesser extent Prussia. This marked the high point of Austria's diplomatic importance and thereafter Metternich slowly slipped into the periphery of international diplomacy. At home, Metternich held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848 under both <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a>. After a brief exile in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> that lasted until 1851, he returned to the Viennese court, only this time to offer advice to Ferdinand's successor, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef I of Austria">Franz Josef</a>. Having outlived his generation of politicians, Metternich died at the age of 86 in 1859. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditional conservative</a>, Metternich was keen to maintain the balance of power, particularly by resisting Russian territorial ambitions in Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. He disliked <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and strove to prevent the breakup of the Austrian Empire, for example, by crushing <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> revolts in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian northern Italy</a>. At home, he pursued a similar policy, using <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and a wide-ranging spy network to suppress unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metternich has been both praised and heavily criticized for the policies he pursued. His supporters pointed out that he presided over the "Austrian system" when international diplomacy helped prevent major wars in Europe. His qualities as a diplomat were commended, some noting that his achievements were considerable in light of the weakness of his negotiating position. Meanwhile, his detractors argued that he could have done much to secure Austria's future, and he was deemed a stumbling block to reforms in Austria. Metternich was also a supporter of the arts, taking a particular interest in music; he knew some of the most eminent composers in Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolo_Paganini" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolo Paganini">Paganini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">Strauss</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg/330px-Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg/500px-Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg/960px-Z%C3%A1mek_Kyn%C5%BEvart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3403" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kyn%C5%BEvart_Castle" title="Kynžvart Castle">Schloss Königswart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Klemens Metternich was born into the old Rhenish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Metternich" title="House of Metternich">House of Metternich</a> on 15 May 1773 to Franz Georg Karl Count of Metternich-<a href="/wiki/County_of_Beilstein" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Beilstein">Winneburg zu Beilstein</a> (1746–1818), a diplomat who had passed from the service of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Electorate of Trier</a> to that of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial court</a>, and his wife Countess Maria Beatrix Aloisia von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kageneck_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Kageneck (Adelsgeschlecht)">Kageneck</a> (1755–1828).<sup id="cite_ref-cecil72_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil72-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named in honour of Prince <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Wenceslaus_of_Saxony" title="Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony">Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony</a>, the archbishop-elector of Trier and the past employer of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest son and had one older sister Pauline (1772–1855), wife of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_Frederick_Augustus_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg">Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg</a>. At the time of his birth, the family possessed a ruined keep at <a href="/wiki/Beilstein,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Beilstein, Rhineland-Palatinate">Beilstein</a>, a castle at Winneberg, an estate west of <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, and another in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswart" class="mw-redirect" title="Königswart">Königswart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, won during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time Metternich's father, described as "a boring babbler and chronic liar" by a contemporary, was the Austrian ambassador to the courts of the three Rhenish electors (Trier, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-palmer5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich's education was handled by his mother, heavily influenced by their proximity to France; Metternich spoke French better than German. As a child he went on official visits with his father and, under the direction of Protestant tutor John Frederick Simon, was tutored in academic subjects, swimming, and horsemanship.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1788, Metternich began studying law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>, matriculating on 12 November. While a student he was for some time accommodated by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Prince Maximilian of Zweibrücken</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bavaria" title="King of Bavaria">King of Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time he was described by Simon as "happy, handsome and lovable", though contemporaries would later recount how he had been a liar and a braggart.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich left Strasbourg in September 1790 to attend <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>'s October coronation in <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, where he performed the largely honorific role of Ceremonial Marshal to the <a href="/wiki/Bench_of_Counts_of_Westphalia" title="Bench of Counts of Westphalia">Catholic Bench of the College of the Counts of Westphalia</a>. There, under the wing of his father, he met with the future <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the end of 1790 and summer of 1792 Metternich studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sauvignyxiii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauvignyxiii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving a more conservative education than at Strasbourg, a city unsafe to return to due to the unfolding <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which had begun in 1789. In the summers he worked with his father, who had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> and effective ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. In March 1792 Francis succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor and was crowned in July, affording Metternich a reprise of his earlier role of Ceremonial Marshal. </p><p>In the meantime France had declared war on Austria, beginning the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> (1792–97) and making Metternich's further study in Mainz impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now in the employment of his father,<sup id="cite_ref-sauvignyxiii_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauvignyxiii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was sent on a special mission to the front. Here he led the interrogation of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)">French Minister of War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ruel,_marquis_de_Beurnonville" title="Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville">Marquis de Beurnonville</a> and several accompanying <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> commissioners. Metternich observed the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1793)" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1793)">siege and fall of Valenciennes</a>, later looking back on these as substantial lessons about warfare. In early 1794 he was sent to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, ostensibly on official business helping Viscount Desandrouin, the Treasurer-General of the Austrian Netherlands, to negotiate a loan.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_the_Congress_of_Rastatt">Marriage and the Congress of Rastatt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and the Congress of Rastatt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleonora_z_Kounic-Metternichu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Eleonora_z_Kounic-Metternichu.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="147" /></a><figcaption>Countess Eleonore of Kaunitz-Rietberg (1775–1825), Metternich's first wife</figcaption></figure> <p>In England, he met King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> on several occasions and dined with a number of influential British politicians, including <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>. He also dined with the renowned composer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> and his impresario <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Salomon" title="Johann Peter Salomon">Johann Peter Salomon</a> after seeing several of their concerts at <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square,_Westminster" title="Hanover Square, Westminster">Hanover Square</a>. It was at one of these concerts where he recognized his one-time teacher, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Joseph_Hofmann" title="Andreas Joseph Hofmann">Andreas Hofmann</a> in the audience who went to spy on England for the French.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich was nominated the new <a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister Plenipotentiary">Minister Plenipotentiary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> and left England in September 1794. On arrival, he found an exiled and powerless government in a headlong retreat from the latest French advance.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer22_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October a revitalised French army swept into Germany and annexed all of the Metternich estates except Königswart. Disappointed, and affected by strong criticism of his father's policies, he joined his parents in Vienna in November.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 September 1795 he married Countess Eleonore von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunitz_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Kaunitz (Adelsgeschlecht)">Kaunitz-Rietberg</a> (1775–1825), daughter of Ernst Christoph, Fürst von Kaunitz-Rietberg (1737–1797) and Princess Maria Leopoldine zu <a href="/wiki/County_of_Oettingen" title="County of Oettingen">Oettingen-Spielberg</a> (1741–1795), a granddaughter of former Austrian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil78_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil78-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage was arranged by Metternich's mother and introduced him to Viennese society. This was undoubtedly part of the motivation for Metternich, who demonstrated less affection for her than she for him. Two conditions were imposed by the father of the bride, Prince Kaunitz: first, the still youthful Eleonore was to continue to live at home; and second, Metternich was forbidden from serving as a diplomat as long as the Prince was still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer25_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter Maria was born in January 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Metternich's studies in Vienna, the Prince's death in September 1797 allowed Metternich to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Congress of Rastatt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer31_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer31-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially his father, who headed the imperial delegation, took him as a secretary while ensuring that, when proceedings officially started in December 1797, he was named the representative of the Catholic Bench of the College of the Counts of Westphalia.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil78_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil78-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bored Metternich remained at <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a> in this role until 1799 when the congress was finally wound down.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer27_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period Eleonore had chosen to live with Metternich at Rastatt: and gave birth to sons Francis (February 1798) and, shortly after the end of the Congress, Klemens (June 1799). Much to Metternich's anguish, Klemens died after only a few days, and Francis soon contracted a lung infection from which he would never recover.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer31_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer31-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambassador">Ambassador</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ambassador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dresden_and_Berlin">Dresden and Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dresden and Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Holy Roman Empire's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> shook up diplomatic circles, and the promising Metternich was now offered a choice between three ministerial positions: to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>; to the <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Kingdom of Denmark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>; or to the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. He chose Dresden in late January 1801, and his appointment was officially announced in February. Metternich summered in Vienna, where he wrote his "Instructions", a memorandum showing a much greater understanding of statesmanship than his earlier writing. He visited the Königswart estate in the autumn before taking up his new position on 4 November.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer31_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer31-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtleties of the memorandum were lost on the Saxon court, which was headed by the retiring <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a>, a man with little political initiative. Despite the boredom of the court, Metternich enjoyed the light-hearted frivolity of the city and took up a mistress, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Bagration" title="Catherine Bagration">Princess Katharina Bagration-Mukhranska</a>, who bore him a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Clementine_Bagration" title="Marie-Clementine Bagration">Marie-Clementine</a>. In January 1803 Metternich and his wife had a child whom they named Viktor.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer31_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer31-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dresden Metternich also made a number of important contacts including <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Gentz">Friedrich Gentz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cecil85_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a publicist who would serve Metternich as both confidant and critic for the next thirty years. He also established links with important Polish and French political figures.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer37_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer37-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Count Metternich is young but by no means maladroit. We shall see how he shapes up in Berlin.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Colloredo-Mansfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloredo-Mansfeld">Colloredo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Amadeus_von_Thugut" title="Johann Amadeus von Thugut">Thugut</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 39)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>To compensate for the loss of the Metternich's ancestral estates in the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle valley">Moselle valley</a> when the French Republic annexed the west bank of the Rhine, the <a href="/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" title="Reichsdeputationshauptschluss">Imperial Recess</a> of 1803 brought Metternich's family new estates in <a href="/wiki/Ochsenhausen" title="Ochsenhausen">Ochsenhausen</a>, the title of Prince, and a seat in the Imperial Diet. In the ensuing diplomatic reshuffle Metternich was appointed ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, being notified of this in February 1803 and taking his position in November of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer37_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer37-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He arrived in Prussia at a critical juncture in European diplomacy,<sup id="cite_ref-cecil85_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon growing worried about the territorial ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, newly the leader of France. This fear was shared by the Russian court under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>, and the Tsar kept Metternich informed of Russian policy. By autumn of 1804 Vienna decided on action entered into in August 1805 when the Austrian Empire (as the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> was in the process of becoming)<sup id="cite_ref-cecil85_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>. Metternich's now almost impossible task was to convince Prussia to join the coalition against Bonaparte. Their eventual agreement was not due to Metternich, however, and after the coalition's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>, Prussia disregarded the agreement and signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_(1805)" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn (1805)">treaty with the French</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris">Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg/250px-Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg/255px-Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Metternich, c.1808</figcaption></figure> <p>In the ensuing reshuffle in Vienna <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Stadion,_Count_von_Warthausen" title="Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen">Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Austrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Austrian Empire">Foreign Minister of Austrian Empire</a>, freeing Metternich to assume the post of Ambassador to the Russian Empire. He never made it to Russia, as need had arisen for a new Austrian at the French court. Metternich was approved for the post in June 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed being in demand and was happy to be sent to France on a generous salary of 90,000 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_gulden" title="Austro-Hungarian gulden">florins</a> a year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an arduous trip he took up residence in August 1806, being briefed by Baron von Vincent and Engelbert von Floret, whom he would retain as a close adviser for two decades. He met French foreign minister Prince <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> on 5 August and Napoleon himself five days later at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a>. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> drew both Talleyrand and Napoleon eastwards.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer47_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a> of July 1807 Metternich saw that Austria's position in Europe was much more vulnerable but believed the accord between Russia and France would not last. In the meantime he found the new French Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Champagny">Jean-Baptiste Champagny</a> unaccommodating and struggled to negotiate a satisfactory settlement over the future of several French forts on the <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">River Inn</a>. Over the following months the reach of Austrian policy, and Metternich's own reputation, increased.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer56_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer56-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg/250px-Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg/330px-Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg/500px-Entrevue_Erfurt_by_Nicolas_Grosse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Congress_of_Erfurt" title="The Congress of Erfurt">The Congress of Erfurt</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gosse" title="Nicolas Gosse">Nicolas Gosse</a>, 1838. Napoleon receiving von Vincent at Erfurt, a congress Metternich was not allowed to attend</figcaption></figure> <p>In a memorable event, Metternich argued with Napoleon at Napoleon's 39th birthday celebrations in August 1808 over the increasingly obvious preparations for war on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil98_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, Napoleon refused Metternich's attendance at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a>. Metternich was later glad to hear from Talleyrand that Napoleon's attempts at the Congress to get Russia to invade Austria had proved unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer61_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report to Stadion, Metternich the ambassador concluded that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> had been relegated and that Austria's situation had worsened. The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> was hostile to Austria and a military conflict with France would have to be fought on two fronts between the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Weichsel river</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn river</a>. Metternich continued to oppose a war with France and pointed out that the government in Vienna only needed to wait, as Napoleon had no plans for his own succession.