CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Melanopsin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"179a9b95-e8dd-473a-b4bc-607d44604c46","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Melanopsin","wgTitle":"Melanopsin","wgCurRevisionId":1217337499,"wgRevisionId":1217337499,"wgArticleId":1110766,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Genes on human chromosome 10","G protein-coupled receptors","Circadian rhythm","Human proteins"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Melanopsin","wgRelevantArticleId":1110766,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q92594","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/1200px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="478"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/800px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="319"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/640px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="255"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Melanopsin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Melanopsin rootpage-Melanopsin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Melanopsin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Melanopsin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Melanopsin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Melanopsin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Species distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_circadian_rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_circadian_rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Effects on circadian rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_circadian_rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Restoration of vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_sleep/wake_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_sleep/wake_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Control of sleep/wake patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_sleep/wake_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_blood_glucose_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_blood_glucose_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Regulation of blood glucose levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_blood_glucose_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Melanopsin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsina" title="Melanopsina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Melanopsina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Melanopsin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsina" title="Melanopsina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Melanopsina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیاه‌اپسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه‌اپسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lanopsine" title="Mélanopsine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mélanopsine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsina" title="Melanopsina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Melanopsina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%86%89%EC%8B%A0" title="멜라놉신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멜라놉신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsina" title="Melanopsina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melanopsina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מלאנופסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלאנופסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsyna" title="Melanopsyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Melanopsyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsina" title="Melanopsina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Melanopsina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Melanopsin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Melanopsin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Melanopsin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPN4" title="OPN4 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="OPN4" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92594#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Melanopsin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Melanopsin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Melanopsin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&oldid=1217337499" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Melanopsin&id=1217337499&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMelanopsin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMelanopsin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Melanopsin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Melanopsin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92594" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">OPN4</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/14449">OPN4</a></span>, MOP, opsin 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/606665">606665</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1353425">1353425</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=69152">69152</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=OPN4">OPN4</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000122375">OPN4 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_10_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 10 (human)">Chromosome 10 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_10_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 185.10985110262px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPN4"><img alt="Genomic location for OPN4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 191.1px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPN4"><img alt="Genomic location for OPN4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">10q23.2</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">86,654,518 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">86,666,460 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 14 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 14 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 14 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 14 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 14 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/330px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/500px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/960px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 75.414145719339px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPN4"><img alt="Genomic location for OPN4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 81.4px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPN4"><img alt="Genomic location for OPN4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">14|14 B</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">34,312,575 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">34,322,099 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000122375">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastrocnemius muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">putamen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nucleus accumbens</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">subcutaneous adipose tissue</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior cingulate cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">caudate nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">prefrontal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left ventricle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right auricle of heart</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">muscle of thigh</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000021799">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">iris</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lumbar subsegment of spinal cord</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">epithelium of lens</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">blastocyst</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">neural layer of retina</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">triceps brachii muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">heart</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">extraocular muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">facial motor nucleus</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000122375">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">n/a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005502">11-cis retinal binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008020">G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004930">G protein-coupled receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009881">photoreceptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">signal transducer activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097381">photoreceptor disc membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005887">integral component of plasma membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042752">regulation of circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007601">visual perception</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016056">rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048511">rhythmic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007602">phototransduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050896">response to stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043153">entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045938">positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009584">detection of visible light</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071482">cellular response to light stimulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=94233&rn=1">94233</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=30044&rn=1">30044</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000122375;db=core">ENSG00000122375</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000021799;db=core">ENSMUSG00000021799</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UHM6">Q9UHM6</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9QXZ9">Q9QXZ9</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_033282">NM_033282</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001030015">NM_001030015</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001128599">NM_001128599</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_013887">NM_013887</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001025186">NP_001025186</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_150598">NP_150598</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001122071">NP_001122071</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_038915">NP_038915</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr10:86654518-86666460">Chr 10: 86.65 – 86.67 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr14:34312575-34322099">Chr 14: 34.31 – 34.32 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14864473" class="extiw" title="d:Q14864473">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14864474" class="extiw" title="d:Q14864474">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Melanopsin</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">photopigment</a> belonging to a larger family of light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">retinal proteins</a> called <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsins</a> and encoded by the gene <i>Opn4</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankins_2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankins_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, there are two additional categories of opsins, both involved in the formation of visual images: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopsin">photopsin</a> (types I, II, and III) in the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a> photoreceptor cells, respectively. </p><p>In humans, melanopsin is found in <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells</a> (ipRGCs).<sup id="cite_ref-ProvencioWarthen2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProvencioWarthen2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also found in the iris of mice and primates.<sup id="cite_ref-Xue2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xue2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanopsin is also found in rats, <a href="/wiki/Amphioxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphioxus">amphioxus</a>, and other chordates.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnesAngueyra2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnesAngueyra2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ipRGCs are photoreceptor cells which are particularly sensitive to the absorption of short-wavelength (blue) visible light and communicate information directly to the area of the brain called the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> (SCN), also known as the central "body clock", in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S_Hatt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanopsin plays an important non-image-forming role in the <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">setting</a> of circadian rhythms as well as other functions. Mutations in the <i>Opn4</i> gene can lead to clinical disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a> (SAD).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18804284_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18804284-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one study, melanopsin has been found in eighteen sites in the human brain (outside the retinohypothalamic tract), intracellularly, in a granular pattern, in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellar cortex and several phylogenetically old regions, primarily in neuronal soma, not in nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Nissilä_Mänttäri_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissilä_Mänttäri_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanopsin is also expressed in human cones. However, only 0.11% to 0.55% of human cones express melanopsin and are exclusively found in the peripheral regions of the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human peripheral retina senses light at high intensities that is best explained by four different photopigment classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Horiguchi2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horiguchi2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanopsin_in_retina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Melanopsin_in_retina.jpg/220px-Melanopsin_in_retina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Melanopsin_in_retina.