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border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>We prefer poverty in liberty to riches in slavery.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ahmed Sékou Touré, who went on to give Guinea poverty but no liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Guinea</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Guinea.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/195px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/293px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/390px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>12,218,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>13,368 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>61.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.466 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>3.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>.361 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>97 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <b>Republic of Guinea</b>, sometimes called <b>Guinea-Conakry</b> to distinguish it from other countries with "Guinea" in the name, is a nation in West <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> with a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population. Despite its wealth of natural resources, the vast majority of the people have not seen the profits go to good use. Guinea was historically an exploited colony of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>. Its capital is in the city of Conakry. </p><p>Guinea was the second black African <a href="/wiki/Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Country">country</a> (after Ghana) to gain independence from a <a href="/wiki/European" class="mw-redirect" title="European">European</a> power. In France's 1958 constitutional referendum, Guinean voters overwhelmingly rejected the document, which meant immediate independence and a total cutoff from French support.<sup id="cite_ref-loicadre_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loicadre-2">[2]</a></sup> Guinea was the only French territory that chose that path under the dynamic leader Ahmed Sékou Touré, who famously proclaimed that he would prefer <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in liberty to riches in <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. However, once firmly in command, Touré cracked down on opposition and sent his opponents to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> and, in some cases, starved to <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. Guinea now knows neither liberty nor riches. Touré left a legacy of terror and ineffective economic management when he died of cardiac arrest in Cleveland, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, in 1984. Unfortunately, many diehard Pan-Africanists and black nationalists still see Touré as a hero who was possibly murdered by a <a href="/wiki/Western" title="Western">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a>. </p><p>The country is predominantly Islamic, which is the only thing unifying it since it comprises 24 ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> About 7% of the population identifies with traditional African folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-religionus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religionus-4">[4]</a></sup> According to the US State Department, Guinea's <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> is reasonably good at respecting <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, although societal <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> is still a serious problem.<sup id="cite_ref-religionus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religionus-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Guinea is an impoverished country, which is stupid because it has a great natural resource wealth. It possesses the world's largest reserves of bauxite and largest untapped high-grade <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ore reserves and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a></sup> Guinea has fertile soil and multiple great rivers, such as Senegal, Niger, and the Gambia, potentially allowing Guinea to become a great hydroelectric energy exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a></sup> Sadly, the country is held back by political instability, corruption, and crumbling infrastructure. </p><p>Even worse, Guinea has a rather bad <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> record, most notably involving torture and violent suppression of protests by government forces and abuse of women. In February 2020, the US State Department issued a Level 2 Travel Advisory for Guinea, citing the threat that any large crowd of people could be a potential target for a violent crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pre-colonial_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-colonial history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#French_colony"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">French colony</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Independence_and_dictatorship"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independence and dictatorship</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern era</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Freedom_of_speech_and_assembly"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom of speech and assembly</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Torture_and_inhumane_detention"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Torture and inhumane detention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Women_and_LGBT_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Women and LGBT rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Death_penalty"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death penalty</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-colonial_history">Pre-colonial history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The land that is now Guinea was part of several notable West African empires. The Mali Empire rose in 1230 and became renowned for the great wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Musa famously went on a spending spree on his <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i>, which <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard_(economics)" title="Gold standard (economics)">crashed the value of gold across most of North Africa and the Middle East</a>. He was one of the richest people in history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Mali was eventually supplanted by one of its vassal states, which grew to become the Songhai Empire in 1464. It ultimately surpassed Mali in territory and wealth, but it later fell due to repeated attacks from the Moroccans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> After that, Guinea founded its own state, becoming Futa Jallon, a primarily Muslim state ruled by the Fulani ethnic group. </p><p>Guinea became a major hotbed of the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> trade, with 95% of African slaves coming from the western African coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Prisoners were captured in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> and then sold to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> to be shipped to colonies in the Americas. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="French_colony">French colony</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French colony">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:197px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg/195px-Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg/293px-Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg/390px-Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="805" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>French railroad chief having his lazy ass pushed around by African laborers.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></div> <p>France acquired Guinea during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, striking a deal with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> to acknowledge each other's holdings in the West African area. Guinea resisted <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> from the start of French rule until about 1912 when France launched a brutal and murderous expedition to put them down.<sup id="cite_ref-fracolony_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fracolony-11">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>France made no effort to educate their new colonial subjects, and many people in Guinea were unaware that they had been colonized. The unfortunate souls that were aware were put to work as forced laborers to strip Guinea of its natural resources, especially rubber, diamonds, and bauxite.<sup id="cite_ref-fracolony_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fracolony-11">[11]</a></sup> Metropolitan France extensively used Guinean soldiers during the two world wars: 36,000 were mobilized in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and nearly 18,000 in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fracolony_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fracolony-11">[11]</a></sup> As happened in other colonial territories, the world wars awakened a new sense of anti-colonial political consciousness. </p><p>The colonial wars in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> caused the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, and part of establishing a new political order was figuring out what to do about the colonies. In 1956 came the <i>Loi Cadre</i>, a new legal code that transferred considerable administrative powers to the colonies but fell far short of the independence most Africans had asked for, with France still in control of foreign affairs, currency, and economic matters.<sup id="cite_ref-loicadre_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loicadre-2">[2]</a></sup> The Guineans, who had been long dissatisfied with their treatment at the hands of the French, decided against ratifying the document. The "No" vote was advocated by the Guinea branch of the <i>Rassemblement Democratique Africain</i> (African Democratic Rally [RDA]), an "inter-territorial movement of political parties and groups in Francophone countries in West and Central Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-loicadre_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loicadre-2">[2]</a></sup> Guinea's branch was led by Ahmed Sékou Touré. Having rejected the new agreement, Guinea declared independence in 1958. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence_and_dictatorship">Independence and dictatorship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independence and dictatorship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_(4).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_%284%29.jpg/275px-Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="211" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_%284%29.jpg/413px-Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_%284%29.jpg/550px-Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1326" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_na_obisku_v_Ljubljani_1961_(4).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ahmed Sékou Touré in communist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, 1961.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Of all France's colonies in Africa, Guinea was the toughest in cutting links with its former colonial master. At independence, Guinea went down the route of a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> regime closer to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> than France.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Sylvain Touati, French Institute of International Relations.<sup id="cite_ref-guineawar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guineawar-12">[12]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After Guinea suddenly declared independence, the French decided to display just how pissed off they were. For two months, the French destroyed or stole everything they could. They unscrewed lightbulbs, removed plans for sewage pipelines in Conakry, the capital, and even burned medicines rather than leave them for the Guineans.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Guinea was basically left with nothing. </p><p>Having burned its bridges with France, Guinea had to turn elsewhere for international support in buildings its economy and solidifying its government. In came the Soviet Union with welcoming arms. Touré became the dictator of Guinea, and he turned the country into a one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>. Despite dealing with severe infrastructure problems, the Touré regime did nothing to improve things.<sup id="cite_ref-loicadre_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loicadre-2">[2]</a></sup> Touré heavily favored his own Malinke ethnic group rather than maintaining cross-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> drove more than a million people into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> An estimated 50,000 people were killed in concentration camps by Touré's government. </p><p>Guinea was then invaded in late 1970 by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, as Portugal had taken exception to the fact that Touré was a loud advocate of decolonization who was assisting Guinea-Bissau in its war for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Some of the Portuguese troops used <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> for disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The raid inflicted great damage on Guinea's military assets, but it failed to achieve the goal of eliminating Touré's government. </p><p>The declining economy and political repression resulted in the Guinean Market Women's Revolt in 1977, forcing the dictator to relax price controls on Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> This culminated with Touré renouncing communism and reestablishing ties with the Western <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> nations. Although this brought in a flood of Western investment, it did nothing to help the people of Guinea. Touré died in 1984 of heart problems in a Cleveland hospital. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_era">Modern era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg/165px-Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg/248px-Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg/330px-Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="789" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha_Cond%C3%A9_2014-10-09.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Alpha Condé, Guinea's ousted president, elected in 2010, overthrown in 2021.</div></div></div> <p>With the dictator gone, several military members led by Lansana Conté launched a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> to seize control of Guinea's government. President Condé promised the restoration of human rights and fully <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> elections and was elected three times between 1993 and 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> These promised human rights reforms never came to pass, and Conté ruled until his death in 2008 as a dictator. </p><p>Guinea also spent the 2000s teetering on the brink of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, as ethnic violence in Sierra Leone and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> threatened to spill over.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> After Conté's death, the military launched yet another coup, sparking protests and crackdowns, leaving about 157 people dead.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The new regime's soldiers went on a horrific rampage of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, mutilation, and murder which caused many foreign governments to withdraw their support for the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Moussa Dadis Camara, the new dictator, was then shot about a year later by one of his aides. </p><p>Guinea held its first real election in 2010 after a period of a provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The disputed nature of the election led to ethnic clashes between the Fula and Malinke ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>Guinea was one of the worst-hit countries during the 2014 to 2016 <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a> outbreak in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> </p><p>On September 5th, 2021, President Alpha Condé was ousted in a military coup by Col Mamaday Doumbouya.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_of_speech_and_assembly">Freedom of speech and assembly</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech and assembly">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG/300px-Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG/450px-Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG/600px-Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Guinea's National Assembly building in Conakry.</div></div></div> <p>Guinea's government currently bans all street protests, and security forces routinely disperse gatherings with tear gas and live ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwguinea_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwguinea-26">[26]</a></sup> Those arrested are frequently given sentences of between 6 and 12 months in prison. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Media" title="Media">media</a> outlets are suspended, and <a href="/wiki/Journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalist">journalists</a> are routinely arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-amnestyguinea_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnestyguinea-27">[27]</a></sup> At least 61 people were killed by Guinea's security forces between January 2015 and January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-amnestyguinea_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnestyguinea-27">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Security forces can commit excessive violence and murder with impunity</a>, as Guinea's government never punishes such actions. Indeed, Guinea's National Assembly passed a law in July 2019 to actively shield law enforcement from prosecution over unlawful activities.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwguinea_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwguinea-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Torture_and_inhumane_detention">Torture and inhumane detention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Torture and inhumane detention">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Guinea criminalized torture in 2016 and made it punishable with up to 20 years in prison, but this ban is still imperfectly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-amnestyguinea_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnestyguinea-27">[27]</a></sup> Guinea's prisons remain overcrowded, and prisoners are often deprived of basic needs. This has led to an alarming number of deaths in custody. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Women_and_LGBT_rights">Women and LGBT rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Women and LGBT rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Guinea has extremely high rates of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, often committed by its own security forces, yet it rarely, if ever, prosecutes rape cases.<sup id="cite_ref-guineastate_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guineastate-28">[28]</a></sup> Women also face high levels of discrimination. Despite the practice being illegal, <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> is prevalent across Guinea, and the practice is also never prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-guineastate_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guineastate-28">[28]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> are also illegal in Guinea. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death penalty">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></div> <p>In July 2016, Guinea adopted a new legal code that effectively abolished the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg/225px-Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg/338px-Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg/450px-Un_aper%C3%A7u_de_la_ville_de_conakry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Aerial view of Conakry, Guinea's capital. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:54px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guinea_Dinguiraye_market.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Guinea_Dinguiraye_market.jpg/225px-Guinea_Dinguiraye_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="147" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Guinea_Dinguiraye_market.jpg/338px-Guinea_Dinguiraye_market.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Guinea_Dinguiraye_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="293" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Guinea vegetable market. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea,_Africa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea%2C_Africa.jpg/225px-Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea%2C_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea%2C_Africa.jpg/338px-Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea%2C_Africa.