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_minister">Foreign minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Détente_with_France"><span id="D.C3.A9tente_with_France"></span>Détente with France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Détente with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Now back in Austria, Metternich witnessed first hand the Austrian army's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a> in 1809. Stadion tendered his resignation as Foreign Minister in the aftermath, and the emperor immediately offered the post to Metternich. Metternich, worried that Napoleon would seize on this to demand harsher peace terms, instead agreed to become a minister of state (which he did on 8 July) and to lead negotiations with the French on the understanding that he would replace Stadion as Foreign Minister at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer69_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer69-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During peace talks at <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a>, Metternich put forward pro-French proposals to save the Austrian monarchy. Napoleon, however, disliked his position on the future of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and Metternich was gradually displaced from the proceedings by <a href="/wiki/Johann_I_Joseph,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince Liechtenstein</a>. He soon regained influence, however, on 8 October, as Foreign Minister (and additionally that of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria#The_Imperial_House" title="Emperor of Austria">Minister of the Imperial Household</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-palmer69_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer69-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1810 Metternich's earlier affair with Junot became public but, because of Eleonore's understanding, the scandal was minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer72_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg/330px-Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg/500px-Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg/960px-Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Metternich was influential in bringing about the marriage of Napoleon to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_Napoleon_and_Marie_Louise" title="The Wedding of Napoleon and Marie Louise">The Wedding of Napoleon and Marie Louise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rouget" title="Georges Rouget">Georges Rouget</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Metternich's first tasks was to push for the marriage of Napoleon to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Archduchess Marie Louise</a> rather than to the Tsar's youngest sister <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Anna Pavlovna</a>. Metternich would later seek to distance himself from the marriage by claiming it was Napoleon's own idea, but this is improbable; in any case, he was happy to claim responsibility at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer72_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 7 February Napoleon had agreed and the pair were married by proxy on 11 March. Marie Louise left for France soon after and Metternich followed by a different route and unofficially. The trip was designed, Metternich explained, to transport his family (stranded in France by the outbreak of war) home and to report to the Austrian Emperor about Marie Louise's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer72_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, Metternich stayed six months, entrusting his office in Vienna to his father. He set about using the marriage, and flattery, to renegotiate the terms set out in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a>. The concessions he won were trivial, however: a few trading rights, delay in the payment of the war indemnity, restitution of some estates belonging to Germans in the Austrian service, including the Metternich family's, and the lifting of a 150,000-man limit on the Austrian army. The last was particularly welcomed as a sign of increased Austrian independence, although Austria could no longer afford an army greater than the limit prescribed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197277_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197277-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_France's_ally"><span id="As_France.27s_ally"></span>As France's ally</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As France's ally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1812_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/250px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/375px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/500px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 1812 after several French victories</figcaption></figure> <p>When Metternich returned to Vienna in October 1810, he was no longer as popular. His influence was limited to foreign affairs, and his attempts to get a full <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State">Council of State</a> reintroduced had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer72_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that a much weakened Austria should avoid another invasion by France, he rejected the advances of Tsar Alexander and instead concluded <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">an alliance with Napoleon</a> on 14 March 1812. He also supported a period of moderate censorship, aimed at preventing provocation of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer78_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requiring that only 30,000 Austrian troops fight alongside the French,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecil1947125_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil1947125-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the alliance treaty was more generous than the one Prussia had signed a month earlier; this allowed Metternich to give both Britain and Russia assurances that Austria remained committed to curbing Napoleonic ambitions. He accompanied his sovereign for a final meeting with Napoleon at Dresden in May 1812 before Napoleon embarked upon the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer78_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dresden meeting revealed that Austria's influence in Europe had reached its lowest point, and Metternich was now bent on re-establishing that influence by using what he considered strong ties with all sides in the war, proposing general peace talks headed by Austria. Over the next three months, he would slowly distance Austria from the French cause, while avoiding alliance with either Prussia or Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer86_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer86-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remaining open to any proposal that would secure a place for the combined Bonaparte-Habsburg dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer86_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer86-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was driven by concern that if Napoleon were defeated, Russia and Prussia would stand to gain too much.<sup id="cite_ref-ford221_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford221-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon was intransigent, however, and the fighting (now officially the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>) continued. Austria's alliance with France ended in February 1813, and Austria then moved to a position of armed neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer86_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer86-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_neutral">As a neutral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As a neutral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historia_del_Consulado_y_del_Imperio,_1879_%22C%C3%A9lebre_entrevista_de_M._de_Metternich_con_Napole%C3%B3n_-_%C3%BAltimo_reto_del_emperador%22._(4268283413).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Historia_del_Consulado_y_del_Imperio%2C_1879_%22C%C3%A9lebre_entrevista_de_M._de_Metternich_con_Napole%C3%B3n_-_%C3%BAltimo_reto_del_emperador%22._%284268283413%29.jpg/250px-Historia_del_Consulado_y_del_Imperio%2C_1879_%22C%C3%A9lebre_entrevista_de_M._de_Metternich_con_Napole%C3%B3n_-_%C3%BAltimo_reto_del_emperador%22._%284268283413%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Historia_del_Consulado_y_del_Imperio%2C_1879_%22C%C3%A9lebre_entrevista_de_M._de_Metternich_con_Napole%C3%B3n_-_%C3%BAltimo_reto_del_emperador%22._%284268283413%29.jpg/500px-Historia_del_Consulado_y_del_Imperio%2C_1879_%22C%C3%A9lebre_entrevista_de_M._de_Metternich_con_Napole%C3%B3n_-_%C3%BAltimo_reto_del_emperador%22._%284268283413%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The meeting between French emperor Napoleon I and Austrian diplomat Marquess Klemens von Metternich in the Marcolini Palace in Dresden on 26 June 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>Metternich was much less keen on turning against France than many of his contemporaries (though not the Emperor), and he favoured his own plans for a general settlement. In November 1813 he offered Napoleon the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_proposals" title="Frankfurt proposals">Frankfurt proposals</a>, which would allow Napoleon to remain Emperor but would reduce France to its "natural frontiers" and undo its control of most of Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. Napoleon, victorious at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lutzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a>, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December he had been defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> and the Allies had withdrawn the offer. By early 1814, as they were closing in on Paris, Napoleon agreed to the Frankfurt proposals, too late, and he rejected the new, harsher terms then proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbeq3AAAAQBAJpgPA206_206]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbeq3AAAAQBAJpgPA206_206]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1969341–44_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1969341–44-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the Allies were not faring well, and although a statement of general war aims that included many nods to Austria was secured from Russia, Britain remained distrustful and generally unwilling to give up the military initiative she had fought 20 years to establish. Despite this, Francis created the Austrian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Grand-Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand-Chancellor of the Order of Maria Theresa">Grand-Chancellor of the Order of Maria Theresa</a>, a post which had been vacant since the time of Kaunitz.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer92_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer92-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich increasingly worried that Napoleon's retreat would bring with it disorder that would harm the Habsburgs.<sup id="cite_ref-ford221_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford221-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-palmer92_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer92-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peace had to be concluded soon, he believed. Since Britain could not be coerced, he sent proposals to France and Russia only. These were rejected, though, after the battles of Battle of Lützen (2 May) and Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May), a French-initiated truce was called. Starting in April Metternich began to "slowly and reluctantly" prepare Austria for war with France; the armistice provided Austria time for fuller complete mobilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer92_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer92-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June, Metternich left Vienna to personally handle negotiations at <a href="/wiki/Gitschin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitschin">Gitschin</a> in Bohemia. When he arrived he benefitted from the hospitality of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Wilhelmine,_Duchess_of_Sagan" title="Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan">Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan</a> and began an affair with her that lasted several months. No other mistress ever achieved such influence over Metternich as Wilhelmine, and he would continue to write to her after their separation. Meanwhile, French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a> remained elusive, though Metternich did manage to discuss the state of affairs with the Tsar on 18–19 June at <a href="/wiki/Opo%C4%8Dno_(Louny_District)" title="Opočno (Louny District)">Opotschna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer96_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In talks which would later be ratified as the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Reichenbach_(1813)" title="Treaties of Reichenbach (1813)">Reichenbach Convention</a> they agreed on general peace demands<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set out a process by which Austria could enter the war on the Coalition side. Shortly afterwards Metternich was invited to join Napoleon at Dresden, where he could put the terms directly. Though no reliable record of their meeting on 26 June 1813 exists, it seems it was a stormy but effective meeting. The agreement was finally reached as Metternich was about to leave:<sup id="cite_ref-palmer96_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peace talks would start in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in July and run until 20 August.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil134_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil134-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In agreeing to this Metternich had ignored the Reichenbach Convention, and this angered Austria's Coalition allies.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer96_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conference of Prague would never properly meet since Napoleon gave his representatives <a href="/wiki/Armand_Caulaincourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Caulaincourt">Armand Caulaincourt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara" title="Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara">Count of Narbonne</a> insufficient powers to negotiate.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil134_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil134-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the informal discussions held in lieu of the conference, Caulaincourt implied that Napoleon would not negotiate until an allied army threatened France itself. This convinced Metternich, and, after an ultimatum Metternich issued to France went unheeded, Austria declared war on 12 August.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer96_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_coalition_partner">As a coalition partner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As a coalition partner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig,_1813_(by_Johann_Peter_Krafft).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/500px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/960px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8021" data-file-height="5694" /></a><figcaption>Karl von Schwarzenberg and the three allied monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, 1813 (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_Victory_After_the_Battle_of_Leipzig" title="The Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig">The Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Krafft" title="Johann Peter Krafft">Johann Peter Krafft</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Austria's allies saw the declaration as an admission that Austria's diplomatic ambitions had failed, but Metternich viewed it as one move in a much longer campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer103_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer103-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of the war he strove to hold the Coalition together and, as such, to curb Russian momentum in Europe. To this end he won an early victory as an Austrian general, the <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince of Schwarzenberg</a>, was confirmed supreme commander of the Coalition forces rather than <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander I">Tsar Alexander I</a>. He also succeeded in getting the three allied monarchs (Alexander, Francis and Prussia's <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a>) to follow him and their armies on campaign. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_T%C3%B6plitz" title="Treaty of Töplitz">Treaty of Töplitz</a>, Metternich allowed Austria to remain uncommitted over the future of France, Italy, and Poland. He was still confined, however, by the British, who were subsidizing Prussia and Russia (in September Metternich requested subsidies for Austria as well).<sup id="cite_ref-palmer103_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer103-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Coalition forces took the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer103_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer103-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 October 1813 Metternich witnessed the successful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> and, two days later, he was rewarded for his "wise direction" with the rank of prince (German: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-sauvignyxiii_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauvignyxiii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich was delighted when Frankfurt was retaken in early November and, in particular, by the deference the Tsar showed Francis at a ceremony organised there by Metternich. Diplomatically, with the war drawing to a close, he remained determined to prevent the creation of a strong, unified German state, even offering Napoleon generous terms in order to retain him as a counterweight. On 2 December 1813 Napoleon agreed to talk, though these talks were delayed by the need for the participation of a more senior British diplomat, (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_2nd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry">Viscount Castlereagh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-palmer103_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer103-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before talks could begin, Coalition armies crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> on 22 December. Metternich retired from Frankfurt to <a href="/wiki/Breisgau" title="Breisgau">Breisgau</a> to celebrate Christmas with his wife's family before travelling to the new Coalition headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in January 1814. Quarrels with Tsar Alexander, particularly over the fate of France<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rivalry intensified in January, prompting Alexander to storm out. He therefore missed the arrival of Castlereagh in mid-January.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer107_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer107-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich and Castlereagh formed a good working relationship and then met with Alexander at <a href="/wiki/Langres" title="Langres">Langres</a>. The Tsar remained unaccommodating however, demanding a push into the centre of France; but he was too preoccupied to object to Metternich's other ideas, like a final peace conference in Vienna. Metternich did not attend talks with the French at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine">Châtillon</a>, as he wanted to stay with Alexander. The talks stalled, and, after a brief advance, Coalition forces had to retreat after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Battle of Montmirail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Battle of Montereau</a>. This relieved Metternich's fears that an overconfident Alexander might act unilaterally.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer107_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer107-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>You have no idea what sufferings the people at headquarters impose upon us! I cannot stand it much longer and the Emperor Francis is already ill. [The other leaders] are all mad and belong in the lunatic asylum.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Metternich to Stadion (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 116)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Metternich continued negotiations with the French envoy Caulaincourt through early to mid March 1814, when victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Battle of Laon</a> put the Coalition back on the offensive. By this time Metternich was tiring of trying to hold the Coalition together, and even the British-engineered <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> did not help.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer107_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer107-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of the Prussians and Russians the Coalition agreed to the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon dynasty">Bourbon dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer107_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer107-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ford257_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford257-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis rejected a final plea from Napoleon that he would abdicate in favour of his <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">son</a> with Marie Louise as regent, and Paris fell on 30 March. Military manoeuvres had forced Metternich westward to <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> on 24 March and now, after a deliberate delay, he left for the French capital on 7 April.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer107_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer107-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 April he found a city at peace and, much to his annoyance, largely in the control of Tsar Alexander. The Austrians disliked the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> that Russia had imposed on Napoleon in their absence, but Metternich was reluctant to oppose them and on 11 April signed the treaty. Thereafter he focused on safeguarding Austrian interests in the forthcoming peace; asserting Austria's influence in Germany over that of Prussia; and undoing Russian ascendancy. For these reasons he ensured that the Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">lost to French client states in 1805</a>, were duly re-annexed as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer118_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer118-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the division of formerly French-occupied Poland and Germany, Metternich was more confined by the interests of the Allies. After two failed proposals, advanced by the Prussians, the issue was postponed until after a peace treaty had been signed.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer123_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer123-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, Metternich, like many of his counterparts, was anxious to provide the renewed French monarchy with the resources to maintain control. The generous <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 30 May.<sup id="cite_ref-ford257_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford257-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now free, Metternich accompanied Tsar Alexander to England; Wilhelmine, who had followed Metternich to Paris, also made the crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer123_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer123-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A triumphant Metternich filled his four weeks with revelry, re-establishing his reputation and that of Austria; he was also awarded an honorary law degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. By contrast and to Metternich's pleasure, Alexander was ill-mannered and often insulting. Despite the opportunities, little diplomacy took place; instead, all that was firmly agreed was that proper discussions would take place at Vienna, with a date tentatively set for 15 August. When the Tsar tried to postpone it to October Metternich agreed but effected conditions that prevented Alexander from exercising any advantage due to his de facto control of Poland. Metternich was eventually reunited with his family in Austria in the middle of July 1814, having stopped for a week in France to soothe fears surrounding Napoleon's wife Marie Louise, now the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchess of Parma</a>. His return to Vienna was celebrated by an occasional cantata that included the line "History holds thee up to posterity as a model among great men".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer123_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer123-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_Vienna">Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienna_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vienna_Congress.jpg/290px-Vienna_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vienna_Congress.jpg/435px-Vienna_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vienna_Congress.jpg/580px-Vienna_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Metternich alongside <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a> and other European diplomats at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, 1815</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1815_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/290px-Europe_1815_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/435px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/580px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>In the autumn of 1814, the heads of the five reigning dynasties and representatives from 216 noble families began gathering in Vienna. Before ministers from the "Big Four" (the Coalition allies of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia) arrived, Metternich stayed quietly in <a href="/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien" title="Baden bei Wien">Baden bei Wien</a>, two hours to the south. When he heard they had reached Vienna he journeyed to meet them and encouraged them to go with him back to Baden. They declined, and four meetings were held in the city itself.