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Nerve cells containing melanopsin are shown in blue in the spread out retina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Melanopsin was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Provencio" title="Ignacio Provencio">Ignacio Provencio</a> as a new <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Melanophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanophore">melanophores</a>, or light-sensitive skin cells, of the <a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog">African clawed frog</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, researchers found that mice without any <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>, the cells involved in image-forming vision, still <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrained</a> to a light-dark cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observation led to the conclusion that neither rods nor cones, located in the outer <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, are necessary for circadian entrainment and that a third class of photoreceptor exists in the mammalian eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankins_2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankins_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provencio and colleagues then found in 2000 that melanopsin is also present in mouse retina, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">ganglion cells</a>, and that it mediates non-visual photoreceptive tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-Provencio_2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanopsin is encoded by the <i>Opn4</i> gene with <a href="/wiki/Ortholog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortholog">orthologs</a> in a variety of organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankins_2007_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankins_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These retinal ganglion cells were found to be innately photosensitive, since they responded to light even while isolated, and were thus named <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benson_2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They constitute a third class of <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</a> in the mammalian retina, besides the already known rods and cones, and were shown to be the principal conduit for light input to circadian <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">photoentrainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Provencio_2000_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, it was later demonstrated by Satchidananda Panda and colleagues that melanopsin pigment may be involved in entrainment of a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_clock" title="Circadian clock">circadian oscillator</a> to light cycles in mammals since melanopsin was necessary for blind mice to respond to light.<sup id="cite_ref-Panda_2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panda_2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_distribution">Species distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mammals have <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologous gene">orthologous</a> melanopsin genes named <i>Opn4m</i>, which are derived from one branch of the <i>Opn4</i> family, and are approximately 50-55% conserved.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellingham_2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellingham_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, non-mammalian vertebrates, including chickens and zebrafish, have another version of the melanopsin gene, <i>Opn4x</i>, which appears to have a distinct lineage that diverged from <i>Opn4m </i>about 360 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals lost the gene <i>Opn4x</i> relatively early in their evolution, leading to a general reduction in photosensory capability. It is thought that this event can be explained by the fact that this occurred during the time in which nocturnal mammals were evolving.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellingham_2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellingham_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human melanopsin gene, <i>opn4</i>, is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">ipRGCs</a>, which comprises only 1-2% of <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal ganglion cells">RGCs</a> in the inner mammalian retina, as studied by <a href="/wiki/Samer_Hattar" title="Samer Hattar">Samer Hattar</a> and colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S_Hatt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gene spans approximately 11.8 kb and is mapped to the long arm of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_10" title="Chromosome 10">chromosome 10</a>. The gene includes nine <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a> and ten <a href="/wiki/Exons" class="mw-redirect" title="Exons">exons</a> compared to the four to seven exons typically found in other human opsins.<sup id="cite_ref-Provencio_2000_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In non-mammalian vertebrates, melanopsin is found in a wider subset of retinal cells, as well as in photosensitive structures outside the retina, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> muscle of the eye, deep brain regions, the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>, and the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellingham_2006_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellingham_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paralogous_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralogous genes">Paralogs</a> of <i>Opn4</i> include <a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">encephalopsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Terakita2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanopsin, like all other animal <a href="/wiki/Opsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsins">opsins</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein coupled receptors">G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)</a>. The melanopsin protein has an extarcellular <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminal domain</a>, an intracellular <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminal domain</a>, and seven <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helices" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha helices">alpha helices</a> spanning through the plasma membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seventh helix has a <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> that corresponds to Lys296<sup>7.43</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that is conserved in almost all opsins.<sup id="cite_ref-Guehmann2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lysine binds covalently <a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Schiff-base" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiff-base">Schiff-base</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes melanopsin light sensitive. In fact this is abolished if the lysine is replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanopsin is more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> visual opsins, which are rhabdomeric opsin, than to <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> visual opsins, which are cliary opsins.<sup id="cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provencio1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Porter2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also reflected by the downstream <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signaling cascade</a>, melanopsin couples in ipRGCs to the <a href="/wiki/G-protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein">G-proteins</a> <a href="/wiki/GNAQ" title="GNAQ">G(q)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNA11" title="GNA11">G(11)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GNA14" title="GNA14">G(14)</a>, which are all of the G(q)-type.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, they can functionally replace each other, as a <a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">knocking out</a> only two of them has no <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypical</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The G-proteins activate the <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">phospholipase C</a> <a href="/wiki/PLCB4" title="PLCB4">PLCB4</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Xue2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xue2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which causes the <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">TRP-channels</a> <a href="/wiki/TRPC6" title="TRPC6">TRPC6</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRPC7" title="TRPC7">TRPC7</a> mediate to open so that the cell <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarizes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benson_2002_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xue2011_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xue2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is like in the photoreceptor cells of the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a> eye, and in contrast to the vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Rod_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod cells">rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone cells">cone</a> cells, where <a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">phototransduction</a> eventually makes the cells <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(biology)" title="Hyperpolarization (biology)">hyperpolarize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other rhabdomeric opsins, Melanopsin has intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Photoisomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoisomerase">photoisomerase</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray882.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gray882.png/500px-Gray882.png" decoding="async" width="335" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gray882.png/503px-Gray882.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Gray882.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a cross-section of the retina. The area near the top, labeled "Ganglionic layer", contains <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal ganglion cells">retinal ganglion cells</a>, a small percentage of which contain melanopsin. Light strikes the ganglia first, the rods and cones last.</figcaption></figure> <p>Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24879087_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24879087-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like rods and cones, exhibit both light and dark <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">adaptation</a>; they adjust their sensitivity according to the recent history of light exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16364903_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16364903-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while rods and cones are responsible for the reception of images, patterns, motion, and color, melanopsin-containing <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">ipRGCs</a> contribute to various reflexive responses of the brain and body to the presence of light.<sup id="cite_ref-Benson_2002_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for melanopsin's physiological light detection has been tested in mice. A mouse cell line that is not normally photosensitive, <a href="/wiki/N2a_cell" title="N2a cell">Neuro-2a</a>, is rendered light-sensitive by the addition of human melanopsin. The photoresponse is selectively sensitive to short-wavelength light (peak absorption ~479 nm),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17351786_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17351786-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has an intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Photoisomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoisomerase">photoisomerase</a> regeneration function that is chromatically shifted to longer wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15674244_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15674244-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanopsin photoreceptors are sensitive to a range of wavelengths and reach peak light absorption at blue light wavelengths around 480 nanometers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21775290_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21775290-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other wavelengths of light activate the melanopsin signaling system with decreasing efficiency as they move away from the optimum 480 nm. For example, shorter wavelengths around 445 nm (closer to violet in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>) are half as effective for melanopsin photoreceptor stimulation as light at 480 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21775290_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21775290-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanopsin in the iris of some, primarily nocturnal, mammals closes the iris when it is exposed to light. This local pupil light reflex (PLR) is absent from primates, even though their irises express melanopsin.