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea%2C_Africa.jpg/450px-Fisher_women_on_River_Niger_in_Guinea%2C_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2828" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Women fishing on the River Niger. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg/225px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg/338px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg/450px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_de_la_police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Guinea's militarized police at a public gathering. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg/193px-Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="225" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg/291px-Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg/387px-Most_beautiful_traffic_jam_ever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="856" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Traffic on a Guinean road. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg/225px-%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg/338px-%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg/450px-%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>A mosque in Guinea. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-speech-by-sekou-toure-that-angered-colonial-france-to-pack-out-of-guinea-video">The speech by Sekou Toure that angered colonial France to pack out of Guinea</a>. <i>Face 2 Face Africa.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loicadre-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-loicadre_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-loicadre_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-loicadre_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-loicadre_2-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/guinea-1958-present/">Guinea: 1958-present</a>. <i>International Center of Nonviolent Conduct.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-guinea-conakry.html">Ethnic Groups Of Guinea (Conakry)</a>. <i>World Atlas.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religionus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-religionus_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-religionus_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208368.pdf">GUINEA 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html">Guinea</a>. CIA World Factbook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/guinea-travel-advisory.html">Guinea Travel Advisory</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire" class="extiw" title="wp:Mali Empire" rel="nofollow">Mali Empire</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824185817/http://time.com/money/3977798/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time/">The 10 Richest People of All Time</a>. <i>Time Magazine.</i> Archived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire" class="extiw" title="wp:Songhai Empire" rel="nofollow">Songhai Empire</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai/freedom/text1/text1read.htm">Senegal & Guinea</a>. <i>National Humanities Center.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fracolony-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fracolony_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fracolony_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fracolony_11-2">11.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/gn-history-2.htm">Guinea - French Colony</a>. <i>Global Security.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guineawar-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-guineawar_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/29/france-guinea-colonial-relationship">Guinea: war, poverty, dictatorship and bauxite</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/03/28/guineas-longtime-president-ahmed-sekou-toure-dies/18f31685-878c-4759-8028-3bef7fbc568b/">Guinea's Longtime President, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Dies</a>. <i>Washington Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ahmed-sekou-toure-44432">Biography of Ahmed Sékou Touré</a>. <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Green_Sea" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Green Sea" rel="nofollow">Operation Green Sea</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/05/archives/un-mission-on-guinea-says-portuguese-led-raid-un-mission-says.html">U.N. Mission on Guinea Says Portuguese Led Raid</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean_Market_Women%27s_Revolt" class="extiw" title="wp:Guinean Market Women's Revolt" rel="nofollow">Guinean Market Women's Revolt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lansana-Conte">Lansana Conté</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/986375.stm">Civil war fears in Guinea</a>. <i>BBC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm">Guinea massacre toll put at 157</a>. <i>BBC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511215744/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html">U.N. Panel Calls for Court in Guinea Massacre</a>. <i>New York Times.</i> Archived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/conde-declared-victorious-in-guinea-831341">Conde declared victorious in Guinea</a>. <i>IOL.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000521/http://www.voanews.com/content/ethnic-clashes-erupt-in-guinea-capital-reuters/1613697.html">Ethnic Clashes Erupt in Guinea Capital</a>. <i>Voice of America.</i> Archived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html">2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa</a>. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58461971">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58461971</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwguinea-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hrwguinea_26-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hrwguinea_26-1">26.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/guinea">World Report 2020: Guinea</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnestyguinea-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnestyguinea_27-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnestyguinea_27-1">27.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnestyguinea_27-2">27.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR2910802019ENGLISH.PDF">GUINEA: RED FLAGS AHEAD OF THE 2020 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION</a>. <i>Amnesty International.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guineastate-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guineastate_28-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guineastate_28-1">28.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186203">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/how-i-called-for-guinea-to-abolish-the-death-penalty/">“How I brought people together and called for Guinea to abolish the death penalty”</a>. <i>Amnesty International.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — <a 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