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer130_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer130-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these, the representatives agreed on how the Congress would operate and, to Metternich's delight, named his own aide <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Friedrich von Gentz</a> secretary to the negotiations of the "Big Six" (the Big Four plus France and Spain). When <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a> and Spanish representative <a href="/wiki/Pedro_G%C3%B3mez_Labrador,_Marquis_of_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador">Don Pedro Labrador</a> learned of these decisions, they were incensed that agreements were negotiated by the Big Four only. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> were similarly angered by their exclusion from all but the full Congress, especially since Metternich was determined to give the latter grouping as little power as possible. As a result, the Big Six became the Preliminary Committee of the Eight, whose first decision was that the congress itself be postponed to 1 November.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer130_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer130-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, it would soon be postponed again, with only a minor commission beginning work in November.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer133_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer133-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, Metternich organised a controversially vast array of entertainments for the delegates including himself.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer130_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer130-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a> to negotiate on Tsar Alexander's behalf, Metternich briefly turned his attention to quelling anti-Habsburg feeling in Italy. Around the same time, he learnt that the Duchess of Sagan was courting the Tsar. Disappointed, and exhausted by social rounds, Metternich let his guard drop, angering Tsar Alexander during negotiations over Poland (then ruled by Napoleon as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Warsaw">Grand Duchy of Warsaw</a>) by implying Austria could match Russia militarily. Despite the blunder, Francis refused to dismiss his foreign minister, and political crisis rocked Vienna throughout November, culminating in a declaration by Tsar Alexander that Russia would not compromise in its claim on Poland as a satellite kingdom. The Coalition rejected this utterly, and the agreement seemed further off than ever.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer133_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer133-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the stand-off, it seems that Alexander even went as far as to challenge Metternich to a duel.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tsar Alexander soon did a rapid <i>volte face</i> and agreed to the division of Poland. He also softened in regard to the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, and for the first time allowed Talleyrand to participate in all Big Four (now Big Five) discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer133_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer133-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the new consensus, the major issues concerning Poland and Germany were settled in the second week of February 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer139_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria gained land in the partition of Poland and prevented the Prussian annexation of Saxony, but was forced to accept Russian dominance in Poland and increasing Prussian influence in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-okey73_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey73-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich now focused on getting the various German states to cede historic rights to a new <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Federal Diet</a> that could stand up to Prussia. He also assisted the Swiss Committee and worked on myriad smaller issues, like navigation rights on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> on 8 February brought him more time to devote to these congressional issues as well as private discussions about southern Italy, where <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> was said to be raising a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Neapolitan</a> army.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer139_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 March Metternich was awakened with the news that Napoleon had escaped from his island prison of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a><sup id="cite_ref-cecil169_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within an hour had met with both the Tsar and the King of Prussia. Metternich wanted no rash change of course, and at first, there was little impact on the Congress. Finally, on 13 March the Big Five declared Napoleon an <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> and the Allies began preparations for renewed fighting. On 25 March they signed a treaty committing each to send 150,000 men with little sign of their prior divisive stances. After the military commanders left, the Vienna Congress settled down to serious work, fixing the boundaries of an independent Netherlands, formalising proposals for a loose confederation of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss canton">Swiss cantons</a>, and ratifying earlier agreements over Poland. By late April only two major issues remained, the organisation of a new German federation and the problem of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer139_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>The ministers and representatives of the German princes sent to the congress continue to sing the praises of Prince Metternich.... They admire the tact and circumspection with which he has handled the German committee.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>From the report of an agent of the Austrian intelligence service (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 147–148).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The latter soon began to come to a head. Austria had solidified its control over Lombardy-Venetia and extended its protection to provinces nominally under the control of Francis' daughter Marie Louise. On 18 April Metternich announced that Austria was formally at <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">war with Murat's Naples</a>. Austria won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Battle of Tolentino</a> on 3 May and captured Naples less than three weeks later. Metternich then was able to delay a decision on the future of the country until after Vienna. Discussions about Germany would drag on until early June when a joint Austrian-Prussian proposition was ratified. It left most constitutional issues to the new diet; its president would be Emperor Francis himself.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer146_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer146-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite criticism from within Austria, Metternich was pleased with the outcome and the degree of control it granted Habsburgs, and, through them, himself.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer146_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer146-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly, Metternich was able to use the diet to his own ends on numerous occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrangement was similarly popular with most German representatives. A summation treaty was signed on 19 June (the Russians signed a week later),<sup id="cite_ref-cecil169_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing the Vienna Congress officially to an end. Metternich himself had left on 13 June for the front line, prepared for a lengthy war against Napoleon. Napoleon, however, was defeated decisively at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> on 18 June.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer146_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer146-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_and_Italy">Paris and Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paris and Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_(1840).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_%281840%29.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_%281840%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_%281840%29.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_%281840%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_%281840%29.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Holy_Alliance_%281840%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe, highlighting the Holy Alliance, formed in 1815, in 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1815 onward, statesmen in Europe focused on averting the threat of social revolution because <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> had been defeated. Metternich published reform proposals. He envisaged the preservation of the existing <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> and to this end the continuous authority of legitimate <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereigns</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich rose to become the foremost conservative statesman in Europe, his scrutiny lasted until 1848. The Habsburg rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> bet that the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> would avert the doom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metternich was back with coalition allies in Paris, once more discussing <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace terms</a>. After 133 days of negotiations, longer than the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> turmoil itself, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">second Treaty of Paris</a> was concluded on 20 November. Metternich was of the opinion, that France should not be dismembered. He was therefore happy with the result.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer150_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer150-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France lost only a little land along its eastern borders, seven hundred million <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French francs</a>, and the artworks it had plundered. It also accepted an army of occupation, numbering 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil169_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime a separate treaty, proposed by Alexander and redrafted by Metternich, had been signed on 26 September. This created a new <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> centered on Russia, Prussia and Austria; it was a document Metternich neither pushed for nor wanted, given its vaguely liberal sentiments<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertier1962129–131_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertier1962129–131-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representatives from most of the European states eventually signed, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (the Pope), the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Shortly afterwards, a separate treaty reaffirmed the <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815)" title="Quadruple Alliance (1815)">Quadruple Alliance</a> and established through its sixth article the <a href="/wiki/Congress_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress System">Congress System</a> of regular diplomatic meetings. With Europe at peace, the Austrian flag now flew over 50 percent more land than when Metternich had become Foreign Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer150_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer150-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metternich now returned to the question of Italy, making his first visit to the country in early December 1815. After visiting <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, his family joined him in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 18 December. For once it was Metternich playing the liberal, vainly urging Francis to give the region some autonomy. Metternich spent four months in Italy, endlessly busy and suffering chronic inflammation of the eyelids. He tried to control Austrian foreign policy from Milan and when there was a serious disagreement between the Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>, was heavily criticised for his absence. His enemies could not capitalise on this, however. Stadion was occupied by his work as finance minister and the Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este</a>, a fierce critic of Metternich's policies, died in April.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer156_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer156-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uncharacteristic gap between the views of Metternich and his emperor was eased only by the active compromise of proposals. Metternich returned to Vienna on 28 May 1816 after almost a year's absence. Professionally, the rest of 1816 passed quietly for the tired Minister, who was concerned with fiscal policy and monitoring the spread of liberalism in Germany and nationalism in Italy. Personally, he was shaken in November by the death of Julie Zichy-Festetics. Two years later he wrote that his "life ended there," and his old frivolity took some time to return. The only consolation was July's news that Metternich was to receive new estates along the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Johannisberg_(Geisenheim)" title="Johannisberg (Geisenheim)">Johannisberg</a>, only 25 miles (40 km) from his birthplace at Koblenz.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer156_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer156-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1817 Metternich was required to escort the emperor's newlywed daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina</a> to a ship at <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>. There was delay upon their arrival, and Metternich spent the time travelling around Italy again. He visited Venice, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>. Though alarmed by developments he noted that many of Francis' concessions were still not in practice. But Metternich was optimistic and made another plea for decentralisation on 29 August.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer161_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer161-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this failed, Metternich decided to broaden his efforts into general administrative reform to avoid the appearance of favouring the Italians over the rest of the Empire. While working on this, he returned to Vienna on 12 September 1817 to be immediately caught up in the organisation of his daughter Maria's marriage to Count <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Esterh%C3%A1zy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Esterházy">Joseph Esterházy</a> just three days later. It proved too much, and Metternich was taken ill. After a delay for recovery, Metternich condensed his proposals for Italy into three documents he submitted to Francis, all dated 27 October 1817. The administration would remain undemocratic, but there would be a new Ministry of Justice and four new chancellors. Each with local remits, including one for "Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer161_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer161-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, the divisions would be regional, not national.<sup id="cite_ref-okey73_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey73-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Francis accepted the revised proposals, albeit with several alterations and restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer161_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer161-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aachen,_Teplice,_Karlsbad,_Troppau,_and_Laibach"><span id="Aachen.2C_Teplice.2C_Karlsbad.2C_Troppau.2C_and_Laibach"></span>Aachen, Teplice, Karlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aachen, Teplice, Karlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg/250px-Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg/330px-Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg/500px-Kongressdenkmal_-_Nahaufnahme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3708" data-file-height="5562" /></a><figcaption>Congress memorial in Aachen</figcaption></figure> <p>Metternich's primary focus remained on preserving unity among the Great Powers of Europe and hence his own power as mediator. He was also concerned by liberal-minded <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>' increasing influence over Tsar Alexander and the continual threat of Russia annexing large areas of the declining <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-palmer169_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he had earlier envisaged, by April 1818 Britain had drawn up, and Metternich pushed through, proposals to have a <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress at Aachen</a>, then a Prussian frontier town, six months later. Meanwhile, Metternich was advised to go to the spa town of <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlsbad</a> to treat the rheumatic tension in his back.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer169_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a pleasant month-long trip, although it was there he received news of the death of his father at the age of 72.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He visited the family estate at Königswart and then Frankfurt in late August to encourage the member states of the German Confederation to agree on procedural issues. Metternich could also now visit Koblenz for the first time in 25 years and his new estate at Johannisberg. Travelling with Emperor Francis, he was warmly greeted by the Catholic towns along the Rhine as he progressed towards Aachen.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer169_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had arranged in advance for newspapers to cover the first peacetime congress of its kind. As discussions began, Metternich pushed for the withdrawal of allied troops from France and means for preserving the unity of the European powers. The former was agreed almost immediately, but the latter agreement extended only to maintaining the Quadruple Alliance. Metternich rejected the Tsar's idealistic plans for (among other things) a single European army. His own recommendations to the Prussians for greater controls on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> was equally hard for other powers such as Britain to support openly.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer169_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Today the greatest evil- and therefore the most immediate -is the press.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Metternich to Gentz, June 1819 (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 182)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Metternich travelled with <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lieven" title="Dorothea Lieven">Dorothea Lieven</a> to Brussels soon after the congress broke up, and although he could not stay more than a few days, the pair exchanged letters for the next eight years. He arrived in Vienna on 11 December 1818 and was finally able to spend considerable time with his children.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer169_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entertained the Tsar during the Christmas season and spent twelve weeks monitoring Italy and Germany before setting off with the Emperor on the third trip to Italy. The trip was cut short by the assassination of the conservative German dramatist <a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a>. After a short delay, Metternich decided that if the German governments would not act against this perceived problem, Austria would have to compel them. He called an informal conference in Karlsbad<sup id="cite_ref-palmer180_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer180-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sounded out Prussian support beforehand by meeting with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Teplice" title="Teplice">Teplice</a> in July.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer180_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer180-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ford303_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford303-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich carried the day, using a recent attempt on the life of the Chief Minister of Nassau, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Emil_von_Ibell" title="Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell">Carl Ibell</a> to win agreement for the conservative program now known as the Convention of <a href="/wiki/Teplitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Teplitz">Teplitz</a>. The Karlsbad conference opened on 6 August and ran for the rest of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer180_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer180-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich overcame any opposition to his proposed "group of anti-revolutionary measures, correct and preemptory", although they were condemned by outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer180_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer180-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite censure Metternich was very pleased with the result,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer180_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer180-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-okey73_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey73-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ford303_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford303-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the conference in Vienna later in the year, Metternich found himself constrained by the Kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and Bavaria to abandon his plans to reform the German Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He now regretted having so quickly forced through its original constitution five years before. Nevertheless, he held ground on other issues and the Conference's <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Final Act</a> was highly reactionary, much as Metternich had envisaged it. He remained in Vienna until the close in May 1820, finding the whole affair a bore. On 6 May he heard of the death of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Klementine_von_Metternich" title="Princess Klementine von Metternich">Princess Klementine von Metternich</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Journeying on to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, he heard that his eldest daughter Maria had also contracted the disease. He was at her bedside in <a href="/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien" title="Baden bei Wien">Baden bei Wien</a> when she died on 20 July.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer186_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer186-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted Eleonore and the remaining children to leave for the cleaner air of France.