<sup id="cite_ref-Xue2011_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xue2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When light with an appropriate frequency enters the eye, it activates the melanopsin contained in <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells</a> (ipRGCs), triggering an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>. These neuronal electrical signals travel through neuronal <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> to specific brain targets, such as the center of pupillary control called the <a href="/wiki/Olivary_pretectal_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivary pretectal nucleus">olivary pretectal nucleus</a> (OPN) of the midbrain. Consequently, stimulation of melanopsin in ipRGCs mediates behavioral and physiological responses to light, such as pupil constriction and inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> release from the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ipRGCs in the mammalian retina are one terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">retinohypothalamic tract</a> that projects to the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> (SCN) of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is sometimes described as the brain's "master clock",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it maintains the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>, and nerve signals from ipRGCs to the SCN entrain the internal circadian rhythm to the rising and setting of the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S_Hatt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SCN also receives input from rods and cones through the retinohypothalamic tract, so information from all three photosensitive cell types (rods, cones, and ipRGCs) in the mammalian retina are transmitted to the (SCN) SCN.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells are thought to influence these targets by releasing the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase_activating_polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide">pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide</a> (PACAP) from their axon terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells also receive input from rods and cones that can add to the input to these pathways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_circadian_rhythm">Effects on circadian rhythm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects on circadian rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Melanopsin serves an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">photoentrainment</a> of circadian rhythms in mammals. An organism that is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photoentrainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photoentrainment (page does not exist)">photoentrained</a> has aligned its activity to an approximately 24-hour cycle, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">solar cycle</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mammals, melanopsin expressing axons target the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">retinohypothalamic tract</a> (RHT).<sup id="cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S_Hatt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mammals, the eye is the main photosensitive organ for the transmission of light signals to the brain. However, blind humans are still able to entrain to the environmental light-dark cycle, despite having no conscious perception of the light. One study exposed subjects to bright light for a prolonged duration of time and measured their <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> concentrations. Melatonin was not only suppressed in visually unimpaired humans, but also in blind participants, suggesting that the photic pathway used by the circadian system is functionally intact despite blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, physicians no longer practice <a href="/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye" title="Enucleation of the eye">enucleation</a> of blind patients, or removal of the eyes at birth, since the eyes play a critical role in the photoentrainment of the circadian pacemaker. </p><p>In mutant breeds of mice that lacked only rods, only cones, or both rods and cones, all breeds of mice still entrained to changing light stimuli in the environment, but with a limited response, suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> are not necessary for circadian photoentrainment and that the mammalian eye must have another photopigment required for the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Circadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian">circadian</a> clock.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melanopsin-<a href="/wiki/Knockout_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout mice">knockout mice</a> display reduced photoentrainment. In comparison to wild-type mice that expressed melanopsin normally, deficits in light-induced phase shifts in locomotion activity were noted in melanopsin-null mice (<i>Opn4 -/-</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Panda_2002_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panda_2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These melanopsin-deficient mice did not completely lose their circadian rhythms, as they were still able to entrain to changing environmental stimuli, albeit more slowly than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicated that, although melanopsin is sufficient for entrainment, it must work in conjunction with other photopigments for normal photoentrainment activity. Triple-mutant mice that were rod-less, cone-less, and melanopsin-less display a complete loss in the circadian rhythms, so all three photopigments in these photoreceptors, <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopsin">photopsin</a> and melanopsin, are necessary for photoentrainment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, there is a functional redundancy between the three photopigments in the photoentrainment pathway of mammals. Deletion of only one photopigment does not eliminate the organism's ability to entrain to environmental light-dark cycles, but it does reduce the intensity of the response. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Melanopsin undergoes <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> on its intracellular <a href="/wiki/C_terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="C terminus">carboxy tail</a> as a way to deactivate its function. Compared to other opsins, melanopsin has an unusually long carboxy tail that contains 37 <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a> amino acid sites that could undergo phosphorylation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a cluster of seven amino acids are sufficient to deactivate zebrafish melanopsin. These sites are dephosphorylated when melanopsin is exposed to light and are unique from those that regulate rhodopsin.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are important for proper response to calcium ions in ipRGCs; lack of functional phosphorylation sites, particularly at serine-381 and serine-398, reduce the cell's response to light-induced calcium ion influx when voltage-gated calcium ion channels open.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the gene Opn4, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> (DA) is a factor in the regulation of melanopsin <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> in ipRGCs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16367779_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16367779-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of the role of melanopsin in non-image forming vision has led to a growth in <a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">optogenetics</a>. This field has shown promise in clinical applications, including the treatment of human eye diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa" title="Retinitis pigmentosa">retinitis pigmentosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Missense_mutation" title="Missense mutation">missense mutation</a> in Opn4, P10L, has been implicated in 5% of patients with <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_Affective_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal Affective Disorder">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a> (SAD).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18804284_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18804284-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a condition in which people experience depressive thoughts in the winter due to decreased available light. Additionally, a melanopsin based receptor has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> pain.<sup id="cite_ref-urlWhy_Light_Makes_Migraines_Worse_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWhy_Light_Makes_Migraines_Worse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_vision">Restoration of vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Restoration of vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been recent research on the role of melanopsin in <a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">optogenetic</a> therapy for patients with the degenerative eye disease <a href="/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa" title="Retinitis pigmentosa">retinitis pigmentosa</a> (RP).<sup id="cite_ref-Busskamp_2012_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busskamp_2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reintroducing functional melanopsin into the eyes of mice with retinal degeneration restores the <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex" title="Pupillary light reflex">pupillary light reflex (PLR)</a>. These same mice could also distinguish light stimuli from dark stimuli and showed increased sensitivity to room light. The higher sensitivity demonstrated by these mice shows promise for vision restoration that may be applicable to humans and human eye diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_sleep/wake_patterns"><span id="Control_of_sleep.2Fwake_patterns"></span>Control of sleep/wake patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Control of sleep/wake patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Melanopsin may aid in controlling sleep cycles and wakefulness. Tsunematsu and colleagues created <a href="/wiki/Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> mice that expressed melanopsin in <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">orexin</a> neurons. With a short 4-second pulse of blue light (guided by <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibers">optical fibers</a>), the transgenic mice could successfully transition from <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a> (SWS), which is commonly known as "deep sleep," to long-lasting wakefulness. After switching off the blue light, the hypothalamic <a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">orexin</a> neurons showed activity for several tens of seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been shown that rods and cones play no role in the onset of sleep by light, distinguishing them from ipRGCs and melanopsin. This provides strong evidence that there is a link between ipRGCs in humans and alertness, particularly with high frequency light (e.g. blue light). Therefore, melanopsin can be used as a therapeutic target for controlling the sleep-wake cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_of_blood_glucose_levels">Regulation of blood glucose levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regulation of blood glucose levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a paper published by Ye and colleagues in 2011, melanopsin was utilized to create an optogenetic synthetic transcription device that was tested in a therapeutic setting to produce <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc-glucagon-like_peptide_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fc-glucagon-like peptide 1 (page does not exist)">Fc-glucagon-like peptide 1</a> (Fc-GLP-1), a fusion protein that helps control blood glucose levels in mammals with <a href="/wiki/Type_II_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II diabetes">Type II Diabetes</a>. The researchers subcutaneously implanted mice with microencapsulated transgenic <a href="/wiki/HEK_293_cells" title="HEK 293 cells">HEK 293 cells</a> that were cotransfected with two vectors including the melanopsin gene and the gene of interest under an NFAT (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_factor_of_activated_T-cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear factor of activated T-cells">nuclear factor of activated T cells</a>) promoter, respectively. It is through this engineered pathway that they successfully controlled the expression of Fc-GLP-1 in doubly recessive diabetic mice and reduced <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">hyperglycemia</a>, or high blood glucose levels, in these mice. This shows promise for the use of melanopsin as an optogenetic tool for the treatment of Type II diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm" title="Light effects on circadian rhythm">Light effects on circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsins">Opsins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">Retinohypothalamic tract</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000122375">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000122375</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000021799">GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021799</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=94233">"Human PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Human+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D94233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=30044">"Mouse PubMed Reference:"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mouse+PubMed+Reference%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dgene%26cmd%3DLink%26LinkName%3Dgene_pubmed%26from_uid%3D30044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hankins_2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hankins_2007_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankins_2007_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankins_2007_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHankinsPeirsonFoster2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hankins MW, Peirson SN, Foster RG (January 2008). "Melanopsin: an exciting photopigment". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2007.11.002">10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18054803">18054803</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1645433">1645433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Melanopsin%3A+an+exciting+photopigment&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1645433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18054803&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2007.11.002&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Peirson%2C+SN&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProvencioWarthen2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProvencioWarthen2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProvencioWarthen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Provencio I, Warthen DM (2012). "Melanopsin, the photopigment of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells". <i>Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Membrane Transport and Signaling</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwmts.29">10.1002/wmts.29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+Membrane+Transport+and+Signaling&rft.atitle=Melanopsin%2C+the+photopigment+of+intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwmts.29&rft.aulast=Provencio&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Warthen%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xue2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xue2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xue2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xue2011_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xue2011_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXueDoRiccioJiang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Xue T, Do MT, Riccio A, Jiang Z, Hsieh J, Wang HC, et al. (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270891">"Melanopsin signalling in mammalian iris and retina"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>479</b> (7371): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.479...67X">2011Natur.479...67X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10567">10.1038/nature10567</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270891">3270891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22051675">22051675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Melanopsin+signalling+in+mammalian+iris+and+retina&rft.volume=479&rft.issue=7371&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3270891%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22051675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10567&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.479...67X&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Do%2C+MT&rft.au=Riccio%2C+A&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+HC&rft.au=Merbs%2C+SL&rft.au=Welsbie%2C+DS&rft.au=Yoshioka%2C+T&rft.au=Weissgerber%2C+P&rft.au=Stolz%2C+S&rft.au=Flockerzi%2C+V&rft.au=Freichel%2C+M&rft.au=Simon%2C+MI&rft.au=Clapham%2C+DE&rft.au=Yau%2C+KW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3270891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarnesAngueyra2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarnesAngueyra2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngueyraPulidoMalagónNasi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Angueyra JM, Pulido C, Malagón G, Nasi E, Gomez M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250494">"Melanopsin-expressing amphioxus photoreceptors transduce light via a phospholipase C signaling cascade"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (1): e29813. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...729813A">2012PLoSO...729813A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029813">10.1371/journal.pone.0029813</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250494">3250494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235344">22235344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Melanopsin-expressing+amphioxus+photoreceptors+transduce+light+via+a+phospholipase+C+signaling+cascade&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e29813&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250494%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22235344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029813&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...729813A&rft.aulast=Angueyra&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Pulido%2C+C&rft.au=Malag%C3%B3n%2C+G&rft.au=Nasi%2C+E&rft.au=Gomez%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S_Hatt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S_Hatt_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHattarLiaoTakaoBerson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915">"Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>295</b> (5557): <span class="nowrap">1065–</span>1070. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1065H">2002Sci...295.1065H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069609">10.1126/science.1069609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915">2885915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11834834">11834834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Melanopsin-containing+retinal+ganglion+cells%3A+architecture%2C+projections%2C+and+intrinsic+photosensitivity&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5557&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1065-%3C%2Fspan%3E1070&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2885915%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11834834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1069609&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295.1065H&rft.aulast=Hattar&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Liao%2C+HW&rft.au=Takao%2C+M&rft.au=Berson%2C+DM&rft.au=Yau%2C+KW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2885915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18804284-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18804284_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18804284_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoeckleinRohanDuncanRollag2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roecklein KA, Rohan KJ, Duncan WC, Rollag MD, Rosenthal NE, Lipsky RH, et al. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647333">"A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder"</a>. <i>Journal of Affective Disorders</i>. <b>114</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">279–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2008.08.005">10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647333">2647333</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18804284">18804284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=A+missense+variant+%28P10L%29+of+the+melanopsin+%28OPN4%29+gene+in+seasonal+affective+disorder&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2647333%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18804284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2008.08.005&rft.aulast=Roecklein&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Rohan%2C+KJ&rft.au=Duncan%2C+WC&rft.au=Rollag%2C+MD&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+NE&rft.au=Lipsky%2C+RH&rft.au=Provencio%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2647333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissilä_Mänttäri_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nissilä_Mänttäri_2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNissiläMänttäriTuominenSärkioja2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nissilä J, Mänttäri S, Tuominen H, Särkioja T, Takala T, Saarela S, et al. (2012). "P-780 – The abundance and distribution of melanopsin (OPN4) protein in human brain". <i>European Psychiatry</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2812%2974947-7">10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74947-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82045589">82045589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=P-780+%E2%80%93+The+abundance+and+distribution+of+melanopsin+%28OPN4%29+protein+in+human+brain&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2812%2974947-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82045589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nissil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=M%C3%A4ntt%C3%A4ri%2C+S&rft.au=Tuominen%2C+H&rft.au=S%C3%A4rkioja%2C+T&rft.au=Takala%2C+T&rft.au=Saarela%2C+S&rft.au=Timonen%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDkhissi-BenyahyaRieuxHutCooper2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Rieux C, Hut RA, Cooper HM (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.05-1459">"Immunohistochemical evidence of a melanopsin cone in human retina"</a>. <i>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1636–</span>1641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.05-1459">10.1167/iovs.05-1459</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565403">16565403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science&rft.atitle=Immunohistochemical+evidence+of+a+melanopsin+cone+in+human+retina&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1636-%3C%2Fspan%3E1641&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1167%2Fiovs.05-1459&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16565403&rft.aulast=Dkhissi-Benyahya&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Rieux%2C+C&rft.au=Hut%2C+RA&rft.au=Cooper%2C+HM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1167%252Fiovs.05-1459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horiguchi2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horiguchi2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoriguchiWinawerDoughertyWandell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Horiguchi H, Winawer J, Dougherty RF, Wandell BA (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549098">"Human trichromacy revisited"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>110</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">E260 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E269</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110E.260H">2013PNAS..110E.260H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1214240110">10.1073/pnas.1214240110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549098">3549098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23256158">23256158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Human+trichromacy+revisited&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE260+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE269%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3549098%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23256158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1214240110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110E.260H&rft.aulast=Horiguchi&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Winawer%2C+J&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+RF&rft.au=Wandell%2C+BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3549098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Provencio1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio1998_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProvencioJiangDe_GripHayes1998" class="citation journal cs1">Provencio I, Jiang G, De Grip WJ, Hayes WP, Rollag MD (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18217">"Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>95</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95..340P">1998PNAS...95..340P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.1.340">10.1073/pnas.95.1.340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18217">18217</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9419377">9419377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Melanopsin%3A+An+opsin+in+melanophores%2C+brain%2C+and+eye&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18217%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9419377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.1.340&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95..340P&rft.aulast=Provencio&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Jiang%2C+G&rft.au=De+Grip%2C+WJ&rft.au=Hayes%2C+WP&rft.au=Rollag%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanLucasSonivon_Schantz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman MS, Lucas RJ, Soni B, von Schantz M, Muñoz M, David-Gray Z, et al. (April 1999). "Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors". <i>Science</i>. <b>284</b> (5413): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>504. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284..502F">1999Sci...284..502F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5413.502">10.1126/science.284.5413.502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10205061">10205061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+mammalian+circadian+behavior+by+non-rod%2C+non-cone%2C+ocular+photoreceptors&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5413&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10205061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5413.502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...284..502F&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft.au=Soni%2C+B&rft.au=von+Schantz%2C+M&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+M&rft.au=David-Gray%2C+Z&rft.au=Foster%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Provencio_2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio_2000_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio_2000_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provencio_2000_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProvencioRodriguezJiangHayes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Provencio I, Rodriguez IR, Jiang G, Hayes WP, Moreira EF, Rollag MD (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772411">"A novel human opsin in the inner retina"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">600–</span>605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.20-02-00600.2000">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00600.