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil200_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil200-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg/250px-Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg/330px-Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg/440px-Ermordung_August_von_Kotzebues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The murder of <a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a> in 1819 was an opportunity for Metternich to fight against the opposition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg/250px-Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg/330px-Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg/500px-Der-Denkerclub_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary lithograph mocking the new restrictions on the press and free expression imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rest of 1820 was filled with liberal revolts to which Metternich was expected to respond. Ultimately, the Austrian Foreign Minister was torn between following through on his conservative pledge (a policy favoured by the Russians) and keeping out of a country in which Austria had no interest (favoured by the British). He chose "sympathetic inactivity" on Spain<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, much to his dismay and surprise, <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Pepe" title="Guglielmo Pepe">Guglielmo Pepe</a> led a revolt in Naples in early July and forced King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I</a> to accept a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer186_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer186-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich reluctantly agreed to attend the Russian-initiated <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Troppau" title="Congress of Troppau">Congress of Troppau</a> in October to discuss these events. He need not have worried: the Tsar gave way and accepted a compromise proposal of moderate interventionism laid down in the Troppau Protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer186_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer186-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still worried by Kapodistrias' influence over the Tsar, he laid down his conservative principles in a long memorandum, including an attack on the free press and the initiative of the middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer186_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer186-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congress disbanded in the third week of December, and the next step would be a <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Laibach" title="Congress of Laibach">congress at Laibach</a> to discuss intervention with Ferdinand.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil200_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil200-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich found himself able to dominate Laibach more than any other congress, overseeing Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal constitution he had agreed to only months before. Austrian armies left for Naples in February and entered the city in March. The Congress was adjourned but, forewarned or by luck, Metternich kept representatives of the powers close at hand until the revolt was put down.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer198_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer198-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, when similar revolts broke out in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> in the middle of March, Metternich had the Tsar at hand, who agreed to send 90,000 men to the frontier in a show of solidarity. Concerns grew in Vienna that Metternich's policy was too expensive. He responded that Naples and Piedmont would pay for stability; nonetheless, he, too, was clearly worried for the future of Italy. He was relieved when able to create a Court Chancellor and Chancellor of State on 25 May, a post left vacant since the death of Kaunitz in 1794. He was also pleased at the renewed (if fragile) closeness between Austria, Prussia and Russia;<sup id="cite_ref-palmer198_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer198-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it had come at the expense of the Anglo-Austrian entente.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil207_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil207-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor">Chancellor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanover,_Verona,_and_Czernowitz"><span id="Hanover.2C_Verona.2C_and_Czernowitz"></span>Hanover, Verona, and Czernowitz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hanover, Verona, and Czernowitz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Verona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Congress_of_Verona.jpg/260px-Congress_of_Verona.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Congress_of_Verona.jpg/390px-Congress_of_Verona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Congress_of_Verona.jpg/520px-Congress_of_Verona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon from the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a> (1822)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821, while Metternich was still at Laibach with Tsar Alexander, the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">revolt</a> of Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> threatened to bring the Ottoman Empire to the brink of collapse. Wanting a strong Ottoman Empire to counterbalance Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer203_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer203-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich opposed all forms of Greek nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Alexander returned to Russia, Metternich secured his agreement not to act unilaterally and would write to the Tsar, again and again, asking him not to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer203_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer203-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For extra support he met with Viscount Castlereagh (now also <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Marquess of Londonderry">Marquess of Londonderry</a>) and King <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> of the United Kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> in October. The warmness of Metternich's welcome was sweetened by his promise to settle in part Austria's financial debts to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer203_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer203-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier Anglo-Austrian entente was thus restored,<sup id="cite_ref-cecil207_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil207-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pair agreed that they would support the Austrian position concerning the Balkans. Metternich went away happy, not least because he had met Dorothea Lieven once more.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer203_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer203-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over Christmas, the Tsar wavered more than Metternich had expected and sent <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tatishchev" title="Dmitry Tatishchev">Dmitry Tatishchev</a> to Vienna in February 1822 for talks with Metternich. Metternich soon convinced the "conceited and ambitious" Russian to let him dictate events.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer203_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer203-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return Austria promised to support Russia in enforcing its treaties with the Ottomans if the other alliance members would do likewise; Metternich was aware this was politically impossible for the British. Metternich's adversary at the Russian court, Kapodistrias, retired from service there; however, by the end of April there was a new threat: Russia now determined to intervene in Spain, action Metternich described as "utter nonsense".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer203_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer203-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played for time, convincing his ally Castlereagh to come to Vienna for talks before a scheduled congress in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, although Castlereagh died by suicide on 12 August.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer212_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer212-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Castlereagh dead and relations with the British weakening, Metternich had lost a useful ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertier1962146–147_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertier1962146–147-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a> was a fine social event but diplomatically less successful. Supposedly concerned with Italy, the Congress had to focus on Spain instead.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer212_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer212-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria urged non-intervention, but it was the French that carried the day with their proposal for a joint invasion force.<sup id="cite_ref-cecil211_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil211-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia committed men,<sup id="cite_ref-cecil211_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cecil211-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tsar pledged 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer212_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer212-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich worried about the difficulties of transporting such numbers to Spain and about French ambitions, but still pledged (if only moral) support for the joint force.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer212_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer212-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He lingered in Verona until 18 December, then spending some days in Venice with the Tsar and then by himself in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. He returned to Vienna in early January 1823 and remained until September; after Verona, he travelled much less than before, partly because of his new post as Chancellor and partly because of his declining health. He was buoyed by the arrival of his family from Paris in May. He shone once more in Viennese society.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer218_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer218-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, the year was one of disappointments. In March the French crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">unilaterally</a>, undoing the "moral solidarity" established at Verona. Likewise, Metternich thought the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Pope Leo XII</a> too pro-French, and there was trouble between Austria and several German states over why they had not been included at Verona. Furthermore, Metternich, in discrediting the Russian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Pozzo_di_Borgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozzo di Borgo">Pozzo di Borgo</a>, instead renewed the Tsar's former suspicion of him. Worse came in late September: while accompanying the Emperor to a meeting with Alexander at <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Czernowitz</a>, Metternich fell ill with a fever. He could not continue and had to make do with brief talks with the Russian Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Nesselrode</a>. At the Czernowitz talks, in Metternich's absence, an impatient Tsar asked for a congress in the then Russian capital <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to discuss the Eastern Question. Metternich, wary of letting the Russians dominate affairs, could only play for time.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer218_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer218-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg/330px-Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg/500px-Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg/960px-Office_Prince_Clemens_von_Metternich_1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Office Prince Clemens von Metternich 1829</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tsar's dual proposal for the St Petersburg meetings, a settlement of the Eastern Question favourable to Russia and limited autonomy for three Greek principalities, was a pairing unpalatable to the other European powers, and potential attendees like British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> slowly turned away, much to the annoyance of Alexander. Metternich believed for several months afterward that he had gained a unique level of influence over the Tsar.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer218_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer218-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, he renewed the conservative program he had outlined at Karlsbad five years before and sought to further increase Austrian influence over the German Federal Diet. He also informed the press they could no longer publicise the minutes of Diet meetings, only its rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer225_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer225-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1825 he began to worry about his wife Eleonore's health and he reached her sickbed in Paris shortly before her death on 19 March. Mourning sincerely for her, he also took the opportunity to dine with the Paris elite. An aside he made about the Tsar there was reported back and did not enhance his reputation. He left Paris for the last time on 21 April and was joined by the Emperor in Milan after arriving on 7 May. He declined the Pope's invitation to become a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a> of the church. There was also a short trip to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Early in July the court dispersed and Metternich visited his daughters Leontine (fourteen) and Hermine (nine) in the quiet town of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a>. Despite the seclusion, he received constant reports, including those of ominous developments in the Ottoman Empire, where the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek revolt</a> was rapidly <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani" title="Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani">being crushed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Ali</a> of Egypt. He also had to deal with the fallout from St. Petersburg where the Tsar, although unable to convene a full congress, had talked with all the major ambassadors. By mid-May it was clear the allies could not decide on a course of action and, as such, the Holy Alliance was no longer a viable political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer227_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer227-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian_Diets,_Alexander_I's_death,_and_problems_in_Italy"><span id="Hungarian_Diets.2C_Alexander_I.27s_death.2C_and_problems_in_Italy"></span>Hungarian Diets, Alexander I's death, and problems in Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hungarian Diets, Alexander I's death, and problems in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_of_Hungary_(1830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%281830%29.jpg/260px-National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%281830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%281830%29.jpg/390px-National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%281830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%281830%29.jpg/520px-National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%281830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Diet of Hungary of 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1820s, Metternich had advised Francis that convening the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Diet">Hungarian Diet</a> would help get approval for financial reform. In fact, the Diet of 1825 to 1827 saw 300 sessions filled with criticism of how the Empire had eroded the historic rights of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">nobility</a>. Metternich complained that it "interfered with [his] time, [his] customs and [his] daily life", as he was forced to travel to <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Bratislava</a> to perform ceremonial duties and to observe.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer232_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer232-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was alarmed by the growth of Hungarian national sentiment and wary of the growing influence of nationalist <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a>, whom he had met twice in 1825. Back in Vienna, in mid-December, he heard of the death of Tsar Alexander with mixed feelings. He had known the Tsar well and was reminded of his own frailty, although the death potentially wiped the soured diplomatic slate clean. Moreover, he could claim credit for foreseeing the liberal <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> the new Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> had to crush. Now 53, Metternich chose to send <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Archduke Ferdinand</a> to establish the first contact with Nicholas. Metternich was also friendly with the British envoy (the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>) and enlisted his help to charm Nicholas. Despite this, the first 18 months of Nicholas' reign did not go well for Metternich: firstly, the British were chosen over the Austrians to oversee Russian-Ottoman talks;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, as a result, Metternich could exercise no influence over the resulting <a href="/wiki/Akkerman_Convention" title="Akkerman Convention">Akkerman Convention</a>. France too began to drift away from Metternich's non-interventionist position. In August 1826 Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Nesselrode" title="Nesselrode">Nesselrode</a> rejected a proposal by Metternich to convene a congress to discuss the events that eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">outbreak of civil war</a> in Portugal. The Austrian Foreign Minister accepted this with "surprising resilience".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer232_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer232-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 March 1827 Metternich spoke and attended the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Death of Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> whom he may have met during the Congress of Vienna. </p><p>On 5 November 1827 Baroness Antoinette von Leykam (1806-1829), the daughter of a diplomat Christoph Ambros <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> von Leykam (1777–1830), <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">Chamberlain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duke of Baden</a>, and his Neapolitan wife, <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Donna</a> Lucia Antonia <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchesato_di_Petrella" class="extiw" title="it:Marchesato di Petrella">Caputo dei Marchesi della Petrella</a> (b.1783), former mistress of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a>, became Metternich's second wife.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met in Vienna, at a ball given by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_1st_Baron_Cowley" title="Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley">Sir Henry Wellesley</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Austria" title="List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Austria">British ambassador to Austria</a>. Antoinette was only twenty, and their marriage, a small affair at Hetzendorf (a village just outside Vienna), drew considerable criticism considering their difference in status. She belonged to the lower nobility, but Antoinette's grace and charm soon won over Viennese high society.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer232_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer232-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day British, Russian and French forces destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>. Metternich worried that further intervention would topple the Ottoman Empire, upsetting the balance so carefully created in 1815. To his relief, the new British Prime Minister Wellington and his cabinet were equally fearful of giving Russia the upper hand in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After another round of his proposals for congresses was rejected, Metternich stood back from the Eastern Question, watching as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> was signed in September 1829. Though he publicly criticised it for being too harsh on Turkey, privately he was satisfied with its leniency and promise of Greek autonomy, making it a buffer against Russian expansion rather than a Russian satellite state. Metternich's private life was filled with grief. In November 1828 his mother died, and in January 1829 Antoinette died, five days after giving birth to their son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Metternich" title="Richard von Metternich">Richard von Metternich</a>. After fighting <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> for many months, Metternich's son Viktor, then a junior diplomat, died on 30 November 1829. Consequently, he spent Christmas alone and depressed, worried by the draconian methods of some of his fellow conservatives and by the renewed march of liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer241_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer241-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: left; width: 33%;"><p>My whole life's work is destroyed.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Metternich on hearing of France's <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 246).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In May Metternich took a much-needed holiday on his estate at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Johannisberg" title="Schloss Johannisberg">Johannisberg</a>. He returned to Vienna a month later, still worried by the "chaos in London and Paris" and his declining ability to prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer241_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer241-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing Nesselrode was due to take the waters at Karlsbad, he met him there in late July. He berated the quiet Nesselrode, but no offence was taken. The two arranged a second meeting in August. In the interim Metternich heard of France's <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>, which deeply shocked him and theoretically posed the need for a congress of the <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815)" title="Quadruple Alliance (1815)">Quadruple Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer245_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer245-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Metternich met with Nesselrode as planned and, while the Russian rejected his plan to restore the old Alliance, the pair agreed on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiffon_de_Karlsbad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiffon de Karlsbad (page does not exist)">Chiffon de Karlsbad</a>: that panic was needless unless the new government showed territorial ambitions in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although pleased by this, Metternich's mood was soured by news of unrest in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> (then part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>), the resignation of Wellington in London, and calls for constitutionality in Germany. He wrote with sombre and "almost morbid relish" that it was the "beginning of the end" of Old Europe. Nonetheless, he was heartened by the fact that the July Revolution had made a Franco-Russian alliance impossible and that the Netherlands had called an old-style congress of the sort he enjoyed so much. The 1830 convocation of the Hungarian Diet was also more successful than past ones, crowning Archduke Ferdinand as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> with little dissent. Moreover, by November his betrothal to 25-year-old Countess Melanie <a href="/wiki/Zichy_family" title="Zichy family">Zichy-Ferraris</a>, who came from a Magyar family the Metternichs had long known, was agreed upon. The announcement caused far less consternation in Vienna than Metternich's previous bride, and they were married on 30 January 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer245_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer245-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1831 rebels took the cities of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and appealed to France for help. Their former rulers appealed for help from Austria, but Metternich was anxious not to march Austrian troops into the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> without authorisation from the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a>. He occupied Parma and Modena, however (both ruled by Habsburgs), and eventually did cross into Papal territory. As a result, Italy was pacified by the end of March. He authorised troop withdrawal from the Papal States in July, but by January 1832 they were back to put down a second rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer245_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer245-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now Metternich was ageing noticeably: his hair was grey and his face drawn and sunken, although his wife still enjoyed his company. In February 1832 a daughter, also Melanie, was born; in 1833 a son, Klemens, though he died aged two months; in October 1834 a second son, Paul; and in 1837 his third with Melanie, Lothar. Politically, Metternich had a new adversary, <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, who had taken over at the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> in 1830. By the end of 1832, they had clashed on virtually every issue. "In short," Metternich wrote, "Palmerston is wrong about everything".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer255_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer255-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mostly, Metternich was annoyed by his insistence that under the 1815 agreements Britain had the right to oppose Austria's tightening of university controls in Germany, as Metternich had done again in 1832. Metternich also worried that if future congresses were held in Britain, as Palmerston wanted, his own influence would be significantly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer255_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer255-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Question_revisited_and_peace_in_Europe">Eastern Question revisited and peace in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eastern Question revisited and peace in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metternich_(c._1835-40).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Metternich_%28c._1835-40%29.jpg/250px-Metternich_%28c._1835-40%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Metternich_%28c._1835-40%29.jpg/330px-Metternich_%28c._1835-40%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Metternich_%28c._1835-40%29.jpg/500px-Metternich_%28c._1835-40%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>Metternich in a painting thought to date to between 1835 and 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1831 Egypt <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%9333)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)">invaded the Ottoman Empire</a>. There were fears of the Empire's total collapse, by which Austria stood to gain little. Metternich therefore proposed multilateral support for the Ottomans and a Viennese Congress to sort out details, but the French were evasive and the British refused to support any congress held in Vienna. By the summer of 1833 Anglo-Austrian relations had hit a new low. With Russia Metternich was more confident of exerting influence. He was mistaken, however, and left to observe from afar Russian intervention in the region culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi</a>. He still arranged to meet with King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> at Teplitz and accompany Francis to meet Tsar Nicholas at <a href="/wiki/Mnichovo_Hradi%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Mnichovo Hradiště">Münchengrätz</a> in September 1833. The former meeting went well: Metternich still felt able to dominate the Prussians, despite their rising economic prominence in Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer255_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer255-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was more strained but, as Nicholas warmed, three <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchengr%C3%A4tz_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Münchengrätz Agreements">Münchengrätz Agreements</a> were reached that shaped a new conservative league to uphold the existing order in Turkey, Poland, and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich left happy; his sole disappointment was having to commit to being tougher on Polish nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer255_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer255-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost immediately, he heard of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruple Alliance (1834)">Quadruple Alliance of 1834</a> between Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. This alliance of liberals was such an affront to Austrian values that Palmerston wrote he "should like to see Metternich's face when he reads our treaty". It did indeed draw bitter condemnation, mostly because it provided the occasion for an outbreak of war. Metternich tried two tacks: to intrigue for the removal of the British Foreign Secretary and to attempt (vainly) to build up cross-power bloc agreements. Palmerston did indeed leave office in November, but only temporarily and not by any of Metternich's attempts. Large-scale war, however, had been avoided and the Quadruple Alliance was beginning to disintegrate.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer255_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer255-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 March 1835, Emperor Francis died, succeeded by his epileptic son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a>. Despite the widespread opinion that Ferdinand was a "ghost of a monarch", Metternich valued legitimacy highly and worked to keep the government running. He soon accompanied Ferdinand on his first meeting with Tsar Nicholas and the King of Prussia, again at Teplitz. Ferdinand was overwhelmed, especially as the delegations paraded into Prague. Overall, however, it was an untroubled meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer264_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer264-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next few years passed relatively peacefully for Metternich: diplomatic incident was limited to the occasional angry exchange with Palmerston and Metternich's failure to be a mediator between the British and Russians over their <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> dispute. He also put effort into bringing new technology like the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a> into Austria. The most pressing issue was Hungary, where Metternich remained reluctant to support the centrist (but still nationalist) Széchenyi. His hesitancy is "a sad commentary on his declining powers of political presence".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer271_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer271-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At court Metternich increasingly lost power to the rising star <a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_von_Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky" title="Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky">Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky</a>, particularly in his proposals to increase military budgets. After his failed attempt in 1836 to force constitutional reform (which would have afforded him greater influence)—largely thwarted by the more liberally minded <a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John</a>—Metternich was forced to share more power with Kolowrat and <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Archduke Ludwig</a> as part of Austria's <a href="/wiki/Secret_State_Conference" title="Secret State Conference">Secret State Conference</a>. Decision making ground to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer271_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer271-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entertaining and maintaining his estates at Johannisberg, Königswart and <a href="/wiki/Plasy" title="Plasy">Plasy</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_T%C3%BDnice" title="Mariánská Týnice">Mariánská Týnice</a>) were consuming much of his resources at a time when he had four young children to support, causing him more stress.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer271_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer271-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg/330px-%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg/500px-%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg/960px-%E2%80%9CReception_of_Grand_Duke_Alexander_Nikolayevich_by_Prince_Metternich_in_the_Vienna_Hofburg_in_1829%E2%80%9D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="43526" data-file-height="31802" /></a><figcaption>Reception of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander Nikolayevich</a> by Prince Metternich in the Vienna Hofburg in 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>Metternich had long predicted a new crisis in the East, and when the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian-Ottoman War</a> broke out in 1839 he was anxious to re-establish Austria's diplomatic credentials. He quickly gathered representatives in Vienna, whence on 27 July they issued a communiqué to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Istanbul</a> pledging support. However, Tsar Nicholas sent Metternich a message from St Petersburg challenging Vienna's claim to diplomatic centrality. Metternich worked so furiously that he fell ill, spending the next five weeks resting at Johannisberg.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer279_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer279-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrians lost the initiative, and Metternich had to accept that London would be the new centre of negotiations over the Eastern Question. Just three weeks after its creation, Metternich's European League of Great Powers (his diplomatic response to aggressive moves by French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>) had become a mere curiosity. Little, too, was heard of his proposals to hold a congress in Germany. A separate attempt to strengthen the influence of ambassadors stationed in Vienna was also rejected. This set the tone for the rest of Metternich's chancellorship.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer279_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer279-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His illness had, it seemed to others, broken his love of being in office. Over the next decade, his wife prepared quietly for his retirement or death in office. Metternich's work during the early 1840s was dominated again by Hungary and, more generally, questions of national identity within the diverse Austrian Empire. Here, Metternich "showed [moments of] acute perception". His Hungarian proposals came far too late, however, as <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a> had already led the rise of strong Hungarian nationalism. Metternich's support for other nationalities was patchy since he only opposed those that threatened the unity of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer286_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer286-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Conference of State Metternich lost his principal ally Count Karl von <a href="/wiki/Clam-Martinic_family" title="Clam-Martinic family">Clam-Martinic</a> (1792-1840) in 1840, which furthered the growing paralysis at the heart of Austrian government. Metternich now struggled to enforce even the level of censorship he desired. There were no major challenges to the regime from outside.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer286_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer286-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy was quiet, and neither Metternich's attempt to lecture the new Prussian king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William IV">Frederick William IV</a> nor the boredom of the new British <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> at their first meeting posed immediate problems. Far more worrying was Tsar Nicholas, whose estimation of the Habsburg dynasty and Austria was low. After an impromptu tour of Italy in 1845, the Tsar unexpectedly stopped in Vienna. Already in a bad mood, he was an awkward guest, though in between criticisms of Austria he reassured Metternich that Russia was not about to invade the Ottoman Empire again. Two months later their countries were required to work together over the <a href="/wiki/Galician_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician slaughter">Galician slaughter</a> and a declaration of independence by the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Cracow" title="Free City of Cracow">Free City of Cracow</a>. Metternich authorised the occupation of the city and the use of troops to restore order in surrounding areas, intent on undoing the pseudo-independence that had been granted <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1815. After months of negotiations with Prussia and Russia, Austria annexed the city in November 1846. Metternich regarded it as a personal victory, but it was an act of dubious utility: not only were Polish <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> now officially part of Austria, the Europe-wide Polish dissident movement was now worked actively against the "Metternich system" that had overridden the rights enshrined in 1815. Britain and France appeared similarly outraged, although calls for Metternich's resignation were ignored. For the next two years, Ferdinand could not abdicate in favour of his nephew without a regency; Metternich believed Austria would need him in the interim to hold the government together.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer286_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer286-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution">Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_(pasopt_eng).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_%28pasopt_eng%29.svg/330px-Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_%28pasopt_eng%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_%28pasopt_eng%29.svg/500px-Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_%28pasopt_eng%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_%28pasopt_eng%29.svg/660px-Revolutions_of_1848_in_Europe_%28pasopt_eng%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Revolutions of 1848 in Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluchtkarikatur-metternich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fluchtkarikatur-metternich.jpg/330px-Fluchtkarikatur-metternich.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fluchtkarikatur-metternich.jpg/435px-Fluchtkarikatur-metternich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Fluchtkarikatur-metternich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Caricature on Metternich's escape from March 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Metternich was tiring, memoranda kept pouring forth from his chancellery. Despite this, he did not foresee the building crisis. The new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> was gaining a reputation as a liberal nationalist, counterbalancing Metternich and Austria; at the same time, the Empire experienced unemployment and rising prices as a result of poor harvests. Metternich was bemused at the outcry from Italians, the Pope, and Palmerston when he ordered the occupation of Papal-controlled <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> in the summer of 1847. Despite securing French agreement for the first time in years from <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">Swiss Civil War</a>, France and Austria were forced into backing breakaway cantons.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer298_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer298-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair proposed a conference, but the government crushed the revolt. It was a major blow to Metternich's prestige, and his opponents in Vienna called it evidence of his incompetence. In January 1848 Metternich predicted trouble in Italy during the year ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acted on this by dispatching an envoy, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Ficquelmont" title="Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont">Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont</a> to Italy; by resurrecting his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery; and by arranging various contingency plans with the French. In late February Austrian field marshal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetsky</a> placed Austrian Italy (Lombardy-Venetia) under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> as disturbances spread. Despite this and hearing of renewed <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">revolution in France</a>, Metternich was cautious, still thinking domestic revolution unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer298_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer298-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described by a Saxon diplomat as, in the words of biographer Musulin, "having shrunk to a shadow of his former self".<sup id="cite_ref-musulin305_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musulin305-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>I am no longer anybody... I have nothing more to do, nothing more to discuss.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Metternich after resigning (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 313).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>On 3 March Kossuth gave a fiery speech in the Hungarian Diet, calling for a constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-musulin305_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musulin305-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 10 March that Metternich appeared concerned about events in Vienna, where there were now threats and counter-threats flying. Two <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a> were organised, calling for greater freedom, transparency, and representation. Students were involved in several demonstrations, culminating on 13 March when they cheered the imperial family but voiced anger at Metternich. After a customary morning, Metternich was called to meet with Archduke Ludwig soon after midday.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer298_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer298-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chancellor had troops sent into the streets while also announcing a prearranged and minimal concession. In the afternoon the crowd turned hostile, and a division of troops opened fire on it, killing five. The mob was now truly incited, as the liberals were joined by underprivileged Viennese set on wreaking havoc.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer298_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer298-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students offered to form a pro-government <a href="/wiki/Academic_Legion_(Vienna)" title="Academic Legion (Vienna)">Academic Legion</a> if their demands were met. Ludwig was eager to accept and told Metternich he must resign, to which he reluctantly agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sleeping in the Chancellery he was advised to either take back his resignation or leave the city. After Ludwig sent him a message to the effect that the government could not guarantee his safety, Metternich left for the house of <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Taaffe" title="Viscount Taaffe">Count Taaffe</a> and then, with aid from friends <a href="/wiki/Charles_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Charles von Hügel">Charles von Hügel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_Johann_Bernhard_von_Rechberg_und_Rothenl%C3%B6wen" title="Count Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen">Johann Rechberg</a>, reached the family seat of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Liechtenstein" title="House of Liechtenstein">Prince Liechtenstein</a> forty miles away at <a href="/wiki/Feldsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldsberg">Feldsberg</a>. Metternich's daughter Leontine joined them on 21 March and suggested England as a haven; agreeing, Metternich, Melanie and 19-year-old Richard set out, leaving the younger children with Leontine.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer312_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer312-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich's resignation had been met with cheering in Vienna, and even the Viennese <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a> welcomed the end of Metternich's era of social conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile,_return,_and_death"><span id="Exile.2C_return.2C_and_death"></span>Exile, return, and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exile, return, and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRINCE_METTERNICH,_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PRINCE_METTERNICH%2C_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG/250px-PRINCE_METTERNICH%2C_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PRINCE_METTERNICH%2C_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG/330px-PRINCE_METTERNICH%2C_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PRINCE_METTERNICH%2C_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG/500px-PRINCE_METTERNICH%2C_1773-1859_Austrian_Statesman_lived_here_in_1848.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Square" title="Eaton Square">Eaton Square</a> commemorating one of Metternich's London residences during his exile.</figcaption></figure> <p>After an anxious journey of nine days during which they were honoured in some towns and refused entry to others, Metternich, his wife, and son Richard arrived in the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>. They stayed until Metternich regained his strength, then reached <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, where they waited to hear the results of a demonstration by English <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">chartists</a>, planned for 10 April. On 20 April they landed at <a href="/wiki/Blackwall,_London" title="Blackwall, London">Blackwall</a> in London, where they stayed in the Brunswick Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Square, London">Hanover Square</a> for a fortnight until they found a permanent residence. Metternich largely enjoyed his time in London: the Duke of Wellington, now nearly eighty, tried to keep him entertained, and there were also visits from Palmerston, Guizot (now also in exile) and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, who enjoyed his political conversation. The sole disappointment was that Victoria herself did not acknowledge his presence in the capital. The trio leased a house, 44 <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Square" title="Eaton Square">Eaton Square</a>, for four months. The younger children joined them in the summer. He followed events in Austria from afar,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer312_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer312-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> famously denying ever having erred; in fact, he declared the turmoil in Europe to be a vindication of his policies. In Vienna, a hostile post-censorship press continued to attack him; in particular, they accused him of <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> and accepting bribes, prompting an investigation. Metternich was eventually cleared of the more extreme charges, and searches for evidence of the lesser ones came up empty-handed. (In all likelihood Metternich's large expense claims were merely a product of the necessities of early 19th-century diplomacy.) Meanwhile, as he was denied his pension, Metternich was ironically reliant on loans.