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772411">6772411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10632589">10632589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+novel+human+opsin+in+the+inner+retina&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E600-%3C%2Fspan%3E605&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772411%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10632589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.20-02-00600.2000&rft.aulast=Provencio&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+IR&rft.au=Jiang%2C+G&rft.au=Hayes%2C+WP&rft.au=Moreira%2C+EF&rft.au=Rollag%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benson_2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benson_2002_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benson_2002_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benson_2002_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBersonDunnTakao2002" class="citation journal cs1">Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M (February 2002). "Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock". <i>Science</i>. <b>295</b> (5557): <span class="nowrap">1070–</span>1073. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1070B">2002Sci...295.1070B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067262">10.1126/science.1067262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11834835">11834835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30745140">30745140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Phototransduction+by+retinal+ganglion+cells+that+set+the+circadian+clock&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5557&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1070-%3C%2Fspan%3E1073&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30745140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11834835&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295.1070B&rft.aulast=Berson&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Dunn%2C+FA&rft.au=Takao%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panda_2002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panda_2002_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panda_2002_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandaSatoCastrucciRollag2002" class="citation journal cs1">Panda S, Sato TK, Castrucci AM, Rollag MD, DeGrip WJ, Hogenesch JB, et al. (December 2002). "Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5601): <span class="nowrap">2213–</span>2216. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.2213P">2002Sci...298.2213P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1076848">10.1126/science.1076848</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12481141">12481141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20602808">20602808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Melanopsin+%28Opn4%29+requirement+for+normal+light-induced+circadian+phase+shifting&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5601&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2213-%3C%2Fspan%3E2216&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1076848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20602808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12481141&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...298.2213P&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sato%2C+TK&rft.au=Castrucci%2C+AM&rft.au=Rollag%2C+MD&rft.au=DeGrip%2C+WJ&rft.au=Hogenesch%2C+JB&rft.au=Provencio%2C+I&rft.au=Kay%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellingham_2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellingham_2006_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellingham_2006_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellingham_2006_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellinghamChaurasiaMelyanLiu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bellingham J, Chaurasia SS, Melyan Z, Liu C, Cameron MA, Tarttelin EE, et al. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1514791">"Evolution of melanopsin photoreceptors: discovery and characterization of a new melanopsin in nonmammalian vertebrates"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (8): e254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040254">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040254</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1514791">1514791</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16856781">16856781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+melanopsin+photoreceptors%3A+discovery+and+characterization+of+a+new+melanopsin+in+nonmammalian+vertebrates&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e254&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1514791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16856781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040254&rft.aulast=Bellingham&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Chaurasia%2C+SS&rft.au=Melyan%2C+Z&rft.au=Liu%2C+C&rft.au=Cameron%2C+MA&rft.au=Tarttelin%2C+EE&rft.au=Iuvone%2C+PM&rft.au=Hankins%2C+MW&rft.au=Tosini%2C+G&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1514791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenton1990" class="citation journal cs1">Benton MJ (May 1990). "Phylogeny of the major tetrapod groups: morphological data and divergence dates". <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i>. <b>30</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JMolE..30..409B">1990JMolE..30..409B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02101113">10.1007/BF02101113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2111854">2111854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35082873">35082873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+major+tetrapod+groups%3A+morphological+data+and+divergence+dates&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02101113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35082873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2111854&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990JMolE..30..409B&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terakita2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerakita2005" class="citation journal cs1">Terakita A (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088937">"The opsins"</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-3-213">10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088937">1088937</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15774036">15774036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=The+opsins&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088937%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15774036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-3-213&rft.aulast=Terakita&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guehmann2022-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGühmannPorterBok2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368030">"The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine"</a>. <i>Cells</i>. <b>11</b> (15): 2441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcells11152441">10.3390/cells11152441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368030">9368030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35954284">35954284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells&rft.atitle=The+Gluopsins%3A+Opsins+without+the+Retinal+Binding+Lysine&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2441&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9368030%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35954284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcells11152441&rft.aulast=G%C3%BChmann&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Porter%2C+ML&rft.au=Bok%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9368030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins1953" class="citation journal cs1">Collins FD (March 1953). "Rhodopsin and indicator yellow". <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4350): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>471. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..469C">1953Natur.171..469C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171469a0">10.1038/171469a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13046517">13046517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4152360">4152360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rhodopsin+and+indicator+yellow&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4350&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=1953-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171469a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4152360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13046517&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..469C&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=FD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPittCollinsMortonStok1955" class="citation journal cs1">Pitt GA, Collins FD, Morton RA, Stok P (January 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216098">"Studies on rhodopsin. VIII. Retinylidenemethylamine, an indicator yellow analogue"</a>. <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>. <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0590122">10.1042/bj0590122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216098">1216098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14351151">14351151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=Studies+on+rhodopsin.+VIII.+Retinylidenemethylamine%2C+an+indicator+yellow+analogue&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1955-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1216098%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14351151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj0590122&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Collins%2C+FD&rft.au=Morton%2C+RA&rft.au=Stok%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1216098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumbalasiriRollagIsoldiCastrucci2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kumbalasiri T, Rollag MD, Isoldi MC, Castrucci AM, Provencio I (March 2007). "Melanopsin triggers the release of internal calcium stores in response to light". <i>Photochemistry and Photobiology</i>. <b>83</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1562%2F2006-07-11-RA-964">10.1562/2006-07-11-RA-964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16961436">16961436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23060331">23060331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemistry+and+Photobiology&rft.atitle=Melanopsin+triggers+the+release+of+internal+calcium+stores+in+response+to+light&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23060331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16961436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1562%2F2006-07-11-RA-964&rft.aulast=Kumbalasiri&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Rollag%2C+MD&rft.au=Isoldi%2C+MC&rft.au=Castrucci%2C+AM&rft.au=Provencio%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter2012-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter2012_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorterBlasicBokCameron2012" class="citation journal cs1">Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, et al. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223661">"Shedding new light on opsin evolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences</i>. <b>279</b> (1726): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1819">10.1098/rspb.2011.1819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223661">3223661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22012981">22012981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Shedding+new+light+on+opsin+evolution&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1726&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22012981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1819&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Blasic%2C+JR&rft.au=Bok%2C+MJ&rft.au=Cameron%2C+EG&rft.au=Pringle%2C+T&rft.au=Cronin%2C+TW&rft.au=Robinson%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez2016-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamirezPairettPankeySerb2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez MD, Pairett AN, Pankey MS, Serb JM, Speiser DI, Swafford AJ, et al. (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521729">"The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins"</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>: evw248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevw248">10.1093/gbe/evw248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521729">5521729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27797948">27797948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+last+common+ancestor+of+most+bilaterian+animals+possessed+at+least+9+opsins&rft.pages=evw248&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5521729%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27797948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevw248&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Pairett%2C+AN&rft.au=Pankey%2C+MS&rft.au=Serb%2C+JM&rft.au=Speiser%2C+DI&rft.au=Swafford%2C+AJ&rft.au=Oakley%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5521729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughesJagannathHickeyGatti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes S, Jagannath A, Hickey D, Gatti S, Wood M, Peirson SN, et al. (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282707">"Using siRNA to define functional interactions between melanopsin and multiple