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer312_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer312-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metternich_Klemens_Fst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Metternich_Klemens_Fst.jpg/220px-Metternich_Klemens_Fst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Metternich_Klemens_Fst.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Prince Metternich in old age</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-September, the family moved to 42 Brunswick Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, on the south coast of England where the tranquillity of life contrasted greatly with revolutionary Europe left behind. Parliamentary figures, particularly Disraeli, travelled down to visit them, as did Metternich's former friend <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lieven" title="Dorothea Lieven">Dorothea Lieven</a> (Melanie led a reconciliation between the two). Expecting a visit from Metternich's daughter Leontine and her own daughter Pauline, the family moved to a suite of rooms at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a> on 23 April 1849. Visitors included Wellington, who still watched out for Metternich; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">Johann Strauss</a>, the composer; and Dorothea de Dino, sister of Metternich's former lover Wilhemine of Sagan;<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former lover <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Bagration" title="Catherine Bagration">Catherine Bagration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer319_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer319-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich was showing his age, and his frequent fainting was cause for worry. The ex-Chancellor was also depressed by the lack of communication from the new Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> and his government. Leontine wrote to Vienna trying to encourage this contact, and in August Metternich received a warm letter from Franz Joseph; sincere or not, it buoyed Metternich considerably. From mid-August Melanie began to push for a move to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, a city cheaper to live in and closer to continental affairs. They arrived in October, staying overnight in the Hotel Bellevue. With revolution subsiding, Metternich was hopeful they would return to Vienna. Their stay in fact lasted over 18 months while Metternich waited for an opportunity to re-enter Austrian politics. It was a pleasant enough (and cheap) stay, first in the Boulevard de l'Observatoire and later in the <a href="/wiki/Sablon_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sablon (Brussels)">Sablon</a> area—filled with visits from politicians, writers, musicians and scientists. For Metternich, however, the tedium and homesickness only increased. In March 1851 Melanie induced him to write to the new political force in Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg">Prince Schwarzenberg</a>, to ask if he might return if he promised not to interfere in public affairs. In April he received an affirmative reply, authorised by Franz Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer319_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer319-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1851 Metternich left for his Johannisberg estate, which he had last visited in 1845. That summer Metternich enjoyed the company of Prussian representative <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. He also enjoyed a visit from Frederick William IV, though the King irritated Metternich by appearing to cultivate him as a tool against Schwarzenberg. In September Metternich returned to Vienna, entertained along the way by various German princes keen to entertain the focus of Prussian intrigue.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer319_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer319-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich was reinvigorated, dropped his nostalgia, and lived in the present for the first time in a decade. Franz Josef asked for his advice on numerous issues (though he was too headstrong to be much influenced by it), and both of the two emerging factions in Vienna courted Metternich; even Tsar Nicholas called on him during a state visit. Metternich was not keen on the new Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Count_Karl_Ferdinand_von_Buol" title="Count Karl Ferdinand von Buol">Karl Ferdinand von Buol</a>, but thought him sufficiently incompetent that he would be impressionable. Metternich's advice was of varying quality; nonetheless, some of it was usefully insightful, even in modern issues. Now deaf, Metternich wrote endlessly, particularly for an appreciative Franz Josef. He wanted Austrian neutrality in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, though Buol did not.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime Metternich's health was slowly failing, and he was a more peripheral figure after the death of his wife Melanie in January 1854. In a brief resurgence of energy in early 1856, he busied himself in arrangements for a marriage between his son Richard and his granddaughter Pauline (Richard's step-sister's daughter) and undertook more travel. The <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King of the Belgians</a> came to visit, as did Bismarck, and on 16 August 1857, he entertained the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> of the United Kingdom. Buol, however, was growing more resentful of Metternich's advice, particularly about Italy. In April 1859 Franz Josef came to ask him about what should be done in Italy. According to Pauline, Metternich begged him not to send an ultimatum to Italy, and Franz Josef explained that such an ultimatum had already been sent.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer328_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer328-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg/260px-Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg/390px-Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg/520px-Wenzelskircheplasy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery Church of St. Wenceslaus in <a href="/wiki/Plasy" title="Plasy">Plasy</a>, Metternich's burial place</figcaption></figure> <p>In this way, much to Metternich's disappointment and to Franz Josef's embarrassment, Austria began the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> against the combined forces of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Piedmont-Sardinia</a> and its ally France. Though Metternich was able to secure the replacement of Buol with his friend Rechberg, who had helped him so much in 1848, involvement in the war itself was now beyond his capacity. Even a special task given to him by Franz Josef in June 1859—to draw up secret papers addressing the event of Franz Josef's death—was now too taxing. Shortly afterwards Metternich died in Vienna on 11 June 1859, aged 86, and the last great figure of his generation. Almost everyone of note in Vienna came to pay tribute; in the foreign press, his death went virtually unnoticed.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer328_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer328-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historians'_assessment"><span id="Historians.27_assessment"></span>Historians' assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historians' assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Category:Conservatism in Austria">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Austria</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/120px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/250px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Austria" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austrian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Austria-Hungary" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics#Austria" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza_affair" title="Ibiza affair">Ibiza affair</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Burger" title="Rudolf Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">von Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_H%C3%B6belt" title="Lothar Höbelt">Höbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Character">Sex and Character</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Menace_of_the_Herd,_or_Procrustes_at_Large" class="mw-redirect" title="The Menace of the Herd, or Procrustes at Large">The Menace of the Herd</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1966)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Figl" title="Leopold Figl">Figl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">von Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Karl_Sigmund_von_Hohenwart" title="Count Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart">von Hohenwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kickl" title="Herbert Kickl">Kickl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klaus" title="Josef Klaus">Klaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Nehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Louis of Liechtenstein">de Paula Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rosenkranz" title="Barbara Rosenkranz">Rosenkranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Seipel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Stadler" title="Ewald Stadler">Stadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Strache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Taaffe,_11th_Viscount_Taaffe" title="Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe">Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">Waldheim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dichand" title="Hans Dichand">Dichand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Feigl" title="Erich Feigl">Feigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Marie Schönfeld">Schönfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tschugguel" title="Alexander Tschugguel">Tschugguel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_of_Austria" title="Christian Party of Austria">Christian Party of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Conservatives" title="The Reform Conservatives">The Reform Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Stronach" title="Team Stronach">Team Stronach</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-Yellow_Alliance" title="Black-Yellow Alliance">Black-Yellow Alliance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitäre Bewegung Österreich</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_Association_of_Academics" title="Viennese Association of Academics">Viennese Association of Academics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kleine_Zeitung" title="Kleine Zeitung">Kleine Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volksblatt" title="Neues Volksblatt">Neues Volksblatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salzburger_Nachrichten" title="Salzburger Nachrichten">Salzburger Nachrichten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiroler_Tageszeitung" title="Tiroler Tageszeitung">Tiroler Tageszeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung" title="Wiener Zeitung">Wiener Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreich_(newspaper)" title="Österreich (newspaper)">Österreich</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">German nationalism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Germanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Germanism">Pan Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Austria" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/17px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/26px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/34px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klemens_von_Metternich_-_Thorvaldsens_Museum_-_DSC08721.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Klemens_von_Metternich_-_Thorvaldsens_Museum_-_DSC08721.JPG/250px-Klemens_von_Metternich_-_Thorvaldsens_Museum_-_DSC08721.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Klemens_von_Metternich_-_Thorvaldsens_Museum_-_DSC08721.JPG/500px-Klemens_von_Metternich_-_Thorvaldsens_Museum_-_DSC08721.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture in Thorvaldsens Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Sculptor: Bertel Thorvaldsen (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1770</span>–1844).</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians agree on Metternich's skill as a diplomat and his dedication to conservatism. According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_May" title="Arthur May">Arthur May</a>, he believed that: </p> <blockquote><p>the mass of Europeans yearned for security, quiet, and peace, and regarded liberal abstractions as repugnant or were utterly indifferent to them. The best of all patterns of government, he insisted, was autocratic absolutism, upheld by a loyal army, by a submissive, decently efficient bureaucracy and police machine, and by trustworthy churchmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay19633–4_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay19633–4-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Particularly during the remainder of the nineteenth century, Metternich was heavily criticised, decried as the man who prevented Austria and the rest of central Europe from "developing along normal liberal and constitutional lines".<sup id="cite_ref-sked43_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked43-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had Metternich not stood in the way of "progress", Austria might have reformed, dealt better with its problems of nationality, and the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> might never have happened.<sup id="cite_ref-sked43_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked43-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Metternich chose to fight an overwhelmingly fruitless war against the forces of liberalism and nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-okey98_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey98-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy censorship was just one of a range of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressive</a> instruments of state available to him that also included a large spy network.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer225_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer225-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metternich opposed electoral reform, criticising Britain's 1832 <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Bill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertier1962223_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertier1962223-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, he locked himself into an embittered battle against "the prevailing mood of his age".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Metternich's diplomacy and statesmanship became the focus of praise in the twentieth century from more favourably inclined historians, particularly biographer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Srbik" title="Heinrich Srbik">Heinrich von Srbik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-okey75_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey75-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, particularly after WWII, historians were more likely to defend Metternich's policies as reasonable attempts to achieve his goals, chiefly the balance of power in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-sked45_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked45-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sympathetic historians point out that Metternich correctly foresaw and worked to prevent Russian dominance in Europe, succeeding where his successors would fail 130 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-sked45_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked45-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As argued by Srbik, Metternich himself pursued legality, cooperation, and dialogue, and therefore helped ensure thirty years of peace, the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Metternich">Age of Metternich</a>". Authors like <a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Peter Viereck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_B._Haas" title="Ernst B. Haas">Ernst B. Haas</a> also give Metternich credit for his more liberal ideals, even if they weighed relatively little in his overall policies.<sup id="cite_ref-sked46_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked46-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critical views presuppose Metternich had the ability to shape Europe favorably but chose not to. More modern critiques like that of <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> have questioned how much influence Metternich actually wielded.<sup id="cite_ref-sked43_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked43-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robin Okey, a critic of Metternich, noted that even in the realm of foreign affairs Metternich "had only his own persuasiveness to rely on", and this degraded over time.<sup id="cite_ref-okey75_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey75-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this interpretation, his task was to create a "smokescreen" that hid Austria's true weakness. When it came to choosing a set of sound principles, wrote Taylor, "most men could do better while shaving."<sup id="cite_ref-sked44_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked44-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was that Metternich was no captivating diplomat: Taylor described him as "the most boring man in European history".<sup id="cite_ref-sked43_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked43-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only were his failures limited to foreign affairs, critics argue: at home he was equally powerless, failing to effect even his own proposals for administrative reform.<sup id="cite_ref-okey75_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okey75-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, those who have attempted to rehabilitate Metternich describe him as "unquestionably [a] master of diplomacy",<sup id="cite_ref-Ford1970_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford1970-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> someone who perfected and indeed shaped the nature of diplomacy in his era.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sked" title="Alan Sked">Alan Sked</a> argues that Metternich's "smokescreen" may well have served a purpose in furthering a relatively coherent set of principles.<sup id="cite_ref-sked46_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sked46-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metternich's children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren are (names are untranslated):<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="margin-left:2em;"> <p>With Countess Maria Eleonore von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunitz_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Kaunitz (Adelsgeschlecht)">Kaunitz-Rietberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (10 October 1775 – 19 March 1825), granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg</a>: </p> <ul><li>Maria Leopoldina (17 January 1797 – 24 July 1820), married on 15 September 1817 to Count Jozsef <a href="/wiki/Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Esterházy">Esterházy von Galántha</a>. No issue.</li> <li>Franz Karl Johann Georg (21 February 1798 – 3 December 1799).</li> <li>Klemens Eduard (10 June 1799 – 15 June 1799).</li> <li>Franz Karl Viktor Ernst Lothar Clemens Joseph Anton Adam (12 January 1803 – 30 November 1829); he had one illegitimate son with Claire Clemence Henriette Claudine <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_de_Maill%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Maison de Maillé">de Maillé de La Tour-Landry</a>, daughter of the 2nd Duc de Maillé: <ul><li>Roger Armand Viktor Maurice, Baron von Aldenburg (21 October 1827 – 14 October 1906), unmarried.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Klementine_von_Metternich" title="Princess Klementine von Metternich">Klementine Marie Octavie</a> (30 August 1804 – 6 May 1820).</li> <li>Leontine Adelheid Maria Pauline (18 June 1811 – 16 November 1861), married on 8 February 1835 to Count Moric <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_csal%C3%A1d_(szlavnicai)" class="extiw" title="hu:Sándor család (szlavnicai)">Sándor de Szlavnicza</a>. They had one daughter: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_von_Metternich" title="Pauline von Metternich">Pauline Klementine Marie Walburga Sándor de Szlavnicza</a> (25 February 1836 – 28 September 1921), married on 13 June 1856 to her uncle <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Metternich" title="Richard von Metternich">Richard von Metternich</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Hermine Gabriele (Henrietta) Marie Eleonore Leopoldine (1 September 1815 – December 1890), unmarried.</li></ul> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baroness</a> Maria Antoinette von <a href="/wiki/File:Leykam_-_Tyroff_AT.jpg" title="File:Leykam - Tyroff AT.jpg">Leykam</a>, Countess von Beylstein (15 August 1806 – 17 January 1829), daughter of Christoph Ambros <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> von Leykam (1781–1830) and his wife, Lucia Antonia Caputo dei Marchesi della Petrella (b. 1783): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Metternich" title="Richard von Metternich">Richard Klemens Josef Lothar Hermann</a>, 2nd Prince Metternich (7 January 1829 – 1 March 1895), married on 13 June 1856 to his niece <a href="/wiki/Pauline_von_Metternich" title="Pauline von Metternich">Pauline Sándor de Szlavnicza</a>. They had three daughters: <ul><li>Sophie Marie Antoinette Leontine Melanie Julie (17 May 1857 – 11 January 1941), married 24 April 1878 to Prince Franz-Albrecht of <a href="/wiki/Oettingen-Spielberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Oettingen-Spielberg">Oettingen-Oettingen und Oettingen-Spielberg</a>. They had three children: <ul><li>Franz Albert Otto Richard Notger (2 September 1879 – 9 May 1895), Hereditary Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg.</li> <li>Moritz Joseph Richard Notger (5 May 1885 – 4 October 1911), Hereditary Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg.</li> <li>Princess Elisabeth Pauline Georgine Marie Notgera of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg (31 October 1886 – 2 October 1976), married on 19 November 1910 to Prince Viktor III of <a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst">Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Breunner-Enkevoirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Duchy of Racibórz">Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Antoinette Pascalina (20 April 1862 – 5 August 1890), married on 11 July 1885 to Count Georg Wilhelm von <a href="/wiki/Waldstein_family" title="Waldstein family">Waldstein-Wartenberg</a>. No issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_von_Metternich-Sandor" title="Clementine von Metternich-Sandor">Klementine Marie Melanie Sofie Leontine Crescentia</a> (27 June 1870 – 25 October 1963), unmarried; she adopted Prince Franz Albrecht of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenlohe" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenlohe">Hohenlohe</a> (born 1920; son of her niece Elisabeth), who assumed the title of <i>Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Metternich-Sándor</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>With Countess Melania Maria Antonia <a href="/wiki/Zichy_family" title="Zichy family">Zichy-Ferraris de Zich et Vásonykeö</a> (18 January 1805 – 3 March 1854), daughter of Count Ferenc Franz Zichy de Zich et Vásonkeö (1777–1839) and his wife, Countess Marie Wilhelmine von <a href="/wiki/File:Ferraris_-_Tyroff_AT.jpg" title="File:Ferraris - Tyroff AT.jpg">Ferraris</a> (1780–1866): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Metternich-Zichy" title="Melanie Metternich-Zichy">Melanie Marie Pauline Alexandrine</a> (27 February 1832 – 16 November 1919), married on 20 November 1853 to Count Jozsef Zichy de Zich et Vásonykeö. No issue.