G Protein partners"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>72</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-014-1664-6">10.1007/s00018-014-1664-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282707">4282707</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24958088">24958088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Using+siRNA+to+define+functional+interactions+between+melanopsin+and+multiple+G+Protein+partners&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4282707%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24958088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00018-014-1664-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Jagannath%2C+A&rft.au=Hickey%2C+D&rft.au=Gatti%2C+S&rft.au=Wood%2C+M&rft.au=Peirson%2C+SN&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rft.au=Hankins%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4282707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChewSchmidtRuppKofuji2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chew KS, Schmidt TM, Rupp AC, Kofuji P, Trimarchi JM (28 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037210">"Loss of gq/11 genes does not abolish melanopsin phototransduction"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (5): e98356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...998356C">2014PLoSO...998356C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098356">10.1371/journal.pone.0098356</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037210">4037210</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24870805">24870805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Loss+of+gq%2F11+genes+does+not+abolish+melanopsin+phototransduction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e98356&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4037210%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24870805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...998356C&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+TM&rft.au=Rupp%2C+AC&rft.au=Kofuji%2C+P&rft.au=Trimarchi%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4037210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSextonBuhrVan_Gelder2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sexton T, Buhr E, Van Gelder RN (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3265846">"Melanopsin and mechanisms of non-visual ocular photoreception"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>287</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1649–</span>1656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.r111.301226">10.1074/jbc.r111.301226</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3265846">3265846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074930">22074930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Melanopsin+and+mechanisms+of+non-visual+ocular+photoreception&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1649-%3C%2Fspan%3E1656&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3265846%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22074930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.r111.301226&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Buhr%2C+E&rft.au=Van+Gelder%2C+RN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3265846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandaNayakCampoWalker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Panda S, Nayak SK, Campo B, Walker JR, Hogenesch JB, Jegla T (January 2005). "Illumination of the melanopsin signaling pathway". <i>Science</i>. <b>307</b> (5709): <span class="nowrap">600–</span>604. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..600P">2005Sci...307..600P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1105121">10.1126/science.1105121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15681390">15681390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22713904">22713904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Illumination+of+the+melanopsin+signaling+pathway&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5709&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E600-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1105121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22713904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15681390&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...307..600P&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nayak%2C+SK&rft.au=Campo%2C+B&rft.au=Walker%2C+JR&rft.au=Hogenesch%2C+JB&rft.au=Jegla%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24879087-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24879087_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeiglZele2014" class="citation journal cs1">Feigl B, Zele AJ (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/74907/1/Feigl_Zele__QUT_Eprint.pdf">"Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in retinal disease"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Optometry and Vision Science</i>. <b>91</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">894–</span>903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FOPX.0000000000000284">10.1097/OPX.0000000000000284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24879087">24879087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34057255">34057255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optometry+and+Vision+Science&rft.atitle=Melanopsin-expressing+intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells+in+retinal+disease&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E894-%3C%2Fspan%3E903&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34057255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24879087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FOPX.0000000000000284&rft.aulast=Feigl&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Zele%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F74907%2F1%2FFeigl_Zele__QUT_Eprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16364903-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16364903_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWongDunnBerson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wong KY, Dunn FA, Berson DM (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2005.11.016">"Photoreceptor adaptation in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>48</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1001–</span>1010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2005.11.016">10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364903">16364903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Photoreceptor+adaptation+in+intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1001-%3C%2Fspan%3E1010&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2005.11.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16364903&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=KY&rft.au=Dunn%2C+FA&rft.au=Berson%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2005.11.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailesLucas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bailes HJ, Lucas RJ (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619500">"Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (λmax ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of G(q/11) and G(i/o) signalling cascades"</a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences</i>. <b>280</b> (1759): 20122987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2987">10.1098/rspb.2012.2987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619500">3619500</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23554393">23554393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Human+melanopsin+forms+a+pigment+maximally+sensitive+to+blue+light+%28%CE%BBmax+%E2%89%88+479+nm%29+supporting+activation+of+G%28q%2F11%29+and+G%28i%2Fo%29+signalling+cascades&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1759&rft.pages=20122987&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3619500%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23554393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2987&rft.aulast=Bailes&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3619500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17351786-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17351786_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Berson DM (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00424-007-0242-2">"Phototransduction in ganglion-cell photoreceptors"</a>. <i>Pflügers Archiv</i>. <b>454</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">849–</span>855. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00424-007-0242-2">10.1007/s00424-007-0242-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351786">17351786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pfl%C3%BCgers+Archiv&rft.atitle=Phototransduction+in+ganglion-cell+photoreceptors&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E849-%3C%2Fspan%3E855&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00424-007-0242-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17351786&rft.aulast=Berson&rft.aufirst=DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00424-007-0242-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15674244-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15674244_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelyanTarttelinBellinghamLucas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Melyan Z, Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Lucas RJ, Hankins MW (February 2005). "Addition of human melanopsin renders mammalian cells photoresponsive". <i>Nature</i>. <b>433</b> (7027): <span class="nowrap">741–</span>745. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433..741M">2005Natur.433..741M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03344">10.1038/nature03344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15674244">15674244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4426682">4426682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Addition+of+human+melanopsin+renders+mammalian+cells+photoresponsive&rft.volume=433&rft.issue=7027&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E745&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4426682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15674244&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.433..741M&rft.aulast=Melyan&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Tarttelin%2C+EE&rft.au=Bellingham%2C+J&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft.au=Hankins%2C+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21775290-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21775290_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21775290_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEneziRevellBrownWynne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Enezi J, Revell V, Brown T, Wynne J, Schlangen L, Lucas R (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748730411409719">"A "melanopic" spectral efficiency function predicts the sensitivity of melanopsin photoreceptors to polychromatic lights"</a>. <i>Journal of Biological Rhythms</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748730411409719">10.1177/0748730411409719</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21775290">21775290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22369861">22369861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Rhythms&rft.atitle=A+%22melanopic%22+spectral+efficiency+function+predicts+the+sensitivity+of+melanopsin+photoreceptors+to+polychromatic+lights&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22369861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21775290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0748730411409719&rft.aulast=Enezi&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Revell%2C+V&rft.au=Brown%2C+T&rft.au=Wynne%2C+J&rft.au=Schlangen%2C+L&rft.au=Lucas%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0748730411409719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkwellFeiglZele2010" class="citation journal cs1">Markwell EL, Feigl B, Zele AJ (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1444-0938.2010.00479.x">"Intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin retinal ganglion cell contributions to the pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythm"</a>. <i>Clinical & Experimental Optometry</i>. <b>93</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1444-0938.2010.00479.x">10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00479.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20557555">20557555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21778407">21778407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+%26+Experimental+Optometry&rft.atitle=Intrinsically+photosensitive+melanopsin+retinal+ganglion+cell+contributions+to+the+pupillary+light+reflex+and+circadian+rhythm&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21778407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20557555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1444-0938.2010.00479.x&rft.aulast=Markwell&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Feigl%2C+B&rft.au=Zele%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1444-0938.2010.00479.