</li> <li>Klemens (21 April 1833 – 10 June 1833).</li> <li>Paul Klemens Lothar, 3rd Prince Metternich (14 October 1834 – 6 February 1906), married on 9 May 1868 to his cousin Countess Melania Zichy-Ferraris de Zich und Vásonykeö. They had three children: <ul><li>Klemens II Wenzel Lothar Michal Felix (Richard), 4th Prince Metternich (9 February 1869 – 13 May 1930), married on 4 October 1905 to <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesado_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Mudela" class="extiw" title="es:Marquesado de Santa Cruz de Mudela">Isabel de Silva y Carvajal</a>. They had one son: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfons_von_Metternich-Winneburg" title="Paul Alfons von Metternich-Winneburg">Paul II Alphonse Klemens Lothar Filip Neri Felix Nikomedes</a>, 5th Prince Metternich (26 May 1917 – 21 September 1992), married on 6 September 1941 to Princess Tatiana Hilarionovna <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Васильчиковы">Wassiltchikova</a>; he died without issue and the title of Prince Metternich became extinct.</li></ul></li> <li>Emilie Marie Felicitas (24 February 1873 – 20 January 1884).</li> <li>Pauline Felix Maria (6 January 1880 – 19 May 1960), married on 5 May 1906 to Prince Maximilian Theodor of <a href="/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Thurn und Taxis">Thurn und Taxis</a>. They had one daughter.</li></ul></li> <li>Maria Emilia Stephanie (22 March 1836 – 12 June 1836).</li> <li>Lothar Stephan August Klemens Maria (13 September 1837 – 2 October 1904), married firstly on 21 April 1868 to Karoline Anna Rosalie Johanna Reittner, and secondly on 5 June 1900 to Countess Františka <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrov%C5%A1t%C3%AD_z_Mitrovic_a_Nemy%C5%A1le" class="extiw" title="cs:Mitrovští z Mitrovic a Nemyšle">Mittrowsky von Mittrowitz</a>. No issue in both marriages.</li></ul> <p>With Countess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Bagration" title="Catherine Bagration">Katharina Skavronskaya</a>, by marriage <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mukhrani" title="House of Mukhrani">Princess Bagration</a> (illegitimate, unacknowledged): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Clementine_Bagration" title="Marie-Clementine Bagration">Marie-Clementine Bagration</a> (29 September 1810 – 29 May 1829), married on 1 May 1828 to Otto, <a href="/wiki/Lensgreve_(Danish_title)" title="Lensgreve (Danish title)">Lensgraf</a> von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blome_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Blome (Adelsgeschlecht)">Blome</a>. They had one son: <ul><li>Otto Paul Julius Gustav (18 May 1829 – 24 August 1906), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 1 September 1858 to Joséphine, Countess von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buol_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Buol (Adelsgeschlecht)">Buol-Schauenstein</a>. They had nine children: <ul><li>Countess Marie-Clementine Blome (23 June 1860 – died young).</li> <li>Karl Otto Arnold (12 December 1861 – 5 September 1926), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 6 July 1907 to Countess Maria Hedwig Ida Leopolda Hermenegilde of <a href="/wiki/Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Stolberg-Stolberg">Stolberg-Stolberg</a>. No issue.</li> <li>Countess Maria Sophie von Blome (23 November 1864 – died young).</li> <li>Louis Pius Blome (1 December 1865 – 1930), Lensgraf von Blome.</li> <li>Johannes Hubertus Xaverius (23 February 1867 – 19 July 1945), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 19 November 1901 to Princess Martha Elisabeth Maria <a href="/wiki/Stirbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirbey">Stirbey</a> (1877–1925). They had one daughter.</li> <li>Countess Maria Adeline von Blome (21 August 1868 – died young).</li> <li>Countess Anna Maria von Blome (11 February 1871 – 9 January 1960), married in 1896 to Franz August Joseph Maria, Count von und zu <a href="/wiki/Eltz" title="Eltz">Eltz genannt Faust von Stromberg</a>. They had three children.</li> <li>Countess Maria Giulia Sidonia von Blome (29 December 1873 – 7 January 1939), married in 1906 to Count Joseph von Plaz. They had three children.</li> <li>Countess Maria Karola von Blome (16 January 1877 – 19 July 1951), a nun.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_arms">Honours and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, in Diamonds, <i>1805</i><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>1805</i><sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Golden Civil Cross "For Merit" (1813/1814)<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/40px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/60px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a>, <i>1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>30 May 1825</i><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Knight of St. Michael</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>27 August 1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>27 August 1813</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna</a>, 1st Class, <i>27 August 1813</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>13 September 1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Grand Cross of the Red Eagle</a>, <i>13 September 1813</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (civil), <i>31 May 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/21px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/32px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/42px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="525" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, <i>12 April 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>7 December 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/40px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/60px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>4 January 1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, in Diamonds, <i>1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sachsen1857_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachsen1857-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Hannover1858_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannover1858-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order</a>, <i>1816</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1841</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George" title="Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George">Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George</a>, <i>1816</i><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-(Stato)1857_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Stato)1857-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Knight of St. Januarius</a>, <i>1816</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a>, <i>1816</i></li> <li>Duke of Portella, <i>1818</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse-Kassel)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)">Grand Cross of the Golden Lion</a>, <i>25 May 1817</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hessen-Kassel1856_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hessen-Kassel1856-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810-73)">Spain</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, with Collar, <i>20 October 1817</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">Grandee of the 1st Class</a>, <i>1824</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/60px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Knight of the Golden Eagle</a>, <i>1818</i><sup id="cite_ref-Württemberg1854_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Württemberg1854-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order</a>, <i>5 February 1820</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hessen-Darmstadt1857_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hessen-Darmstadt1857-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/60px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>20 June 1820</i><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/60px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>August 1835</i><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/15px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/23px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/30px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Ascanian duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Albert_the_Bear" title="Order of Albert the Bear">Order of Albert the Bear</a>, <i>March 1837</i><sup id="cite_ref-Anhalt-Köthen1851_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anhalt-Köthen1851-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822-1853%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822-1853%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822-1853%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822-1853%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Grand Cross of the Southern Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Henry_the_Lion" title="Order of Henry the Lion">Order of Henry the Lion</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/60px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Redeemer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/40px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/60px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a>: Cross of Honour of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">Princely House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, 1st Class<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany"><img alt="Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Joseph" title="Order of Saint Joseph">Grand Cross of St. Joseph</a><sup id="cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCrst_metternich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metternich's coat of arms"><img alt="Metternich's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/F%C3%BCrst_metternich.jpg/120px-F%C3%BCrst_metternich.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/F%C3%BCrst_metternich.jpg/250px-F%C3%BCrst_metternich.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metternich's coat of arms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Klemens von Metternich in 1836"><img alt="Portrait of Klemens von Metternich in 1836" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png/80px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png/120px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png/161px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Klemens_von_Metternich.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Klemens von Metternich in 1836</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_honours">Other honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metternichia_principis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Metternichia_principis.jpg/230px-Metternichia_principis.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Metternichia_principis.jpg/345px-Metternichia_principis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Metternichia_principis.jpg/460px-Metternichia_principis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Metternichia" title="Metternichia">Metternichia principis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1823, botanist <a href="/wiki/J.C.Mikan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.C.Mikan">J.C.Mikan</a> published a genus of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> from Brazil, belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Metternichia" title="Metternichia">Metternichia</a></i> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Klemens von Metternich</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. Dietrich Philipp Adolf, Count of Metternich-Winneburg</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. Johann Hugo, Count of Metternich-Winneburg</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. Baroness Maria Franziska Schenck von Schmidburg</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. Franz Georg Karl, Count of Metternich-Winneburg</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. Baron Karl Friedrich Melchior von Kesselstatt</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. Baroness Clara Luise von Kesselstatt</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. Baroness Isabella Maria Theresia Raitz von Frentz</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Klemens, 1st Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. Georg Sebastian Reinhard von Kageneck</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. Baron Johann Friedrich Fridolin von Kageneck</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. Baroness Maria Franziska Josefa von Ulm zu Erbach</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. Countess Maria Beatrix von Kageneck</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. Baron Johann Georg Baptist von Andlau-Birseck</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. Baroness Maria Anna Franziska Eleonore von Andlau</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. Ana Maria Katharina Truchsess von Wolhausen</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metternich_Stela" title="Metternich Stela">Metternich Stela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is some confusion over why Metternich was selected. Napoleon said he wanted "a Kaunitz", and whether he literally meant someone from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaunitz_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaunitz family (page does not exist)">house of Kaunitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunitz_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Kaunitz (Adelsgeschlecht)">de</a>]</span> or merely someone in the style of <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">the Prince of Kaunitz</a>, who had been ambassador to France from 1750 until 1753, this worked in favour of Metternich, the husband of a Kaunitz (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 44–47).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, namely that <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> would return to being free cities, and more generally the end of direct French control over the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>; the return of annexed Prussian territory; the return of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> to Austria; and the dissolution of the French-dominated <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Warsaw">Grand Duchy of Warsaw</a>(<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 97).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At this time, the Russians favoured a new monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Jean Bernadotte</a>, while Austria favoured keeping the Bonaparte-Habsburg dynasty, if not under Napoleon himself (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 112).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metternich succeeded in preventing proposals for a French-led invasion only by rendering Tsar Alexander fearful of a French conspiracy (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 199).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britain and Austria both wished to avoid war, but the British Foreign Secretary Canning wanted an autonomous Greek state. This would be the topic of mediation with the Ottomans. Metternich, on the other hand, was resolutely opposed to courting instability by redrawing any borders in Eastern Europe (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 236–237).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sicily <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">erupted in revolution</a> only a fortnight later, but it was Rome he had pinpointed as the epicentre of future trouble(<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 298–311).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several biographers accept the young Pauline's testimony that it was actually Wilhemine who visited. This contradicts, however, the established date of Wilhemine's death—1839 (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 322).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Buol signed an alliance with the Western powers in December 1855—albeit one that did not commit troops—Metternich would have noted with regret how Buol had broken the bonds with Russia he had cultivated for so long(<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 328–340).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sister of <a href="/wiki/Aloys_von_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Aloys von Kaunitz-Rietberg">Aloys von Kaunitz-Rietberg</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 5–6, 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMerrill1964" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Wallace E.; Merrill, Edward H. (1964). <i>History of the World</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: The Greystone Press. p. 427.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=The+Greystone+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Wallace+E.&rft.au=Merrill%2C+Edward+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cecil72-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cecil72_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 5–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer10_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer10_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2016">Nadeau 2016</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer12_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer12_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 12–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sauvignyxiii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sauvignyxiii_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sauvignyxiii_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sauvignyxiii_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertier1962">Bertier 1962</a>, pp. xiii–xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer16_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 16–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer22_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer22_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 22–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer25-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer25_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer25_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 25–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cecil78-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cecil78_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cecil78_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mza.cz/actapublica/matrika/detail/1959?image=216000010-000253-003378-000000-013137-000000-FM-B11023-00060.jp2&lang=en">Marriage record</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer27_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer27_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 27–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer31-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer31_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer31_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer31_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer31_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 31–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cecil85-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cecil85_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cecil85_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cecil85_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, pp. 85–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer37-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer37_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer37_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 37–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 40–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 44–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer47-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer47_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 47–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer56-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer56_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 56–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cecil98-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cecil98_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, pp. 98–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer61-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer61_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 61–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfram_Siemann2019" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram Siemann (2019). <i>Metternich: Strategist and Visionary</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">224–</span>225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674743922" title="Special:BookSources/9780674743922"><bdi>9780674743922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich%3A+Strategist+and+Visionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674743922&rft.au=Wolfram+Siemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer69-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer69_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer69_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 69–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer72-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer72_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer72_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer72_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer72_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 72–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197277-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197277_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer78-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer78_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer78_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 78–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil1947125-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECecil1947125_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer86-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer86_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer86_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer86_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 86–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford221-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ford221_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ford221_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1971">Ford 1971</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbeq3AAAAQBAJpgPA206_206]-35"><span 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href="#cite_ref-palmer133_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer133_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer133_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 133–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1996">Hamilton-Williams 1996</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer139-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer139_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer139_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer139_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 139–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okey73-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-okey73_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-okey73_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-okey73_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkey2001">Okey 2001</a>, pp. 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cecil169-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cecil169_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cecil169_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cecil169_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, pp. 169–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer146-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer146_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer146_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer146_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertier1962129–131_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertier1962">Bertier 1962</a>, pp. 