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaidiHullPeirsonWulff2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zaidi FH, Hull JT, Peirson SN, Wulff K, Aeschbach D, Gooley JJ, et al. (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151130">"Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">2122–</span>2128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.2122Z">2007CBio...17.2122Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.11.034">10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151130">2151130</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18082405">18082405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Short-wavelength+light+sensitivity+of+circadian%2C+pupillary%2C+and+visual+awareness+in+humans+lacking+an+outer+retina&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2122-%3C%2Fspan%3E2128&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151130%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18082405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.11.034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CBio...17.2122Z&rft.aulast=Zaidi&rft.aufirst=FH&rft.au=Hull%2C+JT&rft.au=Peirson%2C+SN&rft.au=Wulff%2C+K&rft.au=Aeschbach%2C+D&rft.au=Gooley%2C+JJ&rft.au=Brainard%2C+GC&rft.au=Gregory-Evans%2C+K&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+JF&rft.au=Czeisler%2C+CA&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rft.au=Moseley%2C+MJ&rft.au=Lockley%2C+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Evans JA (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938744">"Collective timekeeping among cells of the master circadian clock"</a>. <i>The Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>230</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">R27 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R49</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FJOE-16-0054">10.1530/JOE-16-0054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938744">4938744</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27154335">27154335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Collective+timekeeping+among+cells+of+the+master+circadian+clock&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER27+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER49%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4938744%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27154335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2FJOE-16-0054&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4938744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReppertWeaver2002" class="citation journal cs1">Reppert SM, Weaver DR (August 2002). "Coordination of circadian timing in mammals". <i>Nature</i>. <b>418</b> (6901): <span class="nowrap">935–</span>941. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.418..935R">2002Natur.418..935R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00965">10.1038/nature00965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12198538">12198538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4430366">4430366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Coordination+of+circadian+timing+in+mammals&rft.volume=418&rft.issue=6901&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E935-%3C%2Fspan%3E941&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature00965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4430366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12198538&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.418..935R&rft.aulast=Reppert&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Weaver%2C+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHannibalFahrenkrug2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hannibal J, Fahrenkrug J (April 2004). "Target areas innervated by PACAP-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells". <i>Cell and Tissue Research</i>. <b>316</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00441-004-0858-x">10.1007/s00441-004-0858-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14991397">14991397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24148323">24148323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+and+Tissue+Research&rft.atitle=Target+areas+innervated+by+PACAP-immunoreactive+retinal+ganglion+cells&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24148323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14991397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00441-004-0858-x&rft.aulast=Hannibal&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Fahrenkrug%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlladaEmeryTakahashiRosbash2001" class="citation journal cs1">Allada R, Emery P, Takahashi JS, Rosbash M (2001). "Stopping time: the genetics of fly and mouse circadian clocks". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1091–</span>1119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.24.1.1091">10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520929">11520929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Stopping+time%3A+the+genetics+of+fly+and+mouse+circadian+clocks&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1091-%3C%2Fspan%3E1119&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.24.1.1091&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11520929&rft.aulast=Allada&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Emery%2C+P&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+JS&rft.au=Rosbash%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCzeislerShanahanKlermanMartens1995" class="citation journal cs1">Czeisler CA, Shanahan TL, Klerman EB, Martens H, Brotman DJ, Emens JS, et al. (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199501053320102">"Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>332</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199501053320102">10.1056/NEJM199501053320102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7990870">7990870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Suppression+of+melatonin+secretion+in+some+blind+patients+by+exposure+to+bright+light&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199501053320102&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7990870&rft.aulast=Czeisler&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Shanahan%2C+TL&rft.au=Klerman%2C+EB&rft.au=Martens%2C+H&rft.au=Brotman%2C+DJ&rft.au=Emens%2C+JS&rft.au=Klein%2C+T&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJM199501053320102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRollagBersonProvencio2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rollag MD, Berson DM, Provencio I (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748730403018003005">"Melanopsin, ganglion-cell photoreceptors, and mammalian photoentrainment"</a>. <i>Journal of Biological Rhythms</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748730403018003005">10.1177/0748730403018003005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12828280">12828280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9034442">9034442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Rhythms&rft.atitle=Melanopsin%2C+ganglion-cell+photoreceptors%2C+and+mammalian+photoentrainment&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9034442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12828280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0748730403018003005&rft.aulast=Rollag&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Berson%2C+DM&rft.au=Provencio%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0748730403018003005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandaProvencioTuPires2003" class="citation journal cs1">Panda S, Provencio I, Tu DC, Pires SS, Rollag MD, Castrucci AM, et al. (July 2003). "Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice". <i>Science</i>. <b>301</b> (5632): <span class="nowrap">525–</span>527. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...301..525P">2003Sci...301..525P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086179">10.1126/science.1086179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12829787">12829787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37600812">37600812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Melanopsin+is+required+for+non-image-forming+photic+responses+in+blind+mice&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=5632&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E527&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1086179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37600812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12829787&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...301..525P&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Provencio%2C+I&rft.au=Tu%2C+DC&rft.au=Pires%2C+SS&rft.au=Rollag%2C+MD&rft.au=Castrucci%2C+AM&rft.au=Pletcher%2C+MT&rft.au=Sato%2C+TK&rft.au=Wiltshire%2C+T&rft.au=Andahazy%2C+M&rft.au=Kay%2C+SA&rft.au=Van+Gelder%2C+RN&rft.au=Hogenesch%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlasicLane_BrownRobinson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Blasic JR, Lane Brown R, Robinson PR (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4045631">"Light-dependent phosphorylation of the carboxy tail of mouse melanopsin"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>69</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1551–</span>1562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-011-0891-3">10.1007/s00018-011-0891-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4045631">4045631</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22159583">22159583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Light-dependent+phosphorylation+of+the+carboxy+tail+of+mouse+melanopsin&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1551-%3C%2Fspan%3E1562&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4045631%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22159583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00018-011-0891-3&rft.aulast=Blasic&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Lane+Brown%2C+R&rft.au=Robinson%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4045631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlasicMatos-CruzUjlaCameron2014" class="citation journal cs1">Blasic JR, Matos-Cruz V, Ujla D, Cameron EG, Hattar S, Halpern ME, et al. (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4010260">"Identification of critical phosphorylation sites on the carboxy tail of melanopsin"</a>. <i>Biochemistry</i>. <b>53</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">2644–</span>2649. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi401724r">10.1021/bi401724r</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4010260">4010260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24678795">24678795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Identification+of+critical+phosphorylation+sites+on+the+carboxy+tail+of+melanopsin&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2644-%3C%2Fspan%3E2649&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4010260%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24678795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi401724r&rft.aulast=Blasic&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Matos-Cruz%2C+V&rft.au=Ujla%2C+D&rft.au=Cameron%2C+EG&rft.au=Hattar%2C+S&rft.au=Halpern%2C+ME&rft.au=Robinson%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4010260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFahrenkrugFalktoftGeorgHannibal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fahrenkrug J, Falktoft B, Georg B, Hannibal J, Kristiansen SB, Klausen TK (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271233">"Phosphorylation of rat melanopsin at Ser-381 and Ser-398 by light/dark and its importance for intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) cellular Ca2+ signaling"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>289</b> (51): <span class="nowrap">35482–</span>35493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.586529">10.1074/jbc.M114.586529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271233">4271233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25378407">25378407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Phosphorylation+of+rat+melanopsin+at+Ser-381+and+Ser-398+by+light%2Fdark+and+its+importance+for+intrinsically+photosensitive+ganglion+cells+%28ipRGCs%29+cellular+Ca2%2B+signaling&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35482-%3C%2Fspan%3E35493&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4271233%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25378407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.586529&rft.aulast=Fahrenkrug&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Falktoft%2C+B&rft.au=Georg%2C+B&rft.au=Hannibal%2C+J&rft.au=Kristiansen%2C+SB&rft.au=Klausen%2C+TK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4271233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16367779-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16367779_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakamotoLiuKasamatsuPozdeyev2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sakamoto K, Liu C, Kasamatsu M, Pozdeyev NV, Iuvone PM, Tosini G (December 2005). "Dopamine regulates melanopsin mRNA expression in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells". <i>The European Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>22</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">3129–</span>3136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2005.04512.x">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04512.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16367779">16367779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21517576">21517576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Dopamine+regulates+melanopsin+mRNA+expression+in+intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3129-%3C%2Fspan%3E3136&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21517576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16367779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2005.04512.x&rft.aulast=Sakamoto&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Liu%2C+C&rft.au=Kasamatsu%2C+M&rft.au=Pozdeyev%2C+NV&rft.au=Iuvone%2C+PM&rft.au=Tosini%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoizumiTanakaYamanaka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koizumi A, Tanaka KF, Yamanaka A (January 2013). "The manipulation of neural and cellular activities by ectopic expression of melanopsin". <i>Neuroscience Research</i>. <b>75</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neures.2012.07.010">10.1016/j.neures.2012.07.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22982474">22982474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21771987">21771987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Research&rft.atitle=The+manipulation+of+neural+and+cellular+activities+by+ectopic+expression+of+melanopsin&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21771987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22982474&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neures.2012.07.010&rft.aulast=Koizumi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+KF&rft.au=Yamanaka%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlWhy_Light_Makes_Migraines_Worse-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlWhy_Light_Makes_Migraines_Worse_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Couzin-Frankel2010" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer Couzin-Frankel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/why-light-makes-migraines-worse">"Why Light Makes Migraines Worse – ScienceNOW"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731222700/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/01/why-light-makes-migraines-worse">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Light+Makes+Migraines+Worse+%E2%80%93+ScienceNOW&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Jennifer+Couzin-Frankel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwhy-light-makes-migraines-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busskamp_2012-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Busskamp_2012_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBusskampPicaudSahelRoska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Busskamp V, Picaud S, Sahel JA, Roska B (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fgt.2011.155">"Optogenetic therapy for retinitis pigmentosa"</a>. <i>Gene Therapy</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fgt.2011.155">10.1038/gt.2011.155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21993174">21993174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene+Therapy&rft.atitle=Optogenetic+therapy+for+retinitis+pigmentosa&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fgt.2011.155&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21993174&rft.aulast=Busskamp&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Picaud%2C+S&rft.au=Sahel%2C+JA&rft.au=Roska%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fgt.2011.155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinKoizumiTanakaPanda2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lin B, Koizumi A, Tanaka N, Panda S, Masland RH (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572922">"Restoration of visual function in retinal degeneration mice by ectopic expression of melanopsin"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>105</b> (41): <span class="nowrap">16009–</span>16014. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10516009L">2008PNAS..10516009L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0806114105">10.1073/pnas.0806114105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572922">2572922</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18836071">18836071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+visual+function+in+retinal+degeneration+mice+by+ectopic+expression+of+melanopsin&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16009-%3C%2Fspan%3E16014&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2572922%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18836071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0806114105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10516009L&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Koizumi%2C+A&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+N&rft.au=Panda%2C+S&rft.au=Masland%2C+RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2572922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsunematsuTanakaYamanakaKoizumi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tsunematsu T, Tanaka KF, Yamanaka A, Koizumi A (January 2013). "Ectopic expression of melanopsin in orexin/hypocretin neurons enables control of wakefulness of mice in vivo by blue light". <i>Neuroscience Research</i>. <b>75</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neures.2012.07.005">10.1016/j.neures.2012.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22868039">22868039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207152803">207152803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Research&rft.atitle=Ectopic+expression+of+melanopsin+in+orexin%2Fhypocretin+neurons+enables+control+of+wakefulness+of+mice+in+vivo+by+blue+light&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207152803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22868039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neures.2012.07.005&rft.aulast=Tsunematsu&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+KF&rft.au=Yamanaka%2C+A&rft.au=Koizumi%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLupiOsterThompsonFoster2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lupi D, Oster H, Thompson S, Foster RG (September 2008). "The acute light-induction of sleep is mediated by OPN4-based photoreception". <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>11</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1068–</span>1073. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2179">10.1038/nn.2179</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-DD96-A">11858/00-001M-0000-0012-DD96-A</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19160505">19160505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15941500">15941500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+acute+light-induction+of+sleep+is+mediated+by+OPN4-based+photoreception&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1068-%3C%2Fspan%3E1073&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-DD96-A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15941500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19160505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.2179&rft.aulast=Lupi&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Oster%2C+H&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeDaoud-El_BabaPengFussenegger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ye H, Daoud-El Baba M, Peng RW, Fussenegger M (June 2011). "A synthetic optogenetic transcription device enhances blood-glucose homeostasis in mice". <i>Science</i>. <b>332</b> (6037): <span class="nowrap">1565–</span>1568. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...332.1565Y">2011Sci...332.1565Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1203535">10.1126/science.1203535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21700876">21700876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6166189">6166189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+synthetic+optogenetic+transcription+device+enhances+blood-glucose+homeostasis+in+mice&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6037&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1565-%3C%2Fspan%3E1568&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1203535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6166189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21700876&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332.1565Y&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Daoud-El+Baba%2C+M&rft.au=Peng%2C+RW&rft.au=Fussenegger%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRovereNadal-NicolásWangBernal-Garro2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rovere G, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Wang J, Bernal-Garro JM, García-Carrillo N, Villegas-Pérez MP, et al. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.16-20146">"Melanopsin-Containing or Non-Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells Response to Acute Ocular Hypertension With or Without Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Neuroprotection"</a>. <i>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</i>. <b>57</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">6652–</span>6661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.16-20146">10.1167/iovs.16-20146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27930778">27930778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science&rft.atitle=Melanopsin-Containing+or+Non-Melanopsin-Containing+Retinal+Ganglion+Cells+Response+to+Acute+Ocular+Hypertension+With+or+Without+Brain-Derived+Neurotrophic+Factor+Neuroprotection&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6652-%3C%2Fspan%3E6661&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1167%2Fiovs.16-20146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27930778&rft.aulast=Rovere&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Nadal-Nicol%C3%A1s%2C+FM&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft.au=Bernal-Garro%2C+JM&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Carrillo%2C+N&rft.au=Villegas-P%C3%A9rez%2C+MP&rft.au=Agudo-Barriuso%2C+M&rft.au=Vidal-Sanz%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1167%252Fiovs.16-20146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanopsin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eye_proteins88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_proteins" title="Template:Eye proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_proteins" title="Template talk:Eye proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eye_proteins88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">retinylidene protein</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin" title="Vertebrate visual opsin">visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_opsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone opsin">Cone opsins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPN1MW2" title="OPN1MW2">OPN1MW2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Opsin#Novel_type_2_opsin_groups" title="Opsin">nonvisual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Melanopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">OPN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">OPN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGR_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="RGR (gene)">RGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Crystallin" title="Crystallin">Crystallin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha crystallin">Alpha</a> (<a href="/wiki/CRYAA" title="CRYAA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYAB" title="CRYAB">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_gamma_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta gamma crystallin">Beta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crystallin,_beta_A1" title="Crystallin, beta A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRYBA2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRYBA2 (page does not exist)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBA4" title="CRYBA4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB1" title="CRYBB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB2" title="CRYBB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB3" title="CRYBB3">B3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_gamma_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta gamma crystallin">Gamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/CRYGA" title="CRYGA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGB" title="CRYGB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGC" title="CRYGC">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallin,_gamma_D" title="Crystallin, gamma D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRYGN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRYGN (page does not exist)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGS" title="CRYGS">S</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrestin" title="Arrestin">Arrestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase_activator" title="Guanylate cyclase activator">Guanylate cyclase activator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoverin" title="Recoverin">Recoverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin_kinase" title="Rhodopsin kinase">Rhodopsin kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&oldid=1217337499">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&oldid=1217337499</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_10" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 10">Genes on human chromosome 10</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Category:G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Circadian_rhythm" title="Category:Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_proteins" title="Category:Human proteins">Human proteins</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 April 2024, at 07:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanopsin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Melanopsin</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-jqcpw","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.889","walltime":"1.153","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3966,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":335172,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":716,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":258709,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":28,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 905.378 1 -total"," 42.88% 388.225 1 Template:Infobox_gene"," 29.78% 269.589 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.84% 215.829 53 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.99% 99.516 10 Template:Navbox"," 8.97% 81.235 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.54% 77.302 1 Template:Eye_proteins"," 5.25% 47.554 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.43% 31.072 1 Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors"," 2.78% 25.127 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.551","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7880056,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6df8dbf59d-rcxp5","timestamp":"20250330141231","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Melanopsin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanopsin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q92594","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q92594","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-28T08:16:41Z","dateModified":"2024-04-05T07:01:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Ideogram_human_chromosome_10.svg","headline":"mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens"}</script> </body> </html>