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer156-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer156_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer156_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 156–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer161-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer161_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer161_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer161_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 161–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer169-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer169_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 180–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford303-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ford303_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ford303_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1971">Ford 1971</a>, p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCecil1947">Cecil 1947</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer186-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer186_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer186_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer186_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer186_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 186–198</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-palmer203_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer203_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer203_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer203_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer203_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer203_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1972">Palmer 1972</a>, pp. 203–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1971">Ford 1971</a>, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer212-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer212_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer212_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer212_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Stockholm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-6744-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-6744-7"><bdi>91-630-6744-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kungl.+Maj%3Ats+Orden&rft.btitle=Kungliga+Serafimerorden%3A+1748%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=91-630-6744-7&rft.au=Per+Nordenvall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlien1846-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ_....._-H_....._-Fr_....._Berlien1846" class="citation book cs1">J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog"><i>Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter</i></a>. Berling. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog/page/n174/mode/2up">139</a>-140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Elephanten-Orden+und+seine+Ritter&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Berling&rft.date=1846&rft.au=J+.....+-H+.....+-Fr+.....+Berlien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fderelephantenor00berlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCibrario1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cibrario, Luigi (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC"><i>Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri</i></a> (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&dq=Ordine+supremo+della+Santissima+Annunziata&pg=PA99">99</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notizia+storica+del+nobilissimo+ordine+supremo+della+santissima+Annunziata.+Sunto+degli+statuti%2C+catalogo+dei+cavalieri&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Eredi+Botta&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Cibrario&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2aP6enNFoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866771">p. 34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sachsen1857-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sachsen1857_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSachsen1857" class="citation book cs1">Sachsen (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1857</i></a>. Heinrich. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5">5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+den+Freistaat+Sachsen%3A+1857&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Heinrich&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Sachsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRBTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannover1858-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannover1858_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Hannover1858" class="citation book cs1">Staat Hannover (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgZTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1858</i></a>. Berenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgZTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgZTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA66">66</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover%3A+1858&rft.pages=36%2C+66&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Staat+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgZTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almanaccoi-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almanaccoi_130-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqYSAAAAYAAJ&q=Almanacco%20di%20Parma&pg=PA222"><i>Almanacco di corte</i></a> (in Italian). 1858. pp. <span class="nowrap">222–</span>224<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanacco+di+corte&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqYSAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlmanacco%2520di%2520Parma%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Stato)1857-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(Stato)1857_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNapoli_(Stato)1857" class="citation book cs1">Napoli (Stato) (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iclHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA400"><i>Almanacco reale del Regno delle Due Sicilie: per l'anno ...</i></a> Stamp. Reale. pp. 400, 405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanacco+reale+del+Regno+delle+Due+Sicilie%3A+per+l%27anno+...&rft.pages=400%2C+405&rft.pub=Stamp.+Reale&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Napoli+%28Stato%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiclHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEscrito_por_Naples_(Kingdom)1818" class="citation book cs1">Escrito por Naples (Kingdom) (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmIuAAAAYAAJ&dq=ducca+di+portella&pg=RA1-PA77"><i>Collezione delle leggi e de' decreti reali del regno delle Due Sicilie</i></a>. Stamperia Reale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collezione+delle+leggi+e+de%27+decreti+reali+del+regno+delle+Due+Sicilie&rft.pub=Stamperia+Reale&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Escrito+por+Naples+%28Kingdom%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmIuAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dducca%2Bdi%2Bportella%26pg%3DRA1-PA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hessen-Kassel1856-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hessen-Kassel1856_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHessen-Kassel1856" class="citation book cs1">Hessen-Kassel (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_RSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5"><i>Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1856</i></a>. Waisenhaus. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_RSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA12">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurf%C3%BCrstlich+Hessisches+Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch%3A+1856&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Waisenhaus&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Hessen-Kassel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_RSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuerra1819" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerra, Francisco (1819), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325545189&view=1up&seq=48">"Caballeros Grandes-Cruces existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Terceros"</a>, <i>Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid</i> (in Spanish): 48<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calendario+Manual+y+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Forasteros+en+Madrid&rft.atitle=Caballeros+Grandes-Cruces+existentes+en+la+Real+y+Distinguida+Orden+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Carlos+Terceros&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ducm.5325545189%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCifuentes1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cifuentes, María Teresa Fernández-Mota de (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbEP8FHpxHUC&dq=metternich+grandeza+de+espa%C3%B1a&pg=PA193"><i>Relacíon de títulos nobiliarios vacantes, y principales documentos que contiene cada expediente que, de los mismos, se conserva en el Archivo del Ministerio de Justicia</i></a> (in Spanish). Ediciones Hidalguia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400057800" title="Special:BookSources/9788400057800"><bdi>9788400057800</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relac%C3%ADon+de+t%C3%ADtulos+nobiliarios+vacantes%2C+y+principales+documentos+que+contiene+cada+expediente+que%2C+de+los+mismos%2C+se+conserva+en+el+Archivo+del+Ministerio+de+Justicia&rft.pub=Ediciones+Hidalguia&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9788400057800&rft.aulast=Cifuentes&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Teresa+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Mota+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbEP8FHpxHUC%26dq%3Dmetternich%2Bgrandeza%2Bde%2Bespa%25C3%25B1a%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Württemberg1854-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Württemberg1854_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWürttemberg1854" class="citation book cs1">Württemberg (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854</i></a>. Guttenberg. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA34">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich-W%C3%BCrttembergisches+Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch%3A+1854&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Guttenberg&rft.date=1854&rft.au=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VsAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hessen-Darmstadt1857-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hessen-Darmstadt1857_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHessen-Darmstadt1857" class="citation book cs1">Hessen-Darmstadt (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_hSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1857</i></a>. Staatsverl. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_hSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA28">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Gro%C3%9Fherzogtums+Hessen%3A+f%C3%BCr+das+Jahr+...+1857&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Staatsverl.&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Hessen-Darmstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_hSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1855), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183881/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0018.tif">12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205062141/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183881/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0018.tif">Archived</a> 5 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</i> (1837), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00244577/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1837_0034.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00473385">15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anhalt-Köthen1851-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anhalt-Köthen1851_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnhalt-Köthen1851" class="citation book cs1">Anhalt-Köthen (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851</i></a>. Katz. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA11">11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staats-+und+Adre%C3%9F-Handbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+Herzogth%C3%BCmer+Anhalt-Dessau+und+Anhalt-K%C3%B6then%3A+1851&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Katz&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Anhalt-K%C3%B6then&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI4AAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GUAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Hof- und Adreß-Handbuch des Fürstenthums Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen: 1844</i></a>. Beck und Fränkel. 1844. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Adre%C3%9F-Handbuch+des+F%C3%BCrstenthums+Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen%3A+1844&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Beck+und+Fr%C3%A4nkel&rft.date=1844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GUAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:38452-1">"<i>Metternichia</i> J.C.Mikan | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Metternichia+J.C.Mikan+%7C+Plants+of+the+World+Online+%7C+Kew+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A38452-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBertier1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Bertier_de_Sauvigny" title="Guillaume de Bertier de Sauvigny">Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume de</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metternichhistim0000bert"><i>Metternich and His Times</i></a></span>. Translated by Peter Ryde. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich+and+His+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+and+Todd&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Bertier+de+Sauvigny&rft.aufirst=Guillaume+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetternichhistim0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCecil1947" class="citation book cs1">Cecil, Algernon (1947). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metternich1773180000ceci_s8n4"><i>Metternich</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=Algernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetternich1773180000ceci_s8n4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFord1971" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Franklin L. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDbwSQAACAAJ"><i>Europe, 1780–1830</i></a>. Hong Kong: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48346-0"><bdi>978-0-582-48346-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+1780%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-582-48346-0&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Franklin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDbwSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton-Williams1996" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton-Williams, David (1996). <i>Waterloo New Perspectives: the Great Battle Reappraised</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-05225-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-05225-6"><bdi>0-471-05225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+New+Perspectives%3A+the+Great+Battle+Reappraised&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-05225-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton-Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_May" title="Arthur May">May, Arthur J.</a> (1963). <i>The Age of Metternich 1814–1848</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Metternich+1814%E2%80%931848&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusulin1975" class="citation book cs1">Musulin, Stella (1975). <i>Vienna in the Age of Metternich</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-09858-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-09858-4"><bdi>0-571-09858-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vienna+in+the+Age+of+Metternich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-571-09858-4&rft.aulast=Musulin&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nadeau, Ryan M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol15/iss1/5/">"Creating a Statesman: The Early Life of Prince Clemens von Metternich and its Effect on his Political Philosophy"</a>. <i>The Gettysburg Historical Journal</i>. <b>15</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-3917">2327-3917</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830314384">830314384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gettysburg+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Statesman%3A+The+Early+Life+of+Prince+Clemens+von+Metternich+and+its+Effect+on+his+Political+Philosophy&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830314384&rft.issn=2327-3917&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Ryan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcupola.gettysburg.edu%2Fghj%2Fvol15%2Fiss1%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Metternich-Winneburg,_Clemens_Wenzel_Lothar">"Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">301–</span>307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metternich-Winneburg%2C+Clemens+Wenzel+Lothar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiley2013" class="citation book cs1">Riley, J. P. (2013). <i>Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+World+War+of+1813%3A+Lessons+in+Coalition+Warfighting&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkey2001" class="citation book cs1">Okey, Robin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1WUQgAACAAJ"><i>The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-39654-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-39654-4"><bdi>978-0-333-39654-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+c.+1765%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-39654-4&rft.aulast=Okey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1WUQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1969" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Stephen T. (1969). <i>European Diplomatic History 1789–1815: France against Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Diplomatic+History+1789%E2%80%931815%3A+France+against+Europe&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Stephen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Palmer" title="Alan Palmer">Palmer, Alan</a> (1972). <i>Metternich: Councillor of Europe</i> (1997 reprint ed.). London: Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-868-9"><bdi>978-1-85799-868-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich%3A+Councillor+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1997+reprint&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1-85799-868-9&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSked1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sked, Alan (1983). "Metternich". <i>History Today</i>. <b>33</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Metternich&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Sked&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSked2008" class="citation book cs1">Sked, Alan (2008). <i>Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation</i>. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9114-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-9114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich+and+Austria%3A+An+Evaluation&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9114-0&rft.aulast=Sked&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Walker" title="Mack Walker">Walker, Mack</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExmvCwAAQBAJ"><i>Metternich's Europe: Selected Documents</i></a> (1968) 352 pp. of primary sources in English translation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPásztorová2022" class="citation book cs1">Pásztorová, Barbora (2022). <i>Metternich, the German Question and the Pursuit of Peace</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-076903-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-076903-6"><bdi>978-3-11-076903-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metternich%2C+the+German+Question+and+the+Pursuit+of+Peace&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-076903-6&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1sztorov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Barbora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlemens+von+Metternich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Šedivý, Miroslav. <i>Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question</i> (Plzeň: University of West Bohemia Press, 2013) major scholarly study 1032pp</li> <li>Siemann, Wolfram. <i>Metternich: Strategist and Visionary</i> (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019). A major scholarly work presenting Metternich as a thwarted innovator in the national industrial policy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/250px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/330px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#Neoauthoritarianism" title="Conservatism in China">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverism" title="Riverism">Riverism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruralism_(Uruguay)" title="Ruralism (Uruguay)"><i>Ruralismo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies1176" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45662#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3461" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45662#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45662#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121319430">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49258230">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52651/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4t3rdtGp7XM77XxH6Kd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118581465">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80038429">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122157r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122157r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00471560">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Lothar Wenzel <principe>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV112339">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36556289">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210424&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1030822">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069866082">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000199280&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000057057&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=150813">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000025437">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjkvnn5l1v996">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547053905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/15695">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007310456805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511113806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118581465">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1290411">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118581465.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118581465">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029638437">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/042732">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60v8rfd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&oldid=1282877692">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Metternich&oldid=1282877692</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Category:Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1773_births" title="Category:1773 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